S. A. M. v. Meister
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After Mother and Father divorced, Grandmother filed a motion seeking to visit her four grandchildren. The circuit court ultimately denied the motion, concluding that Grandmother failed to prove that she maintained “a parent-like relationship” with the children pursuant to Wis. Stat. 767.43(1). The children appealed, and the the court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court reversed, holding (1) section 767.43(1) does not require a grandparent, great-grandparent, or stepparent who files a motion for visitation rights to prove that he or she has maintained a parent-like relationship with the child, as the parent-child relationship element applies only to a person seeking visitation rights who is not a grandparent, great-grandparent, or stepparent; and (2) the legislature’s decision to allow courts to grant visitation rights to grandparents, great-grandparents, and stepparents when visitation is in the best interest of the child does not infringe on parents’ constitutional rights.
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2016 WI 22 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: COMPLETE TITLE: WISCONSIN OF 2014AP1283 In re the marriage of: Jay E. Meister: Nancy M. Meister and S. A. M., A. L. M., O. M. M. and J. E. M., minors, by their guardian ad litem, Jennifer Weber, Appellants-Petitioners, v. Nancy M. Meister, Respondent. REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS (Reported at 361 Wis. 2d 286, 862 N.W.2d 619) (Ct. App. 2015 – Unpublished) OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: April 7, 2016 October 6, 2015 Circuit Jefferson William F. Hue JUSTICES: CONCURRED: ABRAHAMSON, J. concurs ZIEGLER, J., joined by GABLEMAN, J. concur DISSENTED: NOT PARTICIPATING: BRADLEY, R. G., J. did not participate ATTORNEYS: For the appellants-petitioners, there were briefs by Jennifer Weber and Zick & Weber Law Offices, LLP, Johnson Creek, and oral argument by Jennifer Weber. For the respondent, there was a brief by Andrew R. Griggs, Neuberger, Griggs, Sweet & argument by Andrew R. Griggs. Smith, LLP, Watertown, and oral 2016 WI 22 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 2014AP1283 (L.C. No. 2011FA335) STATE OF WISCONSIN : In re the marriage of: Jay E. Meister: IN SUPREME COURT Nancy M. Meister and S.A.M., A.L.M., O.M.M. and J.E.M., minors, by their guardian ad litem, Jennifer Weber, FILED Appellants-Petitioners, APR 7, 2016 v. Diane M. Fremgen Clerk of Supreme Court Nancy M. Meister, Respondent. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 DAVID T. PROSSER, J. This is a Reversed. review of an unpublished decision of the court of appeals affirming a circuit court order denying a grandmother's motion for visitation rights.1 1 S.A.M. v. Meister, No. 2014AP1283, unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2015). No. ¶2 The case requires (2013-14),2 § 767.43(1) us which to allows interpret certain 2014AP1283 Wis. Stat. categories of individuals to petition for the right to visit children——usually following the dissolution of a marriage. "grandparent, greatgrandparent, Under the statute, a stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" may file a motion for visitation rights. must determine whether the "parent-child We relationship" requirement applies only to the "person" category listed in the statute, or whether it applies to a "grandparent, greatgrandparent, [and] stepparent" as well. ¶3 The case arose after Carol Meister filed a motion for the right to visit her four grandchildren in the wake of her son Jay Meister's divorce from Nancy Meister.3 A family court commissioner for the Jefferson County Circuit Court initially granted the motion, but the circuit court denied the motion on de novo review. Reading Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) as requiring every petitioner under this subsection to demonstrate a parentchild relationship with the child, the circuit court concluded that Carol's supportive relationship with the children did not elevate her to a parent-like role in their lives. 2 All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2013-14 version unless otherwise indicated. 3 Given that Carol, Jay, and Nancy share a surname, we will refer to them by first name throughout the opinion. 2 No. ¶4 The Meister children appealed, and 2014AP1283 the court of appeals affirmed, citing its decision in Rogers v. Rogers, 2007 WI App 50, 300 Wis. 2d 532, 731 N.W.2d 347, as controlling. In Rogers, the court of appeals stated that grandparents filing a motion under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) must prove "a parent-like relationship" rights. the child in order to secure visitation Rogers, 300 Wis. 2d 532, ¶11. ¶5 court with Before this court, the Meister children argue that the of appeals Rogers. They relationship child" misinterpreted assert similar applies only that to a to the a Wis. phrase Stat. "who parent-child person § 767.43(1) has maintained relationship other than in a with a the grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent filing a motion for visitation under the subsection subsection. to allow Nancy courts to counters grant that reading visitation the rights to grandparents, greatgrandparents, and stepparents based solely on a best interest of the child determination would intrude on parents' fundamental due process rights to direct the care, custody, and control of their children. ¶6 We conclude that Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) does not require a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent who files a motion for visitation rights under this subsection to prove that he or she "has maintained a relationship parent-child relationship with the child." similar to a Rather, the parent- child relationship element applies only to a "person" seeking visitation rights who is not a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent. Additionally, we conclude that the legislature's 3 No. decision to allow courts to grant 2014AP1283 visitation rights to grandparents, greatgrandparents, and stepparents when visitation is in the best interest of the child does not unconstitutionally infringe on interest determination parent's parents' decisions constitutional must give regarding rights special the because weight child's any to best a best fit interest. Consequently, the decision of the court of appeals is reversed. I. ¶7 were FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY Nancy and Jay Meister married in February 2002. divorced 2013. in Jefferson County Circuit Court in They February Nancy and Jay are parents of four minor children: S.A.M., A.L.M., O.M.M., and J.E.M. ¶8 By the terms of their divorce judgment and incorporated marital settlement agreement, Nancy and Jay agreed to joint legal custody of their children. Nancy received impasse-breaking authority and primary physical placement, while Jay received regular weekday and weekend placement. to the weekly plan, placement schedule vacations. The Nancy for and Jay holidays, agreement included agreed special an to In addition an extensive occasions, approximately and equal division of major holidays between Nancy and Jay each year; Nancy and Jay switch between various holidays in even and odd years. The plan also guaranteed a week of exclusive time with the children for each parent during the summer. ¶9 In July 2013 the children's paternal grandmother, Carol Meister, filed a motion asking that the court establish visitation rights for her under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) on the 4 No. 2014AP1283 basis of her grandparent relationship with the children. motion indicated response to that changes she decided Nancy had visitation with them.4 right to arrange to made file to the Her petition Carol's in informal Carol sought six visits per year, the visits with Jay and Nancy using an online family scheduling portal, and the right to regular phone calls with the children. ¶10 After holding a hearing on the motion, a family court commissioner5 issued an order in November 2013 granting Carol's motion for § 767.43(1) visitation. as The "requir[ing] commissioner that the read Wis. grandparent Stat. have a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship" in order to secure visitation rights. However, the commissioner found that a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship existed between Carol and her grandchildren, and he granted Carol one week of placement at her home in Ohio each summer, four threeday placements in Wisconsin throughout the year, and access to the online portal to arrange her visits with Nancy and Jay.6 4 For example, after filing her July 2013 motion for visitation rights, Carol wrote an October 2013 letter to the family court commissioner alleging that Nancy objected to Carol's presence at the children's elementary school when Carol attempted to see the children at a September 2013 event that was open to the public. 5 Michael D. Onheiber, Family Court Commissioner. 6 The family court commissioner's order granting Carol's motion used the terms "placement" and "visitation" interchangeably. Recent decisions by the court of appeals have examined the extent to which the Wisconsin Statutes contemplate a consequential difference between placement and visitation. (continued) 5 No. ¶11 2014AP1283 Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 767.17, Nancy requested that the circuit court review the commissioner's order. the circuit court7 the record regarding Carol's relationship with her grandchildren. Carol traveled from Appearing Ohio without conducted to an a hearing Wisconsin attorney, to On review, expand to testify she engaged at the hearing. an extended in conversation with the circuit court regarding her relationship with the children. ¶12 Over the course of her testimony, Carol described the supportive role she played in her grandchildren's lives. She began by explaining how, drawing on her own experience as a teacher, she tutored them in various subjects during a vacation to Florida in 2012 and during the children's spring break in 2013. As she continued, she mentioned that she frequently purchased food and clothing for them when they visited her in Ohio and when she visited them in Wisconsin. She emphasized that, even when she was physically distant from the children, she played an important consultative role for them and for their father, providing helping Jay the with children general with parenting homework advice. by phone The and children See Rick v. Opichka, 2010 WI App 23, 323 Wis. 2d 510, 780 N.W.2d 159; Lubinski v. Lubinski, 2008 WI App 151, 314 Wis. 2d 395, 761 N.W.2d 676. Because the parties in this case have not argued that the order improperly differentiated between placement and visitation, this opinion makes no comment on the extent of any difference between the two. 7 William F. Hue, Judge. 6 No. 2014AP1283 called her "frequently, almost daily sometimes," when staying with their father. ¶13 Given that Carol appeared pro se and that the children's guardian ad litem——who supported the commissioner's order——was unable to attend the hearing, the circuit court helped to guide Carol's testimony by asking multiple questions about whether Carol had ever lived with the children. The questions focused on determining whether Carol's was the type of case in which "the parents [had] . . . relinquish[ed] their parental duties to the grandparent for some prolonged period of time and . . . the grandparent then [was] acting as the parent." After hearing Carol's testimony, the circuit court expressed concern about taking the "extraordinary step" of concluding that a parent-child relationship sufficient for visitation existed where a grandmother had such a "staggered" relationship with the grandchildren. But, reluctant to reverse the commissioner without hearing from an attorney advocating in favor of Carol's visitation motion, the circuit court decided to schedule a second hearing so that the children's guardian ad litem could attend. ¶14 At the second hearing in January 2014, the guardian ad litem argued that, although Carol may not be a primary parent, she nevertheless had a relationship with the children similar to that of a parent who lived out of state. Arguing that "[t]he statute does not require [Carol] to elevate to the status of primary parent," the guardian ad litem observed that "if Mr. Meister relocated to the State 7 of Ohio and had that same No. 2014AP1283 relationship that his mother [had] . . . with the children, he's still a parent." ¶15 After taking the matter under consideration, the circuit court issued a May 2014 order denying Carol's motion. An accompanying memorandum decision explained that the court concluded that Carol was "ineligible for an award of grandparent visitation" because she "did not have a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship" with her grandchildren. ¶16 The children, by their guardian ad litem, appealed the circuit court's denial of their grandmother's motion.8 Before the court of appeals, the children argued that "the circuit court applied the wrong legal standard when it required that the grandmother, in order to be eligible to receive visitation rights, show that she had a relationship similar to a parentchild relationship with them." S.A.M. v. Meister, No. 2014AP1283, unpublished slip op., ¶12 (Wis. Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2015). ¶17 Relying on its previous interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) in Rogers v. Rogers, 2007 WI App 50, 300 8 As noted above, Carol Meister filed the motion for visitation under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). She acted pro se. The grandchildren were represented on the motion by the guardian ad litem who had represented them from the beginning of the divorce. When Nancy Meister sought de novo review in circuit court and prevailed, the guardian ad litem appealed to the court of appeals on behalf of the children. The guardian ad litem also sought review in this court on their behalf. Standing has not been an issue in this case, and we do not see any prudential reason to make it an issue in this opinion. 8 No. 2014AP1283 Wis. 2d 532, 731 N.W.2d 347, the court of appeals disagreed with the children. the court Meister, unpublished slip op., ¶15. of appeals stated that Wis. Stat. In Rogers, § 767.245 (now § 767.43(1)9) requires, among other things, that "grandparents must have a parent-like relationship with the child" in order to qualify for visitation rights. Rogers, 300 Wis. 2d 532, ¶11. The court of appeals in the present case treated that language from Rogers as "a clear declaration that any person seeking visitation rights under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) must first show that he or she has a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship in order to establish that he or she is eligible to receive visitation rights." (emphasis added). Meister, unpublished slip op., ¶15 "[B]ound by that declaration" from Rogers, id. (citing Cook v. Cook, 208 Wis. 2d 166, 190, 560 N.W.2d 246 (1997)), the court of appeals affirmed the circuit court's conclusion that Carol had not demonstrated that she maintained a relationship with the children similar to a parent-child relationship, id., ¶¶21-22. ¶18 The court of appeals issued its decision on February 5, 2015. Shortly afterward, on February 25, 2015, Carol passed 9 Rogers v. Rogers, 2007 WI App 50, 300 Wis. 2d 532, 731 N.W.2d 347, refers to Wis. Stat. § 767.245, the statute in effect at the time the visitation petition was filed. In 2006 the legislature renumbered Wis. Stat. § 767.245 as Wis. Stat. § 767.43. 2005 Wis. Act. 443, § 101. 9 No. away.10 2014AP1283 The children filed a petition for review on March 2, 2015, which we granted on June 12, 2015. II. ¶19 This grandparent case STANDARD OF REVIEW requires visitation us statute. to interpret "The Wisconsin's interpretation and application of a statute are questions of law that we review 10 After the court became aware of Carol's passing, we ordered the parties to submit briefs addressing whether the case should proceed despite Carol's death. "Ordinarily, this court, like courts in general, will not consider a question the answer to which cannot have any practical effect upon an existing controversy." State ex rel. La Crosse Tribune v. Circuit Court for La Crosse Cty., 115 Wis. 2d 220, 228, 340 N.W.2d 460 (1983). Both Nancy and the Meister children argue that this case qualifies for an exception to the general mootness rule. We agree. This court may decide an otherwise moot issue if the issue (1) is of great public importance; (2) occurs so frequently that a definitive decision is necessary to guide circuit courts; (3) is likely to arise again and a decision of the court would alleviate uncertainty; or (4) will likely be repeated, but evades appellate review because the appellate review process cannot be completed or even undertaken in time to have a practical effect on the parties. State v. Morford, 2004 WI 5, ¶7, 268 Wis. 2d 300, 674 N.W.2d 349; see also La Crosse Tribune, 115 Wis. 2d at 229. Because the interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) applies to every visitation petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent under this subsection, we conclude that this case presents a question of great public importance that will occur frequently in the future. Given the disjuncture between the plain language of § 767.43(1) and the Rogers court's treatment of that language, a decision from this court resolves any uncertainty as to this particular facet of the statute's interpretation. 10 No. 2014AP1283 independently, 'but benefiting from the analyses of the court of appeals and the circuit court.'" Richards v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶14, 309 Wis. 2d 541, 749 N.W.2d 581 (quoting Marder v. Bd. of Regents of the Univ. of Wis. Sys., 2005 WI 159, ¶19, 286 Wis. 2d 252, 706 N.W.2d 110). III. A. ¶20 We DISCUSSION Interpreting Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) begin § 767.43(1). our When analysis by interpreting interpreting statutes, Wis. this consistently begins with the statutory language. Stat. court State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cty., 2004 WI 58, ¶45, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. "Statutory language is given its common, ordinary, and accepted meaning, except that technical or specially-defined words or phrases are given their technical or special definitional meaning." ¶21 Id. "Context is important to meaning. structure of appears." the Id., statute ¶46. in which the Consequently, So, too, is the operative "statutory language language is interpreted in the context in which it is used; not in isolation but as part surrounding of or a whole; in closely-related relation to statutes; avoid absurd or unreasonable results." the Id. of reasonably, and language to "It is certainly not inconsistent with the plain-meaning rule to consider the intrinsic context in which statutory language is used; a plainmeaning interpretation cannot contravene contextually manifest statutory purpose." of the statutory history——meaning 11 a textually Id., ¶49. "previously or A review enacted and No. 2014AP1283 repealed statutory provisions"——also can play a helpful role in the contextual analysis of a statute's language. Analysis court of to unambiguous resort to statutory extrinsic text sources does of Id., ¶52 n.9. not require meaning such the as legislative history, "although legislative history is sometimes consulted to confirm or verify a plain-meaning interpretation." Id., ¶51. ¶22 Applying this interpretive methodology, we conclude that the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" applies only to an otherwise undefined "person" who petitions for visitation rights under Wis. Stat. greatgrandparent, § 767.43(1), or not to stepparent. a A grandparent, grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent need not prove a parent-child relationship to succeed on a petition for visitation. By this we mean that "maintain[ing] a relationship similar to a parentchild relationship with the child" is not the sine qua non of a visitation petition by a grandparent, stepparent under § 767.43(1). greatgrandparent, or It is, however, the sine qua non for a petitioner who is not a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent under § 767.43(1). ¶23 We unambiguous. different acknowledge that subsection (1) is not wholly In other words, reasonable people have read it in ways. Nonetheless, we confidently reach the conclusion stated above after reviewing the arguments pro and con, carefully examining the language of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1), and then reviewing that language in context with surrounding 12 No. language and with the statute's history. 2014AP1283 A brief review of the statute's legislative history confirms our interpretation. ¶24 In its current form, the relevant portion of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) reads as follows: [U]pon petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interest of the child.11 ¶25 The Meister children argue that the court of appeals incorrectly applied § 767.43(1) in Rogers, 300 Wis. 2d 532,. When discussing the grandparent visitation statute in Rogers, the court of appeals made the following declaration: The grandparents correctly state that Wis. Stat. § 767.245 requires that three conditions must be satisfied before a circuit court may grant visitation: (1) the grandparents must have a parent-like relationship with the child, (2) the parents must have notice of the hearing, and (3) the court must determine that grandparent visitation is in the child's best interest. Rogers, 300 Wis. 2d 532, ¶11. The court did not support this statement with an exercise of formal statutory interpretation. It simply agreed with the grandparents in the case, whom the 11 Subsection (1)'s use of the phrase "that person" to refer back to any person who files a visitation motion under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) contributes to the ambiguity of the subsection. However, we view use of that phrase as unfortunate drafting rather than an indication of legislative intent because of the plethora of other writings by drafters that reveal and explain the language of the subsection. 13 No. 2014AP1283 circuit court found to have had a parent-like relationship with the grandchildren.12 appeals cited Elsewhere in the opinion, the court of Holtzman v. Knott, 193 Wis. 2d 649, 658, 533 N.W.2d 419 (1995), which used the same language in a visitation case that did not apply that statute. ¶26 Implicitly, under Rogers, any person——whether a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent, or person having a different relationship with the child——must prove the existence of a parent-like relationship with the child in order to secure visitation likely rights place an under Wis. extremely Stat. heavy § 767.43(1). burden on factors grandparents have been who because prevented from of would grandparents reside any significant distance from the children. disqualify This geography developing who It would or other a close relationship. ¶27 According to the Meister children, the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" should apply only to a "person" other than a 12 The grandparents' brief in Rogers made a similar statement of the law without providing additional explanation: Section 767.245(1), Wisconsin Statutes, provides that a grandparent, among others, can petition the court for visitation rights where that grandparent has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship and the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that the visitation was in the best interests of the child. 14 No. 2014AP1283 grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent seeking visitation rights under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). They argue in their principal brief that "what the statute seems to ask for is that persons who are relationship not similar grandparents to the or one stepparents grandparents and prove up a stepparents already enjoy by virtue of their biological or legal connection to the child." the Rogers To evaluate the Meister children's challenge to court's language, we conduct an independent assessment of § 767.43(1). ¶28 intuitive The Meister children's focus on relationships has an appeal. Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1) applies to grandparents of a child of a married or formerly married couple. This means that these grandparents and greatgrandparents have a direct family tie to one of the parents of the child. A stepparent, under this subsection, is or was married to one of the parents of the child. category is undefined so On the other hand, the "person" that it is hard to anticipate the nature of the relationship that the "person" has to the child. The "person" could be a sister or brother, but it could also be an aunt or uncle, cousin, former foster parent, neighbor, or friend. Requiring proof of a significant supportive relationship from persons in this undefined category makes good policy sense. Requiring the same proof from a grandparent is unnatural, and it would clearly make a successful petition for visitation much more difficult for some grandparents than for others. 15 No. ¶29 2014AP1283 Our interpretation of the statutory language begins with an examination of its syntax. The Meister children urge us to apply the last-antecedent canon of statutory construction, under which "qualifying or limiting clauses in a statute are to be referred to the next preceding antecedent, unless the context or plain meaning dictates otherwise." Green Lake, (concluding 72 that Wis. 2d 210, a 215, statute's Vandervelde v. City of 240 minimum N.W.2d population 399 (1976) requirement affected towns but not cities where statute applied to "any city or village or any town having a population of more than 7,500"); see also Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, Reading Law 144 (2012) ("A pronoun, relative pronoun, or demonstrative adjective generally (emphasis refers to omitted)); the 2A nearest Norman J. reasonable Singer & antecedent." Shambie Singer, Statutes and Statutory Construction § 47:33, at 494-97 (7th ed. 2014) ("Referential and qualifying words and phrases, where no contrary intention appears, refer solely to the last antecedent. The last antecedent is 'the last word, phrase, or clause that can be made an antecedent without impairing the meaning of the sentence.'" (footnote omitted)).13 13 Black's Law Dictionary provides a similar definition: "An interpretive principle by which a court determines that qualifying words or phrases modify the words or phrases immediately preceding them and not words of phrases more remote, unless the extension is necessary from the context or the spirit of the entire writing." Rule of the Last Antecedent, Black's Law Dictionary 1532-33 (10th ed. 2014). As an example, Black's explains that, "in the phrase Texas courts, New Mexico courts, and New York courts in the federal system, the words in the federal system might be held to modify only New York courts and (continued) 16 No. not Texas courts or New Mexico courts." 2014AP1283 Id. In his critique of the canons of interpretation, Karl Llewellyn presented the rule as two competing canons: "Qualifying or limiting words or clauses are to be referred to the next preceding antecedent," but "[n]ot when evident sense and meaning require a different construction." Karl N. Llewellyn, Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the Rules or Canons About How Statutes Are to Be Construed, 3 Vand. L. Rev. 395, 405 (1950). More recently, Justice Scalia and Bryan Garner examined the rule's application in their book Reading Law. See Scalia & Garner 144-46. Their discussion included contemporary and historic examples of the rule's use at the Supreme Court of the United States. Id. (first citing Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 27-28 (2003); then citing Sim's Lessee v. Irvine, 3 U.S. (3. Dall.) 425, 444 n.* (1799)). For a more recent example of the Supreme Court's application of the canon, in which the Court quoted from Black's and from Reading Law, see the Court's decision on March 1, 2016 in Lockhart v. United States, 136 S. Ct. 958 (2016). In addition to the Vandervelde case cited in the text above, this court also has periodically applied the lastantecedent rule when interpreting statutes. See, e.g., Fuller v. Spieker, 265 Wis. 601, 603-05, 62 N.W.2d 713 (1954) (interpreting county ordinance to place time limit on mandatory but not discretionary leave for deputy sheriff where time limit language followed mandatory leave requirement); Serv. Inv. Co. v. Dorst, 232 Wis. 574, 576-78, 288 N.W. 169 (1939) (applying context exception where comma evinced intent for clause to modify all preceding clauses in list, rather than only the immediately preceding clause); cf. Stoker v. Milwaukee Cty., 2014 WI 130, ¶¶23-24, 359 Wis. 2d 347, 857 N.W.2d 102 (declining to apply last-antecedent canon in order to avoid absurd result). Finally, the Legislative Reference Bureau's Wisconsin Bill Drafting Manual 2015-2016 (2014) (Bill Drafting Manual) suggests drafting with the last antecedent canon in mind. A section providing guidance with regard to word choice and phrasing encourages drafters to "modify only the words that you intend to modify." Bill Drafting Manual § 2.01(17m)(a), at 39. It explains that the phrase "'licensees may hunt moose, deer, or ducks that are not on the endangered species list' is ambiguous." Id. After suggesting alternative sentence (continued) 17 No. ¶30 2014AP1283 Here, interpreting Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) requires us to determine whether the pronoun "who" in the qualifying clause applies only to a "person" or also applies to grandparents, greatgrandparents, and stepparents. The list "grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person" immediately precedes the limiting clause "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child." Applying the last- antecedent rule to the list limits "who" to the final item in the list——"person." Consequently, reading § 767.43(1) according to the last-antecedent canon supports the interpretation that a person seeking visitation rights under the subsection needs to prove that he or she has a parent-child relationship with the child only if the person is not a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent. We think this is the more natural reading of the phrase. ¶31 consider Next, we expand the analysis of Wis. Stat. § 767.43 to subsection (1) in context with subsection (3). Subsection (3) reads as follows: (3) Special Grandparent Visitation Provision. The court may grant visitation rights, with respect to a child, to a grandparent of the child if the child's parents have notice of the hearing and the court determines all of the following: constructions that would avoid ambiguity, the manual cites state and federal cases in Wisconsin that interpreted statutes with unclear modifiers. Id. § 2.01(17m)(b)-(d), at 40. First among the cited cases is Vandervelde, which the manual cites for the proposition that "qualifying or limiting words in a statute generally refer to the nearest antecedent only." Id. § 2.01(17m)(d), at 40. 18 No. 2014AP1283 (a) The child is a nonmarital child whose parents have not subsequently married each other. (b) Except as provided in sub. (4), paternity of the child has been determined under laws of this state or another jurisdiction if grandparent filing the petition is a parent of child's father. (c) the the the the The child has not been adopted. (d) The grandparent has maintained a relationship with the child or has attempted to maintain a relationship with the child but has been prevented from doing so by a parent who has legal custody of the child. (e) The grandparent is not likely to act in a manner that is contrary to decisions that are made by a parent who has legal custody of the child and that are related to the child's physical, emotional, educational or spiritual welfare. (f) The visitation is in the best interest of the child. (Capitalization omitted; emphasis added.) ¶32 The legislature explicitly included a relationship requirement for grandparents in subsection (3) but declined to do so in subsection (1). grant visitation rights Under subsection (3), a court may only if it determines, among other things, that "[t]he grandparent has maintained a relationship with the child or has attempted to maintain a relationship with the child but § 767.43(3)(d). "parent-child grandparents has been "relationship" from doing so." Reading subsection (1) as requiring proof of a relationship" of prevented marital would children requirement for place than a heavier subsection grandparents of burden (3)'s on mere non-marital children——despite the absence of the type of clear requirement 19 No. that appears in subsection (3). 2014AP1283 This suggests that the Rogers interpretation of subsection (1) was not correct. ¶33 A review § 767.43(1) further intend require to of the statutory indicates that grandparents history the to of Wis. legislature prove a Stat. did not parent-child relationship with the child when petitioning for visitation. An earlier version of the grandparent visitation statute provided: The court may grant reasonable visitation privileges to a grandparent or greatgrandparent of any minor child upon the grandparent's or greatgrandparent's petition to the court with notice to the parties if the court determines that it is in the best interests and welfare of the child and issue any necessary order to enforce the same. Wis. Stat. § 767.245(4) (1985-86). Under this version of the statute, only a grandparent or greatgrandparent could petition for visitation rights——there was no provision for stepparents or other persons——and a grandparent or greatgrandparent petitioner did not need to prove the existence of any kind of relationship with the child. ¶34 In 1988 the legislature passed 1987 Wis. Act. 355. Section 38 of Act 355 amended the visitation statute to bring it closer to its current form. As amended, the statute read: Upon petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interest of the child. Wis. Stat. § 767.245(1) (1987-88). An inline note, authored by the Legislative Council, accompanied section 38 of Act 355 and 20 No. explained that the amendment "[e]xtend[ed] the 2014AP1283 current law permitting the court, upon petition, to grant visitation rights to a grandparent or greatgrandparent to: (1) a stepparent; and (2) any person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child." ¶35 statute Taken and together, the the Legislative change to Council the note language provide of the compelling evidence that the legislature intended that the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" should apply only to a "person" petitioning for visitation under stringent filing statute. requirements motions expanded the the under on the categories Rather grandparents statute, of and the people than placing greatgrandparents legislature who more might actually petition for visitation in any particular case by allowing stepparents and other persons to do so. The Legislative Council note then confirmed the expansive nature of the changes, making clear that the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" attaches only to a "person" petitioning for visitation rights while placing no such condition on petitions by grandparents, greatgrandparents, and stepparents. ¶36 the this This characterization of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) and accompanying court's Legislative previous Council discussions of note the is consistent statute's with history, which have focused on the legislature's gradual expansion of visitation rights. In Holtzman, the court quoted the same note 21 No. 2014AP1283 and indicated that "[t]he major change in 1988, as explained by the Legislative Council's Special Committee notes, was to extend the current law." Holtzman, quotation mark omitted). 193 Wis. 2d at 672 (internal Similarly, our discussion in Sporleder v. Hermes, 162 Wis. 2d 1002, 471 N.W.2d 202 (1991), overruled on other grounds by Holtzman, 193 Wis. 2d 659, implicitly associated the parent-child relationship requirement only with a "person" petitioning for visitation when noting that Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) had been "amended to include a 'person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child,' as persons who may petition for visitation rights." ¶37 Sporleder, 162 Wis. 2d at 1016. Nothing in Act 355's legislative history contradicts our reading of § 767.43(1). A review of the Act's drafting file indicates that the language at issue remained consistent with its present form throughout the drafting and amendment process. Additionally, an Analysis by the Legislative Reference Bureau—— originally appended to a draft at the beginning of the legislation but later replaced by the Legislative Council notes already discussed——confirms our understanding of legislature's intended change: Under current law . . . the court may provide visitation privileges to a grandparent or greatgrandparent if that is in the child's best interest. Under this bill, the current law permitting visitation by grandparents and greatgrandparents is extended to apply to stepparents, persons who have maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child and, under certain circumstances, any other person. 22 the No. Drafting File Legislative for 1987 Reference Wis. Bureau Act. of 355, 1987 2014AP1283 Analysis A.B. 205, by the Legislative Reference Bureau, Madison, Wis. Although this analysis did not appear nevertheless with the final Act, it indicates that—— throughout the drafting process——the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" attached only to a person other than a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent. ¶38 Collectively, these aspects of the context and history of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) support our reading of its language: the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" applies to a "person" seeking visitation but not to a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent. ¶39 We now evaluate the implications of this interpretation for parents' constitutional rights to direct the care, custody, and control of their children. B. Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) Does Not Unconstitutionally Infringe on Parents' Due Process Rights ¶40 In her brief and at oral argument, Nancy argued that interpreting the greatgrandparents, relationship when statute and not to stepparents seeking visitation require to prove would grandparents, a parent-child unconstitutionally interfere with parents' rights to raise their children. Citing Troxel v. Granville, 530 U.S. 57 (2000), she suggests that "[i]n order to respect the constitutionally protected liberty interest parents have, there must be a 23 larger barrier to usurping No. 2014AP1283 parents' control than notice of hearing and a best interest inquiry." We conclude that the court of appeals appropriately addressed and resolved this contention in Roger D.H. v. Virginia O., 2002 WI App 35, 250 Wis. 2d 747, 641 N.W.2d 440. ¶41 In reaffirmed Amendment Troxel, that the the protects Supreme "Due the Court Process of Clause fundamental right the of of United the States Fourteenth parents to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children." Troxel, 530 U.S. at 66. The case involved a State of Washington statute, which provided, "Any person may petition the court for visitation rights at any time including, but not limited to, custody proceedings. rights for any person when The court may order visitation visitation may serve the best interest of the child whether or not there has been any change of circumstances." § 26.10.160(3) paternal Id. (1994)). grandparents at 61 Under sought (quoting that an Wash. statute, extensive the Rev. Code children's visitation order following their son's death, but the children's mother opposed the request, grandparents. visitation favoring short, Id. at 60-61. order after monthly visits with the A state trial court had entered a concluding that visitation with grandparents would be in the children's best interest. the Id. at 61-62. ¶42 A Plurality of the Supreme Court stopped short of holding the statute facially unconstitutional but did conclude that, as applied by the Washington court, the statute unconstitutionally interfered with the mother's rights to define 24 No. the care, custody, and control of her children. (plurality opinion). that parents play 2014AP1283 Id. at 67, 73 The Plurality explained the important role in defining the best interests of their children: The problem here is not that the Washington Superior Court intervened, but that when it did so, it gave no special weight at all to [the mother's] determination of her daughters' best interests. . . . In effect, the judge placed on [the mother], the fit custodial parent, the burden of disproving that visitation would be in the best interest of her daughters. Id. at 69. analysis, In limiting its determination to an as applied the Plurality commented, "Because much state-court adjudication in this context occurs on a case-by-case basis, we would be hesitant to hold that specific nonparental visitation statutes violate the Due Process Clause as a per se matter." Id. at 73. ¶43 Shortly after the Court decided Troxel, Wisconsin's court of appeals considered a facial challenge to Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) in Roger D.H. A child's mother sought to vacate a court-approved granting stipulation child's paternal grandmother. 5. She asserted unconstitutional that under rights to the Roger D.H., 250 Wis. 2d 747, ¶¶4- "Wis. Troxel visitation Stat. because § 767.245 the is statute facially does not require that courts give presumptive weight to a fit parent's decision regarding non-parental visitation." ¶44 Id., ¶13. The court of appeals rejected the facial challenge: We glean from Troxel two propositions relevant to the issue before us. First, due process requires that 25 No. 2014AP1283 courts apply a presumption that a fit parent's decision regarding non-parental visitation is in the best interest of the child. Second, a state court may read this requirement into a non-parental visitation statute, even when the statute is silent on the topic. Accordingly, we hold that when applying Wis. Stat. § 767.245(3), circuit courts must apply the presumption that a fit parent's decision regarding grandparent visitation is in the best interest of the child. At the same time, we observe that this is only a presumption and the circuit court is still obligated to make its own assessment of the best interest of the child. What the Due Process Clause does not tolerate is a court giving no "special weight" to a fit parent's determination, but instead basing its decision on "mere disagreement" with the parent. Id., ¶¶18-19 (citation omitted). ¶45 at Wis. Although Roger D.H. involved the statute now codified Stat. § 767.43(3), we conclude that the court of appeals' reasoning is equally appropriate with regard Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). As under subsection (3), a court may grant visitation under subsection (1) only if the court determines that doing so would be in Supreme Court indicated in the child's Troxel best interest. The that any examination of a child's best interest must give special weight to a fit parent's own best interest determination. ("The decisional directly framework the Superior In court's presumption presumption failed that Court parent will act in the best interest of his or her child. the traditional by fit respect, the employed a that contravened Troxel, 530 U.S. at 69-70 to provide any protection for [the mother's] fundamental constitutional right to make decisions daughters."). concerning the rearing of her own Troxel's presumption in favor of a fit parent's 26 No. determination would apply to a court's 2014AP1283 evaluation of a § 767.43(1) visitation petition as a part of the best interest analysis——and the presumption would apply regardless of whether the petitioner proved a parent-child relationship with the child. ¶46 Thus, our holding——that the phrase "who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child" does not apply to a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent petitioning for visitation rights under § 767.43(1)—— does not conflict with parental constitutional rights as set forth in Troxel. under Whenever someone brings a visitation petition § 767.43(1)——whether the petitioner is a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent, or other person——Troxel requires that the deciding court give special weight to a fit parent's opinions regarding the child's best interest as part of any best interest determination. ¶47 We think it important to note that while our decision eliminates one unintended impediment greatgrandparents, and stepparents for grandparents, who seek visitation rights under Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1), it does not guarantee that they will prevail. The court must not only consider the constitutional rights of the parents but also decide, in its sound discretion, whether the facts and circumstances of the case warrant granting, modifying, or denying petition in the best interest of the child. IV. CONCLUSION 27 a visitation No. ¶48 2014AP1283 Examining Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) in its present form, it is clear that the legislature has gradually expanded the number of persons who may petition for visitation rights. The current and statute allows grandparents, greatgrandparents, stepparents to petition for visitation rights, and it allows other persons to seek visitation as well, so long as they have "maintained a relationship similar relationship with the child." of expanding considering § 767.43(1) interest visitation a must give and best we parent-child the fact that interests under weight special determinations, a Given the legislature's history rights child's to fit conclude to that any court Wis. Stat. parents' best a grandparent, greatgrandparent, or stepparent need not prove a parent-child relationship in order to secure visitation rights under that subsection. By the Court.—The decision of the court of reversed. ¶49 REBECCA G. BRADLEY, J., did not participate. 28 appeals is No. ¶50 SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, J. statutory interpretation case. Stat. § 767.43(1). "grandparent, maintained (concurring). This is a The statute at issue is Wis. Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1) provides that a greatgrandparent, a 2014AP1283.ssa stepparent relationship similar or person to a who has parent-child relationship" may petition the court to seek visitation rights to the child; the court may grant visitation if visitation is in the child's best interests. ¶51 In the instant case, Carol Meister, the paternal grandmother of four minor children, S.A.M., A.L.M., O.M.M., and J.E.M., filed a motion in the children's parents' divorce action to establish visitation with the children. ¶52 The circuit court denied the grandmother's motion for visitation, concluding that the grandmother failed to show a "relationship required similar under the to court a of parent-child appeals' relationship" interpretation of as Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) in Rogers v. Rogers, 2007 WI App 50, ¶11, 300 Wis. 2d 532, 731 N.W.2d 347. ¶53 The court of appeals affirmed order in an unpublished decision. v. Rogers case.1 the circuit court's It too relied on the Rogers The majority opinion disagrees with the court of appeals' interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). ¶54 I write separately to make two points. ¶55 I. court's First, interpretation although of I Wis. 1 happen Stat. to agree § 767.43(1), with I this conclude S.A.M. v. Meister, No. 2014AP1283, unpublished slip op., ¶¶13-14 (Wis. Ct. App. Feb. 5, 2015). 1 No. 2014AP1283.ssa that this court violates the plain language of § 767.43(1) by deciding the instant case.2 ¶56 Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1), entitled "Petition, who may file" provides (with added emphasis): Except as provided in subs. (1m) and (2m), upon petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interest of the child. ¶57 The grandmother did not appeal the circuit court's denial of visitation or pursue the review in this court. The guardian ad litem (and the children whom the guardian ad litem represents) pursued the appeal and review. ¶58 Under grandparent (or the other plain named text of the individual not statute, relevant only in a the instant case) may seek visitation with a child and a court may grant visitation only to these identified persons. ¶59 Neither the guardian ad litem nor the children argue that they fall within the ambit of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). the right parties are not before the court. Thus Accordingly, this court does not have any statutory or other basis to consider the petition for review filed by a person not identified in the 2 Members of the court do not always agree about the methodology to be used in interpreting statutes. See, e.g., Justice Ziegler's concurrence, ¶80 (concluding ¶23 of the majority opinion is unnecessary because Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) is unambiguous); see also Anderson v. Aul, 2015 WI 19, 361 Wis. 2d 63, 862 N.W.2d 304. 2 No. statute as having the power to seek I am concerned forth in the 2014AP1283.ssa visitation with the children.3 ¶60 II. Second, interpretation set that instant the statutory case puts the constitutionality of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(3) in doubt. ¶61 The burden that Wis. Stat. § 767.43(3) imposes on a grandparent unmarried seeking parents is visitation rights significantly to greater children than born the to burden § 767.43(1) imposes on a grandparent seeking visitation rights to children born to a married couple. 3 This issue might be framed as a question of "standing," see majority op., ¶16 n.8, but it is easier to frame and analyze the issue as one of statutory interpretation, namely whether the children and guardian ad litem may initiate and pursue the proceeding under the statute. The concept of standing has numerous dimensions. Standing and statutory interpretation are distinct and should not be conflated. See Foley-Ciccantelli v. Bishop's Grove Condo Ass'n, Inc., 2011 WI 36, ¶¶5, 54, 333 Wis. 2d 402, 797 N.W.2d 789 ("There is no single longstanding or uniform test to determine standing in the case law. . . . The essence of the question of standing . . . is . . . whether the injured interest of the party whose standing is challenged falls within the ambit of the statute or constitutional provision involved."); see also William A. Fletcher, The Structure of Standing, 98 Yale L.J. 221, 236 (1988) ("'When a plaintiff seeks standing on the basis that an interest is protected by statute, the question whether that interest is legally protected for standing purposes is the same as the question whether plaintiff (assuming his or her factual allegations are true) has a claim on the merits.'") (quoting Stephen G. Breyer & Richard B. Stewart, Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy: Problems, Text, and Cases 1094 (2d ed. 1985) (footnote omitted)); Wisconsin's Envt'l Decade, Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm'n of Wis., 69 Wis. 2d 1, 11, 230 N.W.2d 243 (1975) (describing cases resolved "on the notion that the statute relied upon by the person seeking review did not give legal recognition to the interest asserted" as "rest[ing] upon statutory interpretation rather than the law of standing itself."). 3 No. ¶62 2014AP1283.ssa Statutory classifications based on the child being a nonmarital child are subjected to a heightened level of scrutiny.4 A statutory classification based on the status of a child as a nonmarital child will be struck down under the Equal Protection Clause if the "classification is justified by no legitimate state interest, compelling or otherwise."5 ¶63 For the reasons set forth, I write separately. I ¶64 Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1), entitled "Petition, who may file," states (in relevant part): grandparent, greatgrandparent, "[U]pon petition by a stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interests of the child." ¶65 In the instant case, the children's paternal grandmother, Carol, filed a motion seeking visitation with the children. The grandmother represented herself in the visitation proceedings. ¶66 The children's guardian ad litem agreed with the grandmother that visitation was in the children's best interest. The circuit court noted that the guardian ad litem "took the 4 Pickett v. Brown, 462 U.S. 1, 7 (1983). 5 Weber v. Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co., 406 U.S. 164, 175-76 (1972). 4 No. 2014AP1283.ssa laboring oar" in a hearing regarding the grandmother's motion for visitation. ¶67 The grandmother did not, however, appeal from the circuit court's order denying her motion for visitation. was the grandmother a party in this court.6 Nor See majority op., ¶18 n.10. ¶68 The instant case poses a question raised at oral argument but not addressed by the court or the parties' briefs: May an individual other than a "grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent, or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child pursue an denying appeal or visitation § 767.43(1)? guardian relationship a ad litem review to Simply for with a and of the the child" circuit grandparent more minor order Wis. Stat. stated, initiate and court's under specifically children initiate and may a pursue a proceeding in an appellate court regarding a circuit court's order denying a grandparent's petition for visitation? ¶69 petition Given the statutory limitations on who may bring a for visitation, I visitation conclude and that to the 6 whom a guardian court ad may litem grant cannot Indeed, the grandmother passed away before the petition for review was filed in this court. The grandmother's death was brought to the court's attention by a letter. Contrary to the practices and procedures of this court, one justice and a commissioner, without a vote of the court, unilaterally ordered supplemental briefing regarding whether the case was moot. The issue in the present case is not one of mootness. The issue is whether an appeal or review initiated and pursued by a guardian ad litem representing the children falls within the purview of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). See majority op., ¶16 n.8. 5 No. 2014AP1283.ssa initiate and pursue proceedings in an appellate court seeking review of a circuit court's order denying a grandparent's petition for visitation. ¶70 The children and their guardian ad litem are not within the ambit of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1). Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1) the visitation limits to the right identified to petition individuals; the court statute for does not identify children or their guardian ad litem as petitioners. The right parties are not before the court. II ¶71 Given this court's interpretation of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1), I question whether the statutory interpretation set forth in the instant case puts the constitutionality of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(3) in doubt. ¶72 Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(1), entitled "Petition, who may file," provides (with added emphasis): Except as provided in subs. (1m) and (2m), upon petition by a grandparent, greatgrandparent, stepparent or person who has maintained a relationship similar to a parent-child relationship with the child, the court may grant reasonable visitation rights to that person if the parents have notice of the hearing and if the court determines that visitation is in the best interest of the child. ¶73 The court interprets Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) to mean that a grandparent need not demonstrate a relationship with the child to be granted visitation.7 § 767.43(1), 7 as interpreted in See majority op., ¶6. 6 In other words, Wis. Stat. the instant case, allows a No. "grandparent" to obtain visitation based solely 2014AP1283.ssa on the best interests of the child.8 ¶74 In contrast, Wis. Stat. § 767.43(3), entitled "Special grandparent visitation provision," requires a grandparent of a child born to unmarried parents to demonstrate a relationship with the child or efforts to maintain such a relationship. ¶75 Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(3) provides: The court may grant reasonable visitation rights, with respect to a child, to a grandparent of a child if the child's parents have notice of the hearing and the court determines all of the following: (a) The child is a nonmarital child whose parents have not subsequently married each other. (b) Except as provided in sub. (4), the paternity of the child has been determined under the laws of this state or another jurisdiction if the grandparent filing the petition is a parent of the child's father. (c) The child has not been adopted. (d) The grandparent has maintained a relationship with the child or has attempted to maintain a relationship with the child but has been prevented from doing so by a parent who has legal custody of the child. (e) The grandparent is not likely to act in a manner that is contrary to decisions that are made by a parent who has legal custody of the child and that are related to the child's physical, emotional, educational or spiritual welfare. (f) The visitation is in the best interest of the child.9 8 See majority op., ¶6. 7 No. ¶76 Wisconsin grandparent child, Stat. visitation allows a § 767.43(3), provision" grandparent to the pertaining obtain 2014AP1283.ssa to "[s]pecial a nonmarital visitation if the grandparent demonstrates, among other things, that (1) "[t]he grandparent has maintained a relationship with the child or has attempted to maintain a relationship with the child but has been prevented from doing so by a parent who has legal custody of the child;" (2) "[t]he grandparent is not likely to act in a manner that is contrary to decisions that are made by a parent who has legal custody of the child and that are related to the child's physical, emotional, educational, or spiritual welfare;" and (3) visitation is in the best interest of the child. ¶77 Statutory classifications based on the child being a nonmarital child are subjected to a heightened level of scrutiny.10 A statutory classification based on the status of a child as a nonmarital child will be struck down under the Equal Protection Clause if the "classification is justified by no legitimate state interest, compelling or otherwise."11 ¶78 What legitimate state interest is served by Wis. Stat. § 767.43(3) imposing grandparent seeking a substantially visitation based higher solely burden on the on a child's parents' marital status? 9 Wisconsin Stat. § 767.43(3) applies to a grandparent requesting visitation whenever sub. (a) to (c) apply to the child. See Wis. Stat. § 767.43(2m). 10 Pickett, 462 U.S. at 7. 11 Weber, 406 U.S. at 175-76. 8 No. ¶79 For the reasons set separately. 9 forth, I concur 2014AP1283.ssa and write No. ¶80 ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J. 2014AP1283.akz (concurring). all but ¶23 of the opinion of the court. I join In my view, the plain text of Wis. Stat. § 767.43(1) is unambiguous. The court's further analysis of § 767.43(1) simply confirms that the obvious interpretation of the statute is the correct one. See, e.g., Hirschhorn v. Auto-Owners Ins. Co., 2012 WI 20, ¶¶34-36, 338 Wis. 2d 761, 809 N.W.2d 529 (using canons of construction to confirm, but not displace, the plain meaning of an unambiguous term); Anderson v. Aul, 2015 WI 19, ¶¶111, 114, 361 Wis. 2d 63, 862 N.W.2d 304 (Ziegler, J., concurring) (analysis of statutory history and consideration of absurd results can be used to confirm an unambiguous statute's plain meaning); Noffke ex rel. Swenson v. Bakke, 2009 WI 10, ¶18, 315 Wis. 2d 350, 760 N.W.2d 156 (noting that reliance on a dictionary does not render a word or phrase ambiguous).1 ¶81 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully concur. ¶82 I am authorized to state that Justice MICHAEL J. GABLEMAN joins this opinion. 1 I write this footnote to briefly confirm that the methodology applied by Justice Prosser comports with longstanding precedent as stated in State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cty., 2004 WI 58, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. 1 No. 1 2014AP1283.akz
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