Gerald G. Wood v. City of Madison

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2003 WI 24 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: OF WISCONSIN 01-1206 COMPLETE TITLE: Gerald G. Wood and Debra L. Wood, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. City of Madison, a Wisconsin municipal corporation, City of Madison Common Council, an approving authority of the City of Madison, City of Madison Plan Commission, a commission created by the City of Madison, Mark A. Olinger, Secretary of City of Madison Plan Commission, and Ray Fisher, Madison City Clerk-Treasurer, Defendants-Respondents. ON CERTIFICATION FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: October 8, 2002 SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: Circuit Dane Richard J. Callaway JUSTICES: CONCURRED: April 11, 2003 PROSSER, J., concurs (opinion filed). WILCOX and SYKES, J.J., join concurrence. DISSENTED: NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiffs-appellants there were briefs (in the court of appeals) by Troy M. Hellenbrand and Hellenbrand & Hellenbrand S.C., Waunakee, and Bruce K. Kaufmann and Law Office of Bruce K. Kaufmann, Madison, and oral argument by Troy M. Hellenbrand. For the defendants-respondents the cause was argued by James M. Voss, assistant city attorney, with whom on the brief was Larry W. O'Brien, acting city attorney. An amicus curiae brief was filed by John A. Kassner and Brennan, Steil, Basting & MacDougall, S.C., Madison, on behalf of the Wisconsin Realtors argument by John A. Kassner. Association, and there was oral An amicus curiae brief was filed by Mark B. Hazelbaker, Madison, on behalf of the Dane County Towns Association. An amicus curiae brief was filed by Claire Silverman, Madison, on behalf of the League of Wisconsin Municipalities. An amicus curiae brief was filed by Carol B. Shawano, on behalf of the Wisconsin Towns Association. 2 Nawrocki, 2003 WI 24 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 01-1206 (L.C. No. 00 CV 1860) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT Gerald G. Wood and Debra L. Wood, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. City of Madison, a Wisconsin municipal corporation, City of Madison Common Council, an approving authority of the City of Madison, City of Madison Plan Commission, a commission created by the City of Madison, Mark A. Olinger, Secretary of City of Madison Plan Commission, and Ray Fisher, Madison City Clerk-Treasurer, FILED APR 11, 2003 Cornelia G. Clark Clerk of Supreme Court Defendants-Respondents. APPEAL from an order of the Circuit Court for Dane County, Richard J. Callaway, Judge. ¶1 on ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. certification from 1 Affirmed. the This case is before the court court of appeals.1 The plaintiffs- The plaintiffs-appellants appeal an order of the Circuit Court for Dane County, Richard J. Callaway, Judge, denying their writ of certiorari and affirming the decision of the City of Madison Common Council. No. 01-1206 appellants, Gerald and Debra Wood (the Woods) contend that the City of Madison (Madison)2 improperly used its plat approval authority to mandate land use through a subdivision ordinance. In essence, they assert that Madison used its platting authority to perform a zoning function. ¶2 In its certification, the court of appeals more precisely states the issue as follows: Does Wis. Stat. ch. 236 authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based on a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use? In addition, the court of appeals requests that we review the holding in Gordie Boucher Lincoln-Mercury v. Madison Plan Comm'n, 178 Wis. 2d 74, 503 N.W.2d 265 (Ct. App. 1993), which previously addressed this issue. The court of appeals advances that Gordie Boucher "was probably wrongly decided." ¶3 In response to the issue presented, we conclude that Wis. Stat. ch. 236 (1999-2000)3 does authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based upon a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use. Because Gordie Boucher declared otherwise, we agree with the court of appeals that it was in error. We also conclude that the standards set forth in the subdivision ordinance in this case were neither vague nor 2 We will refer to the several defendants in collectively as "the City of Madison" or "Madison." 3 this case All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1999-2000 version unless otherwise indicated. 2 No. 01-1206 applied in an arbitrary, unreasonable, or discriminatory manner. Accordingly, we determine that the City of Madison acted within its authority, and we affirm the circuit court order which upheld Madison's rejection of the Woods' plat. I ¶4 The facts of this case are not in significant dispute. The Woods own a 51.96 acre parcel of land east of Interstate Highway 90/94. is also Although the parcel is in the Town of Burke, it within jurisdiction.4 Madison's extraterritorial plat approval Although some property adjacent to the Woods' plat is zoned for commercial use, much of the land to the east and west of the Woods' plat is zoned for agricultural purposes, and is used accordingly. ¶5 The Woods submitted an extraterritorial plat and land division application to the City of Madison, seeking approval of a preliminary plat5 that would divide their property into eleven lots.6 The Woods sought to change the zoning of nine of the proposed new lots from "Agricultural" to "Commercial." 4 "Extraterritorial plat jurisdiction" refers to the unincorporated area within 3 miles of the corporate limits of a first, second, or third class city, or 1 1/2 miles of a fourth class city or a village. Wis. Stat. § 236.02(5). 5 A "preliminary plat" is "a map showing the salient features of a proposed subdivision submitted to an approving authority for purposes of preliminary consideration." Wis. Stat. § 236.02(9). 6 The Town of Burke had previously approved the preliminary plat and the Woods' rezoning petition. The Dane County Zoning and Natural Resources Committee had conditionally approved both the preliminary plat and the rezoning petition. 3 No. ¶6 The City of Madison Department of 01-1206 Planning and Development issued a report analyzing the proposed plat under both the "Criteria for Agricultural Land Division" and the "Criteria for Non-Agricultural Land Division or Subdivision" of Madison General Ordinance (MGO) § 16.23(3)(c)1-2. The report stated that the preliminary plat failed to meet the agricultural land division criteria because it did not "assist and assure the continuation of agricultural land use on this property." ¶7 In considering the preliminary plat under the non- agricultural land division criteria, the report concluded that the development of the commercial lots would be incompatible with and would negatively impact the remaining lots and adjacent agricultural development lands. would It not also constitute concluded "infill," that as commercial little of the surrounding area featured commercial use. An addendum to the report Unit concludes meet the indicated proposed that subdivision "the plat approval at this time." Madison Common Council Planning does not that the standards for The report recommended that the City of reject the resolution approving the Plan Commission considered the preliminary plat. ¶8 The City of Madison Woods' application at two separate public hearings, on March 20, 2000 and May 15, 2000. At 4 the first hearing, three No. representatives of the Woods spoke on their behalf.7 second hearing, the plan commission recommended 01-1206 After the denying the Woods' application. ¶9 The commission's Common Council recommendation subsequently and rejected adopted the the proposed plan plat. Noting that "the area [adjacent to the Woods' land] is largely agricultur[al]," it concluded that "[t]he subdivision of the bulk of the agricultural lands that exist on the Wood property would be a significant expansion of commercial land use in this area, and create additional pressures on the conversion of the remaining agricultural lands that exist on the Wood parcel, as well as adjacent agriculturally-utilized lands." ¶10 The Woods petitioned the Dane County Circuit Court for certiorari review of the City of Madison's decision, pursuant to Wis. Stat. §§ 236.15(5) and 62.23(7)(e)10. The court affirmed Madison's rejection of the plat, finding that the City "did not violate any part of" chapter 236, and that the City's decision was intended to further the quality of the subdivision. It also concluded that the rejection of the plat was "clearly grounded in the plain language of the non-agricultural criteria" of MGO § 16.23. The Woods appealed to the court of appeals, which subsequently certified the appeal to this court. II 7 At the March 20, 2000 hearing, Dan Birrenkott (representing the Woods), Sam Simon, and Sean Wolf registered and spoke in support of the Woods' preliminary plat application. Birrenkott was the Woods' surveyor; Simon was their real estate agent. 5 No. ¶11 01-1206 Resolution of the issue set forth in the certification by the court of appeals requires us to interpret portions of chapters 62 and 236 of the Wisconsin Statutes. Statutory interpretation presents a question of law subject to independent appellate review. Lake City Corp. v. City of Mequon, 207 Wis. 2d 155, 162, 563 N.W.2d 145 (1997). ¶12 Resolution of the remaining issues requires us to review the decision by the Madison Common Council rejecting the Woods' preliminary plat. Appeals from the rejection of a plat are governed by Wis. Stat. §§ 236.13(5) and 62.23(7)(e)10. A person aggrieved by such a rejection may commence a certiorari action. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(e)10. On certiorari, a court "shall direct that the plat be approved if it finds that the action of the approving authority . . . is unreasonable or discriminatory." appeal from reviewing an order court or reviews Wis. Stat. § 236.13(5). judgment the arbitrary, entered record of on the On certiorari, agency, not a the findings or judgment of the circuit court. Hoepker v. City of Madison N.W.2d 145 Plan Comm'n, 209 Wis. 2d 663, 563 (1997). Whether an agency has exceeded its authority in rejecting a plat also presents a appellate review. question of law, subject to independent Pederson v. Town Bd. of Town of Windsor, 191 Wis. 2d 663, 669 n.2, 530 N.W.2d 427 (Ct. App. 1995). III ¶13 We begin with the issue appeals: 6 presented by the court of No. 01-1206 Does Wis. Stat. ch. 236 authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based on a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use? Chapter Lands 236 and intensively of the Wisconsin Recording the building sites." and process Statutes Vacating by which is entitled Plats." land It can be "Platting "regulates divided into Town of Sun Prairie v. Storms, 110 Wis. 2d 58, 61, 327 N.W.2d 642 (1983). The purpose of the chapter is set out in Wis. Stat. § 236.01: The purpose of this chapter is to regulate the subdivision of land to promote public health, safety and general welfare; to further the orderly layout and use of land; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to lessen congestion in the streets and highways; to provide for adequate light and air; to facilitate adequate provision for water, sewerage and other public requirements; to provide for proper ingress and egress; and to promote proper monumenting of land subdivided and conveyancing by accurate legal description. The approvals to be obtained by the subdivider as required in this chapter shall be based on requirements designed to accomplish the aforesaid purposes. ¶14 Wisconsin requires that all subdivisions be surveyed and that all plats be approved before they can be recorded. Wis. Stat. § 236.03(1). Local governments with agencies have the power to approve subdivision plats. planning Storms, 110 Wis. 2d at 61; Mequon v. Lake Estates Co., 52 Wis. 2d 765, 773, 190 N.W.2d 912 (1971). extraterritorial plat approval Plats located jurisdiction of a within the municipality require approval by the town board, the county planning agency, and the governing body of the 7 municipality or its planning No. committee or commission. 01-1206 Wis. Stat. §§ 236.10(1)(b)1. and 3.; 236.10(3). ¶15 with Approval of any plat is also conditioned on compliance any subdivision appropriate municipality, § 236.13(1)(b). authority ordinance to town, validly or enacted county. by Wis. the Stat. If multiple governing bodies or agencies with approve or reject a plat have ordinances with conflicting requirements, the plat must comply with the most restrictive requirements. ¶16 Wis. Stat. § 236.13(4). In Wis. Stat. § 236.45, the legislature has permitted municipalities, towns, and counties, if they have established planning agencies, to legislate more intensively in the field of subdivision control than provided for the state at large by allowing them to adopt ordinances which are more restrictive than the provisions of ch. 236. municipalities to utilize their Section 236.45(3) authorizes subdivision ordinances within their extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction. ¶17 Wisconsin Stat. § 236.45(1) explains the legislative intent behind the additional subdivision plat approval authority granted under the section: (1) Declaration of legislative intent. The purpose of this section is to promote the public health, safety and general welfare of the community and the regulations authorized to be made are designed to . . . further the orderly layout and use of land; . . . to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; . . . . The regulations provided for by this section shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the municipality, town or county with a view of conserving the value of the buildings placed 8 No. 01-1206 upon land, providing the best possible environment for human habitation, and for encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout the municipality, town or county. Wis. Stat. § 236.45(1) (emphasis added). ¶18 In Mequon, 52 Wis. 2d at 774, we described the statement of legislative intent in § 236.45(1) as "indicat[ing] that the purpose of the law is to permit a municipality to adopt regulations encouraging throughout." the most appropriate use of land Noting that under § 236.45(2)(b), "any ordinance adopted by a municipality shall be liberally construed in favor of the municipality," we described § 236.45 as granting wide discretion that a municipality appropriate resolution. ¶19 may exercise by ordinance or Id. The plain language of the declaration of intent in § 236.45(1) leaves no doubt that subdivision ordinances may consider the use of land. regulations and In fact, the statute requires that such ordinances "shall be made with reasonable consideration . . . of the character of the municipality, town or county with a view . . . for encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout the municipality, town or county." the contrary Wis. Stat. § 236.45(1)(emphasis added). ¶20 regarding The the § 236.45(1). Woods present meaning of no the argument term "use" to as set forth in They do not claim that the word "use" in the context of the phrase "encouraging the most appropriate use of land" refers to something other meaning of the word. 9 than the common, ordinary No. ¶21 Notwithstanding the explicit language in 01-1206 Wis. Stat. § 236.45(1) authorizing the planning agencies of municipalities, towns, and counties to enact subdivision ordinances that consider the "most appropriate use of land," the Woods contend that the use of property may not properly be the subject of subdivision approval authority under chapter 236. They assert that from platting authority is inherently different zoning authority and that only zoning regulations may consider the use of land. In essence, they claim that Wis. Stat. § 62.23 relating to city planning, and in particular subsections (7) and (7a) of the statute, respectively, provide on the zoning sole and extraterritorial authorization for zoning, municipal regulations concerning land use.8 ¶22 Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7)(a) authorizes cities to regulate by zoning: (a) Grant of power. For the purpose of promoting health, safety, morals or the general welfare of the community, the council may regulate and restrict by ordinance, . . . the size of yards, courts and other open spaces, the density of population, and the location and use of buildings, structures and land for trade, industry, mining, residence or other purposes . . . . Cities are authorized under § 62.23(7)(b) to "divide the city into districts . . . as may be deemed best suited to carry out the purposes" of the chapter. Within zoning districts, cities 8 The argument regarding the interaction of chapters 62 and 236 is more fully set forth in the brief and oral argument of the Wisconsin Realtors Association, as amicus curiae in support of the Woods. 10 No. may "regulate and restrict the erection, 01-1206 construction, reconstruction, alteration or use of buildings, structures or land." Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(b). ¶23 and The purposes of zoning are listed in § 62.23(7)(c), apply as well to extraterritorial Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a).9 The similar underlie to authority those under which listed § 236.45(1). purposes zoning are subdivision Notably, both under remarkably plat approval zoning and subdivision plat approval authority state that regulation "shall be made with reasonable consideration . . . of the character of the district . . . with appropriate use of a view the most Wis. Stat. §§ 62.23(7)(c) land." to . . . encouraging and 236.45(1). 9 Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7)(c) provides: Purposes in view. Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air, including access to sunlight for solar collectors and to wind for wind energy systems; to encourage the protection of groundwater resources; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks and other public requirements; and to preserve burial sites, as defined in s. 157.70(1)(b). Such regulations shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout such city. 11 No. ¶24 both Although the legislature extraterritorial zoning has upon conferred authority and 01-1206 cities extraterritorial subdivision plat approval authority, and has stated that the purposes for each type of regulation are nearly identical, the Woods insist that the use of land may not be considered in subdivision plat approval decisions. They largely base their contention on Gordie Boucher, 178 Wis. 2d 74, a case decided by the court of appeals in 1993. Gordie Boucher concerned the City of Madison Common ¶25 Council's denial of a certified survey map (CSM) which a corporation (Boucher) had submitted because it wanted to locate an automobile dealership on a lot in the Madison-Sun Prairie visual open space separation district. The lot's zoning permitted the proposed use of land, and the Town of Burke and Dane County conditionally approved the CSM. City of Madison denied Boucher's CSM for Id. at 82-83. several The reasons. However, on appeal it relied on only one of the reasons: "The proposed survey is not consistent with the City's Master Plan, including the Peripheral Area Development Plan, the Land Use Plan, and the Parks and Open Space Plan." ¶26 Id. at 83. On certiorari review, the circuit court concluded that Madison's rejection of Boucher's CSM based on inconsistency with the city's master plan constituted extraterritorial zoning. The court determined that the city "used its plat approval authority to regulate for what, as opposed to how, the parcel may be used." Id. at 89. It therefore 12 ordered the city to No. conditionally approve § 236.13(5). ¶27 the CSM pursuant to 01-1206 Wis. Stat. Id. at 83-84. On appeal, the issue was "whether the plan commission engaged in zoning when it used its plat approval authority to control land use in the city's extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction." Id. at 93. The court of appeals determined that the City of Madison had engaged in zoning by controlling land use. It stated: In this case, however, the approving authority has rejected a proposed land division for reasons having nothing to do with the quality of the division. It is the use to which Boucher proposes to put lot two which the commission claims justifies its rejection of its CSM. Land use control is the function of zoning. Id. at 98 (emphasis in original). ¶28 The Gordie court Boucher drew between zoning and subdivision approval. a clear distinction It concluded: While ch. 236, Stats., and sec. 236.45, Stats., confer broad regulatory authority upon local governing bodies, that authority relates to the quality of the subdivision or land division and not to the use to which the lots in the subdivision or land division may be put. Control over the use to which property may be devoted is a zoning control which can be imposed only by a comprehensive zoning ordinance enacted as required by the zoning enabling act. Id. at 101-02 (emphasis added). ¶29 The court in Gordie Boucher recognized an overlap between zoning and platting when plat approval imposes "quality" requirements. the meaning Id. at 96. of "quality" However, it did not clearly explain in this context. It noted that "quality" considerations include "the orderly layout and use of 13 No. land." of Id. this 01-1206 As the court of appeals stated in its certification case, distinguish a "[i]n many 'quality' cases it requirement will from be a impossible use to restriction because regulating uses is generally aimed at maintaining a high quality of living." ¶30 Thus, to referred we Gordie in do not believe Boucher to the "quality" distinguish standard between zoning functions and subdivision approval functions is tenable. Under the plain language of the declaration of legislative intent in § 236.45(1), all subdivision regulations "shall" be made with a view for "encouraging the most appropriate throughout the municipality, town or county." regulation relating to the "quality" of a use of land Therefore, any subdivision necessarily consider the "most appropriate use" of land. must We cannot fathom how an ordinance can consider the most appropriate use of land if it cannot consider the use of land. ¶31 As noted above, in certifying the issue presented in this case, the court of appeals concluded that "Gordie Boucher was probably wrongly decided." The court of appeals questioned the reasoning in Gordie Boucher: "we believe that the mutually exclusive adopted view is of zoning somewhat and artificial platting and that Gordie unsupported by Boucher either Wisconsin case law or statutes."10 10 The court of appeals acknowledged in its certification that it does not have the power to overrule the Gordie Boucher holding, but could "signal [its] disfavor" for the decision and request that this court consider overruling the prior holding. See Cook v. Cook, 208 Wis. 2d 166, 189-90, 560 N.W.2d 246 (1997). 14 No. ¶32 in 01-1206 The certification specifically points to the language Wis. Stat. § 236.45 enacting subdivision requiring ordinances that do governmental so with a bodies view of "encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout the municipality, town or county." The court of appeals notes that it did not address the above-quoted language in Gordie Boucher, and asserts that it "believe[s] the legislature has expressed approval for ordinances municipalities and master to plans include in their considerations subdivision regarding the proposed use of a plat." ¶33 We agree with the court of appeals that the holding in Gordie Boucher does not accurately reflect the law and must be overruled. Although Gordie Boucher correctly noted that zoning and subdivision plat approval authority are different types of land use controls which do not serve identical purposes, it incorrectly concluded that subdivision plat approval authority may not consider the appropriate use of land. ¶34 The court did not attempt to reconcile its conclusion that land use is strictly a zoning issue with the final sentence in § 236.45(1): "The regulations provided for by this section shall with be character made of view . . . for the reasonable municipality, encouraging the consideration . . . of town most or county appropriate throughout the municipality, town or county." use the with of a land The court's conclusion is contrary to this clear statutory language. ¶35 Moreover, while Gordie Boucher cited numerous secondary authorities indicating that zoning and platting are 15 No. mutually exclusive, and that "use" of land relates 01-1206 only to zoning, it disregarded case law determining that while zoning and platting are different, zoning authority are not mutually exclusive. that certain types of regulations authority and platting In Storms, we determined could be accomplished by zoning or by subdivision approval authority: As long as the regulation is authorized by and within the purposes of ch. 236, the fact that it may also fall under the zoning power does not preclude a local government from enacting the regulation pursuant to the conditions and procedures of ch. 236. Storms, 110 Wis. 2d at 70-71. Additionally, in Lake City, while noting the different authorizations for zoning and platting, we stated that "the authority of the agency assigned to plat review may not be limited by zoning regulations." Lake City, 207 Wis. 2d at 173. ¶36 We further stated in Storms, in comparing zoning and subdivision approval authority, that: Zoning presupposes that the needs of the community have become sufficiently crystallized to permit the enactment of specific regulations. Subdivision control, on the other hand, establishes more general standards to be specifically applied by an administrative body in order to insure that the change of use will not be detrimental to the community. Id. at 69 (citations omitted) (emphasis added). We thus spoke of subdivision approval authority as essentially regulating the "use" of land. ¶37 For these reasons, we conclude, in response to the issue set forth in the certification, that Wis. Stat. ch. 236 16 No. 01-1206 does authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based upon a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use. Because Gordie Boucher concluded otherwise, its holding must be overruled. ¶38 language Our conclusion in large part is driven by the plain of the declaration of intent in § 236.45(1) which leaves no doubt that subdivision ordinances may consider the proposed use of land. The Woods and the amici argue that such a conclusion is bad policy. The remedy for change of this policy, however, legislature.11 lies with the The courts should not rewrite the clear language of the statute. IV ¶39 chapter Having determined that subdivision regulations under 236 may consider the use of land, we turn to ordinances at issue in this case and their application. Woods contend that application was the City arbitrary, of Madison's unreasonable, rejection or of the The their discriminatory. They also advance that the ordinances improperly require the exercise of discretion by the plat approval authority and are impermissibly vague. 11 The legislature recently enacted new "Smart Growth" legislation, Wis. Stat. § 66.1001, that requires municipalities to adopt comprehensive plans that include land use provisions. See 1999 Wis. Act 9. While the parties briefly address its implications, this legislation will not fully take effect until 2010, and does not apply in this case. Wis. Stat. § 66.1001(3). 17 No. ¶40 The Madison's ordinance "Land functions to provisions Subdivision "regulate and at issue Regulations" control the are 01-1206 part ordinance, subdivision of which of land within the corporate limits and extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction of the City . . . ." issue is Madison's MGO § 16.23. extraterritorial plat Specifically at approval ordinance, under which "[t]he Plan Commission may recommend or approve the subdividing of lands in extraterritorial jurisdiction based hereinafter." the applicable plat criteria approval MGO § 16.23(3)(c). ¶41 on the enumerated The "applicable criteria" depend on whether the land is agricultural or nonagricultural. approval ordinance, MGO § The extraterritorial plat 16.23(3)(c), sets forth only one criterion for agricultural land division: the subdivision must "assist and assure the continuation of the agricultural use." For nonagricultural land, a subdivision or land division must meet each of four criteria. It must: "be compatible with adjacent land uses" and "maintain the general land use pattern of the area"; "result in a development pattern which is compatible with surrounding developments and land uses"; "not demonstrably public adversely services, affect install the public City's ability improvements or to provide accomplish future annexations"; and either constitute "infilling" of vacant land or "provide general public."12 12 permanent open space lands for use MGO § 16.23(3)(c)2.a.-d. Madison General Ordinance § 16.23(3)(c)1-2 reads: 18 by the No. 01-1206 1. Criteria for Agricultural Land Division. The Plan Commission may grant approval of a land division subdividing portions of agricultural lands provided the Commission shall determine that the proposed land division will assist and assure the continuation of the agricultural use. 2. Criteria for Nonagricultural Subdivision or Land Division. In the case of nonagricultural lands, the Plan Commission may recommend approval of a subdivision to the Common Council or may grant approval of a land division provided that the Plan Commission shall determine that the proposed subdivision or land division complies with each of the following four criteria: a. The proposed subdivision or land division shall be compatible with adjacent land uses and shall maintain the general land use pattern of the area in question. b. The proposed subdivision or land division shall result in a development pattern which is compatible with surrounding developments and land uses. Measures of compatibility shall consider lot sizes, traffic generation, access, noise and visual features. c. The proposed subdivision or land division and the resulting development shall not demonstrably adversely affect the City's ability to provide public services, install public improvements or accomplish future annexations. . . . The Plan Commission may also consider whether the City and Town(s) have reached an agreement on necessary public improvements and public services facilities required to serve the development. d. The proposed subdivision or land division shall comply with one of the following: 19 No. ¶42 01-1206 The City of Madison plan commission determined that the proposed preliminary plat did not satisfy the Criteria for Agricultural Land Division. It found that the subdivision did not comply with MGO § 16.23(3)(c)1. because it would not "assist and assure the continuation of agricultural land use on the property" and because "development of nine lots for commercial purposes under the proposed C-2 commercial zoning will result in a loss of most of the agriculturally utilized lands within the boundaries of the proposed preliminary plat." ¶43 The subdivision plan did not commission also meet of three determined the "Criteria Agricultural Subdivision or Land Division." that the for Non- Finding that the subdivision did not comply with MGO § 16.23(3)(c)2.a. because it did not maintain the general use patterns of the area, the plan commission stated: i. The proposed subdivision . . . shall represent infilling of vacant land. Infilling is defined as a subdivision . . . which will accommodate the development of vacant land located such that surrounding existing land uses render the land impractical for any but similar uses. ii. The proposed subdivision . . . shall provide permanent open space lands for use by the general public in conformance with the adopted Parks and Open Space Plan for Dane County, Wisconsin, the City of Madison adopted Parks and Open Space Plan or the City s other adopted Master Plan elements, including the Peripheral Area Development Plan. . . . 20 No. 01-1206 The undivided property currently consists of agricultural lands . . . . The subdivision of this property to create nine commercial lots does not appear to be compatible with adjacent land uses and [does not] maintain the general land use pattern of the area in question. The development of nine commercial lots will be inconsistent with the remaining conservation easement parcel . . . the remaining agricultural lands . . . in addition to vacant, agricultural, unimproved lands to the west and to the east. ¶44 The subdivision plan did § 16.23(3)(c)2.b. commission not meet because the also the determined that the requirements of MGO commercial development was not compatible with surrounding land uses: The development of currently agricultural lands for commercial purposes proposed with this preliminary plat would extend the scattering of unplanned, commercial development within the general area . . . . The development of the agricultural lands on this property for commercial purposes will negatively impact the rural agricultural land uses that will remain on this parcel, as well as adjacent parcels to the immediate east and west. ¶45 Finally, the plan commission found that the proposed plat was inconsistent with MGO § 16.23(3)(c)2.d. because the commercial lots would not constitute infill: Although there is a scattering of . . . commercial development adjacent to this parcel, the existing agricultural land use on the parcel, combined with the extensive agricultural land uses on properties immediately to the east and west . . . establish the general character of the area. . . . [The area] is largely agricultur[al] interspersed with small, single-family improved lots. The subdivision of the bulk of the agricultural lands that exist on the Wood property would be a significant expansion of commercial land use in this area . . . . The creation of nine commercial lots on a parcel where no commercial activity exists beyond [an] agricultural 21 No. 01-1206 trucking firm . . . does not support a conclusion that this would be infill development. . . . ¶46 Common The plan Council commission deny the therefore proposed plat. recommended The that Common the Council adopted the findings of the plan commission and subsequently rejected the proposed plat. ¶47 Like the circuit court, we conclude that the findings in the City of Madison's decision were clearly grounded in the plain language of the non-agricultural criteria of the Madison general ordinances relating to subdivision plat approval. Accordingly, we determine that the City of Madison acted within its authority in rejecting the application and that its actions were not arbitrary, unreasonable, or discriminatory. ¶48 The ministerial Woods and compatibility exercise of claim that of uses was discretion. municipalities to discretion to platting Common approval Council's improper However, condition municipal ordinances. broad the that it discretion on subdivision an granted to compliance with A city has control ordinances comport with the platting statutes. of required is Wis. Stat. § 236.13(1)(b). implement purely consideration because approval is if its State ex rel. Columbia Corp. v. Pacific Town Bd., 92 Wis. 2d 767, 778, 286 N.W.2d 130 (Ct. App. 1979) (citing Mequon, 52 Wis. 2d at 77374). There is no dispute that if a proposed plat is not in compliance with an existing statutory requirement or ordinance, plat approval authorities may properly reject it. 22 In this case, No. 01-1206 the City of Madison properly rejected the proposed plat after finding that it was inconsistent with city ordinances. ¶49 Finally, the Woods assert that the ordinance provisions and their application by the City of Madison are too vague for Madison to fulfill its administrative responsibilities under the law. The Woods' vagueness argument is premised on the ordinance lacking set standards, resulting in the unauthorized exercise of discretion. Because we have determined above that the City of Madison properly made findings which comported with specific standards set forth in the ordinances, and that the City appropriately exercised its discretion, the Woods' vagueness argument must fail. ¶50 Additionally, the Woods' vagueness argument relies on Columbia Corp., 92 Wis. 2d at 774, 779, in asserting that the regulations in the subdivision ordinance fail to give adequate warning as to what the approving authority would consider in making its decision. Columbia Corp. does not support the Woods' position. ¶51 The court determined in Columbia Corp. that plat approval authorities have no discretion to reject proposed plats "unless the plat conflicts with an existing statutory requirement of ch. 236 or with an existing written ordinance." Id. at 779. At the time of the plat rejection in Columbia Corp., there was no existing written ordinance, much less set standards. Here, however, a written ordinance existed which was 23 No. 01-1206 of long standing, published on the Internet, and available to developers and property owners.13 V ¶52 a In summary, we hold that Wis. Stat. ch. 236 authorizes municipality extraterritorial to reject a preliminary jurisdictional authority plat under based its upon a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use. We overrule Gordie Boucher because it held to the contrary. We also determine that the standards set forth in the subdivision ordinance in this case were neither vague nor applied in an arbitrary, unreasonable, or discriminatory manner. we determine that the City of Madison acted Accordingly, within its authority, and we affirm the circuit court order which upheld Madison's rejection of the Woods' plat. By the Court. The order of the circuit court is affirmed. 13 The Woods make an additional argument, claiming that Madison improperly conditioned approval of their proposed plat on a requirement of public improvements. However, if one of Madison's reasons for rejecting the final plat is adequate, the court need not consider whether the other reasons are valid. See Busse v. City of Madison, 177 Wis. 2d 808, 813, 503 N.W.2d 340 (Ct. App. 1993). Because we have determined that Madison's rejection of the proposed plat based on the change in use of the land was proper, we need not reach the public improvement issue. Likewise, we note that although the Woods have not challenged the constitutionality of the procedures set forth in chapter 236, the amicus curiae brief of the Wisconsin Realtors Association argues that due process considerations mandate the use of zoning, not platting, to control land use. Because an argument challenging the procedural provisions in chapter 236 was not argued or preserved by the Woods, we do not address it here. 24 No. 01-1206.dtp ¶53 DAVID T. PROSSER, J. (concurring). The sole purpose of statutory interpretation is to ascertain the intent of the legislature. of Pub. Instruction, 202 Wis. 2d 214, 219, 550 N.W.2d 96 (1996). The language Stockbridge and legislative School Dist. history of v. Dep't Wisconsin's subdivision statutes leave me no choice but to affirm the circuit court on the record in this case. My analysis of the statutes is set out in Sections I-VI of this concurrence. ¶54 I write separately because my analysis of the law is different from the analysis in the majority opinion. In particular, there is no need for the court to overrule Gordie Boucher Lincoln-Mercury v. Madison Plan Commission, 178 Wis. 2d 74, 503 N.W.2d 205 (1993). As explained in Sections VII and VIII, relies the passages majority from the opinion broad too declarations heavily of on policy selected in the subdivision chapter, as opposed to specific grants of authority in the chapter. It loses sight of the statutory scheme and avoids any effort to harmonize the statutes on extraterritorial subdivision zoning. regulation Consequently, with the the statute opinion on promotes conflict, not intergovernmental cooperation. extraterritorial intergovernmental In addition, the majority opinion fails to digest the extensive background and history of the subdivision chapter or to recognize limits to the content of local subdivision ordinances and extraterritorial planning. ¶55 Although the majority opinion is correct in affirming the rejection of the disputed plat, its analysis is at odds with 1 No. 01-1206.dtp the intent of the legislature. This requires me to disavow both the majority's interpretation of subdivision regulation and its decision to overrule Gordie Boucher. I ¶56 Wisconsin has always followed regulating the subdivision of land. its own course in It has differed from states influenced by the Standard City Planning Enabling Act developed by the Standard United Act States Department authorized of municipal Commerce controls in over 1928. The subdivisions, but these controls were more limited than the controls that have evolved in Wisconsin and they maintained a clear distinction between planning and zoning. ¶57 Regulating the platting of land has a long history in this state. "are The first applicable regulations on this subject contained in the Laws of Michigan of 1833. Similar provisions are contained in the Revised Statutes of 1839 of the territory of Wisconsin and in the first statutes of the state, Revised Statutes of 1849." 35 Op. Att'y Gen. 437, 439 (1946). As early as 1882 the legislature required that the streets and alleys in new subdivisions be platted to conform to existing streets and alleys. ¶58 Chapter § 1, ch. 52, Laws of 1882. 236 of the Wisconsin Statutes, entitled "Platting Lands and Recording and Vacating Plats," represents the sum of this state's subdivision enactments over the years. The chapter was comprehensively revised in 1955. Laws of 1955. See ch. 570, Individual sections of the chapter have been 2 No. 01-1206.dtp refined since then, and it is the current law that governs this case. ¶59 1955. Several of the law's key provisions originated before For instance, cities have approval authority since 1909. when land was divided had extraterritorial plat The legislature provided that within "one and one-half miles" of a first, second, or third class city, the owner of the land had to "cause the streets and alleys shown on the map . . . to be laid out and platted to the satisfaction of the common council of such cities." did not § 1, ch. 121, Laws of 1909. receive such approval could Any map or plat that not be recorded. Id. Extraterritorial plat approval authority is presently found in Wis. Stat. §§ 236.02(5), 2000).14 third 236.10(1)(b), and 236.45(3) (1999- The extraterritorial jurisdiction of first, second, and class cities has been extended to three miles. Wis. Stat. § 236.02(5). ¶60 In 1945 the legislature created Wis. Stat. § 236.143, relating to the subdivision of land outside the limits of incorporated cities or villages in counties having a population of 500,000. because it This section, now repealed, was important, in part gave the state's most populous county power to "regulate, restrict, and in specific areas prohibit the division or subdivision of land within the county outside the limits of incorporated cities or villages." § 2, ch. 218, Laws of 1945 (emphasis supplemented added). The section 14 the county's All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1999-2000 version unless otherwise indicated. 3 No. 01-1206.dtp already-existing zoning power. See Wis. Stat. § 59.97 (1945). Today, as municipalities, authority to as well "prohibit the Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(a) when the counties division and of prohibition towns, land" will have under carry out the purposes of this section. ¶61 Former section 236.143 also contained a "Declaration of Legislative Intent."15 Many phrases in this declaration were borrowed from phrases in the zoning statute for cities. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), (c) (1945).16 15 Much of the language in The 1945 declaration states: The purpose of this section is to promote the public health, safety and the general welfare of the community and the regulations authorized to be made are designed to lessen congestion in the streets and highways and further the orderly layout and use of land; to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate adequate provision for transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks, playgrounds and other public requirements; to facilitate the further resubdivision of larger tracts into smaller parcels of land. The regulations provided for by this section shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the county with a view of conserving the value of buildings placed upon land, providing the best possible environment for human habitation, and for encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout the county. Wis. Stat. § 236.143(1) (1945) (emphasis added). 16 See Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7)(a) and (c) read as follows: (a) Grant of power. For the purpose of promoting health, safety, morals or the general welfare of the community, the council may by ordinance regulate and restrict the height, number of stories and size of 4 No. 01-1206.dtp that declaration was later repeated in present Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) as part of the 1955 revision of chapter 236. One phrase that was repeated is the phrase "further the orderly layout and use of land." The majority buildings and other structures, the percentage of lot that may be occupied, the size of yards, courts and other open spaces, the density of population, and the location and use of buildings, structures and land for trade, industry, residence or other purposes provided that there shall be no discrimination against temporary structures. This subsection and any ordinance, resolution or regulation, heretofore or hereafter enacted or adopted pursuant thereto, shall be liberally construed in favor of the city and as minimum requirements adopted for the purposes stated. It shall not be deemed limitation of any power elsewhere granted. (c) Purposes in view. Such regulations shall be made in accordance with a comprehensive plan and designed to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage, schools, parks and other public requirements. Such regulations shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, of the character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and encouraging the most appropriate use of land throughout such city. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), (c) (1945). 5 No. 01-1206.dtp heavily relies on the "use of land" passage to support its analysis.17 II ¶62 active The League of Wisconsin Municipalities maintained an interest in twentieth century. published an land use in the early decades of the As an example, in April 1937 the League article in its monthly magazine entitled "A Platting Manual For Wisconsin Municipalities," written by Arthur J. Rabuck. Rabuck stated that the purpose of his manual was "to discuss the public interest in land subdivision and methods of promoting and protecting that interest." Arthur J. Rabuck, A Platting Manual For Wisconsin Municipalities, The Municipality, Apr. 1937, at 77. Rabuck gave multiple reasons for a growing interest in land subdivision. Among the reasons he listed were the following: Premature subdivision of land and the haphazard scattering of homes are certain sources of economic waste due to the enormous costs for water, sewers, drainage, streets, police and fire protection, lighting and other services which will sooner or later be demanded. The large municipalities will also be 17 According to the drafting file on chapter 218, Laws of 1945, the chapter resulted from passage of 1945 Assembly Bill 359, introduced by Rep. Milton F. Burmaster of Milwaukee County. The drafting file shows that the bill was requested by Milwaukee County and was prepared from a draft written by C. Stanley Perry, assistant corporation counsel for Milwaukee County. Reflecting Perry's original draft, the bill stated that one of the purposes of section 236.143 was to "further the orderly layout in use of land." Perry later drafted an amendment to Assembly Bill 359. The amendment changed the language to Id. (emphasis added). This "orderly layout and use of land." is the history of the "and use of land" language that now appears in Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1). 6 No. 01-1206.dtp confronted with the problem of rehabilitating large areas which are being depopulated and are rapidly depreciating in value due to the movement to the outskirts. . . . . The revision of the state platting law in 1935 is also a reason for renewed interest in the regulation of the subdivision of land. Encouragement of local planning and zoning by state and federal governments has resulted in a pronounced interest in planning on the part of local officials. Numerous Wisconsin municipalities are now doing some planning work. Planning, zoning, and subdivision regulation go hand in hand. Some of the greatest strides in planning accomplishment have been made by means of control over the subdivision of land. A majority of the planning mistakes of the past can be traced directly to faulty subdivision practices. Id. (emphasis added). ¶63 plans. Rabuck urged municipalities to develop comprehensive He noted the existing in the law. extraterritorial jurisdiction already He acknowledged that zoning was the most effective way of reserving land "for its most appropriate use, but in the accomplished absence of by discouraging Rabuck, supra, at 77-79. Required," zoning Rabuck regulations much the subdivision of good can be land . . . ." Under the heading "Improvements May Be wrote that "much good can be accomplished . . . by requiring the owner or subdivider to carry more of the burden of his speculative efforts." Rabuck, supra, at 79. ¶64 The League's interest in subdivision regulation was heightened when Robert D. Sundby served as its legal counsel in the 1950s. III 7 No. 01-1206.dtp ¶65 The University of Wisconsin Law School was a leading center for the study of land use in the years before and after the 1955 revision of the subdivision chapter. inspired by charismatic Wisconsin lawyers Professor scholar land and use Jacob and advocate law. planners H. Beuscher who Beuscher with his This focus was had (1907-1967), a major a law-in-action on generations influenced impact of theories, as expounded in the Wisconsin Law Review and other publications. ¶66 after In a memorial Beuscher's death, edition then of the United Law Review States published Senator Gaylord Nelson wrote that Beuscher "drafted the statute creating the Regional Planning Commissions. . . . He completed monumental task of revising our eminent domain statute. the backbone policies in of our long Wisconsin." effort In to develop Memoriam wise Professor the He was land use Jacob H. Beuscher, 1967 Wis. L. Rev. 794, 799 (Essay by Gaylord Nelson). In the same issue, Professor Daniel Mandelker wrote that Beuscher: always fought for an extension of the public influence over our natural inheritance of land, water, and environment. . . . He taught us that legal principles in the field of land use planning gain meaning only from the context in which they are applied, and that the relationship between the legal structure and the way in which that structure is used is more important than abstract disputation about legal principle that has no contact with reality. Id. at 7 (Essay by Daniel R. Mandelker). ¶67 the Articles about land use control appeared regularly in Wisconsin Law Review circa 1950. See, e.g., Ronald D. Keberle, Note, Land Use Control by Contract, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 8 No. 01-1206.dtp 701; William Rosenbaum, Note, Control of Land Through Contractual Provisions Designed to Prevent Waste, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 716; Leon Fieldman & Robert Junig, Note, Sales of Land Platting Approval in Land Divisions, 1950 Wis. L. Rev. 750. The latter article declared that: Private interests, in the creation of land subdivisions, substantially determine the character of a community's development. The creation of new parcels of land is the critical point in determining how the city will grow . . . . If the subdivider's plan is not in accord with community interests, the community is usually barred from rectifying it by prohibitive costs. . . . Most serious trouble can be averted if the public interest is represented at the creation of the new subdivision. Fieldman & Junig, supra, at 750. ¶68 The student authors argued that both "the quality and quantity of new scrutiny at this subdivisions initial should stage." come Id. under They government explained that quality "refers to the way in which the land is subdivided, quantity, to how much land is subdivided." ¶69 Id. The students examined Wisconsin's subdivision statutes and concluded that chapter 236 was not adequate. They stated that that "The important requirement for planning divisions be approved by governing bodies. is land- . . . [G]overnment approval should be a condition precedent to every new division of land." Id. at 757. They argued that the statutes should set standards on which planning bodies could base their approval or disapproval. "Of course, the most important disapproval is a conflict with land use plans." 9 basis Id. at 758. for No. 01-1206.dtp ¶70 In the early 1950s, study of subdivision law. Professor Beuscher undertook a Frank L. Bixby, Note, Wis. Const. Art. VIII, § 1 Partial Exemption of Value as an Inducement to Proper Subdivision, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 141, 141 n.2. thereafter, Beuscher's former student and faculty Shortly colleague, Marygold Shire Melli, produced a comprehensive scholarly study entitled Subdivision Control in Wisconsin, which made the case for a thoroughgoing statutes. ¶71 revision of Wisconsin's subdivision 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389. On the first page of her 68-page article, Melli explained that: Subdivision control, the regulation of the division of raw land into building lots, is a vital component of land-use control. . . . [C]ontrol of [the subdivision] process has become recognized as an integral part of any land-use planning scheme . . . . Subdivision control is, of course, only one of the instruments used by a community to regulate the use of privately owned land in the public interest. It is closely related to zoning control in that both are preventative measures intended to avert community blight and deterioration by requiring that new development proceed in defined ways and according to prescribed standards. . . . [S]ubdivision control is legitimate land-use tool . . . . Marygold Shire Melli, Subdivision recognized Control in as a Wisconsin, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389, 389. ¶72 So timely and persuasive was Melli's article that the Wisconsin Legislative Council's Judiciary Committee commenced a study on Legislative the "Subdivision Council hired and Melli, 10 Platting and its of Land." Judiciary The Committee No. 01-1206.dtp created an Advisory Committee on Subdivision and Platting, chaired by Robert D. Sundby, legal counsel for the League of Wisconsin Municipalities.18 Council's report to the According 1955 to the legislature, Legislative "All sections recommended by the advisory committee were prepared originally by a drafting chairman of the subcommittee committee, consisting and M.S. of Mr. Melli, the council staff member assigned to the committee." Wisconsin Legislative Council, Volume IV, Sundby, the legislative Report of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the Judiciary Committee on the Subdivision and Platting of Land, at 9 (Jan. 1955) (hereinafter 1955 Report). ¶73 analysis The of subdivision Legislative the Council background chapter, and together report deficiencies with 18 contained a draft of a the bill lengthy existing with notes Robert Sundby was a 1949 graduate of the University of Wisconsin Law School. He was elected to the Order of the Coif. 1949 Wis. L. Rev. 823. He served on the Wisconsin Law Review with Marygold Shire [Melli] and Daniel Mandelker. 1949 Wis. L. Rev. 5. Like his classmates, he was likely a student of Jacob Beuscher. 11 No. 01-1206.dtp accompanying each section.19 The report set out six explicit objectives of the study and the draft legislation. supra, at 11-23. These included: Objective I: 1955 Report, To formulate legislation which would provide some control over the quality of subdivision, and Objective V: To evaluate all of the burdens placed upon individual's the subdivider rights to the with use particular of his land. regard Id. to the (emphasis added). ¶74 control Although over land the use report in did adjacent not emphasize unincorporated municipal land, it acknowledged that "[c]ontrol over the way in which a land owner divides up his land, i.e., control over the type of development he may make, is one of the most contested areas of subdivision control." Id. at 12. The report stated: Minimum standards for the quality of subdivisions raise an important question regarding the extent of control. If the subdivision statute is intended to control land use development, then it follows theoretically that perhaps all divisions of land, at least those which create parcels big enough to be built upon, should be controlled. . . . 19 The 1955 Report stated that "the committee was very fortunate in having the advice and assistance of an advisory committee consisting of representatives of a number of organizations interested in the subject matter of the study." Preface to the Report of the Wisconsin Legislative Council, Volume IV, Conclusions and Recommendations of the Judiciary Committee on the Subdivision and Platting of Land, (Jan. 1955). Wisconsin towns did not have an official representative on the advisory committee. The report further stated that "there were a number of individuals who attended committee meetings and contributed much to the committee considerations." Id. Professor J.H. Beuscher of the University of Wisconsin Law School was listed among these individuals. Id. 12 No. 01-1206.dtp Under present law, local units of government may control all divisions of land. § 236.143(2) of the present law grants power to them to regulate the division or subdivision of land. . . . The committee recommends that the present law be retained, i.e., that the local units of government have the option of controlling all land divisions. See § 236.45 of the proposed revision. . . . The committee also recommends changes in the definition of subdivision which should increase the extent of control of the state statute to a limited degree. . . . The committee recommends 2 changes in this definition: an increase from one to 5 years in the time involved and an enlargement of the purpose of division to sale or building development. Id. at 14-15 (emphasis added). ¶75 The Legislative Council bill was introduced as Senate Bill 20. Robert Sundby and Jacob Beuscher testified in both houses in support of the bill. Senate Bill 20 passed with few changes to become Chapter 570, Laws of 1955. IV ¶76 different Chapter 236 bills in of the the statutes was amended session of the 1957 Chapters 88, 237, 245, & 599, Laws of 1957. first of many refinements to comprehensive revision in 1955. amendment to condition a the by four legislature. These were the chapter following the Among the first changes was an municipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction on its adoption of a "subdivision ordinance or an official map." See § 2, ch. 599, Laws of 1957; law review Wis. Stat. § 236.10(1)(b)2. ¶77 In 1959 Marygold Melli co-authored article with planner Robert S. Devoy. a The article was entitled Extraterritorial Planning and Urban Growth, 1959 Wis. L. Rev. 13 No. 01-1206.dtp 55. Melli explained that "preparation for the future growth of the community is called land use planning; it should consist not only of the plans and policies for the future, but also of the means to protect those plans." ¶78 Id. at 55. Extraterritorial planning controls are "powers given to cities and villages providing them with some control over the type of development in unincorporated areas on their immediate fringe." Id. at 56. This is an unusual type of power, she reasoned, "since a municipal corporation is generally required to act within its own boundaries." Id. Ideally, if extraterritorial planning is to be fully effective it should embrace all the controls available to the community. Therefore, it should be based upon a comprehensive, enforceable master plan and should include the power to zone, to control subdivision, to establish building setbacks, and to protect plans for future streets, playgrounds, parks and other recreational facilities. In Wisconsin, a municipality may adopt a master plan covering any area beyond the municipal boundaries related to the development of the municipality. In addition, specific grants of extraterritorial power have been made by the legislature for subdivision approval and official maps to cover certain limited areas. Zoning remains the major field in which no extraterritorial power has been granted. Id. (emphasis added). ¶79 "The Melli principal Wisconsin argued shortcoming results extraterritorial in from zoning favor of the of extraterritorial extraterritorial fact authority. that The controls there power zoning. to in is no zone, to control the actual use to be made of the land, is probably the most important single land use control." 14 Id. at 66. No. 01-1206.dtp ¶80 Melli acknowledged subdivisions and to map that new "the streets power is without a concomitant power to zone. to much Id. control less new effective" Nonetheless, she stated that the right to approve the way in which undeveloped land is divided for urban use was one of the most important powers a municipality possessed. Id. at 59. She noted that cities "may exercise subdivision control for 3 miles outside their corporate limits." Id. "The principal limitation on subdivision approval as a land use control is its territorial scope." Id. at 60. ¶81 Robert Urban Melli's D. Sundby article was entitled Blight, 1959 Wis. accompanied The L. Elimination Rev. 73. In by and the an article by Prevention of course of his article, Sundby stated that among the factors that contribute to urban blight are "the overcrowding of land, poor layout and use of land, drainage." and inadequate Id. at 92. provision for water, sewerage, and "These factors may be controlled by the adoption and enforcement of adequate subdivision regulations." Id. He added: The state law regulates only subdivisions where the act of division creates 5 or more parcels or building sites of 1 1/2 acres or less in area, or where 5 or more such parcels are created by successive divisions within a period of five years. The state law is therefore subject to considerable evasion through the process of division and redivision. However, the statute authorizes cities, villages, towns, and counties to adopt local subdivision ordinances, provides that such ordinances may include provisions regulating divisions of land into parcels larger than 1 1/2 acres or divisions of land into less than 5 parcels. Thus, municipalities are given ample 15 No. 01-1206.dtp authority to control any division whatsoever purposes of sale or building development. for Id. at 92-93. ¶82 In the years following the 1955 revision of chapter 236, the Legislative Council's Urban Problems Committee studied the need areas. court for additional land use controls in unincorporated Part of this discussion was recounted later by then of appeals Judge Robert D. Sundby in Gordie Boucher Lincoln-Mercury v. Madison Plan Commission, 178 Wis. 2d 74, 503 N.W.2d 205 (1993). Writing for the court, Sundby noted that the legislature had approved a statute on extraterritorial zoning, Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a). See ch. 241, Laws of 1963. However, that statute did not give a municipality unilateral authority to zone land in an unincorporated town within the municipality's extraterritorial jurisdiction. Rather, the statute "require[d] that extraterritorial zoning be a cooperative effort of the city plan commission and the town in which the zoning ordinance will be in effect." Sundby wrote proposal Gordie Boucher, 178 Wis. 2d at 100-101. that giving the Urban populous Problems counties Committee Judge "rejected authority to a adopt comprehensive zoning ordinances which would apply throughout the unincorporated areas towns." at Id. 236 . . . and without 101. sec. the Hence, approval he of the concluded, 236.45 . . . confer broad individual "[w]hile ch. regulatory authority upon local governing bodies, that authority relates to the quality of the subdivision or land division and not to the use to which the lots in the subdivision or land division may be put." Id. (emphasis added). 16 No. 01-1206.dtp V ¶83 authored In 1967, the year that he died, Professor Beuscher a remarkable Controls." Wisconsin His summation report, Development which Series of was by his views published the on as Wisconsin "Land part of Department Use the of Resource Development, focused on legal means to achieve land use planning goals. Beuscher spelled out his law-in-action philosophy with disarming candor: [M]any planners and lawyers tend to compartmentalize governmental powers first into the major areas of: power of eminent domain, power of taxation, power of appropriation, and police power. Then the major plan implementation police power tools, such as zoning, subdivision control, and official mapping, are broken out and often dealt with as if they existed apart from the whole fabric of governmental power. So that comprehensive areawide planning may be successfully implemented, the entire range of police power controls must be effectively coordinated one with another . . . to deal in the public's interest. In short, a more unitary concept of the entire range of sovereign powers of the state must be developed. J.H. Beuscher, Land Use Controls I-1 (Dep't of Res. Dev., Wis. Dev. Series, 1967). ¶84 Professor Beuscher took pains to educate his readers on the scope of land use planning goals, including placement of development and pacing of development, preservation of open space. wrote, "that alternative the uses placing of standpoint to insure of land the Id. at I-2. and necessary wisest use of well as the "It seems clear," he development are as the from scarce control an of economic resources and adequately to protect the health, safety and general welfare of the community." Id. at I-3. 17 "Governmental services and No. 01-1206.dtp facilities must be provided to each new subdivision and to each new resident of the community. availability of tax Since there is a limit to the dollars . . . the pacing of development becomes critically important in rapidly growing urban regions. . . . [T]he process of growth must be paced over time." ¶85 Beuscher planning statutes development. But pointedly to in advocated effect the many more absence of changes complete such Id. in the control of changes, he urged tough-minded utilization of the tools at hand. "The time for a return to simple fundamentals is long overdue. The focus should not be on the niceties, the subtleties, the limitations and potentials of individual legal tools. should be on the accomplishment of the community particular The focus objectives themselves as expressed in properly prepared development plans." Id. at II-2. Why "must it be one control tool or another or one government power or another?" he asked. two or more in combination?" ¶86 Master "Why not greater use of Id. at II-3. In Section IV of his Report, Beuscher discussed the Plan the Wis. Stat. § 62.23(2). "physical plan" contemplated Then he asked: Is a master plan a mere guide to the local planning agency and governing body, or is it in some respects in and of itself a legally binding land use control? Wis. Stat. § 62.23, reflecting the philosophy of the Standard Planning Act of 1928, seems on its face to contain the answer when it provides in subsection (3) that: "The purpose and effect of the adoption and certifying of the master plan or part thereof shall be solely to aid the city plan commission and the council in the performance of their duties." The fact that no public hearing on the proposed master plan is required and that it need be approved only by the plan 18 in No. 01-1206.dtp commission and not by the local legislative body seems to be further evidence that the plan is intended only for informal guidance, not for regulatory control. Nevertheless, from the outset adoption of a master plan has had one regulatory effect. Once the plan is adopted by the plan commission, the local governing body may not act finally on a variety of specified public improvement projects until the matter has first been referred to the plan commission and until the commission after consideration has reported. In rewriting Wis. Stats. Chapter 236, the subdivision code, in 1955, the Legislature provided: Approval of the preliminary or final (subdivision) plat shall be conditioned upon compliance with: . . . (c) any local master plan or official map; . . . The extent or validity of the requirement that a subdivision plat comply with a local master plan has not been tested before the Wisconsin Supreme Court. Involved is the technical issue of whether the Legislature intended to delegate to the plan commission a legislative and a regulatory function so far as concerns master plans. If the Legislature had this intention, was the delegation valid under the 14th Amendment of the Federal Constitution, which imposes an obligation on states that property not be taken "without due process of law." Beuscher, supra, at IV-23. ¶87 Beuscher counseled that it would "strengthen [the case for the plan] if the local governing body indicated its approval of the master plan." Id. "Undoubtedly, also as a practical matter, it would help to show that, though not required by the statute, a public hearing on the proposed master plan was, as a matter of fact, held after due notice before either the plan commission or the governing body or both." ¶88 Returning emphasized that to besides subdivision zoning, 19 "[a] Id. regulation, subdivision Beuscher control No. 01-1206.dtp ordinance is another important device which regulate and order the placing of development." can be used Id. at VII-13. The private developer seeks the benefit of recording his lots for ease of sale; he contemplates that the public will assume the long-run maintenance of streets, sewers, and water lines; he will undoubtedly affect the community tax base and alter existing governmental service functions and their costs; and the initial decisions of location, lot size, street width, type of housing, will undoubtedly establish an indelible pattern of land use that will affect the community for generations to come. In addition, the state is interested in secure real estate descriptions to prevent fraud and conflict; and mortgage lenders are interested in the long-term stability of the new neighborhood which is being established. For any or all of these reasons, the body public is justified in regulating the process of subdividing and in establishing those reasonable conditions upon which plat approval will be granted. . . . Difficulties arise in determining what are reasonable conditions. . . . Courts will be moved to accept those conditions which sound planning and empirical and analytical evidence justify. They will reject those conditions which appear to overreach, rely on erroneous or incomplete data, or which are simply stalling tactics designed to slow down or prevent development. . . . Theoretically, one could argue that all costs associated with the development should be borne by the private developer and passed on to his buyers, who after all are seeking to profit from his decision to subdivide. There should be no hidden subsidy to the developer or to his buyers in the form of community absorption of development costs. Practically, it is not possible to push the conditions for plat approval this far. First of all, it is often very difficult to determine the true costs of development. After the major cost items of street, water, and sewer have been settled, cost determination can become a very speculative process. . . . Therefore, the conditions imposed for plat approval must be reasonable; but the definition of reasonableness may be expanded by comprehensive 20 to No. 01-1206.dtp planning and the presentation of data that justify the particular challenged set of conditions or condition. Id. at VII-13, 14 (emphasis added). VI ¶89 Today, to entitle the plat of a subdivision within the extraterritorial plat approval jurisdiction of a municipality to be recorded, it must have the approval of (1) the town board, (2) the governing body of the municipality (if the municipality has adopted a subdivision ordinance or an official map), and (3) the county planning agency. ¶90 A landowner Wis. Stat. § 236.10(1)(b). seeking to subdivide land submits a proposed plat to all authorities whose approval is required. Wis. Stat. §§ 236.11, 236.12. Approval of the preliminary or final plat shall be conditioned upon compliance with: (a) the provisions of chapter 236, (b) any municipal, town or county ordinance, and § 236.13(1). 2000. local (c) a comprehensive plan. Wis. Stat. The law was slightly different before January 1, The former subsection (c) required compliance with any master plan consistent Wis. Stat. § 236.46 or with any official plan map adopted adopted under under Wis. Stat. § 62.23. ¶91 Wisconsin Stat. § 236.11(1)(b) contains the flip side of Wis. Stat. § 236.13(1). conforms substantially approved . . . and authorized by to law, It provides that if "the final plat to local it the plans is 21 preliminary and ordinances entitled to plat as adopted or approval." No. 01-1206.dtp Wis. Stat. § 236.11(1)(b) (emphasis added).20 Implicit in this formulation is a counter principle: If a plat does not conform to local plans and ordinances adopted as authorized by law, it is not entitled to approval. ¶92 The purpose of subdivision regulation is broadly stated in Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) and includes "to further the orderly layout and use land."21 of Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01, 236.45(1). ¶93 Local governments are authorized to adopt "ordinances governing the subdivision or other division of land which are more restrictive than Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2) the provisions (emphasis of this added). chapter." These "more restrictive" ordinances apply to divisions and subdivisions of land in a municipality's jurisdiction. ¶94 A extraterritorial plat approval Wis. Stat. § 236.45(3). "more restrictive" ordinance may apply to any division of land, either greater than or less than 5 parcels. Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(a). land" in areas where such purposes of the section. subdivision ordinance It may "prohibit Id. prohibition the will division carry out of the Wisconsin Stat. § 236.45 and any adopted under it "shall be liberally construed in favor of the municipality . . . and shall not be deemed a limitation or repeal of any requirement or power 20 The language on "local plans and ordinances" was added to the law by a Dane County legislator, Representative Jonathan Barry, in 1980. See ch. 238, Laws of 1979. 21 For the history of this language, see footnote 3 of this concurrence. 22 No. 01-1206.dtp granted or appearing in this chapter or elsewhere, relating to the subdivision of lands." Wis. Stat. § 236.45(2)(b). ¶95 Given the plain language of the chapter and the extensive legislative history behind this language, it cannot reasonably be argued that Madison violated either the letter or the spirit of the statute when it failed to approve the Woods' plat. The Woods' land was and still is zoned as agricultural land. Both this land and much of the surrounding land are still used as agricultural land. Thus, the proposed commercial use of the Woods' land is in fact inconsistent with the City's master plan. Moreover, the City raised legitimate quality questions about the provision of sewers and the adequacy of roads if the land were put to commercial use. In short, the proposed subdivision violated the City's master plan and its subdivision ordinance. Madison's position The Woods subdivision is so are not ordinance vulnerable to in as a position applied criticism. The to challenge because City their was not overreaching in this case. VII ¶96 Clearly, the City of Madison has adopted the strategy suggested by Professor Beuscher and utilized every possible tool short of extraterritorial zoning to enforce its position on land use planning. ordinance. It has adopted a very far-reaching subdivision The legislature has directed courts to liberally construe this ordinance and similar ordinances, as well as all the provisions of chapter 236. 23 No. 01-1206.dtp ¶97 grant There is a point, however, at which the legislature's of authority to Madison and other municipalities to actually control land use extraterritorially comes to an end, unless these municipalities have exercised lawful authority to zone the land. The court of appeals concluded in the Gordie Boucher case that this point had been reached. ¶98 In Gordie Boucher, the City of Madison Plan Commission was asked to approve a certified survey map (CSM) of a land division in jurisdiction. Madison's It extraterritorial refused to do so on plat grounds approval that Gordie Boucher's plans for an automobile dealership on a proposed 12.2 acre site on part of the subdivided property was inconsistent with the City's Peripheral Area Development Plan, which created a Permanent Open Space District. Gordie Boucher, 178 Wis. 2d at 80-82. ¶99 The court of appeals explained that the proposed Gordie Boucher land was part of a 41.25 acre parcel that was being subdivided into four lots. was adjacent established to U.S. landfill Highway on the The specific lot in question 151 on east. commercial for more than 30 years. the It west had and been Id. at 82. to zoned an C-2 The town of Burke had conditionally approved the CSM and the Dane County Zoning approved and the Natural CSM. Resources Id. at Committee 82-83. Commission balked and rejected the CSM. But had conditionally the Madison Plan Id. at 83. ¶100 Although the Plan Commission gave five reasons for its action, the essence of its disapproval was that (1) the proposed 24 No. 01-1206.dtp survey was not consistent with the City's Master Plan, including the Peripheral Area Development Plan, the Land Use Plan, and the Parks and Open Space Plan, and (2) the certified survey map was inconsistent with the Plan Commission's policy for agriculture and non-agriculture land divisions. The Plan Commission relied exclusively on the master plan rationale when the case reached the court of appeals. Id. ¶101 The circuit court, Moria Krueger, Judge, rejected the City's reasons on grounds that Madison was effectively attempting to rezone the lot to agriculture through planning and subdivision ordinances when the lot had been zoned commercial for many years. The circuit court ruled that the City's Master Plan could not override Dane County's zoning ordinance. Id. at 90. ¶102 The court of appeals agreed. In a unanimous opinion written by Judge Sundby, the court ruled that: [T]he legislature has not given the city's master plan, a planning tool, pre-eminence over county zoning, a regulatory tool. . . . There is no authority for the commission's contention that a county zoning ordinance is subordinate to the city's master plan. We reject the commission's contention; it has no support in the statutes or case law. Id. at 90-91. ¶103 This analysis was and is unassailable. It does not require reliance on treatises unrelated to the peculiarities of Wisconsin law. It is fundamental Wisconsin law. ¶104 There can be no dispute that the legislature has given Wisconsin municipalities expansive subdivision regulatory powers to encourage broad land use objectives and sometimes to enforce 25 No. 01-1206.dtp them. It has given municipalities substantial planning authority, even beyond three miles of the municipality. But it has not authorized municipalities to in effect rezone land by means of extraterritorial extraterritorial power to existing veto planning. uses of zoning, subdivision subdivision land absent defects. It That has that not are what given quality Gordie and/or municipalities consistent reasonable is regulation with lawful concerns Boucher or held, and there is no reason to overrule the case. ¶105 The very existence of extraterritorial zoning, as set out in Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a), constitutes a clear expression of legislative intent. mechanism the This court is not at liberty to ignore the legislature has designed for extraterritorial zoning.22 22 Wisconsin Stat. § 62.23(7a) establishes exacting, special procedures by which a city may zone land in its extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction. In addition to complying with any applicable general zoning requirements found in § 62.23(7), a city's governing body must, by adoption of a resolution that specifies the area to be zoned, promptly declare through precise notice requirements its intention to prepare a comprehensive zoning ordinance. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a)(a). 26 No. 01-1206.dtp VIII ¶106 The majority opinion heavily relies on selected passages in two legislative declarations of policy to support its conclusion that a municipality may control the ultimate use of land in its extraterritorial through the rejection of new plats. plat approval jurisdiction In particular, the majority points to the following language: (1) The purpose of chapter 236 and the purpose of section 236.45 is, in part, "to further the orderly layout and use of land." Majority op., ¶¶13, 17 More important, when a city plan commission formulates a zoning restriction, a joint extraterritorial zoning committee is established. This committee consists of three members of the city plan commission and three town members from any town affected by the proposal. Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a)(c). The joint committee prepares the zoning plan and regulations, or amendments thereto, in conjunction with the city plan commission. Id. However, only the members of the joint committee may vote on matters relating to the extraterritorial zoning plan and regulations. Id. Accordingly, "The governing body shall not adopt the proposed plan and regulations, or amendments thereto, unless [the proposals] receive a favorable vote of a majority of the 6 members of the joint committee." Id. In short, the statute enables the governing body of a city to adopt only zoning that has been recommended by the joint committee, and only after public notice and a public hearing on the proposal. § 62.23(7a)(e). As a practical matter, the statute provides that a town's land may not be zoned extraterritorially unless at least one representative of the affected town concurs with a city s proposed plan or regulations. No unilateral action by the city is permitted. Had the City of Madison attempted to rezone land within the Woods' plat by exercising its subdivision regulation authority, without undergoing the processes of § 62.23(7a), it would necessarily have contravened both the letter and the spirit of this specific, enabling statute. The harmonization of a city s extraterritorial subdivision authority with these extraterritorial zoning provisions was respected by the Gordie Boucher decision, but ignored by the majority in this case. 27 No. 01-1206.dtp (quoting Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1), respectively); (2) "The regulations provided for by this section shall be made with reasonable consideration . . . of municipality, appropriate town use of character of the county . . . for or the encouraging the most land." Majority op., ¶17 (quoting Wis. Stat. § 236.45(1)). ¶107 This reliance is suspect for several reasons. sections or subsections that are labeled as First, declarations of purpose or declarations of legislative intent are different from sections or subsections that clearly grant power. As an example, Wis. Stat. §§ 236.01 and 236.45(1) should be compared to Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7)(a), a provision which clearly grants power. ¶108 Second, the conditional language. language in the declarations is To illustrate, both declarations list a purpose to "further the orderly layout and use of land." To "further" something is to "help the progress of" or "advance" something. Language The 737 something. (3d American ed. Heritage 1992). It Dictionary does not of The imply English control of Moreover, the word "orderly" modifies "use," just as "orderly" modifies "layout." Furthering the orderly use of land is different from controlling the use of land. ¶109 Looking at the other language relied upon, we see the terms "reasonable consideration" appropriate use of land." like "further," "encouraging the most "Reasonable" implies that not all "consideration" will pass muster. verb and different 28 "Encourage" is a conditional from "control" or "effect." No. 01-1206.dtp These words do not connote the unlimited subdivision regulatory authority the majority appears to embrace. This is especially evident when all the passages relied upon are returned to the context from which they have been taken.23 ¶110 Third, the very existence of conditional words in the declarations recognizes the limits on subdivision regulation and the need to harmonize it with zoning, both extraterritorial and otherwise. Zoning, like subdivision regulation, is an exercise of the police power. When a municipality is given statutory authority to pass a subdivision ordinance to "promote the public health, safety, and general welfare of the community" words reflective of the police power the municipality is not thereby given authority to include explicit zoning in the subdivision ordinance. ¶111 The certified question before this court is stated by the majority: "Does Wis. Stat. ch. 236 authorize a municipality to reject a preliminary plat under its extraterritorial jurisdictional authority based on a subdivision ordinance that considers the plat's proposed use?" Majority op. at ¶2. key word in this question is "reject." the question is "sometimes," depending whether the rejection is "reasonable." "yes" or "no" answer. The The obvious answer to upon the facts and There is no absolute A municipality may not seek to compel a 23 "[I]t is . . . well established that courts must not look at a single, isolated sentence or portion of a sentence, but at the role of the relevant language in the entire statute." Alberte v. Anew Health Care Servs., 2000 WI 7, ¶10, 232 Wis. 2d 587, 605 N.W.2d 515 (citing Pilot Life Ins. Co. v. Dedeaux, 481 U.S. 41, 51 (1987)). 29 No. 01-1206.dtp particular land use that contradicts a validly enacted zoning ordinance by arbitrarily rejecting a plat under the extraterritorial component of its subdivision ordinance. This is the core teaching of the Gordie Boucher case.24 ¶112 "Consider" question. relating is not the key word in the certified The majority opinion observes that "any regulation to the 'quality' of a subdivision consider 'the most appropriate use' of land. must necessarily We cannot fathom how an ordinance can consider the most appropriate use of land if it cannot consider the use of land." (emphasis added). Majority op. at ¶30 Of course, a platting authority may consider the use of land, but it may not impose an authorized end by an unauthorized means. The certified question is not the correct question because it is not a question susceptible to a precise answer. ¶113 Judge Robert Sundby was an architect of the Wisconsin subdivision statute. municipalities. The He was majority's a zealous failure to advocate acknowledge of Judge Sundby's pivotal role in reforming chapter 236 of the Wisconsin Statutes is surprising. In Gordie Boucher, Judge Sundby faithfully applied the provisions of chapter 236, including Wis. Stat. § 236.45 in pari materia with Wis. Stat. § 62.23(7a). 24 A municipality may condition its approval of a plat on the plat's compliance with the municipality's master plan, but the municipality may not enforce a master plan that exceeds its authority. In addition, a municipality may not block an otherwise valid subdivision until, say, the subdivider donates 75 percent of the land to the public. 30 No. 01-1206.dtp ¶114 Even distinction scholars between who have subdivision sought understood and respected the distinction. forthrightly that development which "Zoning can relates take minimize the and control to zoning have Marygold Melli wrote the type on the land; place to of building subdivision control relates to the way in which the land is divided and made ready for building development." Melli, Subdivision Control in Wisconsin, 1953 Wis. L. Rev. 389, 389. ¶115 Professor Beuscher, a tireless advocate for land use planning, nonetheless was careful to recognize property rights: Though planning and plan implementation of necessity focus on public needs and desires, it is important to be aware of and understand private property rights which exist and are protected by both the federal and state constitutions. The goal of the courts as arbiter between the public actions which are in conflict with or encroach upon alleged private property rights has been to strike a balance a balance which will on one hand allow needed public programs to be carried out and at the same time preserve as large a sphere as possible within which the private decision-maker and private property rights may be exercised. Beuscher, Land Use Controls, supra, at I-2. ¶116 Beuscher also wrote that "it must be conceded that literal comply application of the with the approved requirement master plan that would the subdivision violate the 14th Amendment in some instances . . . because the regulatory impact on the particular landowner [would be] so great as to constitute an invalid taking of property in his case." Id. at IV-23. "If the plan commission stands pat and refuses to approve the plat and the council does not buy or condemn the land, the owner may 31 No. 01-1206.dtp be left in the position of not being able to earn a fair return on his land; and a court would probably declare the application of the master plan unconstitutional." subdivision ordinance may be Id. (emphasis added). unconstitutional as applied A to specific facts.25 ¶117 The City of Madison has repeatedly shown hostility to unapproved development jurisdiction. plats its extraterritorial Consequently, extraterritorial quality in if jurisdiction it hopes a will to subdivider have prevail to in plat approval in Madison's submit meticulous the face of City opposition. ¶118 I am authorized to state that JUSTICE JON P. WILCOX and JUSTICE DIANE S. SYKES join this concurrence. 25 The Woods have not advanced an argument relating to the constitutionality of Madison s rejection of their plat and, therefore, the parties did not brief this issue. 32 No. 01-1206.dtp 1

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