State v. Harenda Enterprises, Inc.

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2008 WI 16 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: COMPLETE TITLE: OF WISCONSIN 2005AP1829 State of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent-Petitioner, v. Harenda Enterprises, Inc., Defendant-Appellant. REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS 2006 WI App 230 Reported at: 297 Wis. 2d 571, 724 N.W.2d 434 (Ct. App. 2006-Published) OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: CONCURRED: DISSENTED: March 13, 2008 October 3, 2007 Circuit Milwaukee Kitty Brennan ZIEGLER, J., dissents. PROSSER and ROGGENSACK, JJ., join the dissent. NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiff-respondent-petitioner there was oral argument by Jeffrey M. Gabrysiak, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs was also J.B. Van Hollen, attorney general. For the defendant-appellant there was a brief by Mark W. Rattan and Litchfield Cavo, Brookfield, and oral argument by Mark W. Rattan. 2008 WI 16 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 2005AP1829 (L.C. No. 2003CV6540) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT State of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Respondent-Petitioner, FILED v. MAR 13, 2008 Harenda Enterprises, Inc., David R. Schanker Clerk of Supreme Court Defendant-Appellant. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. The Reversed. petitioner, State of Wisconsin, seeks review of a published court of appeals decision reversing a circuit court judgment in favor of the State and imposing civil penalties and surcharges on Harenda Enterprises, Inc. (Harenda).1 The judgment and sanctions imposed were for violations of Wis. Admin. Code Ch. NR 447 in connection with Harenda's contract to inspect the Milwaukee Auditorium for possible asbestos-containing material (ACM). 1 See State v. Harenda Enterprises, Inc., 2006 WI App 230, 297 Wis. 2d 571, 724 N.W.2d 434 (reversing judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee County, Kitty K. Brennan, Judge). No. ¶2 for 2005AP1829 The case centers on the question of the proper method testing whether material constitutes asbestos-containing material under Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.022 and 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E., App. E, § 1.7.2.1. The State asserts that the court of appeals erred in concluding that the rule prescribing the method of testing clearly requires the averaging of the test results. It contends that the rule is ambiguous and that we should give deference to the clarifications of the rule issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which explain that each layer of a multi-layer sample must be tested. It maintains that under the rule, ACM is present if a single layer of the sample contains greater than one percent asbestos. ¶3 Harenda argues that the State's interpretation is inconsistent with the plain language of the rule, which requires averaging of the test results. It maintains that the clarifications issued by the EPA are inconsistent with § 1.7.2.1 and should therefore be accorded no deference. Harenda further argues that the clarifications outlining the single layer test method constitute impermissible rule making. Finally, it argues that the State's enforcement action violates its substantive due process rights. ¶4 We determine, first, that the language of § 1.7.2.1 is ambiguous. Giving deference to an agency's interpretation of its 2 All references to Administrative Code are otherwise noted. chapter to the 2 NR 447 of the Wisconsin June 2004 version unless No. own rule, we conclude that the EPA's 2005AP1829 interpretation is controlling because it is neither inconsistent with § 1.7.2.1 nor clearly erroneous. clarifications do not We further constitute determine impermissible that rule the making; rather, they are valid interpretive rules. Finally, we determine that the circuit court's judgment does not violate Harenda's substantive due process rights. We therefore reverse the court of appeals. I A ¶5 To better understand the issues helpful to examine the regulatory framework. presented, it is We begin with a brief summary of the federal and state regulations at play in this case. ¶6 Under the federal Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is authorized to publish a list of emission hazardous air pollutants standards (National and Emission to establish Standards for national Hazardous Air Pollutants, or "NESHAPs") for each pollutant on the list. 42 U.S.C. § 7412; United States v. American National Can Co., 126 F. Supp. 2d 521, 523 (N.D. Ill. 2000). Asbestos was one of the first pollutants designated as hazardous under the Clean Air Act. National Can, 126 F. Supp. 2d at 523. ¶7 The original asbestos NESHAP was published in 1973, and included standards governing removal of asbestos prior to building demolition. 38 Fed. Reg. 8,820 (1973). In 1975, the asbestos NESHAP was expanded to address the handling of asbestos 3 No. during building renovations. 40 Fed. National Can, 126 F. Supp. 2d at NESHAP, which was published in 1990, Reg. 523. The is 2005AP1829 48,293 (1975); current asbestos found at 40 C.F.R. § 61.140 et seq. ¶8 The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR) is authorized by the Wisconsin Statutes to promulgate rules implementing clean air standards consistent with chapter 285 of the Wisconsin Admin. Code Statutes § NR and the 447.01(2);3 federal Wis. Clean Stat. Air Act. §§ 285.11, Wis. 285.13, 285.17, 285.27.4 Pursuant to this authority, the DNR promulgated rules concerning asbestos inspection, identification, and abatement. These rules are set forth in chapter NR 447 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code. ¶9 Chapter NR 447 is patterned after the federal NESHAP standards. See note to Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.01. Most importantly with respect to the present matter, chapter 447 has adopted measures requiring owners and operators to inspect facilities prior to demolition or renovation. Wis. Admin. Code 3 Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.01(2) provides: (2) PURPOSE. This chapter is adopted under ss. 285.11, 285.13, 285.17 and 285.27, Stats., to establish emission limitations for asbestos air contaminant sources, to establish procedures to be followed when working with asbestos materials and to create additional reporting and recordkeeping requirements for owners or operators of asbestos air contaminant sources in order to protect air quality. 4 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 200506 version unless otherwise noted. 4 No. 2005AP1829 § NR 447.06(1). If such an inspection reveals enough asbestos, the notification and abatement requirements of sections NR 447.07 and 447.08 apply to each owner or operator. Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.06(2). Violations of the regulations are strict liability offenses. United States v. B & W Inv. Properties, 38 F.3d 362, 367 (7th Cir. 1994). ¶10 As discussed more fully below in Part III A, the regulations define ACM as material that contains "more than 1% asbestos as determined using the method specified in Appendix E to Subpart E, 40 Microscopy . . . ." CFR part Wis. 763, Admin. section Code 1, § NR Polarized 447.02(1)(a). Light The regulations describing the proper way to analyze a multi-layered sample include the following instructions: "When discrete strata are identified, each is treated as a separate material so that fibers are first identified and quantified in that layer only, and then the results for each layer are combined to yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1. sample." 40 Wisconsin adopted both the definition and the instructions describing the method of analysis. Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.02; Wis. Admin. Code § NR 484.04(28)(July 2007). ¶11 The text of the instructions, however, quickly became a source of confusion. On two occasions the EPA issued notices of clarification to address how multi-layered samples are to be analyzed. 59 Fed. Reg. 542 (Jan. 5, 1994); 60 Fed. Reg. 65,243 (Dec. 19, 1995). 5 No. ¶12 The December 1995 clarification 2005AP1829 explained that § 1.7.2.1 continued EPA's past policy that separate layers in multi-layered systems were to be analyzed separately, such that "no averaging containing or dilution material with by combining layers nonasbestos-containing of asbestos- material was allowed." 60 Fed. Reg. 65,243 (Dec. 19, 1995). ¶13 The clarification allowed that a source sending a multi-layered sample to a laboratory for testing may request that certain samples first be composited for analysis in an effort to reduce time and the costs associated with the sample. It advised that when the composite analysis indicates that the average of the sample's layers is greater than one percent, the sample is deemed to be ACM and an individual analysis of the layers is not necessary. However, when the composited sample analysis results in less than one percent asbestos, but greater than zero, an "analysis by layers is required to ensure that no layer in the system contains greater than one percent asbestos." Id. ¶14 Pursuant to its regulatory authority the DNR initiated an enforcement action against Harenda. In this case we examine whether we owe deference to an agency's interpretation of its own rule concerning the testing of multi-layered samples for asbestos content. B ¶15 The background facts of this case are not in dispute. The circuit court set forth those facts in its Findings of Fact 6 No. 2005AP1829 and Conclusions of Law entered along with its order granting judgment in the State's favor. ¶16 This case stems from a decision by the Wisconsin Center District to renovate the Milwaukee Auditorium. In 2001, the Wisconsin Center District retained Harenda to conduct an inspection of the Auditorium for possible ACM prior to renovation. Among the areas Harenda inspected were the walls of the Auditorium's second floor bowl area (the "disputed area"). As part of its pre-demolition inspection, Harenda took samples from the disputed area and sent them to a testing laboratory. The test results indicated that none of the samples contained greater than one percent asbestos. ¶17 out by The demolition of the disputed area, which was carried a contractor, commenced in March 2002 and proceeded without following chapter NR 447 asbestos abatement regulations. After demolition had started, representatives of the State took samples from the walls of the disputed area for testing. The laboratory that tested the samples found a layer in a multilayered sample that contained greater than one percent asbestos. Demolition ceased, and the State collected three further samples from the disputed area. The tests on these samples showed that the samples each contained greater than one percent asbestos. ¶18 plaster Two days later, the State collected ten samples of material from the disputed area that had been demolished. It provided a "split" of each of these samples to Harenda. The laboratory found that four of the State's ten samples were multi-layered samples containing a single layer of 7 No. 2005AP1829 material with one percent asbestos or more, but with an overall asbestos content of less than one percent. ¶19 Harenda sent its split samples to an independent laboratory for testing. The laboratory found five of the ten samples were multi-layered samples containing a single layer of two percent asbestos and one layer of material that was a nondetect for asbestos. In contrast to the laboratory used by the State, Harenda's laboratory did not obtain an overall asbestos content for the five multi-layered asbestos-containing samples.5 ¶20 The State, upon the request of the DNR, filed a complaint against Harenda. Based on the tests of its samples from the disputed area, the State alleged that material from the disputed area contained a sufficient amount of ACM for it to be considered that regulated Harenda was asbestos-containing therefore liable 5 for material. It alleged violations of several We note that all of the tests performed on samples for both parties were performed based upon the interpretation of regulations advocated by the State. The court of appeals decision in this case indicates some confusion in this regard. In the first paragraph of its opinion, the court concludes that "Harenda's testing for asbestos contamination complied with the law, and, accordingly, [we] reverse." Harenda Enterprises, 297 Wis. 2d 571, ¶1. At oral argument, however, Harenda stated that the laboratory conducting the pre-demolition testing was instructed to conduct tests that complied with EPA's clarifications. Thus, the issue is not whether the test on Harenda's pre-demolition samples was conducted according to a different interpretation of the regulations. Rather, the question is whether a single layer in a multi-layer system containing greater than one percent asbestos must be treated as ACM. 8 No. 2005AP1829 provisions of Wis. Admin. Code Ch. NR 447. These include failure to adequately wet ACM in violation of § NR 447.08(6)(a), failure to carefully lower ACM in violation of § NR 447.08(6)(b), failure to remove ACM prior to demolition activity in violation of § NR 447.08(1), discharge of visible emissions to the outside air during the disturbance of ACM in violation of § NR 447.13(1), and failure to file an accurate notice of intent to renovate a facility containing ACM in violation of § NR 447.07. ¶21 The parties entered into a stipulation according to which Harenda would owe $37,138.50 in penalties and surcharges if it were held liable. They further stipulated that Harenda is an "operator" under chapter NR 447 and that the asbestos testing results from the various laboratories are "accurate within the analytical testing method that each respective laboratory utilized." ¶22 The circuit court granted a motion for summary judgment by the State. It determined that the State satisfied its burden 447.01(1)(a) of demonstrating and § NR that 447.02(1)(b) there and was the ACM under relevant § NR federal regulation, 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E., App. E, § 1.7.2.1. The circuit court further determined that the State met its burden in showing that the ACM was stripped or removed without complying with the requirements of chapter NR 447 as alleged in the complaint. ¶23 Harenda appealed. The court of appeals determined that the State's interpretation of 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E., App. E, § 1.7.2.1, which was based upon clarifications of the rule 9 No. 2005AP1829 issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, was inconsistent with the plain language of § 1.7.2.1. State v. Harenda Enterprises, Inc., 2006 WI App 230, ¶9, 297 Wis. 2d 571, 724 N.W.2d 434. It therefore reversed the judgment of the circuit court. The State petitioned for review. II ¶24 The interpretation containing central issue of method material the (ACM) in this used pursuant to to case concerns test for chapter the asbestos- NR 447 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code. This case is before us on the circuit court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the State. We review the grant or denial of summary judgment independently, but apply the same methodology as used by the circuit court. Wis. Mall Props., LLC v. Younkers, Inc., 2006 WI 95, ¶19, 293 Wis. 2d 573; 717 N.W.2d 703 (citing Green Spring Farms v. Kersten, 136 Wis. 2d 304, 315, 401 N.W.2d 816 (1987)). Summary judgment is appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Wis. Stat. § 802.08(2). ¶25 Administrative code provisions are interpreted according to principles of statutory construction.6 Orion Flight 6 See Wis. Stat. § 227.27(1), which states: In construing rules, ss. 990.001, 990.01, 990.03(1), (2) and (4), 990.04 and 990.06 apply in the same manner in which they apply to statutes, except that ss. 990.001 and 990.01 do not apply if the construction would produce a result that is inconsistent with the manifest intent of the agency. 10 No. Servs., Inc. Wis. 2d 421, v. Basler 714 Flight N.W.2d 130. Serv., When 2006 an WI 2005AP1829 51, ¶18, administrative 290 code provision is ambiguous, we turn to extrinsic sources in order to determine agency intent. Id. An administrative agency's interpretation of its own regulations is controlling "unless the interpretation is inconsistent with the language of the regulation or is clearly erroneous." Id. (quoting Bergmann v. McCaughtry, 211 Wis. 2d 1, 7, 564 N.W.2d 712 (1997)).7 Whether an agency's interpretation of a regulation is inconsistent with the regulation or clearly erroneous is a question of law that we review independently of the determinations rendered by the circuit court and court of appeals. Bergmann, 211 Wis. 2d at 8. ¶26 In addressing whether the regulation is clearly erroneous we consider the intent or purpose of the regulation. In resolving favor a ambiguities, construction of "[i]t a is statute fundamental or that regulation we must which will fulfill the intent of the statute or regulation over one which defeats its manifest object." Baierl v. McTaggart, 2001 WI 107, ¶21, 245 Wis. 2d 632, 629 N.W.2d 277 (citing Shands v. Castrovinci, 115 Wis. 2d 352, 356, 340 N.W.2d 506 (1983). ¶27 It is often difficult to discern the difference between an interpretive rule and a legislative rule, as they lie upon a "hazy continuum." American Hospital Ass'n v. Bowen, 834 7 Pfeiffer v. Board of Regents, 110 Wis. 2d 146, 154-55, 328 N.W.2d 279 (1983); Beal v. First Federal Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 90 Wis. 2d 171, 182, 279 N.W.2d 693 (1979); see also DaimlerChrysler v. Labor & Indus. Review Comm'n, 2007 WI 15, ¶11, 299 Wis. 2d 1, 727 N.W.2d 311. 11 No. 2005AP1829 F.2d 1037, 1045 (D.C. Cir. 1987). "Determining whether a given agency action is extraordinarily interpretive case-specific or legislative endeavor." Id.; see is an Harry T. Edwards and Linda A. Elliott, Federal Standards of Review, 13435. In making such a determination courts "consider the agency's own characterization of the particular action and will generally give deference to the agency's views." Beverly Health & Rehab. Servs. v. Thompson, 223 F. Supp. 2d 73, 103 (D.D.C. 2002)(quoting American Hosp. Ass'n, 834 F.2d at 1056 and British Caledonian Airways Ltd. v. Civil Aeronautics Bd., 584 F.2d 982, 991 (D.C. Cir. 1978))(internal punctuation and citations omitted). ¶28 In this case we also address the issue of whether the circuit court's judgment violated Harenda's constitutional right to substantive due process. Such an inquiry presents a question of law which we review independently. Kenosha County Dep't of Human Servs. v. Jodie W., 2006 WI 93, ¶22, 293 Wis. 2d 530, 716 N.W.2d 845. III A ¶29 defined Under as Wis. material Admin. Code "containing § NR 447.02(1)(b), more than 1% ACM is asbestos as determined using the method specified in Appendix E to Subpart E, 40 CFR part 763, section 1 . . . ."8 The parties agree that 8 Wis. Admin. Code § NR 447.02 provides in relevant part: (1) "ACM" means asbestos-containing material. 12 No. 2005AP1829 the provision of Appendix E, section 1 that is relevant in this case is § 1.7.2.1, "Gross Examination." The parties disagree, however, as to whether the language is clear or ambiguous. Harenda contends that § 1.7.2.1 is clear, and that the State's interpretation conflicts with the plain meaning of that section. To assess Harenda's argument, we begin by examining the language of the rule. Section 1.7.2.1 provides as follows: Bulk samples of building materials taken for the identification and quantitation of asbestos are first examined for homogeneity at low magnification with the aid of a stereomicroscope. The core sample may be examined in its container or carefully removed from the container onto a glassine transfer paper or clean glass plate. If possible, note is made of the top and bottom orientation. When discrete strata are identified, each is treated as a separate material so that fibers are first identified and quantified in that layer only, and then the results for each layer are combined to yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample. 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1 (emphasis added). ¶30 the above The focus of our inquiry is on the last sentence of rule. It describes two different types of testing . . . . (b) "Category II nonfriable ACM" means any material, excluding Category I nonfriable ACM, containing more than 1% asbestos as determined using the method specified in Appendix E to Subpart E, 40 CFR part 763, section 1, Polarized Light Microscopy that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder by hand pressure. See also Wis. Admin. Code § NR 484.04(28)(July 2007) (incorporating by reference 40 C.F.R. part 763, § 1 into § NR 447.02(1)(b)). 13 No. 2005AP1829 measurements: (1) a quantification of asbestos fibers in each discrete layer, and (2) an "estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample" achieved by combining the results from discrete layers. However, it is unclear which of these measurements is relevant in determining whether material is ACM. ¶31 The circuit court aptly describes the ambiguity in the two main clauses of the sentence, noting that they say different things: [I]f they can discern discrete strata, they're supposed to come up with a number for each layer. It says that in the first clause of the final sentence that I read. And then it's got a conjunction and which supports [Harenda's] argument, and the second clause, which says, And then you composite or come up with a total for all the layers. And the question what does it mean? . . . . I'm going to borrow from my early life as an English teacher. There's two clauses in one sentence, and they say two different things. They don't rule each other out, either. They say two different things, and they're joined by a linking conjunction. . . . [I]t doesn't say whether the violation occurs in both parts of the sentence, just one, or the other. It is not clear. However, I think it's significant that each half of the sentence doesn't rule the other out. And so then the question becomes, is this interim method rule . . . clear? No, it's not clear. And that's pretty obvious. 9 ¶32 ambiguity The with second clause respect to of how the to sentence arrive at reveals an further "estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample." It directs that "and 9 See also In re LVI Envtl. Servs, Inc., 2001 WL 988722, 10 E.A.D. 99, 106 (Envtl. App. Bd. 2001)(noting lack of clarity in the text of 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1 regarding which measure constitutes violation). 14 No. 2005AP1829 then the results of each layer are combined." However, it is unclear what is meant here by the word "combined." The State asserts that it is ambiguous, but posits that a reasonable interpretation is that the results are added together. Harenda maintains that "combined" means that the results are averaged. ¶33 The court of appeals, without explanation, concluded that "combining" the results from each layer requires that the percentage of asbestos for each layer be averaged. Harenda Enterprises, 297 Wis. 2d 571, ¶4. An obvious problem with the court of appeals' and Harenda's "plain meaning" interpretation is that the word "average" cannot be found in the text of the rule. ¶34 unity; Moreover, "combine" means to "bring into a state of merge." Language, 377 American (3rd ed. Heritage 1992). Dictionary "Average" of is the defined English as the "arithmetic mean." Id. at 127. However, "arithmetic mean" refers to the "value obtained by dividing the sum of a set of quantities by the number of quantities in the set." Id. at 99. Thus, averaging requires combining quantities and then dividing. The language of the rule, however, states only that quantities are to be combined. ¶35 Further, the language of the section leaves unclear which layers are combined to yield an estimate of the asbestos content of the whole sample. There are two plausible interpretations. The first is that only the results from each layer in which there are asbestos fibers are combined to yield an estimate of the asbestos content of the whole sample. The 15 No. second interpretation identified, is including that those the in results which no from asbestos 2005AP1829 every layer fibers are identified and quantified, are combined to yield the estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample. This appears to be the interpretation embraced by the court of appeals. ¶36 In light of these interpretations, we reject Harenda's contention that the text of the rule is unambiguous. It is unclear how the first clause of the relevant sentence relates to the second clause. Likewise, the meaning of the word "combine" is uncertain, and there are competing interpretations as to what layers are to be combined to yield an estimate of asbestos content. We therefore determine that the language of § 1.7.2.1 is ambiguous. B ¶37 The determination that § 1.7.2.1 is ambiguous, however, does not end our inquiry. We must next examine whether the State's interpretation is inconsistent with the regulation or clearly erroneous. As we have noted, an administrative agency's interpretation of its own regulations is controlling unless the language agency's of the interpretation regulation or is is "inconsistent clearly with erroneous." the Orion Flight Servs., 290 Wis. 2d 421, ¶18. ¶38 ACM if The State maintains that under § 1.7.2.1, material is a single layer from a multi-layered sample contains greater than one percent asbestos. It bases its position on the interpretations advanced in two clarifications issued by the EPA 16 No. 2005AP1829 in response to questions regarding the testing of multi-layered samples. ¶39 that In the first, issued in January 1994, the EPA stated the clarification regulated community was who a had response to "frequently members asked" of the questions regarding the analysis of multi-layered samples. The Agency has learned that some of the regulated community have questions concerning the analysis of samples which may contain multiple layers, any or all of which may be asbestos containing materials (ACM) . . . . Because these questions are frequently asked, EPA is making this clarification. 59 Fed. Reg. 542 (Jan. 5, 1994). ¶40 samples The are clarification tested, the provided results that from when each multi-layered layer should be reported. It stated that "[i]n general, when a sample consists of two or more distinct layers or materials, each layer should be treated separately and the results reported by layer (discrete stratum)." Id. ¶41 Thus, the EPA's interpretation of § 1.7.2.1 is that the results of each layer are relevant in determining whether material is ACM. This addresses the first ambiguity in § 1.7.2.1 that we describe above. It sheds light on the circuit court's question of "whether the violation occurs in both parts of the sentence, just one, or the other." The January 1994 statement clarifies that a violation occurs in the first part of the sentence. ¶42 The second clarification in which the EPA interprets its rule was issued in December 1995 in response to continued 17 No. 2005AP1829 questions regarding the testing of multi-layered samples. The EPA explains in the second clarification that prior to adopting the procedures set forth in 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1, on November 20, 1990, the EPA had informal policies of treating each layer in multi-layer systems separately and against diluting asbestos-containing layers by combining them with layers not containing asbestos: EPA's unwritten policy based on the definition of "friable asbestos material" was that each layer in a multi-layered system was to be analyzed as a separate material (no averaging or dilution by combining layers of asbestos-containing material with nonasbestoscontaining material was allowed). 60 Fed. Reg. 65,243 (Dec. 19, 1995). ¶43 the Further, January the December 1994 1995 clarification statement explained interpreted that § 1.7.2.1 as precluding averaging. It states that in multi-layered systems, "results were not allowed to be combined to determine average asbestos content (continuing the policy that dilution of an asbestos-containing material is not allowed)." Id. ¶44 provides The EPA's guidance "Combining" the December on results a 1995 second from clarification ambiguity discrete layers therefore in § 1.7.2.1. does not mean averaging the content of those layers where doing so dilutes the results. ¶45 The document also describes a potentially cost-saving method for testing multi-layered samples. It explains that in testing multi-layered samples, labs may composite layers first in order to determine whether 18 it is necessary to perform No. 2005AP1829 potentially more costly and time-consuming testing of discrete layers: Any source sending multi-layered bulk samples to a lab may request that certain sample(s) or portions of sample(s) be composited for analysis first (to potentially reduce time and cost of sampling). (Note: A composite sample does not mean that multiple samples may be composited into one sample. It means that multiple layers of one core sample may be composited for analysis.) Id.10 ¶46 The clarification then explains that if the analysis of composited layers shows that the average content of asbestos for the whole sample is greater than one percent, the system must be treated as ACM. However, if the analysis shows the presence of asbestos, but in a concentration of less than one percent, each discrete strata must be treated separately. If a single layer is found to contain greater than one percent asbestos, then that layer must be treated as ACM. If the result of the composite analysis shows that the average content for the multi-layered system (across the layers) is greater than one percent, then the multi-layered system must be treated as asbestoscontaining and analysis by layers is not necessary. If the result of the composite sample analysis indicates that the multi-layered system as a whole contains asbestos in the amount of one percent or less, but greater than none detected, then analysis by layers is required to ensure that no layer in the system contains greater than one percent asbestos. If any layer contains greater than one percent asbestos, that layer must be treated as asbestos-containing. This 10 The clarification composited layers. details 19 the procedure for analyzing No. 2005AP1829 will have the effect of requiring all layers in a multi-layered system to be treated as asbestoscontaining if the layers can not be separated without disturbing the asbestos-containing layer. Once any one layer is shown to have greater than one percent asbestos, further analysis of the other layers is not necessary if all the layers will be treated as asbestos-containing. Id. ¶47 The December 1995 statement therefore reiterates the position of the asbestos content January 1994 from single a statement layer that may the render measure of multi-layer material ACM. It also provides an opportunity to perform first a composite test in order to determine more quickly and efficiently that a sample is ACM. Notably, it does not imply that the "estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample" described in § 1.7.2.1 is an average of all layers. Rather, it clarifies that averaging may not be used to dilute the measure of asbestos content in multi-layer samples. The composite test allows averaging, but it is a separate test used to forestall the expense of analyzing individual layers and not as a means of dilution. ¶48 The State's argument regarding the testing method is therefore supported by the EPA's clarifications, which are not inconsistent with § 1.7.2.1. Moreover, the EPA's interpretation is not clearly erroneous, as its interpretation is supported by the purpose of regulation and basic principles of statutory construction. ¶49 The manifest purpose of chapter NR 447 of the Wisconsin Administrative Code, which incorporates 40 C.F.R. Pt. 20 No. 2005AP1829 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1, is to protect workers and the public from air pollution from asbestos. Prohibiting the dilution of ACM by averaging the asbestos content of multi-layer systems serves that purpose.11 ¶50 The interpretation suggested by Harenda, and adopted by the court of appeals, runs contrary to the purpose of the rule. At oral argument, the State explained that averaging layers would allow that a layer of wall containing (for example) 1.9 percent asbestos would constitute ACM if it were standing alone, but not constitute ACM if attached to a layer of wall with no asbestos. The State explained, however, that whether the asbestos-containing layer is attached to a non-asbestos- containing layer does not diminish the amount of asbestos that 11 The dissent emphasizes the importance of "clear, understandable, enforceable testing methods" in "an area as crucial as asbestos removal." Dissent, ¶78. It next warns that asbestos exposure can lead to a "horrible death." Id., ¶79. It advances that "[t]he current testing methods and procedures are dangerously ineffective." Id., ¶95. Finally, it claims that the clarifications "do not actually protect the worker." Id., ¶96. Despite the dissent's purported concern for protecting the worker, and its concerns about clarity, horrible consequences, and dangerously ineffective testing methods, the dissent nevertheless opts for no meaningful regulation whatsoever. Instead it would leave in place an ambiguous rule. It is unclear how the State would regulate demolition of ACM if the interpretive rule is invalidated. It would appear that under the dissent's view, workers would receive no protection in the demolition materials in which some layers contain greater than one percent ACM. The dissent's reply that the majority "invalidates the substantive rule" is incorrect. Id., ¶94 n.14. The rule is valid, and the clarifications address its ambiguity. 21 No. 2005AP1829 disperses into the air when a worker strikes the wall with a hammer or a wrecking ball.12 ¶51 The State's and EPA's interpretation is also required in order to harmonize § 1.7.2.1. It is the a language basic of § NR principle administrative rule construction that of 447.02(1)(b) and statutory "provisions and relating to the same subject matter should be read together and harmonized when possible." State v. Morford, 2004 WI 5, ¶21, 268 Wis. 2d 300, 674 N.W.2d 349. ¶52 Section 447.02(1)(b) states that "'Category II nonfriable ACM' means any material" that contains greater than one percent asbestos Section 1.7.2.1 discrete (Emphasis discrete is strata, explicit "each added.) strata under is Reading must be § 1.7.2.1. that (Emphasis where a treated as separate material." these two provisions together, treated as a separate sample added.) contains material under § 1.7.2.1, and any material containing greater than one percent asbestos is ACM under § NR 447.02(1)(b). It therefore follows 12 The court of appeals rejected this argument. It determined that the argument led to the "absurd" result that a "massively thick wall with an extremely thin coat of paint" containing just over one percent asbestos could constitute ACM. Harenda Enterprises, 297 Wis. 2d 571, ¶9 n.4. It is not clear why this is an absurd result. As the State explained at oral argument, if a worker strikes the paint-covered wall with a hammer or wrecking ball, the amount of asbestos entering the air would not depend on whether the material under the paint is thick or thin. Regardless, the difficulty of making such determinations demonstrates the value of deferring to an agency's expertise in interpreting its regulations. 22 No. that a discrete strata containing greater than 2005AP1829 one percent a discrete asbestos is ACM. ¶53 Interpreting the regulations such that strata in a multi-layer sample cannot be ACM would require that "material" have 447.02(1)(b). different However, meanings it in seems § 1.7.2.1 implausible and § NR that § NR 447.02(1)(b) uses the word "material" to mean one thing, but employs and directly refers to a test for ACM that uses "material" to mean something altogether different. ¶54 of Harenda argues, however, that the EPA's interpretation § 1.7.2.1 contradicts the section because it renders the second clause of the sentence (estimating the asbestos content of the entire sample) superfluous. Construction of statutes and administrative rules interpretations State Pers. that Comm'n, should render 2003 avoid language WI 97, whenever superfluous. ¶49, 263 possible Hutson Wis. 2d 612, v. 655 N.W.2d 212. Harenda's argument misses the mark for two reasons. ¶55 First, its argument assumes that "combining" the results from discrete layers to "yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample" means averaging the results. The EPA was clear in the January 1994 and December 1995 documents that layers could not be averaged as a means to dilute layers containing greater than one percent asbestos. 59 Fed. Reg. 542 (Jan. 5, discussion layers 1994); of occurs 60 Fed. averaging in the Reg. the 65,243 asbestos context of (Dec. 19, contents providing 1995). for The multiple testers the opportunity to do a preliminary cost- and time-saving test in 23 No. order to establish whether analyzing discrete 2005AP1829 layers is necessary. Id. ¶56 Second, it is Harenda's interpretation of § 1.7.2.1 that renders language superfluous. If the asbestos content of an entire multi-layer sample is the only measure relevant in determining whether material is ACM, there would be no need to treat each layer "as a separate material so that fibers are first identified and quantified in that layer only." Material could be determined ACM without analyzing discrete strata. Harenda's argument is unpersuasive.13 ¶57 We therefore conclude that the EPA's January 1994 and December 1995 language of interpretation clarifications § 1.7.2.1. is not We are also clearly not inconsistent conclude that erroneous. with the The the EPA's EPA's 13 The dissent states that we conclude the language in § 1.7.2.1 "is ambiguous because of the word 'combined.'" Dissent, ¶83. It further states that the 1994 and 1995 statements do not "clarify the alleged ambiguity," id., ¶85 (emphasis added), and "change the analysis from a multi-layered approach to a single-layer approach." Id., ¶88. The dissent, however, neglects a substantial portion of our analysis. As we discuss in the text, there are two significant ambiguities in the rule. One concerns the word "combined." The other ambiguity, which was aptly described by the circuit court, is whether a violation occurs when asbestos content for discrete layers is quantified or whether a violation occurs only after the results from the discrete layers are "combined" (regardless of what "combined" means). While the dissent is correct that the clarifications do not fully explain what "combined" means, they directly address the ambiguity regarding what aspects of the test may give rise to a violation. The dissent's claim that the clarifications "do not address the alleged ambiguity" and thus "changes" the analysis is therefore mistaken. 24 No. 2005AP1829 interpretation fulfills the purpose of the asbestos regulations, whereas the alternative interpretation Harenda proposes defeats that purpose. Moreover, the EPA's view is supported by basic principles of statutory construction. Giving deference to an agency's interpretation of its own rule, we conclude that the interpretation of § 1.7.2.1 explained in the EPA's January 1994 and December 1995 clarifications is controlling. 14 IV 14 Harenda further maintains that if § 1.7.2.1 is unclear, it is unconstitutionally vague and therefore void. However, its argument on this point is broadly stated and not sufficiently developed. It contends that the provision is unconstitutionally vague under the test set forth in State v. McManus, 152 Wis. 2d 113, 135, 447 N.W.2d 654 (1989). According to that test the statute or regulation must give "persons of ordinary intelligence who seek to avoid its penalties fair notice of the conduct required or prohibited," and "must provide standards for those who enforce the laws and adjudicate guilt." Id. The standard Harenda cites applies to criminal statutes and regulations. See State v. Hahn, 221 Wis. 2d 670, 677, 586 N.W.2d 5 (Ct. App. 1998). However, Harenda has failed to explain why that standard should apply rather than the standard for cases involving civil penalties. See Gross v. Woodman's Food Mkt., 2002 WI App 295, ¶¶56-57, 259 Wis. 2d 181, 655 N.W.2d 718 (citing Village of Hoffman Estates v. Flipside, Hoffman Estates, Inc., 455 U.S. 489, 498 (1982)). Additionally, at oral argument Harenda acknowledged that the laboratories conducting tests on its behalf were advised to use the testing methods set forth in the clarifications (i.e., the same tests used by the laboratories conducting tests for the State). It is unclear how Harenda can now argue that the regulations fail to provide fair notice and standards for enforcement when its lab was advised to use the testing method set forth in the clarifications. Because Harenda's argument that the regulations are unconstitutionally vague is insufficiently developed, we need not address it here. Kristi L.M. v. Dennis E.M., 2007 WI 85, ¶20 n.7, 302 Wis. 2d 185, 734 N.W.2d 375. 25 No. ¶58 2005AP1829 Harenda also argues that the clarifications impose new obligations, and absent the clarifications, there would be no basis for the State's enforcement action. It contends that the clarifications are therefore legislative rules, and that they are unenforceable proper because administrative they rule were making not enacted procedures through pursuant the to 5 U.S.C. § 553. ¶59 Under the federal Administrative Procedures Act (APA), an agency may issue a legislative rule only if it uses the note and comment establishes Indus. procedure an Ass'n However, procedure DEA, agency in legislative exception v. an described 333 need order rule under to F.3d not in 5 5 U.S.C. 1082, follow issue an promulgated U.S.C. § § 553(b)(3)(B). 1087 the (9th Cir. note interpretive without 553(b) and Hemp 2003). comment rule. complying or Id. with A the procedures of the APA is invalid. Id. It is not disputed that the clarifications were issued without the procedures required to issue a legislative rule. Rather, the question is whether the clarifications are interpretive or legislative rules. ¶60 The difference between interpretive rules and legislative rules is, roughly speaking, that interpretive rules merely explain substantive law, and legislative rules create rights, impose obligations, or effect a change in existing law. Yesler Terrace Community Council v. Cisneros, 37 F.3d 442, 449 (9th Cir. 1994). A rule is legislative if, "in the absence of the rule, there would not be an adequate legislative basis for enforcement action." Hemp Indus. 26 Ass'n, 333 F.3d at 1087. No. However, as noted above, interpretive rules and 2005AP1829 legislative rules lie upon a "hazy continuum" and distinguishing them is a case-specific endeavor. American Hospital Ass'n, 834 F.2d at 1045. ¶61 Southern Harenda cites California to in a recent, support unpublished from its of case that the claim clarifications are legislative rules. In U.S. v. San Diego Gas & Electric Co., 2006 LEXIS 84856 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 21, 2006) (SDG&E), San Diego County sued San Diego Gas and Electric for violating asbestos work county's indictment practice stated that standards. the Id. alleged at ACM 4. The contained multiple layers and was tested for asbestos according to the method outlined in the clarifications. That is, the county's test would find that the material is ACM if "any of the layers, standing alone . . . [contains] over 1% asbestos and [is] friable." Id. at 9. ¶62 described The court in the determined that clarifications the "single-layer" conflicts with the method test set forth in § 1.7.2.1. It interpreted the § 1.7.2.1 test to mean that "material yields more therefore than held multi-layered is not 1 that regulated percent the material unless asbestos." government's contained the Id. at failure greater combined 22. to than result The court allege that one percent asbestos as determined by averaging the asbestos content of the layers was fatal to its indictment. Id. at 27-28. ¶63 The court's conclusion in SDG&E, however, turns on an interpretation of § 1.7.2.1 that we have rejected. As explained 27 No. 2005AP1829 above, it is our determination that a reasonable interpretation of § 1.7.2.1 is that multi-layer material is ACM if a single layer has an asbestos content of greater than one percent. That interpretation manifest is purpose supported of the by rule, EPA's and clarifications, principles of the statutory construction.15 Further, the SDG&E court uncritically adopts the view, which we reject, that in § 1.7.2.1 "combine" means average. ¶64 Moreover, § 1.7.2.1 provides an adequate basis for the enforcement discuss action above, even without § 1.7.2.1 is the clarifications. ambiguous, and interpretation is consistent with the section. As the we EPA's Specifically, § 1.7.2.1 supports the interpretation that if a single layer of a multi-layer sample contains greater than one percent asbestos, the material is ACM. Also as outlined above, that interpretation is supported by the purpose of the regulations and basic principles of construction. ¶65 Finally, we are mindful that the EPA characterized the 1994 and 1995 statements as "clarifications to the final rule" rather than rules. When courts consider an agency's characterization of its actions they "generally give deference to the agency's views." Beverly Health & Rehab., 223 F. Supp. 2d 15 Similarly, the dissent maintains that the clarifications do not apply because they have not been formally adopted by the DNR. Dissent, ¶¶90-91. However, the dissent's argument rests on a faulty premise. The DNR must formally adopt only legislative rules. For the reasons outlined in the text, the clarifications are interpretive rules that do not require formal adoption. 28 No. at 103. The EPA's view supports our conclusion 2005AP1829 that the statements are interpretive rules rather than legislative rules. We therefore provides determine an enforcement adequate action.16 that, contrary legislative The to basis clarifications SDG&E, for are § 1.7.2.1 the not State's legislative rules. Rather, they are valid interpretive rules. V ¶66 We turn finally to Harenda's due process argument. Harenda contends that its pre-demolition sampling and testing satisfied the applicable regulations and indicated that the material in the disputed area was not ACM. It further maintains that the differences between the results of its tests on the split samples and the State's tests on the split samples create an issue of fact as to whether the material from the disputed area was ACM. Thus, it argues that the circuit court granted the State's motion for summary judgment on the basis of "conflicting test results." It maintains that the decision was therefore arbitrary, and it violated Harenda's right to due process. 16 Harenda asserts that the "State admits that, without the substantive changes . . . effected by the Clarifications, it loses this case . . . [and] admits that it can only establish a violation if the Clarification testing method is used." At oral argument the State rejected this characterization of its view. The State's view, it explained, is that the clarifications do not effect substantive change at all. Rather, the State admits that the average asbestos content of the samples from the disputed area is less than one percent. 29 No. ¶67 2005AP1829 Harenda's contention that the circuit court's decision was arbitrary is unpersuasive. Its due process argument is thus without foundation. ¶68 The circuit court based its decision on a four-element test as set forth in National Can, 126 F. Supp. 2d 521: In order to establish liability under the asbestos NESHAP, the government must prove that 1) [American Can] was an owner or operator of a facility, 2) a renovation occurred, 3) asbestos was removed or stripped without complying with the requirements and practices delineated in the asbestos NESHAP, and 4) a jurisdictional amount of asbestos was disturbed. Id. at 525, note 1 (citing 40 C.F.R. § 61.140 et seq.) ¶69 strictly Under the above test, liable for asbestos owners abatement and operators regulation are violations occurring at their regulated facilities. The State does not have to prove any negligence or intent to violate the regulation. As stated in United States v. B & W Inv. Properties, 38 F.3d 362 (7th Cir. 1994): Having been deemed an owner or operator, [the defendant] has no valid challenge against application of the Act, regardless of how minimal the company's responsibilities or knowledge may actually have been. The Act imposes strict liability on all owners and operators of properties in violation of the Act. Id. at 367. ¶70 operator renovation The of parties a have facility. occurred and stipulated There that is that Harenda is an no dispute that a also removal of material from the disputed area occurred without following the procedures outlined in chapter 447. Further, Harenda does not contest that if the 30 No. 2005AP1829 material removed from the disputed area is ACM, a jurisdictional amount of asbestos was disturbed.17 The issue is whether the material removed from the disputed area is ACM. ¶71 argument Harenda that is correct Harenda failed that to the State conduct has its offered no pre-demolition sampling and testing according to the regulations. In fact, the State offers no opinion on the issue. Instead, the State asserts that liability does not depend on whether an owner or operator conducts pre-demolition sampling testing in accord with the regulations. ¶72 not The State is correct. The elements set forth above do require that the owner or operator sample or test improperly, and Harenda offers no argument that sampling and testing according to the regulations is a defense. Thus, in the 17 Wisconsin Admin. Code § NR 447.06(2) establishes the amounts of ACM that trigger measures in §§ NR 447.07 and 447.08. It provides in relevant part: (2) APPLICABILITY. The requirements of ss. NR 447.07 and 447.08 apply to each owner or operator of a demolition or renovation activity, including the removal of RACM as follows: (a) In a facility being demolished, all the requirements of ss. NR 447.07 and 447.08 apply, except as provided in par. (c), if the combined amount of RACM meets any of the following: 1. At least 80 linear meters (260 linear feet) on pipes or at least 15 square meters (160 square feet) on other facility components; or 2. At least one cubic meter (35 cubic feet) off of facility components where the length or area could not be measured previously. 31 No. 2005AP1829 present case liability depends on whether the material disturbed was ACM, not on the quality of Harenda's pre-demolition sampling and testing. ¶73 Harenda's arbitrary choice argument between that the "dueling circuit test court results" is made an similarly unpersuasive. It makes much of the fact that the tests of the split samples different conducted results. variability" in for Harenda testing the State contends results and for that undermines Harenda such the had "analytic basis of the circuit court's decision and renders it arbitrary. ¶74 It is correct that Harenda's tests indicated that one more sample contained ACM than the State's test, and it is also correct that the tests differed with respect to the precise amount of asbestos in some samples. However, the samples are not "dueling" with respect to whether the material was ACM under the regulations. The tests on the split samples conducted for Harenda and the tests on the split samples conducted for the State both came back positive for ACM. Regardless of "analytic variability," the two sets of tests were consistent in the relevant respect, namely, whether the material was ACM. ¶75 Harenda's pre-demolition sampling and testing was the only set of tests that did not indicate that material from the disputed area was ACM. The State's test during demolition indicated that the material was ACM, and the State's test after demolition Further, was both halted the indicated State's and that the Harenda's material tests on was the ACM. split samples indicated that the material was ACM. The parties have 32 No. 2005AP1829 stipulated that the tests were accurate within their testing method. Thus, the array of positive tests is sufficient to show the presence of ACM. ¶76 Accordingly, arbitrary in the we circuit determine court's that there conclusion was that nothing the tests showed that the material from the disputed area was ACM. Harenda therefore has no basis for a claim that the decision violated its right to due process. VI ¶77 In § 1.7.2.1 sum, is we determine, ambiguous. interpretation of its own Giving rule, first, that deference we the to conclude language an that of agency's the EPA's interpretation is controlling because it is neither inconsistent with § 1.7.2.1 nor clearly erroneous. We further determine that the clarifications do not constitute impermissible rule making; rather, they are valid interpretive rules. Finally, we determine that the circuit court's judgment does not violate Harenda's substantive due process rights. We therefore reverse the court of appeals. By the Court. The decision reversed. 33 of the court of appeals is No. ¶78 ANNETTE KINGSLAND ZIEGLER, J. 2005AP1829.akz (dissenting). In an area as crucial as asbestos removal, it is important to have clear, understandable, enforceable testing methods. In general, clarifications may be a useful guide, but the "clarifications" in this case are inconsistent with the plain language of the rule and more than interpretive guidelines. In fact, the "clarifications" effect a substantive change rather than clarify the alleged ambiguity in the 1990 rule. Despite the fact that the "clarifications" do not clarify the alleged ambiguity, are contrary to the promulgated rule, and were not adopted in this state, the majority still gives them the force of law. As a result, I must respectfully dissent. I ¶79 Asbestos is a group of minerals that naturally occur as fibers. such as It has been widely used in many industrial products flooring, asbestos can lead textiles, to and mesothelioma, insulation.1 which is Exposure a rare form to of cancer that affects the protective sac of most internal organs such as the lungs. worked on jobs "Most people who develop mesothelioma have where they inhaled asbestos particles."2 Symptoms, however, may not appear until 30 to 50 years after exposure. The incidence of this rare cancer has increased over the past 20 years but may be stabilizing now. 1 Once symptoms National Cancer Institute, U.S. National Institutes Health, Mesothelioma: Questions and Answers, available http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/SitesTypes/mesothelioma. 2 Id. 1 of at No. 2005AP1829.akz appear and the cancer is diagnosed, the disease is often very advanced.3 Mesothelioma is often associated with a horrible death. II ¶80 The Clean Air Act regulates hazardous pollutants, such as asbestos. 42 U.S.C.A. § 7412 (West 1999). The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) pursuant to its authority under § 7412. In 1973, the EPA promulgated the first asbestos NESHAP regulation. See 38 Fed. Reg. 8,820, 8,826-30 (Apr. 6, 1973). The asbestos NESHAP specifies procedures for removing certain asbestos § 61.145. materials. 40 C.F.R. Pt. 61, Subpt. M, The 1973 regulation underwent significant changes in 1990 in order to "enhance enforcement and promote compliance with the current standard without altering the stringency of existing controls." 55 Fed. Reg. 48,406, 48,406 (Nov. 20, the EPA 1990). ¶81 Following established the the proper "Interim content in bulk samples.4 rule-making Method" for process, determining asbestos See id. at 48,415; 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, 3 American Cancer Society, ACS: What are the Key Statistics about Malignant Mesothelioma?, available at http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_th e_key_statistics_for_malignant_mesothelioma_29.asp?sitearea=, revision 10/19/06. 4 Section 1.7.2.1, Gross Examination, provides: Bulk samples of building materials taken for the identification and quantitation of asbestos are first examined for homogeneity at low magnification with the aid of a stereomicroscope. The core sample may be examined in its container or carefully removed from 2 No. Subpt. E, App. E, § 1.7.2.1, Gross 2005AP1829.akz Examination. The DNR incorporated by reference the 1990 testing method, but it did not so incorporate the 1994 and 1995 clarifications.5 The 1990 method seems to the sample for require the homogeneity; following: (2) if the (1) examine sample is core homogeneous, identify fibers and quantify asbestos content for the sample; (3) when discrete strata are identified, the fibers in each layer are identified and quantified; "and then" (4) after the layers are quantified, the results of each layer are combined to yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample. See, e.g., State v. Harenda Enters., Inc., 2006 WI App 230, ¶4, 297 Wis. 2d 571, 724 N.W.2d 434. ¶82 The plain language of the 1990 rule is instructive. It does not stop at the analysis of each layer. then the results for each layer are combined It reads: "and to yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample." (Emphasis the container onto a glassine transfer paper or clean glass plate. If possible, note is made of the top and bottom orientation. When discrete strata are identified, each is treated as a separate material so that fibers are first identified and quantified in that layer only, and then the results for each layer are combined to yield an estimate of asbestos content for the whole sample. 40 C.F.R. added.) Pt. 763, Subpt. E, 5 App. E, § 1.7.2.1. (Emphasis The 1990 testing method, unlike the clarifications, was incorporated by reference on December 4, 1994. See Wis. Admin. Code § NR 484.04(28) (July 2007) (incorporating by reference 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1 for §§ NR 447.02(1)(a) and (b), 447.02(16), 447.02(27), 447.02(36), 447.09(1)(a) and(b)(intro)). 3 No. added.) 2005AP1829.akz If the rule was intended to require removal when any one layer was over one percent, the rule would not need the last clause, which requires that layers be combined to yield a result for the whole sample. ¶83 § 1.7.2.1 The majority, however, concludes that the language in is ambiguous because majority op., ¶¶29-36. 1994 and 1995 EPA of the word "combined." See As a result, the majority relies on the clarifications, which undermine language of the properly promulgated 1990 rule.6 the plain The majority accepts the two EPA "clarifications" even though they do not have the force of law, are contrary to the plain language of the rule, and read the "combined" requirement out of existence. majority op., ¶¶38-49. See Because the clarifications (1) do not clarify the ambiguity; (2) were not properly promulgated and are not the law of this state; and (3) fail to fully protect the worker, I must dissent. 6 The majority defers to the agency's interpretation stating, "[a]n administrative agency's interpretation of its own regulations is controlling 'unless the interpretation is inconsistent with the language of the regulation or is clearly erroneous.'" See majority op., ¶25 (citing Orion Flight Servs., Inc. v. Basler Flight Serv., 2006 WI 51, 290 Wis. 2d 421, 714 N.W.2d 130. Because the agency's interpretation is inconsistent with the properly promulgated rule, I give no deference to the agency's interpretation. See part B of this dissent. However, as the court of appeals so aptly stated, "[i]rrespective of what level of deference is appropriate, [] an agency interpretation may not trump a statute's clear language." State v. Harenda Enters., Inc., 2006 WI App 230, ¶¶8-9, 297 Wis. 2d 571, 724 N.W.2d 434. 4 No. 2005AP1829.akz A ¶84 and Even if we look to the 1994 and 1995 clarifications ignore the clarifications fact but that the adopted DNR only did the not adopt 1990 the rule, the clarifications still do not clarify the alleged ambiguity of what "combined" means. "clarifications" for In the 1994 1990 and 1995, rule. The the EPA January produced 5, 1994, clarification briefly explained, "when a sample consists of two or more distinct layers or materials, each layer should be treated separately and the results reported by layer (discrete stratum)." 59 Fed. Reg. 542 (Jan. 5, 1994). Even if this is an explanation, it still fails to explain what actions should be taken to combine layers to yield an estimate for the whole sample. ¶85 To add to the confusion, the second clarification, issued in 1995, states that combining layers was never allowed. That contention, however, language of the rule. is clearly contrary to the plain The 1995 clarification states that the "unwritten policy" of the EPA dating back to the 1970s "was that each layer in a multi-layered system was to be analyzed as a separate material (no averaging or dilution by combining layers of asbestos-containing material was allowed)." material with nonasbestos-containing 60 Fed. Reg. 65,243 (Dec. 19, 1995). While this new test the single layer approach may be a better approach, it is contrary to the 5 1990 rule's plain language. No. 2005AP1829.akz Rather than clarify the alleged ambiguity, the clarifications create a new and distinct rule. B ¶86 Under our system of government, any enforceable rule, however, must be vetted through the proper rule-making process. The rule-making process is an important part of our democracy. It gives interested parties the opportunity to be heard. The Administrative Procedures Act governs the promulgation of new federal agency rules, 5 U.S.C.A. § 553, and chapter 227 of the Wisconsin Statutes governs the promulgation of Wisconsin agency rules. Rules must be subjected to a notice and comment period before they may take effect. Stat. §§ 227.16-227.19. 5 U.S.C.A. § 553(b) and (c); Wis. The notice and comment period occurred at the state and federal level for the 1990 rule, but it never occurred with respect to the 1994 and 1995 clarifications. Because the clarifications effect substantive change and create a new rule, the rule-making process was required. ¶87 the When a rule is interpretive rather than substantive, rule is excepted requirements. 5 substantive rather whether U.S.C.A. creates it obligations. 333 F.3d than the notice § 553(c). assigns comment Whether interpretive, rights, and however, duties, or a period rule depends imposes is upon new See Hemp Indus. Ass'n v. Drug Enforcement Admin., 1082, legislative from 1087 (9th Cir. 2003) (concluding or substantive rule promulgated (1) without that a following the rule-making requirements is invalid; and (2) that a rule is 6 No. legislative or substantive if it imposes new 2005AP1829.akz obligations or changes existing law).7 ¶88 Here, there can be no question that the 1994 and 1995 clarifications effect a substantive change to the law, impose new obligations on companies such as significant civil or criminal liability. Harenda, and create The "clarifications" change the analysis from a multi-layered approach to a singlelayer approach. rule-making This changes the rule without following proper procedures because instead of a quantity of asbestos for the whole sample giving rise to an obligation for special removal procedures, a company, such as Harenda, must follow special removal procedures when only one layer out of many contains greater than one percent asbestos. clarifications impose new obligations upon Because the companies such as Harenda, the clarifications change the rules governing asbestos 7 See also Yesler Terrace Cmty. Council v. Cisneros, 37 F.3d 442, 449 (9th Cir. 1994) (discussing the difference between interpretive and legislative rules); Elizabeth Williams, What constitutes "interpretative rule" of agency so as to exempt such action from notice requirements of Administrative Procedure Act (5 USCS § 553(b)(3)(A), 126 A.L.R. Fed. 347 (1995). 7 No. testing.8 In fact, the State seems to 2005AP1829.akz concede that the clarifications change the rule; the State admits that it cannot meet its burden of proof if the clarifications are not the law.9 Thus, the clarifications substantively change the rules governing asbestos testing. 8 See, e.g., Robert M. Howard, Patricia Guerrero, David B. McGrath, Drew R. Van Orden, The EPA's Prosecution of Clean Air Act Asbestos NESHAP Cases Based Upon Non-binding Bulk Material Test Methods, 44 San Diego L. Rev. 173, 202-03 (2007) (identifying five substantive differences between the 1990 and 1993 test methods: (1) averaging of multilayered material, which has been through federal rulemaking three times, is rejected by the 1993 test method; (2) the 1990 rule "mandates 'representative,' multilayered samples to quantify asbestos content layer by-layer" instead of material becoming regulated if any single layer is greater than one-percent asbestos; (3) changing the "small quantity" criteria for pipe wrap; (4) unlike the 1993 test method, the 1990 "method makes no laboratory determination of friability, as a predictor of the material's actual condition in the field"; (5) "[u]nlike the 1990 test method, the newer 1993 test method requires laboratories to report on friability as that term is separately defined" in the new test method). The 1993 method, which this article refers to, is the method discussed in the clarifications. See id. at 182-86 (referring to R.L. Perkins & B.W. Harvey, Test Method, Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building Materials, U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, EPA/600/R-93/116 (1993)). 9 At the summary judgment hearing, the State said: Then, question number 2 is whether or not the clarifications apply. Again, every test result that the State submitted were--used the clarification method. Every one. Why? Because they were all certified labs. And all certified labs under the NVLAP procedures have to follow the clarifications. They were all analyzed by layer. I'm first to admit that if you throw out the clarifications, you throw out the State's test results. Every one was analyzed I believe under the NVLAP approach. And so this is obviously a pivotal aspect. (Emphasis added.) 8 No. ¶89 The EPA even acknowledged its 2005AP1829.akz responsibility to promulgate a new rule so that it could properly enforce the new test. The 1995 clarification itself states that with regard to the composite analysis method, the "EPA intends to amend the asbestos NESHAP these in the procedures." near 60 Fed. future Reg. to refer 65,243 specifically (Dec. 19, to 1995). However, the EPA never took that action. ¶90 saving The 1995 clarification test method, which devised allows one an to alternative cost- have the composite analyzed first. Id. If the "composite analysis shows that the average content for the percent, then containing the (ACM). multi-layered" material Id. must (Emphasis be sample treated added.)10 is over as one asbestos However, if the composite analysis yields asbestos below one percent but greater than zero, then analysis by layers is required to ensure that no layer is greater than one percent asbestos content, which would deem that layer an asbestos containing layer giving rise to precautionary measures for the entire sample without combining. Id. Thus, under this clarification, if one layer is greater than one percent, the entire sample is considered ACM. This, however, is contrary to the language of the 1990 promulgated rule, and the DNR never adopted the clarifications. As acknowledged by the EPA, new action is required to promulgate the 1995 testing method. 10 Presumably, this "averaging" arises out of the last sentence in § 1.7.2.1, Gross Examination. The 1995 clarification, thus, appears to try and utilize "combine" from § 1.7.2.1. 9 No. ¶91 2005AP1829.akz As we see in this case, the clarifications have been enforced by the DNR as if they have the force of a properly promulgated rule, despite the fact that our state did not incorporate by reference the clarifications11 and they effect a substantive change to the rule. While an agency may interpret rules, a new rule effect, new rules they substantive cannot rule. effect In that changes governing the asbestos testing, which could result in civil or criminal penalties, have been imposed without following proper rule-making procedures. See United States v. San Diego Gas & Elec. Co., No. 06-CR-65DMS, 2006 WL (concluding 3913457, that the at *6-8 (S.D. clarifications are Cal. Nov. 21, legislative 2006) and thus impose new obligations on companies even though the proper rulemaking process was not followed; therefore, a company cannot be held liable based on testing methods articulated by the clarifications). ¶92 Proper rule making is important because matters are openly debated and people have the opportunity to be heard. 11 It In 1994, the DNR incorporated by reference the federal 1990 rule. See Wis. Admin. Code § NR 484.04(28) (incorporating only 40 C.F.R. Pt. 763, Subpt. E, App. E, § 1, which does not include the "clarifications"). The clarifications have never been incorporated by reference. Moreover, the 1994 clarification was in place when the DNR incorporated the 1990 rule by reference. If the DNR wanted to adopt the clarification it could have taken action in 1994 or at a later time. Cf. Wis. Admin. Code § NR 484.04 with Wis. Admin. Code § NR 352.03 (incorporating by reference "[a]ll of the following federal manual, memoranda, guidelines, regulatory guidance letters or other provision established by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers interpreting the 1987 wetlands delineation manual shall be used when delineating nonfederal wetland boundaries"). 10 No. is fundamentally unfair liability especially subject criminal making did not occur. in liability.12 to 2005AP1829.akz to significant anyone liability when proper rule Here, Harenda was exposed to $4 million If the State intends to hold people or companies liable potentially criminally liable the rules must 12 be Violations are contrary to Wis. Admin. Code §§ NR 447.08(6)(a), 447.08(6)(b), 447.08(1), and 447.13(1). Potential penalties for violations of asbestos regulations are provided in § NR 447.19, Penalties; it reads: (1) The department may take appropriate enforcement action against any owner or operator of a demolition or renovation activity or any owner or operator of an active landfill, to which this chapter applies, that violates this chapter. Appropriate enforcement action includes letters of non-compliance, notices of violation, citations, referrals to the Wisconsin department of justice, and deferral or referrals to the United States environmental protection agency. Any enforcement action the department may take shall be based upon factors such as severity, duration, frequency and environmental or health risks of the violation. . . . . (3) A citation may be issued which requires a forfeiture of not less than $500, nor more than $5,000, for each violation, except as provided in sub. (4). Each day of continued violation is a separate offense. (4) When any owner or operator is found in violation of the regulatory requirements listed in sub. (2) by any court of this state, and the violation remains of record and unreversed, for any second or subsequent violation of the regulatory requirements listed in sub. (2) occurring within a 5-year period from the date of the prior adjudication, the minimum and maximum citation forfeitures shall be doubled. 11 No. properly enacted.13 of justice to 2005AP1829.akz Furthermore, it runs counter to our system hold anyone civilly liable, and especially criminally liable, when the proper testing method is ambiguous as the majority claims. ¶93 The rule of lenity must be considered. While the case at hand is a civil action, our interpretation of the rule will affect those "asbestos who are violations." subject The to rule criminal of lenity prosecution provides for "that ambiguous penal statutes should be interpreted in favor of the defendant." State v. Cole, 2003 WI 59, ¶67, 262 Wis. 2d 167, 13 See Wis. Stat. § 285.87, Penalties for violations relating to air pollution (asserting criminal penalties for violations of ch. 285 of the Wisconsin Statutes or any rule promulgated under ch. 285). Wis. Admin. Code ch. NR 447 was adopted under Wis. Stat. §§ 285.11, 285.13, 285.17 and 285.27). Wis. Stat. § 285.87 reads: (1) Except as provided in s. 285.57(5) or 285.59(8), any person who violates this chapter or any rule promulgated, any permit issued or any special order issued under this chapter shall forfeit not less than $10 or more than $25,000 for each violation. Each day of continued violation is a separate offense. (2)(a) Except as provided in par. (b), any person who intentionally commits an act that violates, or fails to perform an act required by this chapter, except s. 285.59, or any rule promulgated, any permit issued or any special order issued under this chapter, except s. 285.59, shall be fined not more than $25,000 per day of violation or imprisoned for not more than 6 months or both. (b) If the conviction under par. (a) is for a violation committed after another conviction under par. (a), the person is guilty of a Class I felony, except that, notwithstanding the maximum fine specified in s. 939.50(3)(i), the person may be fined not more than $50,000 per day of violation. 12 No. 663 N.W.2d 700. 2005AP1829.akz "More specifically, the rule of lenity comes into play after two conditions are met: (1) the penal statute is ambiguous; and (2) we are unable to clarify the intent of the legislature by resort to legislative history." Id. The majority concludes that the rule is ambiguous and thus the first prong is satisfied. Perhaps the clarifications could be utilized under the second prong to ascertain the intent of the EPA, but when the legislative history or "clarifications" change the substantive rule's plain language, we cannot rely on it to uphold liability. ¶94 Here, substantive changing the law. Rather, existing substantive clarifications law. changes in they Thus, the law do impose the not new merely explain obligations clarifications without following methods and by introduce the proper rule-making procedures.14 C ¶95 The current testing dangerously ineffective. completed under the and are Harenda and the DNR both had testing clarifications acquired different results. pre- procedures post-demolition, method, yet they still Not only were the results different but 14 the tests conducted post- The majority claims the dissent leaves the State of Wisconsin without any meaningful regulation, and it claims the dissent would invalidate the interpretive rule. See majority op., ¶49 n.11. The majority, however, invalidates the substantive rule. Here, the clarifications, i.e., the "interpretive rule," so change the plain language of the rule that the clarifications are not entitled to the force of law unless they are properly promulgated. The properly promulgated 1990 rule, which the State of Wisconsin has incorporated by reference, is the only valid rule governing asbestos testing. 13 No. demolition produced competing results. samples did not give rise to 2005AP1829.akz Harenda's pre-demolition special precautions. Post- demolition samples, however, which were divided and given to both Harenda and the State, were not consistent with each other although both results would have required ACM precautions. When the same test yields different results, even on the same sample area, how does a court resolve these competing facts at summary judgment? ¶96 While the DNR argues that the clarifications result in safer working conditions, they still do not actually protect the worker. Although this court cannot require it, our federal and state government should consider implementing guidelines that actually protect the worker, such as requiring state authorities to conduct testing prior to demolition. If the clarifications are "adopted" by this court, then the DNR should act to properly adopt them. 'emergency For rules' clarifications. example, for the the State sole of New purpose Jersey of enacted adopting the See Robert M. Howard, Patricia Guerrero, David B. McGrath, Drew R. Van Orden, The EPA's Prosecution of Clean Air Act Asbestos NESHAP Cases Based Upon Non-binding Bulk Material Test Methods, 44 San Diego L. Rev. 173, 207-08 (2007). "New Jersey explained clarification] because the method that is enumerated asbestos content . . . ." the 1993 preferable NESHAP 1990 to 14 the test Id. at 208. acted. test [i.e., 1990 method the test 1994 method underreports Our state has not so No. 2005AP1829.akz III ¶97 The "clarifications" do not clarify the 1990 rule. The 1994 clarification promotes a single-layer test, which is not the test articulated in the properly enacted rule. clarification confuses the issue even more. do not clarify what "combined" The 1995 The clarifications means. Moreover, the clarifications are inconsistent with the plain language of the rule and are more than interpretive guidelines. effect a substantive change. The In fact, they clarifications and the majority's interpretation eliminate the last clause of the rule even though the clarifications have not been subjected to the proper rule-making process. The government should be required to clearly articulate and enact the lawful test in order to ensure that citizens are not exposed to asbestos and put companies on notice about potentially, significant liability for a violation of the "properly enacted rule." ¶98 Here, neither the EPA nor the DNR properly promulgated the clarifications. The clarifications effected a substantive change to the "Interim Method," and they are not the law of this state. In the case at issue, the State's motion for summary judgment should not have been granted. ¶99 For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent. ¶100 I am authorized to state that Justices PROSSER and PATIENCE DRAKE ROGGENSACK join this dissent. 15 DAVID T.

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