State v. Novy
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After a jury trial, Defendant was convicted of stalking, bail jumping, and violating a harassment injunction. Defendant appealed, contending (1) the trial court erred when it allowed the State to use certain fingerprint evidence and related testimony in rebuttal, which the court had previously excluded from the State's case-in-chief due to a discovery violation; and (2) he was deprived of his right to a fair trial by an impartial jury because, he claimed, one of the jurors was sleeping during a portion of defense counsel's closing argument. The court of appeals affirmed. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding that the circuit court (1) properly exercised its discretion in permitting the rebuttal use of the fingerprint evidence and related testimony; and (2) did not clearly err in finding that the juror was not sleeping and in therefore concluding that Defendant failed to establish a finding necessary to his contention.
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2013 WI 23 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: COMPLETE TITLE: OF WISCONSIN 2011AP407-CR, 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR State of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Brent T. Novy, Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner. REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS Reported at 338 Wis. 2d 439, 809 N.W.2d 889 (Ct. App. 2012 - Published) PDC No: 2012 WI App 10 OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: CONCURRED: March 14, 2013 October 9, 2012 Circuit Kenosha Barbara A. Kluka Abrahamson, C.J., Bradley, J., concur (Opinion filed). DISSENTED: NOT PARTICIPATING: Prosser, J., did not participate. ATTORNEYS: For the defendant-appellant-petitioner, there were briefs filed by Gerald P. Boyle and Boyle, Boyle & Boyle, S.C., Milwaukee, and oral argument by Gerald P. Boyle. For the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was argued by Christine A. Remington, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief was J.B. Van Hollen, attorney general. 2013 WI 23 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR (L.C. No. 2008CF500, 2008CF1307 & 2009CF58) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT State of Wisconsin, FILED Plaintiff-Respondent, v. MAR 14, 2013 Brent T. Novy, Diane M. Fremgen Clerk of Supreme Court Defendant-Appellant-Petitioner. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK, J. Affirmed. This is a review of a decision of the court of appeals1 that affirmed a judgment of the circuit court for Kenosha County.2 Novy raises two issues. First, Novy claims that the trial court erred when it allowed the State to use certain fingerprint evidence and related testimony in rebuttal, which the court had previously excluded from the State's case-in-chief due to a Wis. Stat. § 971.23 1 State v. Novy, 2012 WI App 10, 338 Wis. 2d 439, 809 N.W.2d 2 The Honorable Barbara A. Kluka presided. 889. No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR (2009 10) discovery violation.3 Second, Novy asserts that he was deprived of his right to a fair trial by an impartial jury because, he claims, one of the jurors was sleeping during a portion of defense counsel's closing argument. ¶2 We conclude that, with regard to the admission of fingerprint-related testimony on rebuttal, the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion. The circuit court initially determined that the State had failed to comply with its discovery obligations under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1); and therefore, the court excluded fingerprint evidence and related testimony from § 971.23(7m)(a). excluded the State's case-in-chief pursuant to However, after Novy testified such that the fingerprint evidence and related testimony would controvert his testimony, the circuit court concluded that it could be presented in rebuttal. The circuit court properly interpreted § 971.23 under the facts of this case, and given the significant discretion matters, we cannot afforded say that circuit the courts circuit on evidentiary court erroneously exercised its discretion in permitting the rebuttal use of the fingerprint evidence and related testimony. ¶3 With regard to the circuit court's treatment of the allegedly sleeping juror, the circuit court did not find that the juror was sleeping; therefore, Novy failed to establish a 3 Although the charged events occurred between 2007 and 2009, the relevant statutory provisions are identical to the current version of the statutes, and therefore, all subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2009 10 edition unless otherwise indicated. 2 No. finding necessary to his 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR contention. The circuit court's findings are not clearly erroneous, and therefore, we will not overturn the circuit court's refusal to strike the juror. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals. I. ¶4 BACKGROUND4 For conduct that occurred between May 2008 and January 2009, Novy was charged in Kenosha County with two counts of stalking, 11 counts of felony bail jumping, and one count of violating a harassment injunction. All of the charges related to Novy's conduct toward his ex-fiancé, Julie N. The two had dated on and off for approximately five years, until September of 2007, when relationship point where, harassment § 813.125(4). Julie ended, in ended Novy November injunction the continued 2007, against relationship. to Julie Novy contact sought under After Julie, and the to the obtained Wis. a Stat. The injunction prohibited Novy from contacting Julie in any way, and required that he avoid her residence. ¶5 In early May 2008, Novy was charged with one count of stalking, in violation of Wis. Stat. § 940.32(2)(a), (b), and (c). The complaint (case no. 08-CF-500) alleged that, between October 17, 2007, and February 4, 2008, Novy had engaged in a 4 Novy's trial involved 14 separate charges, but only two of those charges are relevant to this appeal: one count of bail jumping and one stalking charge. Therefore, we will briefly summarize the facts leading up to and including the trial, focusing on the two relevant charges, as well as the facts related to Novy's allegation that a juror was sleeping during defense counsel's closing argument. 3 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR course of conduct, directed at Julie, which had caused Julie to suffer serious emotional distress, and that Novy knew or should have known that Generally, harassing hanging Novy's Julie up, in his alleged public accessing Julie's house. conduct would conduct places, Julie's cause such included calling voicemail distress. following and Julie at work and prowling and around Novy was released on a $1,000 signature bond, which provided that he was to have "No [c]ontact w/ Julie [N.]; not to be within 1000 feet of her residence." ¶6 Then, on November 12, 2008, Novy was charged with another count of stalking under Wis. Stat. § 940.32(2) and eight counts of felony § 946.49(1)(b). bail jumping, These in charges violation (case no. of Wis. Stat. 08-CF-1307) all involved a course of conduct in which Novy allegedly had engaged between May 4, conduct 2008, underlying and the November 10, previous 2008. stalking Similar charge, the to the alleged conduct involved hang-up calls to Julie's home, following her in public (including waiting for her outside her place of work), lurking around Julie's house and repeatedly calling Julie's friends. in her neighborhood, and Again, Novy was released on bond, this time a $5,000 cash bond, which also provided that he was to have no contact with Julie or her residence. ¶7 counts Relevant for purposes of this appeal, one of the eight of bail jumping in case number 08-CF-1307 (Count 7) alleged that, on the night of November 9, 2008, Julie received a hang-up call from a payphone at L&M Meats in Kenosha, which was close to Novy's residence. Julie had previously noticed Novy's 4 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR vehicle near L&M Meats, and had called her sister from that payphone to determine phone. After the phone receiving the number hang-up associated call on with the that night of November 9, Julie called the police, who went to the payphone at L&M Meats and verified that was the number from which Julie had recently received the phone call. Officers fingerprints from the receiver of the payphone. later determined that these fingerprints also lifted Police analysts matched Novy's fingerprints. ¶8 On additional violating January 14, bail the had Novy counts, harassment § 813.125(7). Novy jumping 2009, as injunction, was well charged as contrary one to with three count Wis. of Stat. The complaint (case no. 09-CF-58) alleged that been seen driving slowly past Julie's house, in violation of the harassment injunction and the conditions of his bonds for the prior charges. Novy was again released on a cash bond ($20,000), which reiterated the prohibition on contacting Julie or being within 1,000 feet of her residence. ¶9 In late May 2010, a jury trial was held in Kenosha County, wherein the three separate cases were joined and Novy was tried on all 14 counts. During opening statements, counsel for the State referred to testimony about fingerprint evidence that would tend to show that Novy had called Julie from L&M Meats on November 9, 2008. After opening statements, defense counsel moved to exclude the fingerprint evidence and related testimony on the ground that the defense had requested all evidence subject to disclosure under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1), but 5 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR the State failed to provide access to the cards on which the fingerprints were exhibited.5 ¶10 The circuit court concluded that the State had failed in its obligation to properly disclose the fingerprint evidence, as required by Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(g). Therefore, the court granted the defendant's motion to exclude the evidence. When counsel for the State asked whether the fingerprint evidence would be available for rebuttal, Judge Kluka responded, "I don't know." ¶11 After the State completed its case-in-chief, the defense moved to dismiss Count 7 in case number 08-CF-1307, the bail jumping charge relating to the alleged phone call from the L&M Meats payphone, arguing that without fingerprint-related testimony, the State no longer had any evidence linking Novy to the phone on the night in question. The State conceded that, without the fingerprint-related testimony, the State would be unable to prove the elements of bail jumping for Count 7. Accordingly, the circuit court granted the defendant's motion to dismiss that count. ¶12 to his During the defense case, Novy chose to testify. testimony, defense counsel sought to prevent Prior any questions regarding the phone call from L&M Meats on November 9, 2008, on the ground that the alleged call related solely to the 5 Although the State had provided defense counsel with an expert's report relating to the fingerprint evidence, the actual fingerprint cards were not available when defense counsel went to review the materials at the evidence bureau. 6 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR dismissed bail jumping charge. The State responded that the phone call from L&M Meats was a proper subject for questioning because the call related to the course of conduct supporting the second count of stalking, which allegedly occurred between May 4, 2008, and November 10, 2008 (case no. 08-CF-1307). circuit court agreed with the State and concluded that The such questioning was relevant to the second stalking count. ¶13 During cross-examination of Novy, counsel for the State asked Novy, "[D]id you call Julie from L and M Meats here in Kenosha on November 9th of 2008 at approximately 8:00 p.m.?" Novy responded, defense counsel "No, I did did not not." ask Novy During any Novy's redirect, clarifying questions regarding his use of the payphone at L&M Meats on the night in question. ¶14 As the State prepared to present its case-in-rebuttal, counsel for the State asked whether the fingerprint evidence from L&M Meats and related testimony would be allowed at that point, given phone. Novy's denial of having called Julie from that Defense counsel protested, arguing that the fingerprint- related testimony showed only that Novy had at some point used the payphone at L&M Meats, not that he had necessarily used it that night. discovery Additionally, statute, Wis. defense Stat. counsel § 971.23(1) argued and (7m), that the mandated that evidence that had been excluded for discovery violations be excluded throughout the trial, not solely for the State's casein-chief. The circuit court, however, disagreed and allowed the State to present the fingerprint evidence and related testimony, 7 No. calling it "bona fide 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR rebuttal evidence" as to the second stalking charge. ¶15 In its case-in-rebuttal, the State presented the testimony of two officers from the Kenosha Police Department, Officers Hamilton and Primmer. Officer Hamilton testified that he was an evidence technician; that he had been dispatched to examine the payphone at L&M Meats on the night of November 9, 2008; and phone. that he had Additionally, recovered Officer two Primmer fingerprints testified from that he that had conducted an analysis of the fingerprints that had been lifted from the payphone at L&M Meats, and that he had determined that those prints matched the fingerprints that the department had on file for Novy. ¶16 Defense counsel did not cross-examine Officer Primmer. On surrebuttal, however, defense counsel re-called Novy. Novy testified that, although he had previously denied calling Julie from the payphone at L&M Meats, he had used that phone "quite a few times" in the past. In particular, Novy stated that he had used the phone to call a friend in the Philippines because his cell phone did not have an international calling plan. ¶17 After closing the arguments alternate juror, and immediately defense before counsel the selection of sought a sidebar. The record reflects that defense counsel alleged that one of the jurors had been sleeping during the defense's closing argument, and that the juror therefore should be struck. The circuit court denied the motion, and noted that she makes an 8 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR effort "to keep track of what's going on with the jurors," and that she had not seen the juror sleeping. ¶18 The jury found Novy guilty of both counts of stalking, six counts of bail jumping, and the one count of violating the harassment injunction. Novy was sentenced to 90 days in jail for violating the injunction, and two years of imprisonment for the second confinement stalking and one offense, year of consisting extended of one supervision. year of For the remainder of the charges, Novy was placed on probation for five years, with the sentences withheld. ¶19 issues On appeal to the court of appeals, Novy raised the two currently before this court, seeking sentence and a remand for a new trial.6 affirmed the circuit court's decision vacation of his The court of appeals regarding the rebuttal evidence and the allegedly sleeping juror, concluding that both matters were within the broad discretion of the circuit court, and that there was nothing in the record to suggest that the court had erroneously exercised its discretion. See State v. Novy, 2012 WI App 10, ¶¶18, 23, 338 Wis. 2d 439, 809 N.W.2d 889. ¶20 Novy petitioned for review, and we granted his petition. 6 In the court of appeals, Novy also raised another issue relating to "other acts" evidence that he has not raised before this court. 9 No. II. A. ¶21 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR DISCUSSION Standard of Review Novy raises two issues for review. The first issue whether the circuit court erred by allowing the State to present evidence in rebuttal when that evidence previously had been excluded as a sanction for a discovery violation relates to the circuit court's decision on an evidentiary matter. Consideration of this issue begins with statutory interpretation and application, independent which review, present although questions we of law for our benefit from the previous interpretations of the court of appeals and the circuit court. Richards v. Badger Mut. Ins. Co., 2008 WI 52, ¶14, 309 Wis. 2d 541, 749 N.W.2d 581. In addition, whether to admit or deny evidence rests in the sound discretion of the circuit court, which we will discretion. not overturn absent an erroneous exercise of See State v. Smith, 2005 WI 104, ¶28, 283 Wis. 2d 57, 699 N.W.2d 508. ¶22 failing Second, Novy argues that the circuit court erred by to sleeping strike during a the juror whom defense's defense closing counsel argument. court did not find that the juror was sleeping. a circuit erroneous. court's findings of fact unless alleged The was circuit We will uphold they are clearly See State v. Funk, 2011 WI 62, ¶¶29 30, 335 Wis. 2d 369, 799 N.W.2d 421. B. ¶23 Novy argues Rebuttal Evidence that the circuit court erred when it allowed the State to rebut Novy's testimony using fingerprint 10 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR evidence and related testimony that the court had previously excluded for a discovery § § 971.23(1) and (7m)(a). the fingerprint-related § 971.23(1)(d). relevant portions We of violation Wis. Stat. The State contends that its use of evidence therefore the under is begin discovery clearly our permitted discussion statute, under with § 971.23, which provide in relevant part: (1) What a district attorney must disclose to a defendant. Upon demand, the district attorney shall, within a reasonable time before trial, disclose to the defendant or his or her attorney and permit the defendant or his or her attorney to inspect and copy or photograph all of the following materials and information, if it is within the possession, custody or control of the state: . . . . (d) A list of all witnesses and their addresses whom the district attorney intends to call at the trial. This paragraph does not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only. (e) Any relevant written or recorded statements of a witness named on a list under par. (d), including . . . any reports or statements of experts made in connection with the case . . . and the results of any physical or mental examination, scientific test, experiment or comparison that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at trial. . . . . (g) Any physical evidence that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at the trial. . . . . 11 the No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR (7m) Sanctions for failure to comply. (a) The court shall exclude any . . . evidence not presented for inspection or copying required by this section, unless good cause is shown for failure to comply. (Emphasis added.) 1. ¶24 General principles When interpreting the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 971.23, we begin with the language of the statute. State ex rel. Kalal v. Circuit Court for Dane Cnty., 2004 WI 58, ¶45, 271 Wis. 2d 633, 681 N.W.2d 110. "If the meaning of the statute is plain, we ordinarily stop the inquiry," and the statute will be applied according to that plain meaning. quotation marks omitted). Wisconsin Stat. ¶¶45 46 (internal Statutes are interpreted in context, as they relate to each other. ¶25 Id., Id., ¶46. § 971.23(1)(d) has an exception for disclosure of rebuttal evidence that has been interpreted by appellate courts on other occasions. concluded require that the the State plain to meaning disclose called for impeachment only." of Such interpretations have § 971.23(1)(d) "rebuttal witnesses does or not those See Lunde v. State, 85 Wis. 2d 80, 91, 270 N.W.2d 180 (1978). ¶26 Appellate courts also have concluded that the State has no obligation under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(d) to disclose rebuttal evidence, even when the State anticipates before trial that certain evidence may be used for rebuttal. State v. Konkol, 2002 WI App 174, ¶1, 256 Wis. 2d 725, 649 N.W.2d 300. ¶27 Notwithstanding that the State has no statutory discovery obligation to disclose rebuttal evidence, where the 12 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR circuit court determines that the State has failed to comply with the initial requirements set forth in Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1), the court "shall exclude any witness not listed or evidence not presented for inspection or copying required by this section, unless good cause is shown for failure to comply." § 971.23(7m)(a). ¶28 Such an initial order under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(7m)(a) was made by the circuit court in this case when the fingerprint evidence and related testimony that would have been used for the State's case-in-chief was excluded. Notwithstanding this order, after Novy testified, the State asserts that the fingerprint evidence and related testimony became rebuttal evidence. No appellate court has determined what, if any, effect paragraph (7m)(a) has on paragraph (1)(d)'s exception for discovery of rebuttal testimony. ¶29 Furthermore, governing in disclosure of recognized the addition evidence circuit to by court's statutory provisions the State, have discretion we on long evidentiary matters, including the exclusion and admission of evidence on rebuttal. See Howard v. Beldenville Lumber Co., 129 Wis. 98, 110-11, 108 N.W. 48 (1906); McGowan v. Chi. & Nw. Ry. Co., 91 Wis. 147, 153 54, 64 N.W. 891 (1895). ¶30 define We have set forth a relatively broad general rule to rebuttal evidence is that evidence. We have "which squarely explained meets and that rebuttal controverts some affirmative fact or facts which the adversary has attempted to 13 No. prove." 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR State v. Watson, 46 Wis. 2d 492, 499, 175 N.W.2d 244 (1970) (internal quotation marks omitted). ¶31 Furthermore, even with this general rule for rebuttal evidence, we have consistently reaffirmed a circuit court's broad discretion to admit "evidence of any acts or circumstances which are inconsistent witness. tends the relevant testimony of [a] Any evidence, otherwise proper, which in any respect to contradict purpose." the witness, is admissible for this Id. at 500 (internal quotation marks omitted). ¶32 admit with Indeed, we have affirmed circuit courts' discretion to evidence in rebuttal even if the evidence tends to corroborate the case-in-chief, see McGowan, 91 Wis. at 154, and where the evidence could have been case-in-chief, see instances, have evidence we may be Watson, 46 Wis. 2d recognized "necessary submitted that to at in the 500. State's In those the admission of such achieve justice," and the determination of what is necessary in those instances is subject to the circuit court's discretion. Id. at 499 (internal quotation marks omitted). ¶33 is not However, appellate courts have implied that evidence appropriate in rebuttal where it is plain that the evidence was withheld from the case-in-chief for dramatic effect or to ambush the defendant, although this rule would be subject to the necessities of justice. See Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91 92; McGowan, 91 Wis. at 154; cf. Konkol, 256 Wis. 2d 725, ¶¶15 19 (rejecting circuit court's determination 14 that an expert's No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR testimony was "not really rebuttal" and that it "could have been proffered during the case in chief"). ¶34 Wisconsin courts have come to refer to evidence that is proper for rebuttal as "bona fide rebuttal evidence." See Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91; State v. Sandoval, 2009 WI App 61, ¶30, 318 Wis. 2d 126, 767 N.W.2d 291. Specifically, appellate courts have defined bona fide rebuttal evidence as that which (1) was not necessary to the State's (or plaintiff's) case-in-chief, and (2) which became necessary and appropriate when the defense made its case. See Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91 92. Bona fide rebuttal evidence is not determined by asking whether the evidence could have been admitted in the State's case-in-chief, but rather whether the evidence became necessary and appropriate because it controverts the defendant's case. See Konkol, 256 Wis. 2d 725, ¶18; Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91 92. ¶35 the Moreover, rebuttal evidence is no less bona fide when State is able to anticipate particular pieces of evidence. ¶15. Once the defendant the defense's theory or See Konkol, 256 Wis. 2d 725, raises a particular theory, the defendant's veracity and the credibility of that theory become relevant issues in the case. to predict diminish the or anticipate necessity rebuttal evidence. or See id., ¶17. the The State's ability defendant's propriety of See id., ¶17 & n.6. theory otherwise does bona not fide To the extent that the State is better able to prepare a strong rebuttal to the defense theory, the truth-seeking function of litigation is better served, in that the possibility of such rebuttal will keep the 15 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR defendant honest, or at least afford the State an opportunity to shed light upon questions raised by the defense's case. See id., ¶17 n.6. 2. ¶36 As we apply the Application principles set out above, we will uphold a circuit court's decision to admit or exclude evidence if the circuit proper legal court examined standard, the and, relevant using a facts, applied a demonstrated process, reached a reasonable conclusion. rational Miller v. Hanover Ins. Co., 2010 WI 75, ¶29, 326 Wis. 2d 640, 785 N.W.2d 493. ¶37 The circuit court's discussion of whether the fingerprint evidence and related testimony was proper rebuttal evidence shows consideration of the relevant facts and is consistent with the discovery statute, Wis. Stat. § 971.23, as interpreted by appellate courts. Following opening statements, Novy objected to the use of the fingerprint evidence and related testimony based on the State's failure to provide the defense with access to the fingerprint cards that were to be used by the State's witnesses.7 that, under The circuit court agreed with Novy and held § 971.23(7m)(a), the 7 State could not use the The parties do not dispute that the State provided the defense with a report of the State's expert, Todd Thorne, detailing the conclusions of his analysis of the fingerprints. The circuit court concluded, however, that the report was insufficient under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(g), which requires the State to provide access to "[a]ny physical evidence that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at the trial." On that basis, the court excluded from the State's case-in-chief both the physical fingerprint evidence and the State's expert's testimony. 16 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR fingerprint evidence in its case-in-chief, although the court reserved judgment on whether the evidence would be admissible in rebuttal. ¶38 The circuit court's § 971.23 including the interpretation State's discovery of Wis. obligations Stat. and the applicable sanctions for discovery violations is supported by the plain meaning of the statute as interpreted by appellate courts. "any Section 971.23(1)(g) requires the State to disclose physical evidence at provision, evidence" trial, that and upon § 971.23(7m)(a) exclude any . . . copying required State failure requires evidence by the intends to to comply offer with that that the court presented not for inspection [§ 971.23]." Accordingly, the in "shall or court's initial decision to exclude the fingerprint evidence and related testimony from the State's case-in-chief was in accord with the plain language of the statute. ¶39 Novy contends that once the circuit court excluded the fingerprint without rebuttal. evidence discretion and to related allow the testimony, evidence the or court testimony was on Novy relies on Wis. Stat. § 971.23(7m)(a)'s statement that, upon finding that the State has violated its discovery obligations, "[t]he court shall exclude any witness not listed or evidence not presented for inspection . . . unless good cause is shown for failure to comply." He asserts that this provision withdraws the circuit court's discretion to later allow such evidence for purposes of rebuttal. however, have suggested otherwise. 17 Appellate court decisions, No. ¶40 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR As noted above, the discretion afforded circuit courts has been reaffirmed numerous times since the enactment of the discovery statute. See Konkol, 256 Wis. 2d 725, ¶¶15 18. In Konkol, the court of appeals determined that the circuit court had erroneously excluded rebuttal evidence, where the circuit court had concluded that the State's use of the evidence in rebuttal was requirements an of attempt Wis. Stat. to circumvent the § 971.23(1)(d). Id., disclosure ¶¶5 7, 18. Relying on our decision in Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91 92, the court of appeals in Konkol reaffirmed the principle that the proper analysis for determining whether evidence is "bona fide rebuttal evidence" is not whether the evidence could have been admitted in the State's case-in-chief, but rather whether the evidence became necessary defense's case. ¶41 and appropriate upon presentation of the Konkol, 256 Wis. 2d 725, ¶18. This test for bona fide rebuttal evidence effectively harmonizes the plain language of the sanctions provision in the discovery statute and the discretion of the circuit court. sanctions provision § 971.23(7m)(a), evidence for of provides which the disclosure requirements. the discovery that State "[t]he failed statute, court to Wis. shall comply The Stat. exclude" with the Here, the circuit court did just that: upon determining that the State failed to provide proper access to the fingerprint cards, that evidence and related testimony was excluded from the State's case-in-chief. ¶42 However, notwithstanding the initial exclusion, such an exclusion need not be absolute because circuit courts retain 18 No. significant discretion to 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR admit rebuttal evidence, even when such evidence was not disclosed for use in the case-in-chief. See id. (relying on Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d at 91 92); cf. Wold v. State, 57 Wis. 2d 344, 355, 204 N.W.2d 482 (1973) (recognizing that in the context of impeachment of a defendant by a prior inconsistent statement that was obtained in violation of the warnings required under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), the proper focus is on the statement's trustworthiness, or lack thereof, not on whether the State's case-in-chief). statement was excluded from the Moreover, as relevant here, the circuit court's discretion to admit evidence on rebuttal is particularly broad "when the evidence is necessary to achieve justice." Watson, 46 Wis. 2d at 499 (internal quotation marks omitted). ¶43 During the defense's case, Novy testified that he did not call Julie from the payphone at L&M Meats on the night of November 9, 2008. This statement raised an issue of credibility between Novy's and Julie's evening because Julie had accounts previously of what occurred testified received such a phone call and implicated Novy. that she that had Accordingly, after Novy's testimony, admission of testimony related to the fingerprint evidence became necessary and appropriate as rebuttal testimony to contradict Novy's testimony. ¶44 Furthermore, neither the State's pointed question (whether Novy called Julie from the payphone that night) nor the fact that Novy might have used the phone on other occasions diminished the propriety of the State's use of the fingerprint evidence and related testimony in rebuttal. 19 As we have said, No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR the standard for rebuttal evidence is quite broad: any evidence otherwise admissible that "in any respect tends to contradict the witness, is admissible" for rebuttal. quotation marks omitted). the circuit court Id. at 500 (internal On this standard, we cannot say that erroneously exercised its discretion in allowing the State to offer testimony that tended to undermine or contradict Novy's testimony regarding his use of the payphone at L&M Meats on November 9, 2008.8 ¶45 Accordingly, interpretation of we the conclude statute that was the circuit consistent with court's prior appellate decisions, and that the circuit court's decision to allow testimony relating to fingerprint evidence on rebuttal was not an erroneous exercise of discretion. C. ¶46 Juror Inattentiveness The second issue Novy raises is that the circuit court erred by denying Novy's motion to strike a juror whom defense counsel claimed was sleeping during 8 the defense's closing Novy also argues that the fingerprint-related testimony became irrelevant once the applicable bail jumping charge (Count 7) was dismissed. However, the nature of the offense of stalking suggests that Novy's conduct relevant to the bail jumping charge (viz., calling Julie at home) was equally relevant to demonstrate the course of conduct for stalking. See State v. Conner, 2011 WI 8, ¶28, 331 Wis. 2d 352, 795 N.W.2d 750 (discussing the nature of the offense of stalking). This is so because if the jury believed that Novy called Julie from L&M Meats on the night in question, such facts would tend to support the State's theory that Novy had engaged in a course of conduct that Novy knew or should have known would cause Julie to suffer serious emotional distress, and that did in fact cause such distress. See Wis. Stat. § 940.32(2)(a), (b), and (c) (setting forth elements of the offense of stalking). 20 No. argument. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR This argument is based on the constitutional right to an impartial jury and due process, as guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 7 of the Wisconsin Constitution. See State v. Kettner, 2011 WI App 142, ¶23, 337 Wis. 2d 461, 805 N.W.2d 132. 1. ¶47 The right underlies the General principles to a requirement fair that material portions of the trial. trial jurors by an have See id. impartial heard all jury of the "The absence of this condition, whether it is due to a hearing deficiency or a state of semi-consciousness, could impartiality and due process." imperil the guarantees of Id. (quoting State v. Hampton (Hampton I), 201 Wis. 2d 662, 668, 549 N.W.2d 756 (Ct. App. 1996) (internal quotation marks omitted). Review of an allegation of juror inattentiveness involves a twofold inquiry: First, the circuit court must determine, as a question of fact, whether the juror was actually inattentive to the point of potentially undermining the fairness of the trial; here, whether the juror was sleeping. See State v. Hampton (Hampton II), 217 Wis. 2d 614, 621, 579 N.W.2d 260 (Ct. App. 1998). Second, if the circuit court finds that the juror was in fact sufficiently inattentive, the court must determine whether the defendant suffered prejudice as a result of the juror's inattentiveness. See id. ¶48 As with evidentiary issues, questions involving juror conduct and attentiveness implicate the circuit court's broad 21 No. discretion. See id. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR Accordingly, although we review a circuit court's prejudice analysis as a matter of law, we will uphold a circuit court's factual findings regarding the conduct and attentiveness of the jurors, unless those findings are clearly erroneous. See Kettner, 337 Wis. 2d 461, ¶12. 2. ¶49 Application Our decision on this issue rests on the absence of a necessary factual finding by the circuit court that a juror was sleeping. the See id. question of Without such a finding, we need not address law this issue presents, i.e., whether the juror's alleged sleeping prejudiced Novy. ¶50 After completion of closing arguments, defense counsel sought a sidebar during which he moved to strike the allegedly sleeping juror. Judge Kluka denied the motion and, after the jury left the courtroom, counsel was afforded an opportunity to make a record of his objection. During that discussion, Judge Kluka noted that she considered the defense counsel's request, but that she did not see the juror sleeping. Additionally, Judge Kluka also noted that she had kept "track of what's going on with the jurors fairly well," and that she had "paid very[,] very close attention to the demeanor and conduct of the jurors." ¶51 In explaining the reason for her ruling, the circuit court did not find that the juror was sleeping, and therefore, Novy did not establish a fact necessary to his motion to strike. On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court's findings are clearly erroneous because they did not include a finding that the juror was sleeping. Because we accept such findings, 22 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR we do not discuss this legal challenge further.9 Accordingly, we affirm the circuit court's denial of Novy's motion to strike the allegedly sleeping juror from further participation in his trial. III. ¶52 We conclude CONCLUSION that, with rebuttal fingerprint-related not erroneously exercise its regard testimony, to the discretion. the admission circuit The court circuit of did court initially determined that the State had failed to comply with its discovery obligations under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1); and therefore, the court excluded fingerprint evidence and related testimony from the State's case-in-chief pursuant to 9 At oral argument, counsel for Mr. Novy was questioned about whether the circuit court made findings regarding the allegedly sleeping juror. Justice Roggensack said that it seemed "the trial court made a finding that she didn't see that there was any juror sleeping." Counsel for Mr. Novy responded, "You know, judge, I read that, and that certainly is true, but I don't think the judge in [her] decision made that the issue. I think [she] made the issue that you just don't have to have a juror listen to closing arguments if they choose not to listen." Oral Argument at 4:40, State v. Novy, 2011AP407-CR, available at http://www.wiseye.org/Programming/VideoArchive/ArchiveList.aspx? cv=34. Counsel for the State noted defense counsel's concession on the trial court's finding, and reiterated that it was the State's position that "the circuit court made a finding that the juror was not sleeping," but that the court also "went that step further and said 'Even if the juror was sleeping, then [the court doesn't] find any prejudice because this wasn't testimonial.'" Underscoring this point, counsel for the State concluded that "On these facts, [although] there was no . . . explicit finding, . . . I think it can definitely be interpreted as a finding of fact that the juror was not asleep." Id. at 27:00. 23 No. § 971.23(7m)(a). excluded 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR However, after Novy testified such that the fingerprint evidence and related testimony would controvert his testimony, the circuit court concluded that it could be presented in rebuttal. The circuit court properly interpreted § 971.23 under the facts of this case, and given the significant discretion matters, we cannot afforded say that circuit the courts circuit on evidentiary court erroneously exercised its discretion in permitting the rebuttal use of the fingerprint evidence and related testimony. ¶53 With regard to the circuit court's treatment of the allegedly sleeping juror, the circuit court did not find that the juror was sleeping; and therefore, Novy failed to establish a finding necessary to his contention. The circuit court's findings are not clearly erroneous; and therefore, we will not overturn the circuit court's refusal to strike the juror. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the court of appeals. By the Court. The decision of the court of affirmed. ¶54 DAVID T. PROSSER, J., did not participate. 24 appeals is No. ¶55 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, C.J. separately for two reasons. (concurring). I write First, I disagree with the majority opinion's interpretation and application of Wis. Stat. § 971.23 to the undisputed facts in the present case. Second, I disagree with the majority opinion's approach to the second issue, namely the allegedly sleeping juror. I ¶56 The majority opinion does not address the difficult issue of law facing the court, namely interpreting and applying the text of Wis. Stat. § 971.23 to the undisputed facts of the case. The majority opinion carefully reprints the text of the statute but majority difficult then opinion ignores masks, statutory the words avoids, and interpretation themselves. seems issue Indeed, oblivious by the to the failing to distinguish between witness testimony, which is governed by Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(d) and physical evidence, which is governed by § 971.23(1)(g). ¶57 The question presented in the instant case is, according to the court of appeals,1 the State, and the defendant, whether fingerprint evidence (physical evidence)2 excluded from the State's case-in-chief as a discovery sanction may later be 1 State v. Novy, 2012 WI App 10, ¶9, 338 Wis. 2d 439, 809 N.W.2d 889. 2 It is undisputed that the fingerprint evidence in this case is "physical evidence." Fingerprint evidence has been categorized as "physical evidence" on multiple occasions. See, e.g., State v. Martin, 2012 WI 96, ¶63, 343 Wis. 2d 278, 816 N.W.2d 270; State v. Armstrong, 2005 WI 119, ¶63, 283 Wis. 2d 639, 700 N.W.2d 98; State v. Stuart, 2005 WI 47, ¶54, 279 Wis. 2d 659, 695 N.W.2d 259. 1 No. used by the State in 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa its rebuttal challenge the defendant's testimony. witnesses' testimony to In other words, the issue is not whether the expert witnesses can be rebuttal witnesses. They can under the statute at issue and relevant case law. The issue, rather, is whether the State can, while questioning its rebuttal expert witnesses, introduce into evidence and have the witnesses testify about the physical fingerprint evidence that has been excluded under Wis. Stat. § 971.23. ¶58 The majority opinion does not question presented in the instant case. directly answer the Instead, the majority opinion states a different question: whether the trial court erred use when it allowed the State to certain evidence and related testimony in rebuttal. The majority (changing opinion the phrase seems to answer "fingerprint yet fingerprint Majority op., ¶1. another evidence and question related testimony" in the question to "fingerprint-related testimony" in the answer): "We conclude that, with regard to the admission of fingerprint-related testimony on rebuttal, the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion [to admit the rebuttal testimony]." ¶59 The Majority op., ¶2.3 majority opinion meshes physical evidence (the fingerprint cards) and the witnesses' testimony and thus shifts the focus of inquiry from physical evidence to testimony. 3 Yet sometimes the majority opinion seems to address the admissibility of the fingerprint evidence itself. See, e.g., majority op., ¶37. 2 No. ¶60 Throughout "testimony" and the 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa opinion "evidence" the either majority uses the interchangeably4 words or in combination in some phrase,5 all the while stating that it is applying the plain meaning of Wis. Stat. § 971.23. The case law upon which the majority relies, case law that is pre- and postthe present version of § 971.23, addresses only testimony; the case law does not address physical evidence or testimony related to physical evidence. Yet § 971.23 treats physical evidence separately and differently. ¶61 testimony and That's the rub. I look first at Wis. Stat. §§ 971.23(1)(d) and (1)(g).6 Wisconsin Stat. § 971.23(1)(d) requires that before trial, the 4 See, e.g., majority op., ¶25, in which the majority states that Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(d) "has an exception for disclosure of rebuttal evidence." Not true. Section 971.23(1)(d) excepts rebuttal testimony. 5 The majority opinion repeatedly refers to the State's use of "certain fingerprint evidence and related testimony in rebuttal" or some such mixed reference to fingerprint physical evidence and testimony of a witness. See, e.g., majority op., ¶¶1, 2, 11, 14, 23, 28, 37, 39, 43, 44, 52. 6 Wis. Stat. § 971.23, Discovery and Inspection: (1) What a district attorney must disclose to a defendant. Upon demand, the district attorney shall, within a reasonable time before trial, disclose to the defendant or his or her attorney and permit the defendant or his or her attorney to inspect and copy or photograph all of the following materials and information, if it is within the possession, custody or control of the state: . . . . (d) A list of all witnesses and their addresses whom the district attorney intends to call at the trial. This paragraph does not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only. 3 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa district attorney must disclose to the defendant a list of all witnesses whom the district attorney intends to call at trial. Wisconsin Stat. § 971.23(1)(g) requires the district attorney to disclose any physical evidence that the district attorney intends to use at trial. ¶62 The statute governing discovery of the witness list, § 971.23(1)(d), makes an exception for a rebuttal or impeachment witness. Such a witness need not be included on the list of witnesses disclosed before trial. ¶63 In contrast, the statutory provision governing discovery of physical evidence, § 971.23(1)(g), does not provide a similar exception for rebuttal or impeachment evidence. ¶64 statute What are we to make of this different treatment in the of testimony and physical physical evidence are not synonymous. evidence? Testimony and "Testimony" and "physical evidence" are different types of evidence. ¶65 I begin my discussion by reciting what happened at the trial court. ¶66 containing The physical evidence fingerprints. One at card issue was contained two the "cards" defendant's known fingerprints; the other card contained fingerprints lifted from the pay phone. Prior to trial, the State failed to disclose to the defendant the physical evidence the fingerprint cards it intended to use at trial. Disclosure of physical . . . . (g) Any physical evidence that the district attorney intends to offer in evidence at trial. 4 No. evidence prior to 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa trial is required by Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(g). ¶67 The defendant fingerprint evidence. moved to exclude the physical The trial court granted the defendant's motion and prohibited the State from introducing this physical fingerprint evidence at trial. Stat. § 971.23(1)(g), The ruling comports with Wis. although the circuit court did not specifically refer by number to this paragraph of the statute. The State does not challenge the trial court's exclusion of the physical fingerprint evidence from its case-in-chief. ¶68 Even though the trial court had excluded the physical fingerprint evidence from the State's case-in-chief, the State still sought to call the fingerprint experts in its case-inchief. The experts would have testified about their examination of the fingerprints on the two cards and their conclusion that the known fingerprints matched the fingerprints lifted from the pay phone. testify relied in on excluded. The trial court refused to allow the experts to the State's case-in-chief because their the physical fingerprint evidence that testimony had been The trial court concluded that without the physical fingerprint evidence, relevant to the case. none of the experts' testimony was The State does not challenge the trial court's exclusion of the witnesses from its case-in-chief. ¶69 Indeed, the majority opinion concludes, as do I, that the trial court validly excluded the fingerprint cards and the expert testimony that would have been based on the cards from the State's case-in-chief. Majority op., ¶38. 5 No. ¶70 the 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa The problem arose when the State sought to introduce previously rebuttal. excluded physical fingerprint evidence in According to the text of the statute, Wis. Stat. § 971.23(7m)(a) provides the sanction for failure to disclose physical evidence: "The court shall exclude any witness not listed not or evidence presented for inspection or copying required by this section, unless good cause is shown for failure to comply. The court may in appropriate cases grant the opposing party a recess or a continuance" (emphasis added). ¶71 physical Despite Wis. fingerprint inspection, the statute case or Stat. § 971.23(7m)(a) evidence circuit law, that court, simply excluding presented wasn't without any announced the for analysis that there of the was no distinction between a witness and physical evidence and that a rebuttal witness can bring in any kind of physical evidence that the State may wish to use in connection with that witnesses' testimony.7 The circuit court laid down a rule of law that the bench and bar could readily apply. ¶72 Because relationship the between majority opinion testimony and does physical not analyze evidence and the the application of the text of Wis. Stat. § 971.23(7m)(a) to both, 7 The defendant did not see the fingerprint cards before they were introduced into the record on rebuttal, and therefore the defendant was unable to procure his own expert to challenge the State's experts' testimony. Although the State had not listed the names of the witnesses who would testify about the fingerprints, the defendant had a copy of the fingerprint report and knew the names of the fingerprint experts. 6 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa the majority opinion, unlike the ruling of the circuit court, is muddled and fails to give proper guidance to the bench and bar. ¶73 For help in interpreting the present statute, I have examined the cases cited in the majority opinion. Although past cases upon which the majority opinion relies sometimes used the words "testimony" and "evidence" interchangeably in rebuttal witness cases,8 none of the cases is relevant for resolving the issue presented here because each case dealt with testimony, not physical evidence.9 8 That the words used interchangeably testimony is one type not matter whether "testimony." In the statute treats the two "testimony" and "evidence" are sometimes should not be surprising. After all, of evidence. In many instances it might a court uses the word "evidence" or present case, however, the applicable separately and differently. 9 See, e.g., cases cited at majority op., ¶¶25, 26, 29-35, 40, 42, 44. State v. Lunde, 85 Wis. 2d 80, 270 N.W.2d 180 (1978) (State was permitted to present bona fide rebuttal witness testimony from a witness who had not been previously identified to the defendant because the rebuttal witness's testimony was only necessary and appropriate once the defendant testified. State action was permitted under old Wis. Stat. § 971.23(3)(a), which is now § 971.23(1)(d)). State v. Watson, 46 Wis. 2d 492, 499-500, 175 N.W.2d 244 (1970) (Decided before the statute was enacted. State could present "rebuttal evidence" through "rebuttal witnesses" to impeach the credibility of a testifying defendant). Howard v. Beldenville Lumber Co., 129 Wis. 98, 108 N.W. 48 (1906) (Decided before the statute was enacted. The plaintiff had wide discretion to present rebuttal testimony to contradict the defendant's testimony. The court used the term "evidence" to refer to rebuttal "testimony" that did not include any "physical evidence."). 7 No. ¶74 I have also 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa reviewed the history of Wis. Stat. § 971.23 going back to the 1969 enactment of the first version of the statute.10 What is clear from the statutory history is that since the statute's enactment, the defendant's discovery of the list of witnesses and discovery of physical evidence were treated differently in two distinct statutes.11 The statute McGowan v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 91 Wis. 147, 64 N.W. 891 (1895) (Decided before the statute was enacted. The plaintiff could call witnesses on rebuttal even though the plaintiff had known the witnesses existed before trial and had considered calling them in the case-in-chief.). State v. Sandoval, 2009 WI App 61, ¶¶30-31, 318 Wis. 2d 126, 767 N.W.2d 291 (State could call a rebuttal witness whose testimony about what he saw included exculpatory evidence that had not been disclosed to the defendant before trial pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(h)). State v. Konkol, 2002 WI App 174, ¶18, 256 Wis. 2d 725, 649 N.W.2d 300 (State had no duty to list a rebuttal witness under Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1)(d) even if the prosecutor knew before trial that the witness would be called. Testimony, not physical evidence, was admitted.). 10 The current statute requiring a district attorney to provide pretrial discovery to a defendant was created by ch. 255, Laws of 1969, a complete redraft of the criminal procedure statutes undertaken by the Criminal Rules Committee established by the Judicial Council. 11 Wis. Stat. § 971.23(3)(a) (1969-70), List of Witnesses: A defendant may, not less than 15 days nor more than 30 days before trial, serve upon the district attorney an offer in writing to furnish the state a list of all witnesses the defendant intends to call at the trial, whereupon within 5 days after the receipt of such offer, the district attorney shall furnish the defendant a list of all witnesses and their addresses whom he intends to call at the trial. Within 5 days after the district attorney furnishes such list, the defendant shall furnish the district attorney a list of all witnesses and their addresses whom the defendant intends to call at the trial. This section 8 No. governing discovery of 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa witnesses included an exception for rebuttal and impeachment witnesses, while the statute governing discovery of exception.12 physical evidence did not include such an The 1969 statute and the revisions, including the present version, preserve this distinction. ¶75 I conclude that Wis. Stat. § 971.23(1) does not explicitly authorize a trial court to admit physical evidence on rebuttal. admission Perhaps of the other legal previously principles excluded can physical support the fingerprint evidence in the State's case on rebuttal. The majority opinion hints should that perhaps admissibility hinge on trustworthiness, and that the general principles of impeachment shall not apply to rebuttal witnesses or those called for impeachment only. Wis. Stat. Evidence: § 971.23(4) (1969-70) Inspection of Physical On a motion of a party subject to s. 971.31(5), all parties shall produce at a reasonable time and place designated by the court all physical evidence which each party intends to introduce in evidence. Thereupon, any party shall be permitted to inspect or copy such physical evidence in the presence of a person designated by the court. The order shall specify the time, place and manner of making the inspection, copies or photographs and may prescribe such terms and conditions as are just. 12 The current criminal discovery statute took its present form in 1996 after the enactment of 1995 Wisconsin Act 387, which repealed, renumbered, and recreated certain portions of the old statute. The analysis of 1995 Assembly Bill 721 (which became 1995 Act 387) by the Legislative Reference Bureau indicates that the new bill aimed to eliminate old arduous procedure requirements in favor of simpler, more responsive discovery of witness lists and physical evidence. 9 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa testimony should apply to the present case. See majority op., ¶42.13 ¶76 In any event, I concur in the mandate because I agree with the State that if the admission of the fingerprint evidence in rebuttal was error, it was harmless error in the present case. II ¶77 I turn now to the second issue, the allegedly sleeping juror. ¶78 The majority embarks on its own new theory about the allegedly sleeping juror a theory that was neither briefed nor argued by the parties. This theory asserts that the circuit court based its decision on findings of fact. I disagree with the majority opinion. ¶79 The circuit court did not base its decision on any factual findings. on a legal Rather, the circuit court based its decision conclusion: Even if the defendant's factual allegations that the juror was sleeping were true, the defendant was not prejudiced. ¶80 Rather than addressing the actual legal basis of the decision of the circuit court, the majority opinion fails to even mention it. Because the majority opinion's analysis arrives at conflicting conclusions, mischaracterizes the circuit court record and ultimately fails to provide guidance to circuit courts 13 on how they should proceed when confronted See also Novy, 338 Wis. 2d 439, ¶¶14, 15. 10 with a No. challenge that a juror 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa was sleeping, I write separately to address this issue. A ¶81 juror The issue majority's rests on theory its and analysis discussion of the of the circuit sleeping court's findings of facts findings that the circuit court never made. ¶82 issue, At the outset of its discussion of the sleeping juror the involves majority opinion a twofold a states inquiry. question that First, determine, as of sleeping. Majority op., ¶47. fact, the review of the issue circuit whether court the juror must was Second, the circuit court must determine whether the defendant suffered prejudice as a result of the juror's inattentiveness. ¶83 Id. After this set-up of the inquiry, the majority opinion then provides the standard of review: "[A]lthough we review a circuit court's prejudice analysis as a matter of law, we will uphold a circuit court's factual findings regarding the conduct and attentiveness of clearly erroneous." ¶84 the jurors, unless those findings are Majority op., ¶48. Throughout its opinion, the majority repeatedly concludes that the circuit court "did not find that the juror was sleeping." Majority op., ¶¶3, 22, 51, 53. The majority opinion also states that its decision "rests on the absence of a necessary factual finding by the circuit court that a juror was sleeping." Majority op., ¶49. Nevertheless, the majority opinion simultaneously applies the standard of review to the non-existent finding and concludes 11 that the circuit court's No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa "findings are not clearly erroneous." See majority op., ¶¶3, 22, 51, 53. ¶85 The majority opinion emphasizes that the circuit court "had not seen the juror sleeping," majority op., ¶¶17, 50, and mentions the circuit court's statement that it tries "to keep track of what's going on with the jurors." Ultimately, the majority opinion Majority op., ¶17. concludes that "[o]n this record, we cannot say the circuit court's findings are clearly erroneous because they did not include a finding that the juror was sleeping." ¶86 that the sleeping. Majority op., ¶51. Thus, on the one hand, the majority opinion concludes circuit court made no finding that Majority op., ¶¶3, 22, 51, 53. the juror was The circuit court also made no finding that the juror was not sleeping. In other words, the circuit court made no finding of fact about whether the juror was or was not sleeping. opinion paradoxically concludes Nevertheless, the majority that the circuit court's findings on the issue are not clearly erroneous. ¶87 In order to determine whether a finding of historical fact is clearly erroneous, it is axiomatic that there must first be a finding of historical fact.14 Yet the majority opinion does not mention any other findings of fact that the circuit court made related to this issue of 14 juror inattentiveness. The See, e.g., State v. Owens, 148 Wis. 2d 922, 926-27, 436 N.W.2d 869 (1989). 12 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa majority opinion appears to review a sole finding of fact that it acknowledges never occurred.15 ¶88 circuit Even a cursory review of the record reveals that the court undertook juror was sleeping. no factual inquiry into whether the The circuit court did not voir dire the allegedly sleeping juror, did not take any testimony, and did not consider other admissible evidence in the record on this fact. ¶89 circuit sleeping Furthermore, the court's majority statements similarly cannot that be it the opinion's did basis reliance not see for on the the the juror elusive "findings" on which the majority opinion rests its conflicting conclusions. This court has held that a "circuit court may not rely on its own personal observations of events not contained in the record." 698 State v. Anson, 2005 WI 96, ¶33, 282 Wis. 2d 629, N.W.2d 776. Furthermore, a judge presiding at a trial cannot testify as a witness.16 ¶90 It is the majority's misplaced focus on non-existent findings of fact that gets the majority into analytical trouble. The only reference to a finding of fact related to a sleeping 15 "On this record, we cannot say that the circuit court's findings are clearly erroneous because they did not include a finding that the juror was sleeping. Because we accept such findings, we do not discuss this legal challenge further." Majority op., ¶51. 16 State v. Anson, 282 Wis. 2d 629, ¶¶33, 34 & n.3, 698 N.W.2d 776 (citing Wis. Stat. §§ 906.05 & 902.01(2)); State v. Hampton (Hampton I), 201 Wis. 2d 662, 672-73, 549 N.W.2d 756 (Ct. App. 1996). For additional discussion on the issue of a circuit court's personal observation and judicial notice, see ¶¶105-119, infra. 13 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa juror in the majority's entire opinion is its reference to what it describes as a non-existent finding. ¶91 Although the majority acknowledges that the first step when presented with an sleeping juror issue is to determine whether the juror was in fact sleeping, the majority fails to acknowledge that such a determination never occurred in the present case. B ¶92 The contradictory majority's approach to "facts" appear to stem conclusions mischaracterization of the record. and its from its The circuit court determined that "even assuming what [the defense attorney alleged about the sleeping juror] is correct," the law does not automatically require the juror's removal. ¶93 The majority selectively quotes the circuit court to make it appear as if the circuit court found that the juror was not sleeping, without actually stating that the circuit court found that the juror was not sleeping. However, the context of what occurred before the circuit court is different from what the majority appears to describe. ¶94 The defendant's attorney raised the issue about the juror before the circuit court by advising the court that he had seen a juror sleeping during his closing argument. defendant's attorney described what he saw as follows: MR. CICCHINI: Just for the record. I saw his eyes closed and his head nod down on one occasion[], and I saw his eyes closed on several occasions. 14 The No. ¶95 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa In response, the State acknowledged that the juror may not have been paying rapt attention during closing arguments, but noted that she had not seen any indication that the juror was sleeping during the presentation of evidence: MS. JAY: I certainly observed that he was not paying rapt attention, but I I'll just take it personally. I didn't see anything during the trial during evidence that indicated to me that he was asleep during the evidence portion. So, I just didn't think it was necessary to make him the 13th juror. ¶96 The circuit court then stated its reasoning for denying the defendant's motion to strike the alleged sleeping juror. It observed that it was aware of case law that may require removal if the juror is sleeping during the presentation of evidence. Here, however, the allegation was that the juror was during sleeping closing arguments. The circuit court determined that "even assuming what [the defendant's attorney alleged about the sleeping juror] is correct," the law does not automatically require the juror's removal. Counsels' presentation and the full reasoning of the circuit court are as follows: MR. CICCHINI: Would you like to do the juror issue real quick? I'd like to make a record real quick that I brought up at the side bar? THE COURT: Oh, sure. MR. CICCHINI: During the side bar, I made a motion to strike as the or have removed or strike as the 13th juror Miss Jay [the prosecuting attorney] can maybe confirm this I think his name was [juror's name]? MS. JAY: Correct. MR. CICCHINI: Okay. He was in the lower right hand corner. He had a Cubs shirt on, dark hair; and 15 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa noticed him sleeping during the closing my closing argument and because I I was trying to make eye contact with him, and I noticed that. I move to strike. I believe that Miss Jay concurred that she well she can speak for herself; but she noticed similar and opposed the motion. The court denied the motion. And I think that summarizes it. THE COURT: juror. The motion to strike him as the alternate MR. CICCHINI: THE COURT: Yes, alternate juror. Yes. Attorney Jay. MS. JAY: I certainly observed that he was not paying rapt attention, but I I'll just take it personally. I didn't see anything during the trial during evidence that indicated to me that he was asleep during the evidence portion. So I just didn't think it was necessary to make him the 13th juror. MR. CICCHINI: Oh, I'm sorry. I guess could I just describe in brief detail what I saw? THE COURT: Sure. MR. CICCHINI: Just for the record. I saw his eyes closed and his head nod down on one occasion, and I saw his eyes closed on several occasions. THE COURT: During your closing. MR. CICCHINI: THE COURT: closing? Yes. Did Thank you. you see it during Attorney Jay's MR. CICCHINI: I one time what I think I first noticed that his his head was down but he was rubbing his forehead and came up back up, and I did not see it then. I saw it during my closing. THE COURT: Okay. Your observations are noted. I did consider this request at the side bar just before sending the jurors out to deliberate. I myself [] didn't notice it. I try to keep track of what's going on with the jurors fairly well. I am aware of case law which says if a juror is sleeping during testimony, during the presentation of evidence, that 16 No. can warrant the some issues with that the juror deliberations as 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa dismissal of that juror or [] raise respect to deliberations in the sense [] doesn't have the same basis for the other jurors. I I didn't notice any of those kinds of problems while testimony was coming in during which I think I paid very very close attention to the demeanor and conduct of the jurors. So, even assuming what you say is correct, it does not automatically require removal of that juror; and for that reason I did not grant your request and we selected the alternate randomly instead (emphasis added). ¶97 Both parties describe the circuit court's statement as a legal conclusion reached by the circuit court's assuming the factual question. Indeed, when pressed at oral argument before this court about whether the circuit court based its decision on factual findings, assertion. He the defendant's responded that attorney the issue rebuffed the such circuit an court addressed was not the factual question of whether the juror was sleeping, but rather it was the legal question addressing the import of any juror sleeping when it allegedly occurred during closing arguments.17 17 The complete exchange occurred as follows: Justice Roggensack: Counselor, as I read the arguments and the materials provided, I thought that the trial court made a finding that she didn't see that there was any juror sleeping. Defendant's Attorney: You know, [Justice Roggensack], I read that and um, that certainly is true but I don't think the judge in [her] decision made that the issue. I think [s]he made the issue that you just don't have to have a juror listen to closing argument if they choose not to listen. I mean, let's face facts, jurors may be thinking about the Green Bay Packer game during the entire closing argument and we wouldn't 17 No. ¶98 After Justice 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa Roggensack raised the issue with the defendant's attorney, the State's attorney briefly addressed the issue. an The State concluded that the circuit court did not make "explicit finding" of fact on the record regarding the sleeping juror and asked the court "to conclude that there was no prejudice."18 know that but it wouldn't really make any difference because what's important is that they listen to all the testimony and then make their decision on the testimony. Does that answer your honor's . . . ? Justice Roggensack: Well, I thought that, to me it was a finding and we adhere to the findings of the circuit court, unless they are clearly erroneous and I thought the judge was asked about this, it was brought to her attention and she said she didn't see any jurors sleeping and I thought she said she watched the jury quite closely. So if it's a finding of fact, that's a different kind of an issue than if it's a question of law about whether we want to do something with a juror who was sleeping, you gotta get over the first step which was, was there a juror sleeping before you can get to the second step? Defendant's Attorney: I understand that, [Justice Roggensack]. I'm not gonna disagree with that. Thank you. [The defendant's attorney proceeded to argue the issue of the rebuttal evidence.] 18 The follows: Assistant Attorney General's full statement is I will do the same as defense counsel did and start with the sleeping juror issue. There weren't many questions on it but I did want to clear up something. I think he [the defendant's attorney] made the statement that it was obvious or something to that effect that the juror was sleeping or appeared to be sleeping in this case. To Justice Roggensack's point, I do believe that the circuit court made a finding that the juror was not sleeping but went that step further and said that even if the juror was sleeping, I [the circuit court] don't find any prejudice because 18 as No. ¶99 In any event, 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa whether a circuit court can make a finding of fact regarding the attentiveness of a juror under the circumstances of the present case is problematic. No evidence was presented on the issue, and it is ordinarily inappropriate for a circuit court to take judicial notice of the fact that a juror was inattentive without further inquiry. See ¶¶105-122, infra. C ¶100 The majority's mischaracterizations do not stop with the record and the circuit court's decision. ¶101 The majority opinion declares: The court of appeals concluded that the issue of the allegedly sleeping juror was "within the broad discretion of the circuit court, and that there was nothing in the record to suggest that the court had erroneously exercised its discretion." Majority op., ¶19 (citing Novy, 338 Wis. 2d 439, ¶23). ¶102 Not so! The court of appeals treated the circuit court as having based its conclusion on prejudice, not on any finding of whether the juror was in fact sleeping. appeals stated: The court of "We know of no Wisconsin case, and Novy has not cited one, in which a juror was removed for nodding off during this wasn't testimonial. On these facts, there was no, it was not an explicit finding but I think it can definitely be interpreted as a finding of fact that the juror was not asleep and I think, so I just wanted to clear up that the State on the sleeping juror issue would ask this court to affirm and conclude that there was no prejudice and that the defendant failed to meet his burden on that issue. [The State then proceeded to argue the rebuttal evidence issue]. (Emphasis added.) 19 No. closing arguments. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa We therefore reject Novy's argument that the trial court erred in failing to conduct a further inquiry into whether the juror was sleeping."19 D ¶103 As a result of relying on a finding of fact that does not exist and mischaracterizing the record and the decisions of the circuit court and court of appeals, the majority opinion ultimately fails to undertake the ultimate question of whether the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial was violated by juror inattentiveness. ¶104 By short-circuiting the analysis, the majority further fails to provide guidance on how circuit courts are to handle an allegation of a sleeping juror. E ¶105 Unlike the majority opinion, I acknowledge the circuit court's stated reasoning for denying the defendant's motion to strike. The circuit court did not determine whether defendant's allegation of a sleeping juror was true. the Instead the circuit court determined that "even assuming what [Novy's attorney alleged about the sleeping juror] is correct," the law does not automatically require the juror's removal. 19 The circuit Novy, 338 Wis. 2d 439, ¶23. After reaching this conclusion, the court of appeals went on to state that defense counsel did not ask the circuit court to conduct further inquiry into whether the juror was asleep; that it would not fault the circuit court for failing to undertake a further inquiry under the circumstances of the present case; and that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion in failing to conduct a further inquiry into whether the juror was sleeping. Id. 20 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa court concluded that even if the juror was sleeping, as alleged, it did not prejudice the defendant. ¶106 Here, the defendant's attorney alleged that he "saw [the juror's] on one occasion[]" and "saw his eyes closed on several occasions." The alleged eyes closed inattentiveness and his occurred head during nod down defense counsel's closing argument. ¶107 The constitutional right to an impartial jury requires that the jurors "have heard all of the material testimony."20 When a party seeks to have a juror discharged, whether it is due to sleep or for another cause, it is the circuit court's duty to "make careful inquiry into the substance of the request and to exert reasonable efforts to avoid discharging the juror."21 Upholding juror integrity is a task assigned to the courts.22 The ultimate question of whether the defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial was violated by juror inattentiveness is a question of law that circuit court a reviewing court determines independently.23 ¶108 A must "approach the issue [of a sleeping juror] with extreme caution."24 20 Hampton I, 201 Wis. 2d at 668. 21 State v. Lehman, 108 Wis. 2d 291, 300, 321 N.W.2d 212 (1982). 22 State v. Gonzalez, 2008 WI App 142, ¶9, 314 Wis. 2d 129, 758 N.W.2d 153. 23 State v. Hampton (Hampton II), 217 Wis. 2d 614, 621-22, 579 N.W.2d 260 (Ct. App. 1998). 24 Lehman, 108 Wis. 2d at 300. 21 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa ¶109 As a threshold issue, parties must timely object in order to properly raise the issue before the circuit court. When parties notice a sleeping juror, they must bring the issue to the circuit court's attention during trial "as practicable" after they notice the sleeping juror.25 objection is "forfeited".26 not timely, it may be considered soon as If the "waived" or No one argues that the objection was not timely in the instant case. ¶110 When a timely objection is made, the circuit court may proceed in different ways depending on the circumstances of the case. The circuit court may have to decide whether the juror was sleeping. Because the circuit court in the instant case did not address this question, the parties did not argue in their briefs how the circuit court should have handled the question. I write to remind the bench and bar that Hampton I27 and Hampton II28 are instructive about what a circuit court is to do to make a finding about juror attentiveness.29 25 State v. Saunders, 2011 WI App 156, ¶32, 338 Wis. 2d 160, 807 N.W.2d 679. 26 See Hampton I, 201 Wis. 2d at 669. 27 Id. 28 Hampton II, 217 Wis. 2d at 621-24. Wis. 2d 629, ¶¶33-34. 29 See also Anson, 282 For a discussion of the numerous cases across the country on juror inattentiveness, see George L. Blum, Annotation, Inattention of Juror from Sleepiness or Other Cause As Ground for Reversal or New Trial, 59 A.L.R. 5th 1 (2003) (made current by weekly addition of relevant new cases). 22 No. ¶111 The in issue 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa the present case was raised in a substantially similar manner to that which occurred in Hampton I, in which the defendant also raised the issue orally at trial outside the presence of a jury. that when there is a The Hampton I court determined "sufficient demonstration of juror sleepiness," the circuit court should undertake further factual inquiry.30 ¶112 In Hampton I, the attorney noticed a juror sleeping during witness testimony presence of the jury.31 and raised the issue outside the Although the circuit court acknowledged that the juror was "drowsy" during portions of the testimony, it did not undertake any further inquiry into whether the juror was actually sleeping. The court of appeals concluded that there was a sufficient demonstration of juror sleepiness to warrant further factual inquiry and remanded the matter to the circuit court for an evidentiary hearing.32 ¶113 Following a remand for an evidentiary hearing in Hampton I, the circuit court found that the juror was drowsy for ten minutes and fell asleep for one or two minutes.33 On appeal from the evidentiary hearing, the court of appeals concluded in Hampton II that Hampton's due process rights to a fair trial 30 Hampton I, 201 Wis. 2d at 673. 31 Id. at 666-67. 32 Id. at 673-74. 33 Hampton II, 217 Wis. 2d at 622. 23 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa were not violated because the testimony that was missed was not pivotal to the case.34 ¶114 In order for a circuit court to make a finding of fact regarding the inattentiveness of a juror, there must be facts in the record to support such a finding. ¶115 It is problematic for a circuit court to take judicial notice of the juror's inattentiveness or to rely on its own observations. ¶116 Case law from other jurisdictions suggests that a trial court may on "informed judicial knowledge" take judicial notice of the fact that a juror was sleeping when the circuit judge actually observes the juror sleeping.35 Wisconsin case law, including Hampton I, warns that taking judicial notice of the fact that a juror was or was not sleeping without further inquiry is ordinarily inappropriate.36 ¶117 The procedures for judicial notice are set forth in Wis. Stat. § 902.01 (2009-10). juror is sleeping does not Judicial notice of whether a fit easily with the kinds of adjudicative facts that may be judicially noticed under Wis. Stat. § 902.01(2). See Anson, 282 Wis. 2d 629, ¶33 & n.3 (holding that a circuit court cannot take judicial notice of facts it observes); Lemke v. Lemke, 2012 WI App 96, ¶21, 343 34 Id. at 624. 35 Hampton I, 201 Wis. 2d at 669 n.5. 36 Id. at 671-72 (quoting United States v. Barrett, 703 F.2d 1076, 1083 (9th Cir. 1983)). See also Anson, 282 Wis. 2d 629, ¶¶33-34. Compare Hampton II, 217 Wis. 2d at 61920. 24 No. Wis. 2d 748, 820 sitting a as 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa N.W.2d 470 (declaring fact-finder may that derive "[a] trial inferences court from the testimony and take judicial notice of a fact that is not subject to reasonable adjudicative dispute, fact that but it may not which is known to establish as an the as an judge individual."); State v. Peterson, 222 Wis. 2d 449, 457-58, 588 N.W.2d 84 (Ct. App. 1998) (stating a trial court "may not establish as an adjudicative fact that which is known to the judge as an individual."); II McCormick on Evidence § 329 at 373 (John W. Strong ed., 5th ed. 1999) ("What a judge knows and what facts a judge may judicially notice are not identical data banks."). ¶118 In making the required factual determinations, circuit courts should take care not to act as witnesses. Although a circuit court may make credibility determinations when making its factual findings, the case law indicates a circuit court may not rely on its personal knowledge of events not appearing in the record.37 A circuit court that relies on its own personal observations of events not in the record as the basis for a 37 An example of this principle is set forth in Anson, which stated that a circuit court may not state "its opinion [that] the witness was being intimidated by the presence of several well-known gang members in the courtroom, if the presence and behavior of these individuals was not documented in the record." Anson, 282 Wis. 2d 629, ¶34 (emphasis in original). Compare and contrast Hampton II, in which the court of appeals concluded that the circuit court's opinion about the attentiveness of the juror did not transform the circuit court into a material witness, requiring the judge's disqualification under Wis. Stat. § 757.19(2)(b). Hampton II, 217 Wis. 2d at 619-20. 25 No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa factual finding "is essentially acting as a witness in the case by providing testimony."38 Acting as a witness is contrary to Wis. Stat. § 906.05, which provides that a judge "presiding at the trial may not testify in that trial as a witness." ¶119 I recognize there is some tension within the case law regarding the circuit court's role in determining the fact of whether a juror was inattentive. best practice is for the I conclude that the safest and party challenging the juror's attentiveness to put evidence in the record so that the circuit court may make a factual determination of a juror's attentiveness (or lack thereof) on the basis of evidence in the record. A circuit court may then have to determine whether a juror's inattention prejudiced the defendant to the extent that the defendant did not receive a fair trial. F ¶120 Here, the circuit court did not undertake any factual inquiry about the juror sleeping. It did not have to do so. Instead the circuit court determined that even if the juror were sleeping, the defendant was not prejudiced. In making that determination, the circuit court recognized that the ultimate focus of the analysis is to determine whether a defendant is prejudiced.39 recognized As the Hampton I court noted, "it is universally that before inattentiveness 38 Anson, 282 Wis. 2d 629, ¶33. 39 Hampton I, 201 Wis. 2d at 668. 26 warrants a mistrial, No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa there must be a determination regarding prejudice."40 The same logic holds true regarding a motion to strike a sleeping juror. ¶121 To satisfy the prejudice requirement, a defendant must establish that the juror prejudice the defense.41 a juror misses hearing missed enough of the proceeding to Generally, a defendant is prejudiced if "material testimony."42 Likewise, a defendant can be prejudiced by a sleeping juror if the juror misses a "pivotal" or "significant" part of the case.43 ¶122 In the present case, there is no indication that the sleeping juror missed a pivotal or significant portion of the proceeding. Furthermore, it is undisputed that the juror heard all material testimony. The defendant has therefore failed to establish that the allegedly sleeping juror was prejudicial to the defense. ¶123 Because there is no indication that the defendant was prejudiced, the circuit court's discretionary refusal to strike the juror was reasonable. Therefore, I conclude that the circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion when it denied the defendant's motion to strike. ¶124 Unfortunately, the majority opinion's analysis is confusing and fails to provide guidance on how circuit courts should proceed when confronted with the 40 Id. at 670. 41 Id. at 668. 42 Id. at 668. 43 Hampton II, 217 Wis. 2d at 621, 624. 27 challenge that the No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa defendant's constitutional right to an impartial jury is being denied based on an assertion that a juror was sleeping. ¶125 For the reasons set forth, I write separately. ¶126 I am authorized to state BRADLEY joins this opinion. 28 that Justice ANN WALSH No. 2011AP407-CR & 2011AP408-CR & 2011AP409-CR.ssa 1
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