Town Bank v. City Real Estate Development, LLC
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2010 WI 134 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: COMPLETE TITLE: OF WISCONSIN 2008AP1845 Town Bank, a Wisconsin Banking Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. City Real Estate Development, LLC, Defendant-Respondent-Petitioner. REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS 2009 WI App 160 Reported at: 322 Wis. 2d 206, 777 N.W.2d 98 (Ct. App. 2009-Published) OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: CONCURRED: DISSENTED: December 14, 2010 September 7, 2010 Circuit Waukesha Paul F. Reilly BRADLEY, J. and ABRAHAMSON, C.J. dissent (opinion filed). NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the defendant-respondent-petitioner there were briefs by Thad W. Jelinske, Michael J. Anderson and Mawicke & Goisman, S.C., Milwaukee, and oral argument by Thad W. Jelinske. For the plaintiff-appellant there was a brief by Paul R. Erickson, Kari H. Race and Gutglass, Erickson, Bonville & Larson, S.C., Milwaukee, and oral argument by Paul R. Erickson. An amicus curiae brief was filed by John E. Knight, James E. Bartzen, Kirsten E. Spira and Boardman, Suhr, Curry & Field LLP for the Wisconsin Bankers Association. 2010 WI 134 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 2008AP1845 (L.C. No. 2006CV61) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT Town Bank, a Wisconsin Banking Corporation, FILED Plaintiff-Appellant, DEC 14, 2010 v. A. John Voelker Acting Clerk of Supreme Court City Real Estate Development, LLC, Defendant-Respondent-Petitioner. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J. Affirmed. This is a review of a published decision of the court of appeals, Town Bank v. City Real Estate Development, LLC, 2009 WI App 160, 322 Wis. 2d 206, 777 N.W.2d 98, which reversed the orders of the Waukesha County Circuit Court, Judge Paul F. Reilly presiding, denying Town Bank's two motions for summary judgment. ¶2 Town Bank and City Real Estate Development, LLC (City Real Estate) entered into a Term Credit Agreement (the TCA), through which Town Bank loaned $2,500,000 to City Real Estate for the purpose Milwaukee. of acquiring an office building in downtown Town Bank seeks a declaratory judgment that it fully No. 2008AP1845 complied with the TCA and is not obligated to provide additional financing to City Real Estate under the terms of a previouslyissued commitment letter (the commitment letter). ¶3 Town Bank twice moved for summary judgment, which the circuit court denied. Because those motions were denied, the case proceeded to a jury trial. favor of City Real Estate. The jury returned a verdict in Town Bank appealed, and the court of appeals reversed. ¶4 On appeal to this court, City Real Estate argues that the TCA is ambiguous, and as such, the circuit court properly denied summary According to judgment City Real and directed Estate, it is the not case clear to trial. whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of only the first of two financing phases, or whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of the parties' financing agreement altogether. As Estate commitment points to the evidence of the letter former, and City various Real credit memoranda prepared by Town Bank, all of which reference a twophase financing arrangement. ¶5 We integrated conclude agreement Accordingly, judgment, trial. Town and We that the with which Bank should the case should agree with Town TCA is an Town Bank have not Bank unambiguous, been fully complied. granted have proceeded that the TCA fully to summary a jury contains an unambiguous merger clause which precluded City Real Estate from introducing any evidence of prior understandings or agreements that may have existed between 2 the parties, including the No. 2008AP1845 commitment letter. Even assuming, without deciding, that the commitment constitutes letter a separate and enforceable contract for financing, we conclude that Town Bank was within its rights to terminate the agreement. It is undisputed that City Real Estate did not fulfill at least two of the conditions set forth in the commitment letter. We therefore affirm the decision of the court of appeals. I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND ¶6 In March 2004 the managing member of City Real Estate, David Leszczynski (Leszczynski), approached Town Bank to secure financing for City Real Estate's proposed acquisition and renovation of a 22-story office building in downtown Milwaukee known as the Wisconsin Tower. plan consisted refurbishing of its City Real Estate's development acquiring interior, the and building, converting demolishing the space and into 65 President of residential condominium units. ¶7 On April 1, 2004, Town Bank's Vice Business Banking, Christopher Zirbes (Zirbes), prepared a loan write-up and recommended approval of a $9,000,000 loan to City Real Estate for the purpose of "purchas[ing] and construct[ing] retail space and condominiums in the Wisconsin Tower in downtown Milwaukee." The write-up indicated an initial draw of $2,500,000 to be put towards the building's purchase price. In addition, the write-up contemplated that the "[p]rimary source of repayment will come from [the] sale of condominium units." ¶8 On May 27, 2004, Town Bank sent Leszczynski a letter (the commitment letter), which stated that Town Bank "is pleased 3 No. 2008AP1845 to provide [City Real Estate] with a financing commitment for a $9,000,000 Construction Line."1 commitment letter including a credit construction funding "B) line for demolition, outlined Relevant for our purposes, the several facility into two acquisition that of additional "A) building removal funding and divided phases: engineering, asbestos $6,500,000 terms for condominium units as pre-sales dictate." the conditions, $9,000,000 $2,500,000 initial and completion of and marketing," and construction of the The latter provision further noted that "[b]ank financing will be based on 75% of the pre-sold units." As collateral for Town Bank's commitment to City Real Estate, Town Bank was to receive, inter alia, a "1st R/E mortgage on [the] Subject Property." ¶9 In addition, the commitment letter provided that the "[c]losing of [the] loan is contingent upon but not limited to" four conditions: A. Subject to satisfactory review of appraisal, title commitment, Environmental report, construction plans, and final review of loan documents by the Bank's legal counsel. B. Borrower agrees to contribute $900,000 in up front equity capital prior to closing. C. Borrower agrees to pay closing title, filing and documentation. costs, including D. Borrower and guarantors agree to provide annual personal financial statements and tax returns. 1 The May 27, 2004, commitment letter expressly superseded an earlier letter dated April 13, 2004. 4 No. ¶10 2008AP1845 Finally, the commitment letter contained the following clause: "In order to be effective in any regard, this letter must be properly executed and returned to the Bank by June 11, 2004. This commitment may be terminated at the sole option of Town Bank if the credit agreement is not executed by June 25, 2004." ¶11 While City Real Estate timely executed and returned the commitment letter, it is undisputed that a credit agreement between Town Bank and City Real Estate was not executed by June 25, 2004. However, on July 15, 2004, the parties entered into the TCA, and Town Bank loaned $2,500,000 to City Real Estate. The TCA incorporated by reference a Business Note (the Business Note), also dated July 15, 2004, in which City Real Estate promised to pay to Town Bank the sum of $2,500,000 plus interest by August 15, 2004. ¶12 According to Zirbes and Jay Mack (Mack), Town Bank's President and Chief Executive Officer, the TCA was intended to fund City Real Estate's purchase of the Wisconsin Tower. Earlier that month, Leszczynski had represented to Town Bank that City Real Estate's option to buy the building was about to expire and that Ruth's Chris Steak House, a major commercial tenant with whom City Real Estate had been negotiating, refused to sign a letter of intent until City Real Estate owned the building.2 2 On July 14, 2004, Zirbes prepared an internal memorandum for Town Bank's credit file. The memorandum stated, in relevant part: 5 No. ¶13 2008AP1845 The TCA is a standard form lending document sold to lenders by the Wisconsin Bankers Association. The first section of the TCA is entitled "Term Loan" and provides that the parties must "[c]heck" the box of one of two options: "(a) Single Note; Multiple Advances," or "(b) Multiple Notes; Multiple Advances." In this case, the second box was checked. By checking the second box, the parties gave effect to the following provision: If checked here, and in consideration of extensions of credit from Lender to Customer from time to time, Lender and Customer agree that sections 4 through 19 of this Agreement shall apply to each such extension of credit unless evidenced by a document which states it is not subject to this Agreement. The term "Loan" includes all such extensions of credit. The term "Note" includes each promissory note evidencing Customer's obligation to repay an extension of Credit. This Agreement does not constitute a commitment by Lender to make such extensions of credit to Customer. ¶14 Relevant to this case, section 14 of the TCA bears the heading "Entire Agreement" and provides: This Agreement, including the Exhibits attached or referring to it, the Note and the Security Documents, are intended by Customer and Lender as a final expression of their agreement and as a complete and exclusive statement of its terms, there being no conditions to the full effectiveness of their agreement except as set forth in this Agreement, the Note and the Security Documents. Because of timing issues with Ruth's Chris and the fact that they will not sign a letter of intent to take the space until [Leszczynski] owns the building[,] Town Bank will be closing the loan to the [City Real Estate] LLC in two phases. The first phase is closing on July 15th for $2,500,000 for the purchase of the building. The loan will be a 60 day note funding into the $9,000,000 construction loan that was approved in April of this year. 6 No. Three exhibits substantively were blank attached and to states the that TCA. it is 2008AP1845 Exhibit "Not A is Applicable." Exhibit B provides a list of "Security Documents," including a Chattel Security Agreement, a Mortgage on the building, and an Assignment of Leases and Rents on the building. Exhibit C lists several "Additional Covenants," none of which are material to this case. ¶15 It is undisputed that the TCA does not expressly mention the commitment letter. ¶16 On July 16, 2004, City Real Estate closed purchase of the Wisconsin Tower for $2,500,000. on the Thereafter, Town Bank continued to monitor City Real Estate's progress on the building. On August 26, 2004, Zirbes prepared an internal memorandum for Town Bank's credit file, in which he recognized that "[t]he marketing of the building has started off slower than originally anticipated." Zirbes further noted: Last month we decided to close this loan in two phases allowing [City Real Estate] to purchase the building and begin negotiations with Ruth's Chris, with the understanding that phase II (the construction loan) would begin when they sta[r]ted to get some presold condo units. Because of the fact that they are behind schedule with their marketing, we are looking to extend the interest only period on the building for an additional 3 month period to allow for some presolds. In a loan write-up dated October 14, 2004, Zirbes recommended a three-month extension on the interest period of the $2,500,000 loan "before starting the construction phase of the loan." 7 No. ¶17 On October 19, 2004, a meeting was 2008AP1845 held between Leszczynski, Zirbes, Mack, and loan officer Terry O'Connor to discuss the progress of the Wisconsin Tower. At that time, according to Zirbes, Town Bank learned that Ruth's Chris Steak House was no longer a prospective tenant and that City Real Estate had no condominium pre-sales. Furthermore, City Real Estate had not infused its $900,000 in equity into the project, as required by the commitment letter. According to Zirbes, Town Bank then informed Leszczynski that any construction financing would have to be reapproved. ¶18 On November 19, 2004, Zirbes memorialized the meeting in a letter to Leszczynski: As we discussed at our meeting on Tuesday, October 19, 2004, Town Bank's April 13 commitment to provide construction financing to City Real Estate Development LLC is no longer effective and in order for the Bank to finance the construction of your condominium project, the loan must be re-approved by the Bank's loan committee. As Zirbes noted, by that time, the loan committee had changed as a result of WinTrust Financial's October 2004 purchase of Town Bank. ¶19 On December 28, 2004, Zirbes sent another letter to Leszczynski, reiterating that "the loan commitment dated April 13 is no longer effective" and that a construction loan would require the loan committee's approval. Zirbes explained, however, that the loan committee had reservations about City Real Estate's project: 8 No. 2008AP1845 Since the Bank originally approved the loan to City Real Estate Development LLC, you requested the Bank to change the loan structure in order to accommodate your need to close on the purchase of the property. The Bank agreed to make the acquisition loan with the understanding that a lease from Ruth's Chris would be signed and condominium units would be sold prior to entering into a construction loan. Instead, your prospects for obtaining Ruth's Chris as a tenant have faded and you have not obtained enough unit presales to fund construction without additional equity. While Town Bank agreed to extend City Real Estate's $2,500,000 loan to February 15, 2005, Zirbes advised Leszczynski that a construction loan would not be approved based upon the current circumstances and that Leszczynski "should seek construction lending from other lenders." ¶20 In September 2005, City Real Estate secured alternative construction financing through M&I Bank and Horicon State Bank, and upon closing those loan transactions, repaid Town Bank in full for the $2,500,000 loan. II. PROCEDURAL POSTURE ¶21 On January 6, 2006, Town Bank filed a complaint against City Real Estate, seeking a declaratory judgment that City Real Estate failed to satisfy its obligations under the commitment letter and that Town Bank was not obligated to provide additional financing. ¶22 In its answer, City Real Estate affirmatively alleged that it satisfied all contingencies set forth in the commitment letter and complaint. damages requested that the court dismiss Town Bank's In addition, City Real Estate counterclaimed for arising out of Town Bank's 9 alleged breach of the No. 2008AP1845 commitment letter for failing to advance to City Real Estate the $6,500,000 of additional financing. ¶23 On October 16, 2006, Town Bank filed its first of two motions for summary judgment. Town Bank argued that its obligations to City Real Estate were governed entirely by the TCA and that Town Bank fulfilled those obligations when funded $2,500,000 to City Real Estate on July 15, 2004. Bank contended that the TCA contained an unambiguous it Town merger clause which prevented City Real Estate from introducing any evidence of prior understandings or agreements that may have existed between the parties, including the commitment letter. ¶24 summary The circuit court denied Town Bank's first motion for judgment in an order dated January 24, 2007. The circuit court determined that the case was not ripe for summary judgment, namely on the grounds that the TCA was ambiguous. ¶25 for On October 19, 2007, Town Bank filed its second motion summary judgment, unambiguous stand-alone complied. In the again arguing agreement alternative, with that the which assuming that TCA Town was Bank the an fully commitment letter was enforceable, Town Bank argued that City Real Estate failed to satisfy several of its underlying conditions, including the requirement that a credit agreement be executed by June 25, 2004, and the obligation to contribute $900,000 in upfront equity. ¶26 On January 3, 2008, the circuit court denied Town Bank's second motion for summary judgment and set the case for a jury trial. The circuit court determined that genuine issues of 10 No. 2008AP1845 material fact precluded summary judgment, including whether the TCA was a stand-alone agreement and if not, whether City Real Estate breached the commitment letter. ¶27 for Because the circuit court denied Town Bank's motions summary trial. judgment, the case proceeded to a six-day jury On May 6, 2008, the jury returned a verdict in favor of City Real Estate. questions. The special verdict form consisted of three First, the jury was asked if Town Bank and City Real Estate entered into a contract as set forth in the commitment letter. The jury answered, "Yes." if Town Bank breached that contract. Second, the jury was asked The jury answered, "Yes." Third, the jury was asked to determine the sum of money that would fairly and reasonably compensate City Real Estate for its damages. ¶28 The jury awarded $600,000 to City Real Estate. On June 26, 2008, the circuit court entered judgment on the jury verdict and ordered Town Bank to pay $600,000, plus fees and costs, to City Real Estate. ¶29 Town Bank appealed. The court of appeals reversed and remanded, instructing the circuit court to enter judgment for Town Bank. held that Town Bank, 322 Wis. 2d 206. the TCA was unambiguous and The court of appeals constituted the only agreement under which Town Bank had loan obligations to City Real Estate. that the Id., ¶2. TCA's First, the court of appeals concluded integration clause, which neither party challenged as ambiguous, barred the introduction into evidence of any prior agreement to vary the terms of the TCA. 12. Id., ¶¶11- Next, the court of appeals turned to the commitment letter 11 No. 2008AP1845 and concluded that Town Bank had no additional loan obligations thereunder because City Real Estate failed to meet its terms and conditions. Id., ¶¶14-17. In particular, the court of appeals found no evidence that Town Bank received a mortgage on the Wisconsin Tower as collateral, no evidence that a credit agreement was executed by June 25, 2004, id., ¶15, and finally, no evidence that City Real Estate contributed $900,000 in upfront equity, id., ¶16. As such, the court of appeals deemed the commitment letter repudiated and held that the circuit court erred in denying Town Bank's motion for summary judgment. Id., ¶18. ¶30 City Real Estate petitioned which we granted on March 9, 2010. this court for review, We now affirm. III. STANDARD OF REVIEW ¶31 Our review of this case implicates several standards of review. As a general matter, we are reviewing the circuit court's denial of Town Bank's two motions for summary judgment. Whether the circuit court properly denied summary judgment is a question of law that we review de novo, applying the well- recognized standards used by the circuit court and set forth in Wis. Stat. § 802.08 (2007-08). Tatera v. FMC Corp., 2010 WI 90, ¶15, __ Wis. 2d __, 786 N.W.2d 810; Racine Cnty. v. Oracular Milwaukee, N.W.2d 88. Inc., While 2010 WI summary 25, ¶24, judgment is 323 Wis. 2d 682, considered a 781 drastic remedy which should not be granted when material facts are in dispute, this court has recognized that "without doubt a trial court can and should grant a motion for summary judgment in 12 No. 2008AP1845 those instances where the controlling material facts are not in dispute and the application of the law to those facts is not doubtful." Matthew v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 54 Wis. 2d 336, 339, 195 N.W.2d 611 (1972). ¶32 The In this case, we are called upon to interpret the TCA. interpretation of an unambiguous contract presents question of law for this court's independent review. Inc. v. 700 Stanton Drive, LLC, Wis. 2d 586, 786 N.W.2d 759. ambiguous and consequently extrinsic evidence, the 2010 WI 76, a Admanco, ¶15, 326 Conversely, when a contract is is properly contract's question of fact for the jury. construed interpretation by use of presents a Mgmt. Computer Servs., Inc. v. Hawkins, Ash, Baptie & Co., 206 Wis. 2d 158, 177, 557 N.W.2d 67 (1996). IV. ANALYSIS ¶33 This court has long recognized protecting parties' freedom to contract. Forward Geneva Wis. 2d 556, 780 Nat'l, LLC, N.W.2d 111; 2010 importance of See, e.g., Solowicz v. WI Whirlpool the 20, Corp. ¶¶34, v. 41, Ziebert, 323 197 Wis. 2d 144, 148, 539 N.W.2d 883 (1995); Watts v. Watts, 137 Wis. 2d 506, 521, 405 N.W.2d 303 (1987); Kuhl Motor Co. v. Ford Motor Co., 270 Wis. 488, 493, 71 N.W.2d 420 (1955). When construing contracts that were freely entered into, our goal is "is to ascertain the true intentions of the parties as expressed by the contractual language." State ex rel. Journal/Sentinel, Inc. v. Pleva, 155 Wis. 2d 704, 711, 456 N.W.2d 359 (1990); see also Solowicz, 323 Wis. 2d 556, ¶34. 13 Stated another way, the No. 2008AP1845 best indication of the parties' intent is the language of the contract itself, Levy v. Levy, 130 Wis. 2d 523, 535, 388 N.W.2d 170 (1986), for that is the language the parties "saw fit to use," Journal/Sentinel, 155 Wis. 2d at 711. We construe the contract language according to its plain or ordinary meaning. Huml v. Vlazny, N.W.2d 807. 2006 WI 87, ¶52, 293 Wis. 2d 169, 716 "If the contract is unambiguous, our attempt to determine the parties' intent ends with the four corners of the contract, without consideration of extrinsic evidence." Id. Only when the contract is ambiguous, meaning it is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, may the court look beyond the face of the contract and consider extrinsic evidence to resolve Whitehall the parties' Packing Co., intent. 91 Capital Wis. 2d 178, 190, Invs., 280 Inc. N.W.2d v. 254 (1979). ¶34 ambiguous, In this case, City Real Estate argues that the TCA is and as such, the circuit court summary judgment and directed the case to trial. according to City Real Estate, it is not properly denied In particular, clear whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of only the $2,500,000 acquisition financing with which the TCA dealt (and the first of two financing phases), or whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of the parties' financing agreement altogether. As evidence of the former, City Real Estate points to the commitment letter and various credit memoranda prepared by Town Bank, all of which reference a twophase financing arrangement. 14 No. ¶35 In response, Town Bank argues that the 2008AP1845 TCA is an unambiguous stand-alone agreement with which it fully complied when it funded $2,500,000 to City Real Estate. Town Bank relies on section 14 of the TCA, contending that it constitutes an unambiguous merger clause which should have precluded City Real Estate from introducing evidence of any prior understandings or agreements that may have existed between the parties, including the commitment letter. ¶36 rule. of The parties' arguments implicate the parol evidence Despite its name, the parol evidence rule is not a rule evidence; it is a rule of substantive contract law. Dairyland Equip. Leasing, Inc. v. Bohen, 94 Wis. 2d 600, 607, 288 N.W.2d 852 (1980); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. First Mortg. Investors, 76 Wis. 2d 151, 156, 250 N.W.2d 362 (1977); Conrad Milwaukee Corp. v. Wasilewski, 30 Wis. 2d 481, 488, 141 N.W.2d 240 (1966); 6 Arthur Linton Corbin, Corbin on Contracts § 573, at 72-73 (interim ed. 2002). This court has stated the parol evidence rule as follows: When the parties to a contract embody their agreement in writing and intend the writing to be the final expression of their agreement, the terms of the writing may not be varied or contradicted by evidence of any prior written or oral agreement in the absence of fraud, duress, or mutual mistake. Dairyland Deposit Equip. Ins. Leasing, Corp., 76 94 Wis. 2d at Wis. 2d at 156). 607 (quoting Despite the Fed. rule's complexity and criticisms, see, e.g., Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 76 Wis. 2d at 156, its purpose remains sound: to promote the integrity, reliability, and predictability of written contracts 15 No. 2008AP1845 and to reduce the threat of juries being misled or confused by statements or negotiations that may have taken place before a contract was entered into. ¶37 As our definition makes apparent, "[t]he real question when a party invokes the parol evidence rule" is whether the parties intended the written contract complete expression of their agreement. that represents the final and to be the Id. at 157. complete final and A contract expression parties' agreement is considered fully "integrated." of the If the contract is integrated, absent the existence of fraud, duress, or mutual mistake, the court construing the contract may not consider evidence of any prior or written agreement between the parties.3 contemporaneous oral or If the contract is not integrated, then the parol evidence rule is inapplicable. ¶38 Relevant to this case, the parol evidence rule does not preclude the court from considering evidence of any prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements between the parties for the purpose of determining whether the parties intended the contract to be integrated. Our courts often refer to this rule 3 We recognize a limited exception to the parol evidence rule for contemporaneous or prior agreements that supplement, but do not conflict with, the contract. See Dairyland Equip. Leasing, Inc. v. Bohen, 94 Wis. 2d 600, 607-08, 288 N.W.2d 852 (1980). In such cases, the contract is considered "partially integrated." Id. at 607. If the contract is shown to be only a partial integration of the parties' overall agreement, the court may properly consider parol evidence to establish the parties' full agreement, so long as the parol evidence does not conflict with the part of the contract that has been integrated. Id. at 607-08. 16 No. 2008AP1845 by stating that "'[p]arol evidence is always admissible with respect to the issue of integration.'" See, e.g., Dairyland Equip. Leasing, 94 Wis. 2d at 608 (quoting Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp., 76 Wis. 2d at 158). However, to evidence is not "parol evidence" at all.4 be precise, such Rather, we are merely invoking an already recognized and well-defined rule of contract law: when a contract is ambiguous, a court may extrinsic evidence to resolve the parties' intent. Constr. Corp. v. N.W.2d 291 (1974) surrounding the Carolina ("While execution Corp., 63 evidence' the of contract the See Stevens Wis. 2d 342, 'parol and consider 354, 217 circumstances the practical construction of the parties may not be introduced to vary the terms of a written contract, it may be introduced to explain ambiguous terms of the written instrument."); Chmill v. Friendly Ford-Mercury of Janesville, Inc., 154 Wis. 2d 407, 416, 4 453 See 6 Arthur Linton Corbin, Corbin on Contracts § 573, at 73-75 (interim ed. 2002): The use of such a name for this [parol evidence] rule has had unfortunate consequences, principally by distracting the attention from the real issues that are involved. These issues may be any one or more of the following: (1) Have the parties made a contract? (2) Is that contract void or voidable because of illegality, fraud, mistake, or any other reason? (3) Did the parties assent to a particular writing as the complete and accurate 'integration' of that contract? In determining these issues, or any one of them, there is no 'parol evidence rule' to be applied. On these issues, no relevant evidence, whether parol or otherwise, is excluded. (Footnotes omitted.) 17 No. N.W.2d 197 evidence (Ct. to App. 1990) determine incorporate the it . . . ."). entire ("A whether court a may to extrinsic look document understanding 2008AP1845 was between intended to parties to the If and once it is determined that the parties intended the contract to be integrated, only then does the parol evidence rule go into effect. See Dairyland Equip. Leasing, 94 Wis. 2d at 607 ("'[E]ven if, without objection, parol evidence of the intention of the parties to a written contract, which conflicts with the express provisions of such contract, gets into the record, the court must disregard it." (quoting Morn v. Schalk, 14 Wis. 2d 307, 315, 111 N.W.2d 80 (1961))). ¶39 However, as Town Bank accurately points out, when the contract contains an unambiguous merger or integration clause, the court is barred from considering evidence of any prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements parties, even as to the issue of integration. between the See Dairyland Equip. Leasing, 94 Wis. 2d at 608; Matthew, 54 Wis. 2d at 34142. Again, this principle stems from basic contract law: if the contract is unambiguous, the court's attempt to determine the parties' intent ends with the language of the contract, without resort to extrinsic evidence. In Dairyland clause as a Equipment "written See Huml, 293 Wis. 2d 169, ¶52. Leasing, this provision court which defined expressly collateral or antecedent understandings." a merger negatives 94 Wis. 2d at 608. Thus, by definition, an unambiguous merger or integration clause demonstrates that the final and complete parties expression intended of 18 their the contract agreement. to be a See id.; No. Matthew, 54 Wis. 2d at 341-42. 2008AP1845 The contract is therefore fully integrated, and the parol evidence rule goes into effect. ¶40 We now turn to the facts of this case. We conclude that the TCA is an unambiguous, fully integrated agreement with which Town Bank fully complied. Accordingly, Town Bank should have been granted summary judgment, and the case should not have proceeded to a jury trial. ¶41 We agree with Town Bank that section 14 of the TCA constitutes precluded an City unambiguous merger Real from Estate clause which introducing should any have evidence of prior understandings or agreements that may have existed between the parties, including the commitment letter. ¶42 Section 14 provides: This Agreement, including the Exhibits attached or referring to it, the Note and the Security Documents, are intended by Customer and Lender as a final expression of their agreement and as a complete and exclusive statement of its terms, there being no conditions to the full effectiveness of their agreement except as set forth in this Agreement, the Note and the Security Documents. ¶43 the We conclude that section 14 unambiguously demonstrates parties' agreements intent not to exclude contained in the Leasing, 94 Wis. 2d at 608. collateral or delineating an TCA. See understandings Dairyland or Equip. Section 14 "expressly negatives antecedent exhaustive additional understandings," list of the see documents id., by that are included in the parties' agreement: "This Agreement" (meaning the TCA), "the Exhibits" to the 19 TCA, "the Note," and "the No. Security Documents." 14, Town Bank 2008AP1845 Pursuant to the plain language of section and City Real Estate intended that list of documents to comprise the "final expression of their agreement" and the "complete and exclusive statement of its terms." Hence, the parties intended to exclude from their final agreement any understanding or agreement not contained within the TCA, the exhibits, the Business Note, and the security documents. ¶44 Significantly, the language of section 14 exhibits different capitalization to denote "this Agreement," meaning the TCA itself, and "their agreement altogether. agreement," (Emphasis added.) meaning the parties' When referring to the parties' "final expression of their agreement and [] a complete and exclusive statement of its terms," the parties carefully utilized a lowercase "a" so as not to confuse their overall agreement with the TCA itself. (Emphasis added.) We therefore disagree with City Real Estate that it is not clear whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of only the TCA itself, or whether the parties intended the TCA to be the final expression of the parties' financing agreement altogether. ¶45 Neither the TCA, nor the exhibits to the TCA, nor the Business Note, nor the security documents mention the commitment letter or reference financing in two phases. To the contrary, the Business Note provides for a single sum of $2,500,000, the very amount that Town Bank loaned to City Real Estate on July 15, 2004. commitment If City letter, or Real a Estate second wanted phase of the terms financing, of the to included in the TCA, City Real Estate was free to so negotiate. 20 be No. ¶46 City Citing Real our Estate decision argues in that Dairyland in order 2008AP1845 Equipment for the TCA Leasing, to have unambiguously excluded the terms of the commitment letter, the TCA had to "expressly negative[]" the commitment letter or the two-phase nature of the financing. See 94 Wis. 2d at 608. City Real Estate's interpretation of our case law necessarily implies that hereinafter, lenders or all contract drafters, for that matter would be obligated to expressly identify and exclude in their contracts any prior oral or written communication between the parties that may rise to the level of an agreement, lest risk its inclusion within the contract. We refuse to impose such an unnecessary and cumbersome burden on contract drafters. ¶47 We further reject City Real Estate's arguments that the TCA is otherwise ambiguous. that an ambiguity arises First, City Real Estate argues out of the fact that the parties checked the box for "Multiple Notes; Multiple Advances." argument is difficult to follow. the checking of that notes. Because Advances" also the states box According to City Real Estate, created section that an on the The obligation "Multiple TCA "does for multiple Notes; Multiple not constitute a commitment by Lender to make such extensions of credit," City Real Estate contends that the TCA implies that document created the obligation for multiple notes. City Real existed as Estate to argues, whether a the genuine issue commitment obligation for multiple notes. 21 of letter some other Therefore, material created fact the No. ¶48 We disagree. Advances" is clear. 2008AP1845 The section on "Multiple Notes; Multiple It plainly recognizes that Town Bank may make additional extensions of credit to City Real Estate "from time to time," and if such loans occur, the parties "agree that sections 4 through 19 of [the TCA] shall apply to each such extension of credit." Significantly, the provision then expressly states that the TCA "does not constitute a commitment by [Town Bank] to make such extensions of credit to [City Real Estate]." Hence, while Town Bank has the option, the TCA does not obligate Town Bank to make any additional extensions of credit to City Real Estate. ¶49 Real Second, relying Estate argues that on Stevens the TCA Construction is latently Corp., City ambiguous, and therefore, the circuit court properly considered parol evidence to clarify the ambiguity. See 63 Wis. 2d at 354-55. A contract, though clear on its face, may be considered latently ambiguous or unreasonable results that the parties could not have intended. See id. at 354. if City its application Real Estate produces contends absurd that the TCA is latently ambiguous when applied to the context of the Wisconsin Tower project. According to City Real Estate, while an "uninformed observer" could view the TCA as a final expression of the parties' universal agreement, a latent ambiguity arises "as soon as the observer [c]ommitment learns [letter] that the providing for parties two had phases in of place a financing necessary for the project, and that the TCA only provides for one of those phases . . . ." 22 No. ¶50 2008AP1845 City Real Estate's argument ignores the presence of the TCA's unambiguous merger clause. As previously explained, because section 14 of the TCA constitutes an unambiguous merger clause, the court is precluded from considering any prior understanding or agreement that may have existed between Town Bank and City Real Estate, including the commitment letter. Thus, by its very nature, the unambiguous merger clause bars the court from considering the TCA within the context of the commitment letter. ¶51 Because unambiguous, we fully conclude that integrated the TCA agreement, constitutes our attempt an to determine the parties' intent ends with the four corners of the TCA, without resort Wis. 2d 169, ¶52. to extrinsic evidence. See Huml, 293 Such extrinsic evidence includes, but is not limited to, the commitment letter and various credit memoranda prepared by arrangement. Town Bank that referenced a two-phase financing Pursuant to the TCA, Town Bank was obligated to loan $2,500,000 to City Real Estate. Town Bank fully complied. Therefore, Town Bank should have been granted summary judgment, and the case should not have proceeded to a jury trial. ¶52 letter Even assuming, without deciding, that the commitment constitutes a separate 23 and enforceable contract for No. 2008AP1845 financing,5 Town Bank was within its rights to terminate the agreement and therefore was still entitled to summary judgment. It is undisputed that City Real Estate did not fulfill at least two of the conditions set forth in the commitment letter: the requirement that a 2004, and the credit obligation agreement executed contribute to be $900,000 by in June 25, up-front equity. ¶53 First, it is undisputed that a credit agreement between Town Bank and City Real Estate was not executed by June 25, 2004, as required by the commitment letter. letter expressly terminated agreement at is the not provides that sole option executed by "[t]his of June The commitment commitment Town Bank 25, if 2004." may the There be credit is no question that the TCA, the only credit agreement between Town Bank and City Real Estate, was not executed until July 15, 2004. Because the credit agreement was not timely executed, Town Bank was well within its rights to terminate the commitment letter. ¶54 fulfill Second, it is undisputed that City Real Estate did not its obligation to contribute 5 $900,000 in up-front Deciding that the commitment letter constitutes an enforceable contract could result in unforeseen consequences. Assuming that the commitment letter constitutes an enforceable contract, the contract binds and is enforceable against both parties: the lender and the borrower. See Levin v. Perkins, 12 Wis. 2d 398, 403, 107 N.W.2d 492 (1961). Suppose that after a commitment letter has been executed, the borrower secures a better financing arrangement with a different lender. If the commitment letter constitutes an enforceable contract, the original lender could enforce the commitment letter against the borrower and seek damages for, inter alia, lost interest. 24 No. equity. 2008AP1845 The commitment letter provides that the "[c]losing of [the] loan is contingent upon but not limited to the following: . . . B. Borrower agrees to contribute $900,000 in up front equity capital prior to closing." dispute that it never infused Wisconsin Tower project. City Real Estate does not $900,000 of equity into the Instead, City Real Estate complains that Town Bank never demanded the money: "[City Real Estate] w[as] ready, willing, and able to [satisfy the up-front equity condition] upon demand once the project progressed to the point of requiring draws upon the Phase II construction financing to build pre-sold condominiums." short in two respects. City Real Estate's defense falls First, Town Bank did not have to demand the $900,000 from City Real Estate; the contingency outlined in the commitment letter functioned as the demand. commitment letter required City Real Estate Second, the to contribute $900,000 in equity "prior to closing," well before the project progressed to the construction phase. ¶55 Because it is undisputed that City Real Estate failed to comply with at least two of the conditions set forth in the commitment letter, Town Bank was under no obligation to provide financing thereunder. V. CONCLUSION ¶56 We integrated conclude agreement Accordingly, judgment, trial. Town and We that the with which Bank TCA should the case should agree with Town is Town have not Bank 25 an unambiguous, Bank been fully complied. granted have proceeded that the TCA fully to summary a jury contains an No. 2008AP1845 unambiguous merger clause which precluded City Real Estate from introducing any evidence of prior understandings or agreements that may have existed between the parties, including the commitment letter. Even assuming, without deciding, that the commitment constitutes letter a separate and enforceable contract for financing, we conclude that Town Bank was within its rights to terminate the agreement. It is undisputed that City Real Estate did not fulfill at least two of the conditions set forth in the commitment letter. By the Court. The decision affirmed. 26 of the court of appeals is No. ¶57 ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. (dissenting). 2008AP1845.awb I agree with the Wisconsin Bankers Association and the court of appeals that "this case does not involve one agreement superseding another. It involves two separate, independent agreements that do not in any way involve each other." ¶58 and I also agree with the Wisconsin Bankers Association the court of appeals agreement . . . [that] must that be "the TCA interpreted is on a stand-alone its terms with respect to the [$2.5 million loan], and the Commitment must be interpreted separately on its terms with respect to the proposed financing addressed in the Commitment." ¶59 The majority, however, disagrees. Rather than treating the TCA and the Commitment as two separate contracts which must be interpreted independently, it interprets the TCA as the final agreement with an integration clause that replaces the separate Commitment agreement. that treating the two "unforeseen consequences." ¶60 In fact, the majority warns agreements as separate could have Majority op., ¶52 n.5. In this regard, I conclude that the analysis of the Wisconsin Bankers Association and the court of appeals is more persuasive approach and of should the be majority controlling. that has It the is, I potential fear, to the yield "unforeseen consequences" for the day-to-day practices of the banking industry. Because the majority's analysis introduces uncertainty in the lending process and creates uncertainty in well-established law, I respectfully dissent. I 1 No. ¶61 the 2008AP1845.awb The majority accurately sets forth the question before court: whether Town Bank has a obligation to lend $6.5 million in Phase II financing under the terms of the Commitment. See majority op., ¶¶21-22.1 In answering this question, however, the majority does not focus on the terms of the Commitment. Rather, its Agreement focus (TCA), shifts and to the terms specifically, of to the the Term TCA's Credit "Entire Agreement" clause. See id., ¶40 ("[T]he TCA is an unambiguous, fully agreement integrated with which Town Bank fully complied."). ¶62 The majority concludes that the TCA's "Entire Agreement" clause evinces the parties' intent to "exclude from their final agreement any understanding or agreement not contained within the TCA, the exhibits, the Business Note, and the security documents." a contract "contains Id., ¶43. an It determines that whenever unambiguous merger or integration clause, the court is barred from considering evidence of any prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements the parties, even as to the issue of integration." ¶63 between Id., ¶39. Thus, although City Real Estate seeks to enforce the Commitment, the majority determines that the Commitment may not be considered by a court due to the terms of the TCA. The implication of this analysis is that any written contract with 1 The majority explains that Town Bank sought "a declaratory judgment that City Real Estate failed to satisfy its obligations under the commitment letter" and that "City Real Estate counterclaimed for damages arising out of Town Bank's alleged breach of the commitment letter." Majority op., ¶¶21-22. 2 No. an unambiguous integration clause necessarily 2008AP1845.awb supersedes all existing agreements between the parties, unless the integration clause specifically references an existing agreement. Under the majority's analysis, the TCA and the Commitment are intertwined the parties do not have any obligations under the Commitment because the Commitment was superseded by the TCA, as evinced by the TCA's integration clause. II ¶64 The majority's integration clause specifically referenced conclusion replaces is any directly that an existing contrary unambiguous agreement to advocated by the Wisconsin Bankers Association.2 the not position The Wisconsin Bankers Association contends that "this case does not involve one agreement superseding another," and that the TCA and the Commitment are "separate, independent agreements that do not in any way involve each other."3 ¶65 The Wisconsin Bankers Association repeatedly argues that the TCA and the Commitment are independent agreements that 2 When we accepted review of this case, the Wisconsin Bankers Association requested permission to file an amicus brief. It explained that the appeal presented issues "of particular interest to the" Wisconsin Bankers Association because "[t]he Term Credit Agreement utilized by the parties is a form sold by a [Wisconsin Bankers Association] subsidiary to lenders in the state" and "[h]undreds of lenders and thousands of term credit lending arrangements are entered into using this form." Motion of Wisconsin Bankers Association for Leave to File Brief as Amicus Curiae ¶¶2-3. 3 Brief of Curiae at 8. the Wisconsin Bankers 3 Association as Amicus No. must be interpreted separately.4 2008AP1845.awb Its concern is that City Real Estate attempts to read the terms of the Commitment into the TCA: "[Our] only concern is that the borrower should not be able to find support for its argument that Town Bank breached its obligations under the Commitment by somehow reading the terms of the Commitment Agreement."5 into the completely independent Term Credit It argues that the effect of the TCA's unambiguous integration clause is to put both parties on notice "that any other agreement that might be out there, whatever it may be, is not part of" the TCA.6 ¶66 To this end, the Wisconsin Bankers Association contends: "The Term Credit Agreement stands on its own. Commitment stands on its own."7 The It asserts that "[t]he TCA must be interpreted on its terms with respect to the [$2.5 million loan], and the Commitment must be interpreted separately on its terms with respect to the proposed financing addressed in the 4 The Wisconsin Bankers Association explains that Town Bank entered into a separate TCA with City Real Estate to make the $2.5 million loan. "Whether or not City fulfilled [the conditions set forth in the Commitment] and is entitled to damages for Bank's failure to lend is a question of interpretation of the Commitment." Id. at 4. 5 Motion of Wisconsin Bankers Association for Leave to File Brief as Amicus Curiae ¶5. At various times throughout this litigation, City Real Estate appeared to argue that the TCA's "multiple notes" clause supported its contention that the Commitment was a binding contract. The Bankers Association objected to City Real Estate's attempt to bootstrap its claim for damages under the Commitment to the "multiple notes" clause in the TCA. 6 Id., ¶6. 7 Id., ¶5. 4 No. Commitment."8 2008AP1845.awb According to the Wisconsin Bankers Association, the terms of the TCA are not relevant when interpreting the Commitment: "Whether or not City fulfilled [the Commitment's] conditions and is entitled to damages for the Bank's failure to lend is a question of interpretation of the Commitment."9 ¶67 The majority's conclusion that the court is barred from considering the Commitment due to the TCA's integration clause is incompatible with the Wisconsin Bankers Association's assertion that independent other." the TCA agreements and that the do not Commitment in any are way "separate, involve each This conclusion introduces uncertainty in contractual relationships far beyond the contours of this case. ¶68 As explained by the Wisconsin Bankers Association, the situation presented in this case is "quite common throughout the state."10 At any given time, there may exist a number of separate, independent agreements between a borrower and a bank: Banks often have a variety of outstanding loans to individuals and their related interests, as well as agreements for other banking services with those parties. A bank could have several loans to a borrower, could be negotiating the refinancing of some 8 Brief of Curiae at 8. the Wisconsin Bankers Association as Amicus 9 Id. at 4. When it filed its motion for leave to file an amicus brief, the Wisconsin Bankers Association asserted that it had "no opinion on whether or not the Commitment was repudiated by the borrower's failure to fulfill conditions precedent to the construction loan." Motion of Wisconsin Bankers Association for Leave to File Brief as Amicus Curiae ¶5. 10 Motion of Wisconsin Bankers Association for Leave to File Brief as Amicus Curiae ¶3; see also Brief of the Wisconsin Bankers Association as Amicus Curiae at 1. 5 No. of those loans, and at the same negotiating different commitments projects.11 ¶69 containing time for 2008AP1845.awb could be upcoming The majority's determination that a written contract an unambiguous integration clause replaces all existing agreements between the parties may yield undesirable and unforeseen consequences. Parties may find that by signing a form agreement, they have put into question the enforceability of any other outstanding agreements between them without having intended to do so.12 11 Brief Curiae at 9. of the Before drafting a new contract, must a loan Wisconsin Bankers Association as Amicus 12 Imagine the following hypothetical, based on the facts of this case. Town Bank and City Real Estate execute a term credit agreement ("TCA I") for $2.5 million in Phase I financing. Several months later, Town Bank agrees to go ahead with Phase II financing. Town Bank and City Real Estate execute a second term credit agreement ("TCA II") for a $6.5 million loan. TCA II contains an "Entire Agreement" clause which provides as follows: This Agreement, including the Exhibits attached or referring to it, the Note [for $6.5 million] and the Security Documents, are intended by Customer and Lender as a final expression of their agreement and as a complete and exclusive statement of its terms, there being no conditions to the full effectiveness of their agreement except as set forth in this Agreement, the Note and the Security Documents. TCA II, the Note, and the Security Documents make no reference to TCA I or the terms of the $2.5 million Phase I loan. 6 No. 2008AP1845.awb officer now review all other existing agreements and enumerate them in the new contract to ensure that the new contract does not inadvertently supersede those existing agreements? ¶70 Estate's The Wisconsin interpretation Bankers Association called City of integration clause "radical," the Real "absurd," and "impractical" because it would require the parties to "expressly negative" any other existing agreements: "City is requesting a radical new interpretation of integration clauses. It wants this Court to require the integration clause to 'expressly negative' the Commitment in order to have the terms of the Commitment excluded from the terms of the [TCA]. . . . This is an absurd and very impractical request."13 ¶71 Yet, the majority's conclusion is the mirror image of City Real Estate's request, and it leads to the same absurd and impractical result. "expressly negative" requires drafters Rather any to than existing "expressly requiring agreements, affirm" drafters the their to majority existing agreements if they wish to prevent those agreements from being superseded. Imagine that City Real Estate defaults on its obligations under TCA I, and Town Bank files suit to enforce its terms. Could City Real Estate argue that that TCA I was no longer enforceable because it had been superseded by TCA II? According to the majority's analysis in this case, such an argument may be viable TCA II "contains an unambiguous [] integration clause, [therefore] the court is barred from considering evidence of [TCA I, which is a] prior [] agreement[] between the parties." See majority op., ¶39. 13 Brief Curiae at 7. of the Wisconsin Bankers 7 Association as Amicus No. ¶72 2008AP1845.awb Such a requirement may create traps for the unwary. Signing a contract with an unambiguous integration clause does not necessarily agreements. evince Parties an intent sign to contracts supersede all existing all time without the thinking it necessary to enumerate (and thereby preserve) any existing agreements between them. ¶73 Nevertheless, majority's analysis. unnecessary contract, effort and this requirement is driven by the Its decision may "result in completely on build the into part of parties contracts the when very drafting ambiguity a and uncertainty the parol evidence rule is intended to remove."14 III ¶74 The majority's analysis is flawed not only because it introduces because it uncertainty creates established law. evidence is always integration[.]"15 court cannot into the uncertainty lending in what process, has but been the also well- We have repeatedly explained that "[p]arol admissible with respect to the issue of The reason underlying this rule is that a determine from the four corners of a contract whether the parties intended it to be a complete integration, a partial integration, or no integration whatsoever. 14 "[A] writing Id. at 2. 15 Dairyland Equip. Leasing v. Bohen, 94 Wis. 2d 600, 608, 288 N.W.2d 852 (1980); Fed. Deposit Ins. Corp. v. First Mortg. Investors, 76 Wis. 2d 151, 158, 250 N.W.2d 362 (1977); Johnson Hill's Press v. Nasco Indus., 33 Wis. 2d 545, 550, 148 N.W.2d 9 (1967); Brevig v. Webster, 88 Wis. 2d 165, 173, 277 N.W.2d 321 (Ct. App. 1979); see also Scarne's Challenge, Inc. v. M.D. Orum Co., 267 Wis. 134, 64 N.W.2d 836 (1954). 8 No. cannot of itself prove its own completeness[.]" 2008AP1845.awb Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 210 cmt. b (1981); see also id. § 214 cmt. a. ¶75 On one hand, the majority embraces this time-honored rule, while on the other hand it embraces an opposite or a different rule. Unfortunately, the majority's inconsistency is demonstrated not only from paragraph to paragraph, but also the inconsistency exists within the very same paragraph. ¶76 Citing several cases, the majority sets forth the time-honored rule: "the parol evidence rule does not preclude the court from considering evidence of any prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements between the parties for the purpose of determining whether the parties intended the contract to be integrated. by stating respect to that the 'parol issue Our courts often refer to this rule evidence of is always integration.'" admissible Majority with op., ¶38 (emphasis added). ¶77 In the very same paragraph the majority appears to embrace the exact opposite evidence is never admissible integration. of the with rule, respect i.e., to that the parol issue of It appears to assert that the rule comes into play only after the issue of integration has already been determined: "If and once it is determined that the parties intended the contract to be integrated, only then does the parol evidence rule go into effect." ¶78 The first Id. sentence forth yet a different rule. of the following paragraph sets Rather than being always admissible 9 No. 2008AP1845.awb on the issue of integration, it is only sometimes admissible, i.e. admissible ambiguous. when there is an integration clause that is The majority states: "[W]hen the contract contains an unambiguous merger or integration clause, the court is barred from considering evidence of any prior or contemporaneous understandings or agreements between the parties, even as to the issue of integration." ¶79 Id., ¶39. So what is the rule? Is it the time-honored rule that the majority purports to embrace that parol evidence is always admissible with respect to the issue of integration? never admissible on the issue of integration? sometimes admissible on the issue integration clause is ambiguous? in its analysis because it of Is it Or is it only integration when an The majority gets tangled up conflates the general rules of contract interpretation with the specific rule of parol evidence associated with the interpretation of an integration clause.16 IV ¶80 When I examine this case, I apply the time-honored rule that parol evidence is always admissible with respect to the issue Association of integration. and the court Like of the appeals, I Wisconsin conclude Bankers that the Commitment is a separate agreement from the TCA and it must be interpreted according to its terms. 16 For a discussion of the dangers of conflating principles of contract interpretation with the parol evidence rule, see Margaret N. Kniffin, Conflating and Confusing Contract Interpretation and the Parol Evidence Rule: Is the Emperor Wearing Someone Else's Clothes?, 62 Rutgers L. Rev 75 (20092010). 10 No. ¶81 2008AP1845.awb The question of whether City Real Estate repudiated the Commitment by failing to satisfy its conditions precedent presented questions After hearing fulfill the of fact which some evidence Commitment's that were City conditions, decided Real the by Estate jury the jury. failed to nevertheless determined that under these circumstances, it was Town Bank that breached the Commitment. verdict if there is Hoffman v. Wisconsin An appellate court will sustain a jury any credible Elec. Power Wis. 2d 264, 664 N.W.2d 55. evidence Co., 2003 to WI support 64, ¶9, it. 262 Here, there is credible evidence in the record to support the jury's verdict. ¶82 Because the majority's analysis is incompatible with and less persuasive than the analysis advanced by the Wisconsin Bankers Association, because it may introduce uncertainty in contractual relationships far beyond the contours of this case, and because it creates uncertainty in what has been the wellestablished law, I respectfully dissent. ¶83 I am authorized to state that Chief Justice SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON joins this dissent. 11 No. 1 2008AP1845.awb
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