State v. Matthew J. Knapp
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2003 WI 121 SUPREME COURT CASE NO.: OF WISCONSIN 00-2590-CR COMPLETE TITLE: State of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Appellant-Cross-Respondent, v. Matthew J. Knapp, Defendant-Respondent-Cross-Appellant. ON CERTIFICATION FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS OPINION FILED: SUBMITTED ON BRIEFS: ORAL ARGUMENT: SOURCE OF APPEAL: COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: CONCURRED: CONCURRED/DISSENTED: July 22, 2003 April 23, 2003 Circuit Jefferson Randy R. Koschnick ABRAHAMSON, C.J., concurs in part, dissents in part (opinion filed). BRADLEY, J., joins concurrence/dissent. SYKES, J., concurs in part, dissents in part (opinion filed). DISSENTED: NOT PARTICIPATING: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiff-appellant-cross respondent the cause was argued by William L. Gansner, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs was Peggy A. Lautenschlager, attorney general. For the defendant-respondent-cross briefs by Robert G. LeBell, Milwaukee, Robert G. LeBell. appellant there were and oral argument by 2003 WI 121 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 00-2590-CR (L.C. No. 99 CF 363) STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT State of Wisconsin, Plaintiff-Appellant-CrossRespondent, FILED JUL 22, 2003 v. Matthew J. Knapp, Cornelia G. Clark Clerk of Supreme Court Defendant-Respondent-CrossAppellant. APPEAL from a judgment of Court, Randy R. Koschnick, Judge. the Jefferson County Circuit Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and cause remanded. ¶1 N. PATRICK CROOKS, J. This case comes to us upon certification from the court of appeals on the issue of whether physical evidence obtained as the direct result of a Miranda1 violation should be suppressed when the violation was an intentional attempt to prevent the suspect from exercising his Fifth Amendment rights. the recent 1 U.S. Supreme Such review is necessary in light of Court case of Dickerson Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). v. United No. States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000). 00-2590-CR We also review additional issues, including whether the statements provided to the Department of Criminal Investigation (DCI) agents in violation of Miranda were involuntary; whether defendant's arrest the physical should be evidence suppressed seized as a during violation the of Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981); whether the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the detective entered the exterior announcing; doors whether of the apartment the circuit court without erred knocking in and suppressing evidence seized during the second warrantless search, with his brother's consent, of the defendant's bedroom; and whether the circuit court erred in admitting hearsay evidence implicating a third party in the murder. ¶2 First, with regard to the certified issue, based upon the holding of the U.S. Supreme Court in Dickerson, we reverse the decision of the circuit court which denied the motion to suppress evidence obtained as the direct result of a Miranda violation. We hold that Dickerson requires us to overrule the decision in State v. Yang, 2000 WI App. 63, 233 Wis. 2d 545, 608 N.W.2d 703, where, as here, the Miranda violation was intentional. The policy considerations related to deterrence and integrity, judicial which are the underpinnings of the exclusionary rule, support suppression of the physical evidence here. ¶3 J. Knapp In response to the second issue, we hold that Matthew (Knapp) provided statements 2 to the DCI agents No. 00-2590-CR voluntarily, and that the circuit court correctly applied Harris2 by admitting such statements solely for impeachment purposes during cross-examination. ¶4 Next, since we have determined that the motion to suppress the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized as a direct result of the intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, there is no need to determine whether the alleged Edwards3 violation should also result in suppression of the sweatshirt seized. ¶5 have Similarly, with regard to the fourth issue, since we determined that the motion to suppress the sweatshirt seized as a direct result of the intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, there is no need to determine whether the alleged Fourth Amendment violation, relating to a failure to knock and announce at the exterior doors prior to entering the premises, should also result in suppression of the sweatshirt seized. ¶6 Fifth, based upon the facts of this case, we hold that George Knapp (George), the defendant's brother, did not have actual or common authority to consent to a search of Knapp's bedroom, but that there was apparent authority. The circuit court was wrong when it held that physical evidence obtained during that second warrantless search should be suppressed. 2 Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971). 3 Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981). 3 No. ¶7 00-2590-CR Sixth, in light of Denny,4 Chambers,5 and the rules of evidence, we hold that the circuit court correctly determined that hearsay evidence, implicating a potential third party in the victim's murder, could be admitted. I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND ¶8 The facts of this case are undisputed. Knapp's trial has been stayed pending the outcome of this appeal. The facts are drawn from the preliminary hearing, the motion hearings, and the allegations in the complaint and information. ¶9 Resa Scobie Brunner (Resa) was murdered in her home on December 12, 1987. At about 2 p.m. that day, her husband, Ervin J. Brunner (Brunner), found Resa lying in their bedroom beaten to death by a baseball bat, and he called the Watertown Police. The autopsy established Resa's time of death as being between 2:15 and 4:30 a.m. Brunner claimed that he had been with another woman, Sharon Maas (Maas), all evening and had slept at his parents' house in Clyman that night. Brunner told police that he and Maas were in a bar in Sullivan until 2 a.m., and then they drove directly to his parents' house in Clyman without stopping in Watertown. ¶10 At the time of the murder Maas was living at the home of Richard Borchardt, Sr. (Borchardt) in Watertown. is now deceased and was never interviewed by police. 4 Borchardt Patricia State v. Denny, 120 Wis. 2d 614, 625, 357 N.W.2d 12 (Ct. App. 1984). 5 Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973). 4 No. 00-2590-CR Farrell, a friend of Borchardt's, told Watertown police during an August 4, 2000, interview that sometime after Resa's murder Borchardt told Farrell that on the night of the murder Maas arrived at the house very late and, after a short time inside the house, left with a brown paper bag. Borchardt told Farrell that he looked out the window and saw a truck he recognized as Brunner's sitting in the driveway with its lights turned off. Maas got into the truck and it backed out of the driveway and departed. ¶11 Knapp was the last person seen with Resa that night. They were seen drinking together in a Watertown bar, and then eating together in a Watertown restaurant after the bar closed. Resa and Knapp got up to leave the restaurant at the same time, but Knapp left first, as Resa had to go back to pay her check. At the time of the murder Knapp was on parole. He was arrested on a parole violation on December 13, 1987, at the apartment he shared with his brother, George, and George's fiancée (now his wife), Helen. ¶12 floor Knapp resided with his brother and Helen in the second apartment of a house in Watertown. Access to the apartment was from doors on the ground floor, up a carpeted stairwell, to another door leading directly into the living room of the apartment. large window. a wooden door. The door on the second floor contained a The exterior doors consisted of a screen door and There was no working doorbell, and the exterior wooden door was not regularly locked. 5 No. ¶13 On the day of Knapp's initial 00-2590-CR arrest, Detective Timothy Roets (Roets) of the Watertown Police Department entered the exterior doors of Knapp's apartment without knocking or announcing, and proceeded up the stairwell to the door at the top of the stairs. Roets saw Knapp through the door's window and told Knapp to open the door because he had a warrant for Knapp's arrest on a parole violation. to call his attorney. Knapp picked up the phone Knapp claims that Roets was banging on the door and ordering him to open up.6 Regardless of whether Roets was banging or knocking, he asked Knapp to open the door. Knapp hung up the phone, stepped back, let Roets in, and told Roets he was trying to call his attorney. Roets informed Knapp that he had to go to the police station. Knapp and Roets went to Knapp's bedroom so Knapp could put on some shoes, and Roets asked Knapp what he had been wearing the prior evening. pointed to a pile of clothing on the floor. Knapp Roets seized the pile of clothing and transported Knapp to the police station. In that pile of clothing was a blue sweatshirt. A DNA test later determined the sweatshirt contained Resa's blood on one sleeve. Roets did not give Knapp his Miranda warnings prior to asking him what he had been wearing, and Knapp did not say anything else about contacting his attorney at that time. 6 The circuit court found this claim inconsistent with Roets' testimony and found Roets to be more credible. (Def. App. pp. 257-58). The circuit court found that it was more likely that Roets was nonaggressive and polite during his encounter with Knapp. 6 No. ¶14 At the station Roets questioned still did not give him Miranda warnings. Knapp 00-2590-CR further but Knapp believed that he was assisting Roets as a witness, not as a suspect to Resa's murder. Knapp provided Roets with information about the prior evening, including the fact that he witnessed Resa fighting with another woman. Knapp stated that Resa got a bloody nose from the encounter and that he helped her wipe the blood on his sleeve. When it occurred to Knapp that he was not being questioned as a witness, but rather as a suspect, he asserted his right to counsel and stopped the questioning. ¶15 While Knapp was at the station Roets asked Knapp's brother, George, for consent to search the apartment. George was allowed to speak with Knapp and informed Knapp that he was consenting to a search of the apartment. Though Roets was not certain whether the consent form was signed before or after the conversation between George and Knapp, George testified that he talked to Knapp before signing the consent form. George signed agreed to a search of the entire The consent apartment, although the consent form did not specifically mention Knapp's bedroom. ¶16 There was testimony from both Knapp and George that Knapp was to pay George $150 in rent for the use of the bedroom. The record is unclear as to whether or not Knapp had actually paid George any money, as he had only been there a short time before the arrest. Knapp had paid rent. However, the circuit court determined that Testimony about Knapp's bedroom revealed that Knapp was given a bedroom, which had a door and a lock, 7 No. 00-2590-CR that he kept the door closed when he was not home, he had his own key to the apartment, and that George would not enter the bedroom without asking Knapp. ¶17 years. Resa's murder went unsolved and uncharged for twelve In addition to investigating Knapp's involvement, the police department interviewed and investigated others. Knapp asserts that a likely suspect of Resa's murder is her husband, Brunner. Prior to the murder Resa and Brunner told various witnesses that they were having marital problems. been married for six months at the time. They had only The night of Resa's murder, Brunner slept with Maas. The week before the murder Brunner another found Resa sitting with man in his truck, dragged Resa out of the truck, and told police officers he would "knock her out" if he ever caught Resa cheating on him again. Additionally, Brunner told his stepdaughter the night of the murder that he and Resa were fighting. Earlier that evening Resa called her daughter and told her to go to their home and take the key off of the porch. Brunner admitted he might not have had a key to his home that evening. During a fight with a girlfriend a few years later, Brunner stated that he wished he "had a bat." Brunner also stated previously during a polygraph examination that he killed his wife. ¶18 The DCI got involved in the case in 1998 and in the summer of 1999 located new witnesses who implicated Knapp in the murder. An ex-girlfriend of Knapp's, Sandra Huebner, stated that in 1995 Knapp beat her and said, "I'll do to you what I did to her." Pedro Blas-Jasso told 8 an investigator that Knapp No. 00-2590-CR confessed to him 10 to 15 times that he killed Resa. A criminal complaint was issued against Knapp on November 12, 1999. A. Circuit Court ¶19 In Knapp's preliminary hearing on December 8, 1999, the circuit court found the evidence sufficient for a bindover. On February 14, 2000, Knapp filed motions for suppression of physical evidence seized during the search conducted at the time of his search initial arrest conducted with arrest. on December George's 13, consent 1987, and shortly after second Knapp's Knapp also moved to suppress statements he made to the police without having received Miranda warnings. court, the the Honorable Randy R. Koschnick The circuit presiding, conducted hearings on the suppression motions in May and June of 2000 and granted them in part and denied them in part in its July 22, 2000, and August 10, 2000, oral rulings. A written order was entered on September 19, 2000. ¶20 In its order the circuit court denied the motion to suppress items seized during the search conducted at the time of Knapp's arrest, granted the motion to suppress evidence seized during the second search, and granted the motion to suppress Knapp's statements during the State's case-in-chief, because of the violation of Miranda, but ruled that the statements could be used for impeachment purposes because they were voluntary. ¶21 On August 17, 2000, Knapp filed evidence of the guilt of other suspects. contained 45 items. The circuit court a motion to admit Knapp's offer of proof orally ruled on the motion to admit evidence in hearings on September 5, 2000, and 9 No. 00-2590-CR September 8, 2000, and granted the motion in part and denied it in part. B. The written order was entered on September 19, 2000. Court of Appeals ¶22 The State filed a notice of appeal from the circuit court's order granting the motion to suppress physical evidence from the second search on September 21, 2000. Knapp filed a petition for leave to appeal the remainder of the suppression order. The State also filed a petition for leave to appeal the portion of the circuit court order admitting Item 21(a), which contained hearsay evidence allegedly alibi on the night of the murder. undercutting Brunner's The court of appeals granted the petitions on November 7, 2000. The court of appeals heard oral arguments on April 25, 2002, and on August 15, 2002, filed a certification in this court. Specifically, the court appeals requested certification on the following issue: of "Should physical evidence obtained as the direct result of a Miranda violation be suppressed when the violation was an intentional attempt to prevent Amendment rights?" certification review all on the suspect from exercising his Fifth This court accepted the court of appeals' September issues raised 26, in the 2002, and parties' also accepted appeals before for the court of appeals. II. ISSUES ¶23 In addition to the certified question, the following issues are presented: whether the statements provided to the DCI agents in violation of Miranda were involuntary. 10 No. ¶24 Whether defendant's the arrest physical should be evidence suppressed seized as 00-2590-CR during violation a the of Edwards. ¶25 Whether the defendant's Fourth Amendment rights were violated when the detective entered the exterior doors of the apartment without knocking and announcing. ¶26 evidence Whether seized the during circuit the court second erred in warrantless suppressing search of the defendant's bedroom with George's consent. ¶27 to admit Whether the circuit court erred in granting a motion hearsay evidence implicating a third party in the murder. III. STANDARD OF REVIEW ¶28 Our analysis involves various issues that we decide under different standards of review. This court will uphold the circuit court's findings of fact on a motion to suppress unless they are against the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. appellate "In courts reviewing will an uphold order suppressing findings of evidence, evidentiary historical fact unless they are clearly erroneous." or State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 541, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). See also State v. Harris, 206 Wis. 2d 243, 249-50, 557 N.W.2d 245 (1996), and Wis. Stat. § 805.17(2) (2001-2002).7 However, whether those facts satisfy the constitutional requirement of reasonableness 7 All subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 2001-2002 version unless otherwise indicated. 11 No. 00-2590-CR is a question of law which this court reviews de novo. Waldner, 206 Wis. 2d 51, 54, 556 N.W.2d 681 State v. (1996). The reasonableness of a search is a constitutional question, which we review independently, but with the benefit of the analysis of the circuit court. ¶29 subject With to Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at 541. regard the to circuit evidentiary court's questions, discretion, they which are are usually reviewed by appellate courts on the basis of whether there was an erroneous exercise of discretion. State Wis. 2d 334, 342, 340 N.W.2d 498 (1983). this case, the focus of a circuit v. 115 Pharr, However, when, as in court's ruling is on a defendant's asserted due process right to introduce evidence, the issue is more constitutional fact, review. State See properly and v. is, characterized therefore, Stutesman, 221 as subject one to of novo 182, Wis. 2d 178, de 585 N.W.2d 181 (Ct. App. 1998) ("[W]hether a trial court's ruling excluding evidence deprived a defendant of the constitutional right to fact,' present which we evidence review de is a question novo."). of See 'constitutional also State v. St. George, 2002 WI 50, ¶¶48-49, 252 Wis. 2d 499, 643 N.W.2d 777 (supreme court must defendant was denied determine his as a matter constitutional of right law to whether present a defense when circuit court excluded expert testimony). IV. CERTIFIED ISSUE SUPPRESSION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE ¶30 Should Miranda As noted, the court of appeals certified the question: physical evidence obtained violation be suppressed 12 as when the direct the result violation of was a an No. 00-2590-CR intentional attempt to prevent the suspect from exercising his Fifth Amendment rights?8 ¶31 The State concedes that at the time Knapp identified the physical evidence, i.e. his sweatshirt, he was in custody and being interrogated by police. Further, the State does not dispute that Knapp's pointing to the sweatshirt was testimonial in nature. Consequently, the State does not challenge either the circuit court's conclusion that the police violated Knapp's Miranda rights or its subsequent decision to suppress in the State's case-in-chief all of the statements the police obtained in violation of Miranda. ¶32 However, Knapp asks this court to reverse the circuit court's ruling and hold that the physical evidence in this case, his sweatshirt, should be suppressed as well because the clothing was identified by Knapp in response to questions put to him without being advised of, and then waiving his rights, as required by Miranda. The clothing obtained, he argues, was the inadmissible fruit of the Miranda violation. ¶33 Moreover, Knapp argues that the circuit court wrongly relied on Yang to hold that physical evidence discovered as a direct result of a statement obtained in violation of Miranda is still admissible doctrine. despite the "fruit Yang, 233 Wis. 2d 545, ¶14. 8 of the poisonous tree" Knapp points out that The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides, "No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself." The Fifth Amendment is applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 2-3 n.1 (1964). 13 No. 00-2590-CR Yang relied upon the Elstad-Tucker9 rule for its reasoning. decisions in Elstad and Tucker rest on the premise The that a Miranda violation is not a constitutional violation, and that Miranda was not a constitutional imperative, but a mere "prophylactic standard." ¶34 Knapp argues that the premise underlying Elstad, Tucker, and Yang has arguably been disavowed by the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dickerson, viability of as Miranda 530 a U.S. 428, decision which that upheld "announced the a constitutional rule." ¶35 Accordingly, Knapp maintains that Yang is no longer good law, because Miranda is a constitutional rule, and physical evidence obtained in violation of that rule is inadmissible under the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine. ¶36 Knapp also maintains that appellate court decisions, in light of Dickerson, have been mixed. argues that this court must look at As a result, Knapp the mindset of the questioning officer in failing to Mirandize Knapp. ¶37 Knapp argues that the rationale of Yang depends upon the premise that a Miranda violation is a mere error the type of mistake that is unavoidable in regular police work. Knapp maintains that this premise does not work in this case because: (1) Roets knew of the requirement to Mirandize suspects in custody (R. 102:79-80; Def. App. 362-63); and (2) Roets knew 9 Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985), and Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974). 14 No. that Knapp was unlikely to respond to questions 00-2590-CR if he was advised of his rights (R. 102:120, 123-24; Def. App. 377, 37980). Therefore, Knapp argues, this was no benign error, as Roets deliberately chose to disregard Miranda. ¶38 court The uphold State the disagrees circuit with court's Knapp ruling and asks that that the this physical evidence is admissible. ¶39 As noted, the State concedes that Roets violated the requirements of Miranda when, without advice and waiver of rights, he asked Knapp what clothing he had been wearing the evening of December 11 and early morning of December 12. As a result, the State agrees that Knapp's statements in response to that question should not be admissible in the State's case-inchief. The State nevertheless argues that Knapp's clothing is not subject to suppression for the Miranda violation. ¶40 The State argues that Yang stands for the proposition that if the non-Mirandized statement was voluntary, "the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine does not apply" statement was not unconstitutionally obtained. 2d, ¶3. because the Yang, 233 Wis. If the "statements leading the police to the physical evidence were voluntary, that evidence is admissible." Id. In support of its argument the State contends that the Yang holding is supported by Elstad and Tucker. ¶41 The State argues that Dickerson does not abrogate the holding in Yang because it did not overrule Tucker or Elstad. ¶42 other In support of its argument the State points out that courts have applied the 15 Elstad-Tucker rule after No. Dickerson. 00-2590-CR The State cites the Third Circuit case of United States v. DeSumma, 272 F.3d 176 (3d Cir. 2001),10 and the Fourth Circuit's decision in United States v. Sterling, 283 F.3d 216 (4th Cir. 2002).11 V. ANALYSIS OF CERTIFIED ISSUE ¶43 The certified issue requires this court to determine to what extent, if any, the Dickerson decision undermines Yang. ¶44 The scope of protection afforded to citizens under the Fifth Amendment right against compulsory self-incrimination has received considerable attention in the opinions Supreme Court, and in this court as well. of the U.S. See Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985); Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974). See also Dickerson, 530 U.S. 428; Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 460-61 (1972); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); Murphy v. Waterfront Comm'n, 378 U.S. 52, 79 (1964); Yang, 233 Wis. 2d 545, review denied 2000 WI 121, 239 Wis. 2d 310, 619 N.W.2d 92. ¶45 The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides, "No person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a 10 The Third Circuit concluded that Dickerson had not abrogated or overruled Elstad's principle that the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine did not extend to violations of Miranda. United States v. DeSumma, 272 F.3d 176, 180-181 (3d Cir. 2001). 11 The Fourth Circuit concluded that Dickerson did not provide a persuasive basis for overruling its prior decision in United States v. Elie, 111 F.3d 1135 (4th Cir. 1997), which had declined to extend the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine to statements obtained in violation of Miranda. United States v. Sterling, 283 F.3d 216, 218-19 (4th Cir. 2002). 16 No. witness against himself." The Fifth Amendment is applicable here through the Fourteenth Amendment. U.S. 1, 2-3 n.1 (1964). incrimination adversary has system been of 00-2590-CR Malloy v. Hogan, 378 The protection from compulsory selfreferred criminal to as justice," "the mainstay Tucker, 417 of our U.S. 433 (quoting Johnson v. New Jersey, 384 U.S. 719 (1966)), and as "one of the great landmarks in man's struggle to make himself civilized." (1956)). Id. (quoting Ullmann v. United States, 350 U.S. 422 Moreover, the privilege against self-incrimination "was aimed at a . . . far-reaching evil a reoccurrence of the Inquisition and the Star Chamber, even if not in their stark brutality." Ullmann at 428. Wisconsin, in full accord with the well-founded Fifth Amendment jurisprudence, has also extended protection from self-incrimination in a criminal case to its citizens through Article I, Section 7, of the Wisconsin Constitution.12 12 Wisconsin Const. art. I, § 7 states: In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him; to meet the witnesses face to face; to have compulsory process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and in prosecutions by indictment, or information, to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district wherein the offense shall have been committed; which county or district shall have been previously ascertained by law. 17 No. A. 00-2590-CR Miranda v. Arizona ¶46 In 1966 the U.S. Supreme Court in a landmark decision, Miranda v. Arizona, expanded interrogation practices. restrictions on police In protecting one's Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination, the Supreme Court established a set of procedural prosecution may inculpatory, not safeguards. use stemming statements, from custodial unless dictates. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444.13 warnings, the demonstrates suspect's to whether defendant the it According Miranda, exculpatory interrogation compliance of with the or a Miranda If police fail to read statements in response to questioning are presumed to be coerced, and the prosecution is prohibited from using the statements at trial in its case-inchief. ¶47 See Harris v. New York, 401 U.S. 222 (1971). Under "questioning Miranda, initiated by "[c]ustodial law interrogation" enforcement officers means after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444. B. Miranda Violations and the Poisonous Tree Doctrine ¶48 Supreme In Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963), the Court articulated the "fruit 13 of the poisonous tree" According to Miranda, police are required to warn a suspect in custody, prior to any questioning, that he has the right to remain silent; that anything he says can be used as evidence against him; that he has the right to the presence of an attorney during interrogation; and that if he cannot afford a lawyer, one will be appointed. 18 No. doctrine. According to the Wong Sun 00-2590-CR majority, derivative evidence, such as physical evidence, is not the "fruit of the poisonous tree simply because it would not have come to light but for the illegal actions of the police." Id. at 488. Rather, derivative evidence must be suppressed as "fruit of the poisonous tree," if it was discovered by exploiting an illegal search. Id. Consequently, discovered "by illegality] to admissible. be sufficiently the derivative evidence purged of the distinguishable is [from the Id. ¶49 means if primary taint," then it is Since 1966 on two occasions the U.S. Supreme Court has considered whether derivative evidence obtained in violation of Miranda should be suppressed. Those two cases are pivotal to our analysis. ¶50 First, in Tucker, the Supreme Court was asked to apply the Wong Sun "tainted fruits" doctrine to the testimony of a witness whose identity was discovered as statement obtained in violation of Miranda. the result of a Tucker involved an un-Mirandized custodial interrogation that occurred prior to the issuance of the Miranda decision. interrogation the defendant During the course of the identified a relevant whom the police previously had been ignorant. witness of The defendant argued before the Court that the testimony of the witness so identified by the defendant should have been barred as the fruit of the Miranda violation. The Court's rejection of this argument rested largely on its conclusion that excluding the fruits of this confession would have minimal prophylactic effect 19 No. 00-2590-CR because the officers were acting in complete good faith under prevailing pre-Miranda law that barred only coerced confessions. The Tucker court explained: The deterrent purpose of the exclusionary rule necessarily assumes that the police have engaged in willful, or at the very least negligent, conduct which has deprived the defendant of some right. . . . Where the official action was pursued in complete good faith, however, the deterrence rationale loses much of its force. We consider it significant to our decision in this case that the officers' failure to advise the respondent of his right to appointed counsel occurred Although we have prior to the decision in Miranda. been urged to resolve the broad question of whether evidence derived from statements taken in violation of the Miranda rules must be excluded regardless of when the interrogation took place, we instead place our holding on a narrower ground. Tucker, 417 U.S. at 447. ¶51 with Second, in Elstad the U.S. Supreme Court was faced the statements issue must of be Miranda violation. defendant made whether a suppressed defendant's as the fruit Elstad, 470 U.S. at 303. incriminating statements warnings, and, of earlier in custodial The police then thereafter, made further incriminating statements. the In that case, the while interrogation prior to the Miranda warnings. administered Miranda post-Mirandized the defendant The Elstad court held that suppression was not required, rejecting the view that the post-warning statements were the unconstitutional product of "a subtle form of lingering compulsion, the psychological impact of 20 No. 00-2590-CR the suspect's conviction that he has let the cat out of the bag. . . . " C. Id. at 311. Wisconsin Law and the Yang Decision ¶52 Relying on Tucker and Elstad, the Wisconsin court of appeals in Yang, 233 Wis. 2d 545, ¶3, held that the officer's failure to administer the Miranda warnings prior to Yang's oral statements was not a constitutional infringement. The court of appeals said: The Tucker and Elstad holdings could not be clearer: the "poisonous tree" in Wong Sun is a constitutional violation and, absent such a violation, there is no tainted fruit. It is well established that the failure to deliver Miranda warnings is not itself a constitutional violation. (Citing Elstad). Accordingly, derivative physical evidence obtained as a result of an unwarned statement that was voluntary under the Fifth Amendment is not "tainted fruit." Yang, 233 Wis. 2d 545, ¶36. ¶53 Moreover, the court of appeals in Yang said: Policemen investigating serious crimes [cannot realistically be expected to] make no errors whatsoever. If errors are made by law enforcement officers in administering the prophylactic Miranda procedures, they should not breed the same irremediable consequences as police infringement of the Fifth Amendment itself. Yang, 233 Wis. 2d 545, ¶37 (citing Elstad, 470 U.S. at 308-309). D. Dickerson ¶54 Supreme Several Court months held in after Yang Dickerson was that decided, Miranda the U.S. was a "constitutional decision," and that it created a "constitutional 21 No. 00-2590-CR rule," and therefore, Congress could not legislatively overrule Miranda. ¶55 Dickerson, 530 U.S at 441. whether Consequently, the Supreme we are Court faced decision with in the question Dickerson of completely undermined the Yang decision. ¶56 Lower courts applying Dickerson have split on the proper application of Wong Sun to the physical fruits resulting from a Miranda violation. Circuits violation DeSumma, have ruled never 272 that are F.3d For example, the Third and Fourth the subject at physical to 179-181, Wong cert fruits Sun of a Miranda suppression. denied, 122 S.Ct. In 1631 (2002), the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit upheld the admission statement warnings. doctrine of a gun made by the found as a result defendant before he of was a voluntary given Miranda The court held that "the fruit of the poisonous tree does not apply to derivative evidence secured as a result of a voluntary statement obtained before Miranda warnings are issued." Id. at 180. Based on Dickerson's discussion of Elstad, the Third Circuit concluded that Dickerson "continued to observe the distinction between Miranda's application to cases involving the Fifth, rather than the Fourth, Amendment." Id. at 179. ¶57 Similarly, in United States v. Sterling, 283 F.3d 216, 218-219 (4th Cir. 2002), cert. denied, 122 S.Ct. 2606 (2002), the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld the admission of a gun found as a result of a voluntary statement made by the defendant before he was given Miranda warnings. 22 The No. 00-2590-CR Fourth Circuit relied on its prior decision in United States v. Elie, 111 F.3d "derivative 1135, evidence 1142 (4th obtained Cir. as a 1997), which result of held an that unwarned statement that was voluntary under the Fifth Amendment is never 'fruit of the poisonous tree.'" The Fourth Circuit concluded in Sterling [drawn that "the distinction in Tucker and Elstad] between statements and derivative evidence survives Dickerson," Sterling, 283 F.3d at 219, and that "Dickerson does not overrule Tucker or Elstad, and our holding in Elie, based on those two cases, survives." ¶58 Court Id. In contrast to the Third and Fourth Circuits, the U.S. of Appeals for the First Circuit has ruled that the physical fruits of a Miranda violation must be suppressed in certain circumstances, depending on the need for deterrence of police misconduct, in light of the circumstances of each case. United States v. Faulkingham, 295 F.3d 85 (1st Cir. 2002). In Faulkingham, the First Circuit used a case-by-case approach that requires the suppression of derivative evidence only when the need for deterrence outweighs the reliability of the evidence in a particular case. and the testimony Faulkingham upheld the admission of drugs of a witness discovered as a result of voluntary statements made by the defendant who was not given Miranda warnings. The First various differences in purpose amendments, Dickerson, articulated and those in Circuit behind Elstad, differences recognized the Fourth continue affect the that "[t]he and Fifth unchanged remedial by options appropriate for violations of the two distinct constitutional 23 No. 00-2590-CR amendments, and more specifically, for violations of the Miranda rule." Id. at 93. Faulkingham acknowledged, contrary to Sterling and DeSumma, that Dickerson's recognition that Miranda violations argument are that constitutional the physical violation must be suppressed. ¶59 violations fruits resulting strengthened from a the Miranda Id. at 93. The Faulkingham court noted that: "[un]like some other circuits, we are unwilling, at least until the Supreme Court addresses the issue, to say that the interest of deterrence may never lead to the Miranda violation." ¶60 suppression of derivative evidence from a Id. In a similar vein, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, in United States v. Patane, 304 F.3d 1013 (10th Cir. 2002), cert. granted, 123 S.Ct. 1788 (2003), affirmed the district court's order that the evidence in that case must be suppressed as the physical fruit of a Miranda violation. The suspect in Patane was arrested for violating a domestic violence restraining order. The suspect himself cut off the officer's attempt to advise him of his Miranda rights, saying that he already knew his rights. ¶61 In recognizing the split of authority in applying Wong Sun after Dickerson, the Patane court disagreed with the Third and Fourth Circuit Courts in Sterling and DeSumma and said: We conclude that the First Circuit is correct that the physical fruits of a violation must be suppressed where necessary to serve Miranda's deterrent purpose. However, we part company with the first circuit in the application of that standard, because we conclude that Miranda's deterrent purpose requires suppression of 24 No. 00-2590-CR the physical fruits of a negligent Miranda violation. We therefore conclude that suppression of the gun in the present case was appropriate. Patane, 304 F.3d at 1023, cert. granted, 123 S.Ct. 1788 (2003). ¶62 As noted above, the Patane court First Circuit's decision in Faulkingham. distinguished the Patane disagreed with Faulkingham's conclusion that suppression of the fruits of a Miranda violation is not required in every case. The court in Patane stated: We do not believe that "the role of deterrence . . . becomes less primary" once the statement itself has been suppressed. Instead, the relevant question remains whether suppression of the statement alone provides deterrence sufficient to protect citizens' constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. Patane, 304 F.3d at 1028. ¶63 As noted previously, Wisconsin has also provided protection from self-incrimination in a criminal case to its citizens through Article I, Section 7, of the Wisconsin Constitution. ¶64 Turning to the issue of Dickerson's impact on Yang, we note that here the circuit court relied on Yang to hold that the physical residence evidence as a (the direct sweatshirt) result of discovered a statement at Knapp's obtained in violation of Miranda is inadmissible. ¶65 However, as discussed previously, Yang relied upon the Elstad-Tucker rule to justify its conclusion that the "fruits of the poisonous tree" doctrine did not apply to physical evidence 25 No. 00-2590-CR derived directly from statements given in violation of Miranda. See Elstad, 470 U.S. 298; Tucker, 417 U.S. 433. ¶66 Both Tucker and Elstad were predicated upon the premise that the Miranda rule was a prophylactic rule, rather than a constitutional prophylactic Miranda one. Elstad, warnings 470 therefore U.S. are rights protected by the Constitution . . . ." at 305 not ("The themselves (quoting New York v. Quarles, 467 U.S. 649, 654 (1984)); see also id. at 308 ("Since there constitutional was no actual rights, infringement was [Tucker] not of the suspect's controlled by the doctrine in Wong Sun that fruits of a constitutional violation must be suppressed."). ¶67 As discussed previously, the foundation upon which Tucker and Elstad were based has been fundamentally altered by Dickerson. Dickerson declared, unequivocally, that Miranda expressed a constitutional rule, rather than a mere prophylactic protection. ¶68 Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 444. We agree with the Patane court that Sterling DeSumma focused on an isolated passage in Dickerson. and Dickerson noted at the outset of the opinion that "Miranda and its progeny in this Court govern the admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogation in Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 432. of rejecting various both state and federal courts." Later in the opinion, in the course arguments supporting the erroneous view that Miranda was not a constitutional decision, the Dickerson court made violations. a distinction between Fourth Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 438-41. 26 and Fifth Amendment The Sterling court No. interpreted the distinction to mean that 00-2590-CR statements and derivative evidence survive Dickerson. ¶69 The Patane court recognized "two serious problems with the reasoning in DeSumma and Sterling." Patane, 304 F.3d at 1024. First, the court in Patane noted that neither Elstad nor Tucker involved the physical fruits of a Miranda violation. Elstad expressly contrasted the subsequent confession it found admissible from the physical fruits, while Tucker limited its holding to pre-Miranda interrogations. expressly Accordingly, the court in Patane recognized that Dickerson "effectively left Elstad and Tucker standing extending their holdings." but prevented Id. at 1025. lower courts from As such, Dickerson broke away from pre-Dickerson lower court case law. ¶70 The improperly Patane relied court on noted the that language DeSumma in and Sterling Dickerson distinguishes Fourth and Fifth Amendment violations. that The court in Patane stated that the two violations are different because of the narrowed application of the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine applied to Miranda violations. 1023-24. Patane, 304 F.3d at However, the Dickerson Court did not say that the doctrine did not apply at all.14 ¶71 In pointing out the analytical flaws in DeSumma and Sterling, the Patane court concluded that: "[a] blanket rule 14 The following cases have held that the fruits of the poisonous tree doctrine applied with respect to Fifth Amendment violations. See, e.g., Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 442 (1984), and Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 453 (1972). 27 No. barring application of the fruits doctrine to 00-2590-CR the physical fruits of a Miranda violation would mark a dramatic departure from Supreme Court precedent." Patane, 304 F.3d at 1026 (citing Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 442-43 (1984)). ¶72 In addition to the holding in Dickerson that Miranda violations are indeed constitutional violations, there are important policy considerations underpinning the logic of the exclusionary rule. ¶73 violated Here, it Knapp's is undisputed rights Miranda derivative/physical evidence. that Roets intentionally in order to procure As stated in the State's brief: The State conceded below (52:1) that Detective Roets violated the requirements of Miranda when, without an advisement and waiver of Miranda rights, he asked Matthew Knapp in his bedroom on December 13, 1987, what clothing he had been wearing on the evening of December 11 and the early morning of December 12. Appellant-Cross-Resp't physical evidence in Br. at 10. situations of If we do intentional not suppress violations of Miranda, we, in essence, undermine the deterrent effect upon which such a decision was based. ¶74 The rule argued for by the State would minimize the seriousness of the police misconduct producing the evidentiary fruits, breed contempt for the law, and encourage the type of conduct that Miranda was designed to prevent, especially where the police conduct is intentional, as it was here. 304 F.3d Miranda at 1026 (citing Violations, Yale Coerced Kamisar, On Confessions, the and See Patane, "Fruits" of Compelled Testimony, 93 Mich. L. Rev. 929, 933 (1995) ("Unless the courts 28 No. bar the use of the often valuable evidence 00-2590-CR derived from an inadmissible confession, as well as the confession itself, there will remain a strong incentive to resort to forbidden interrogation methods."); David A. Wollin, Policing the Police: Should Miranda Violations Bear Fruit?, 53 Ohio St. L. J. 805, 843-48 (1992) ("Police officers seeking physical evidence are not likely particularly to view great recover highly murder weapon or the when probative loss weighed of unwarned against nontestimonial narcotics.")). As the confession as opportunity to evidence author such Robert M. as a Pitler notes: [I]t is clear that if the police were permitted to utilize illegally obtained confessions for links and leads rather than being required to gather evidence independently, then Miranda warnings would be of no value in protecting the privilege against selfincrimination. The requirement of a warning would be meaningless, for the police would be permitted to accomplish indirectly what they could not accomplish directly, and there would exist no incentive to warn. Robert M. Pitler, The Fruit of the Poisonous Tree, Revisited and Shepardized, 56 Cal.L.Rev. 579, 620 (1968). ¶75 Tucker and Elstad recognized the important considerations underpinning Miranda and Wong Sun. policy Elstad, 470 U.S. at 308 (identifying trustworthiness and deterrence as the two rationales for a broad fruits suppression rule). Tucker, 417 U.S. at 447-449. ¶76 The Patane court stated that Supreme Court precedent "consistently has recognized that deterrence of police misconduct, whether deliberate or negligent, is the fundamental 29 No. justification for the fruits doctrine." 1026 (citing consistently Nix, advanced exclusionary rule police 467 conduct to has U.S. by at evidence been ("The Court that that Patane, 304 F.3d at 442-43) this is this 00-2590-CR for the core rationale extending fruit admittedly of the unlawful drastic and socially costly course is needed to deter police from violations of constitutional and statutory protections.")).15 ¶77 In State v. Ward, 2000 WI 3, ¶46-47, 231 Wis. 2d 723, 604 N.W.2d 517, we discussed the importance of the deterrent effect of the exclusionary rule. the exclusionary rule not only Moreover, we recognized that acts as a deterrent tool in preventing police misconduct, but also acts to preserve judicial integrity. As we noted: Although this remedial principle appears to be the sole pillar supporting the Supreme Court's contemporary rationale for application of the exclusionary rule a second principle, judicial integrity, has been cited in the Court's exclusionary rule jurisprudence: It was of this [judicial integrity] that Mr. Justice Holmes and Mr. Justice Brandeis so eloquently spoke in "For those who Olmstead v. United States . . . . agree with me," said Mr. Justice Holmes, "no distinction can be taken between the Government as prosecutor and the Government as judge." . . . "In a government of laws," said Mr. Justice Brandeis, "existence of the government will be imperiled if it fails to observe the law scrupulously. Our Government 15 We agree with the court in Patane that "[b]ecause the physical fruits of a Miranda violation will be trustworthy evidence, it appears that in most cases the . . . analysis boils down to a rule excluding the fruits of a Miranda violation only when there is a 'strong need for deterrence.'". United States v. Patane, 304 F.3d 1013, 1029 (10th Cir. 2002). 30 No. 00-2590-CR is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or for ill, it teaches the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for the law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy. To declare that in the administration of the criminal law the end justifies the means to declare that the Government may commit crimes in order to secure the conviction of a private criminal would bring terrible retribution. Against that pernicious doctrine this Court should resolutely set its face." Ward, 231 Wis. 2d ¶78 order 723, ¶47 (citations and quotations omitted). Based on the reasons set forth above, we reverse the of the circuit court denying the motion to suppress evidence obtained as the direct result of a Miranda violation arising from the search conducted at the time of Knapp's arrest. ¶79 We accept much of the reasoning in Faulkingham and in Patane, and as such, hold that Dickerson requires us to overrule Yang where the violation of Miranda was intentional. We hold that the policy considerations related to deterrent effect and judicial integrity, which are the underpinnings of the exclusionary rule, support the suppression of physical evidence in situations where there was an intentional Miranda violation. We do not have to, and do not, decide whether a negligent Miranda violation would result in the same holding. VI. ISSUE TWO VOLUNTARY STATEMENTS ¶80 Knapp contends that the circuit court correctly ruled that the statements taken from Knapp by the DCI agents were inadmissible in argues the that the State's circuit statements were "voluntary." case-in-chief. court erred in However, finding that Knapp his Accordingly, Knapp asks this court 31 No. to hold that all statements given to DCI agents 00-2590-CR during his interview are inadmissible for any purpose. ¶81 Knapp maintains that the statements taken from him by DCI agents should be inadmissible for any purpose because they were taken in violation of Miranda, and were the involuntary product of police coercion. planned a "ruse" to induce (R. 103:52; Def. App. 387.) they were members there of the to Knapp states that the DCI agents Knapp give a statement. The plan was to tell Knapp that investigate Watertown to Police constitutional Department, (R. 103:53, 67; Def. App. 388-89.) violations including by Roets. The ruse was necessary, according to Knapp, because DCI agents believed that Knapp would not talk otherwise. (R. 103:53, 123, 125, 146; Def. App. 388- 89, 397, 401, 405). ¶82 Knapp points out that the circuit court found as a matter of fact that: If the defendant had been read his Miranda rights, he most likely would not have spoken. If the defendant had not been deceived as to the nature and scope of the interview, he almost definitely would not have spoken. There is no question in the Court's mind that but for the deception and failure to follow Miranda, the defendant would not have made a statement to DCI agents on November 10th, 1998. (R. 108:11; Def. App. 285). ¶83 Knapp states that awareness of the adversarial nature of the encounter is an important component of voluntariness.16 16 Knapp cites Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 602 (1961), for the test in determining "voluntary" statements: 32 No. 00-2590-CR Knapp contends that once it became clear to him as to why he was being questioned, he walked out of the interview and invoked his right to counsel. (R. 103:74-75, R. 107; Def. App. 391-92, 397; R. 104:28; Def. App. 420). ¶84 Knapp argues that the DCI agents went out of their way to be friendly to him and to portray themselves as his allies. Following argues Frazier that the v. Cupp, deception 394 U.S. coupled 731, with a 739 (1969), Miranda Knapp violation overcame Knapp's free will, when reviewed in the light of the totality of the circumstances.17 ¶85 Knapp argues that the circuit court erroneously relied upon State v. Albrecht, 184 Wis. 2d 287, 516 N.W.2d 776 (Ct. App. 1994) in finding that the DCI interview was voluntary. In support of his position, Knapp cites United States v. Walton, 10 [T]he ultimate test remains that which has been the only clearly established test in Anglo-American courts for two hundred years: the test of voluntariness. Is the confession the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker? If it is, if he has willed to confess, it may be used against him. If it is not, if his will has been overborne and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired, the use of his confession offends due process. 17 Frazier v. Cupp, while deception alone involuntariness, it must in light of the totality 394 U.S. 731, 739 (1969) (holding that does not necessitate a finding of be considered along with other factors of the circumstances). 33 No. 00-2590-CR F.3d 1024 (3d Cir. 1993),18 and United States v. Veilleux, 846 F. Supp. 149 (D. N.H. 1994).19 ¶86 precludes Knapp argues that the exclusionary rule in Dickerson any use of statements made to DCI agents. Knapp argues that the logic of Patane and Kruger20 apply to the facts of this case. He further maintains that the conduct of the officers was so egregious that the fruits of their inappropriate efforts should be excluded for any evidentiary purpose. ¶87 The State disagrees with Knapp and asks this court to uphold the ruling of the circuit court that the statements given to DCI agents during a prison interview in 1998 were voluntarily given and were not the result of coercive or improper police conduct. The State argues that the statements should be available to the State at trial for impeachment purposes. ¶88 The State concedes that the statements were obtained during prison interrogation, not preceded by advice concerning and waiver of Miranda rights. However, the State claims that 18 In Walton, the court held that in light of the totality of the circumstances, and that the defendant there was not advised that he was the suspect in the crime, the confession was not voluntary. United States v. Walton, 10 F.3d at 1024, 1030 (3d Cir. 1993). 19 In Veilleux the court found that the detective misled the defendant and concluded that his statements were involuntary and inadmissible. United States v. Veilleux, 846 F. Supp. 149 (D. N.H. 1994). 20 United States v. Kruger, 151 F. Supp. 2d 86 (D.C. Me. 2001). 34 No. 00-2590-CR while Knapp's statements are not admissible in the State's casein-chief, they can be used for impeachment purposes. ¶89 The State contends that this is a pure legal question, and must be decided under a well-established legal standard set forth in State v. Clappes, 136 Wis. 2d 222, 235-36, 401 N.W.2d 759 (1987). Clappes held that: In determining whether a confession was voluntarily made, the essential inquiry is whether the confession was procured via coercive means or whether it was the product of improper pressures exercised by the police . . . . The presence or absence of actual coercion or improper police practices is the focus of the inquiry because it is determinative on the issue of whether the inculpatory statement was the product of a "free and unconstrained will, reflecting deliberateness of choice." Clappes, 136 Wis. 2d at 235-36 (internal citations omitted). ¶90 The State concedes that there is no doubt that police employed intentional deception and trickery. However, the State argues that police deception, without more, does not render a suspect's Wis. 2d statement 287. The involuntary. State argues See, that e.g., Knapp's Albrecht, free will 184 was manifested when, after figuring out the ruse, he cut off the interview and departed the room with no interference of any kind from the officers (R. 108:16). Accordingly, though deception and trickery were present, the State claims that there was no improper or coercive means employed at any time. ¶91 In response to the State's argument that deception alone does not render a confession involuntary, Knapp argues that in this case there was more than just police deception. 35 No. 00-2590-CR Knapp argues that the agents made a calculated decision not to Mirandize rights. Knapp Knapp because they feared he might exercise his The intentional failure to read the Miranda warnings, argues, rendered "affirmatively misled constitutional the deception [Knapp] protection coercive about the against because scope of it his self-incrimination." Veilleux, 846 F. Supp. 149. ¶92 Although the State urges this court to follow DeSumma and Sterling, which held that Dickerson did not extend the fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine to derivative evidence, Knapp contends that DeSumma and Sterling erroneously reached the conclusion that Dickerson's reference to the controlling force of "Miranda and its progeny in this Court" foreclosed the argument that fruits of a Miranda violation may be suppressed. Furthermore, Knapp argues that DeSumma and Sterling erroneously relied upon the proposition that Dickerson endorsed the extension of the Elstad-Tucker rule. ¶93 Knapp maintains that Patane carefully analyzes the holding in Dickerson and concludes that the exclusionary rule does apply to derivative evidence, including statements. VII. ANALYSIS OF ISSUE TWO ¶94 As stated earlier, this court will uphold the circuit court's findings of evidentiary or historical facts unless they are contrary to the great weight and clear preponderance of the evidence. Clappes, 136 Wis. 2d at 235. with circuit the application of court's Albrecht, ruling, 184 36 Wis. Accordingly, we agree based 2d upon 287, the that proper Knapp's No. 00-2590-CR statements to DCI agents on November 10, 1998, were voluntary and not the result of any coercive or improper police conduct. ¶95 In essence, this court is presented with the question of whether a custodial inculpatory statement, obtained without proper Miranda warnings, and extracted through the use of police deception, is an "involuntary" self-incriminatory statement and inadmissible at trial for any purpose. ¶96 Custodial police interrogation, by its nature, exerts pressure upon brutality, the the accused, 'third and degree' "[e]ven or without employing [other] specific stratagems . . . custodial interrogation exacts a heavy toll on individual liberty and trades on the weaknesses of individuals." Miranda, 384 U.S. at 455. [T]he coercion inherent in custodial interrogation blurs the line between voluntary and involuntary statements, and thus heightens the risk that an individual will not be "accorded his privilege under the Fifth Amendment . . . not to be compelled to incriminate himself." Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 435. ¶97 Where compelled, the a defendant claims that his admissions government bears the burden voluntariness by a preponderance of the evidence. v. Jackson, 918 F.2d 236, 241 (1st Cir. 1990). of were proving United States An involuntary confession may result from psychological or physical coercion. See, e.g. Miller v. Fenton, 796 F.2d 598, 603-04 (3d Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 989 (1986). ¶98 Dating back to 1897, in Bram v. United States, 168 U.S. 532 (1897), the U.S. Supreme Court stated that a voluntary 37 No. 00-2590-CR confession must not have been "extracted by any sort of threats or violence, nor obtained by any direct or implied promises, however slight, not influence . . . ." by the exertion Id. at 542-43. of any improper However, the holding in Bram has not been strictly interpreted as a per se ban against every promise made during custodial interrogations. See, e.g., Fenton, 796 F.2d at 608. Rather, promises or threats are to be considered factors with other in defendant's will has been overborne. determining whether a See generally, Albrecht, 184 Wis. 2d 287; Walton, 10 F.3d 1024; Veilleux, 846 F. Supp. 149. ¶99 In this case, we must determine whether Knapp's will was overwhelmed in light of the totality of the circumstances. Bryant v. Vose, 785 F.2d 364, 367-68 (1st Cir. 1986) (quoting Procunier v. Atchley, 400 U.S. 446 (1971), cert. denied, 477 U.S. 907 (1986) ("A custodial statement is involuntary, if 'the will of the defendant ha[s] been overborne so that the statement [is] not his free and voluntary act . . . in light of the totality of the circumstances.'")). ¶100 The U.S. Supreme Court has stated that an examination of "voluntariness" is one of constitutional due process, and must take into consideration "the totality of . . . the . . . circumstances both the characteristics of the accused and the details of the interrogation." Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 434 (quoting Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973)). All the circumstances surrounding the inculpatory statement must be taken into account. 38 See Malinski v. New York, No. 324 U.S. 401, voluntariness 404 (1945).21 depends upon The a ultimate balancing 00-2590-CR determination test between of the circumstances of police pressure against the power of resistance of the person confessing. See Stein v. New York, 346 U.S. 156, 185 (1953). ¶101 Wisconsin has adopted the totality of the circumstances test when evaluating the voluntary nature of selfincriminatory statements. Clappes, 136 Wis. 2d at 236-37 (When determining voluntariness, courts examine the totality of the circumstances defendant's surrounding personal the statement, characteristics weighing against the the pressures police imposed upon the defendant to induce a response to the questioning.). ¶102 To further clarify the totality of the circumstances test, this court has expressly laid out the applicable factors a court must balance when determining the voluntariness of inculpatory statements: The relevant personal characteristics of the confessor include his age, his education and intelligence, his physical and emotional condition, and his prior experience with the police. These factors must be balanced against the police pressures and tactics which have been used to induce the admission, such as the length of the interrogation, any delay in arraignment, the general conditions under which the confessions took place, any excessive physical or psychological pressure . . . any 21 Malinski v. New York, 324 U.S. 401, 404 (1945) ("If all the attendant circumstances indicate that the confession was coerced or compelled, it may not be used to convict a defendant."). 39 No. 00-2590-CR inducements, threats, methods or strategies utilized by the police to compel a response, and whether the individual was informed of his right to counsel and right against self-incrimination. Id. See also Albrecht, 184 Wis. 2d 287.22 ¶103 In review of the circuit court's application of the factors highlighted in Albrecht, we are satisfied that its careful and complete analysis of the attendant facts surrounding the interrogation show, by a clear preponderance of the evidence, that Knapp's statements to DCI agents of November 10, 1998, were indeed voluntary.23 ¶104 The findings of fact made by the circuit court in this case state that the defendant appeared to be of average or above average intelligence interrogation Knapp (R. 108:16); had a long and at the time substantial of history the of 22 Additionally, other courts have generally adopted similar factors when determining the voluntariness of inculpatory statements. "Factors to be considered in determining voluntariness include the accused's physical and mental capabilities, the conditions of the interrogation, and the conduct of law enforcement officials." Veilleux, 846 F. Supp 149; see United States v. Browne, 891 F.2d 389, 393 (1st Cir. 1989); United States v. Anderson, 929 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir. 1991); see also Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 226 (1973) (enumerating factors of voluntariness). 23 Knapp argues that State v. Albrecht, 184 Wis. 2d 287, 516 N.W.2d 776 (Ct. App. 1994), is inapplicable to this case because the defendant in Albrecht was not in custody at the time of his confession. The non-custodial interrogation was not subject to protection under Miranda, and therefore, is inapplicable to the case at bar. We are not persuaded by this assertion. Ironically, in support of his argument that his statement was involuntary, Knapp cites Veilleux, which involved a noncustodial interrogation, and did not involve Miranda jurisprudence. 40 No. interaction "acute with law enforcement (R. awareness" interactions 108:17). of with his law Further, rights and enforcement the 108:17); and ability to during interrogation 00-2590-CR he had an control his interrogations (R. between DCI agents and Knapp was short in duration, and did not involve the deprivation of food or drink. (R. 108:17). Due to its short duration, the circuit court found that the interrogators did not engage in relentless questioning aimed at controlling or coercing Knapp's mind. (R. 108:17). ¶105 More importantly, the circuit court found, as a matter of fact, that the interrogation did not involve any threats or promises in exchange for cooperation. (R. 108:17). This fact distinguishes this case from many of the cases Knapp offers in support of its position. ¶106 As noted, Knapp points to two cases to bolster the argument that the statement was involuntary. In Walton, 10 F.3d 1024, an ATF agent investigating the illegal sale of firearms met with the defendant and said, "I've known you for a long time. cuff.'" If you want, you can tell us what happened 'off the Id. at 1027. The defendant then proceeded to admit to the agent that he, in fact, sold firearms illegally. ¶107 The court in Walton had to make a determination as to whether the defendant reasonably believed that the agent's promise that any "off the cuff" statements would not be used against him at a later date. "[T]he appropriate inquiry is whether the defendant reasonably perceived the alleged promise as he asserts." Id. at 1029 (quoting United States v. Shears, 41 No. 762 F.2d 397, 402 (4th Cir. 1985)). 00-2590-CR Based upon the nature of the promise given by the agent, and that he was not advised that he was the suspect in the crime, the court held that the totality of the circumstances suggested that the confession was not voluntary. Id. at 1030. ¶108 Knapp argument. also relies Veilleux, 846 on Veilleux F. Supp. in 149. support his Veilleux In of the defendant was arrested and suspected of firing a gun. was not on his person at the time of his arrest. concerned about the whereabouts defendant about its location. of questioning. of the gun, The gun A detective, questioned the He was not Mirandized at the time While questioning him the detective said he was not concerned about charging him with a crime, he simply wanted the gun. Id. at 152. The defendant said that since he was not going to be charged, he would comply with the questioning. Id. Subsequent to the acquisition of the gun, the police charged him with a crime. Based upon the promise made by the detective prior to the defendant's compliance, the court found that the detective misled the defendant involuntary and inadmissible. and his statements were Id. ¶109 We agree that "promises . . . made by police officers are to be determining considered whether a along with defendant's other will has circumstances been in overborne." Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 284 (1991); Jackson, 918 F.2d at 242. However, evidence showing that a promise has been made by law enforcement officials does not, per se, require a finding that the induced statement was involuntary. 42 Fenton, 796 No. F.2d at 608. 00-2590-CR In the cases Knapp cites for support, the courts found that the totality of the circumstances (i.e., elicited promises by law enforcement officials) overcame the defendant's will and found that the subsequent confessions were involuntary. ¶110 That being said, we need not adhere to the analysis in Walton and Veilleux because the circuit court found, as a matter of fact, that promises in DCI interrogation exchange for did Knapp's not involve voluntary such, these cases are distinguishable. the use cooperation. of As Based upon the totality of the circumstances drawn from the specific facts in this case, we are satisfied that Knapp's statements to DCI agents were indeed voluntary. A. Harris Analysis: ¶111 Furthermore, we hold that the circuit court correctly applied Harris, statement, 401 obtained U.S. 222, without in ruling proper that Miranda inadmissible in the State's case-in-chief. the voluntary warnings, was However, the circuit court correctly ruled that the voluntary statement was available to the State for the limited purposes of impeachment and rebuttal. ¶112 Every criminal defendant has the right to testify in his own defense, or alternatively, refuse to take the stand at trial. However, the right to testify in one's criminal proceedings has never been construed to allow a defendant to commit perjury. See United States v. Knox, 396 U.S. 77 (1969). ¶113 Indeed, as the court in Elstad noted: 43 No. 00-2590-CR [T]he Miranda presumption, though irrebutable for purposes of the prosecution's case in chief, does not require that the statements and their fruits be discarded as inherently tainted. Despite the fact that patently voluntary statements taken in violation of Miranda must be excluded from the prosecution's case, the presumption of coercion does not bar their use for impeachment purposes on cross-examination. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 307. ¶114 We hold that the circuit court correctly applied Harris, 401 U.S. 222, in ruling that the voluntary statements, obtained without proper Miranda warnings, were inadmissible in the State's case-in-chief, but nonetheless, were available to the State for the limited purposes of impeachment and rebuttal. VIII. ISSUE THREE EDWARDS VIOLATION ¶115 Knapp asks that this court to reverse the ruling of the circuit court, and hold that the physical evidence should be suppressed due to a violation of the rule in Edwards, 451 U.S. 477, which provides that custodial interrogation must cease when a suspect unequivocally requests counsel. ¶116 Knapp argues that the clothing seized, in particular his sweatshirt, is the inadmissible fruit of an Edwards violation, and that the physical evidence obtained through that illegal questioning should be suppressed. ¶117 The State disagrees with Knapp's arguments and asks this court to uphold the ruling of the circuit court, which rejected Knapp's argument that the physical evidence should be suppressed for a violation of the rule in Edwards. ¶118 Since we have determined that the motion to suppress the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized as a direct result of the 44 No. 00-2590-CR intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, Edwards there is violation no need should to determine also result whether in the suppression alleged of the reason for sweatshirt seized. IX. ISSUE FOUR KNOCK AND ANNOUNCE ¶119 Knapp, arguing that there is another suppression of the sweatshirt, asks this court to reverse the circuit court's ruling that police officers did not have an obligation to knock and announce prior to entering the dwelling, and that Knapp did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in the hallway apartment. and stairway leading up to the second-floor Instead, Knapp asks that this court find that the seizure of the sweatshirt flowed directly from an illegal entry, and as such, is tainted fruit, which must be suppressed. ¶120 Contrary court to uphold to the Knapp's position, circuit court's the State rejection asks of this Knapp's challenge to the police entry into the apartment stairway. The State argues that the circuit court decision was fair, supported by the evidence, and legally correct. ¶121 Since we have determined that the motion to suppress the sweatshirt seized as a direct result of the intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, there is no need to determine whether the alleged Fourth Amendment violation, relating to a failure to knock and announce at the exterior doors prior to entering the premises, should also result in suppression of the sweatshirt seized. 45 No. 00-2590-CR X. ISSUE FIVE SUPPRESSION OF EVIDENCE OBTAINED FROM THE WARRANTLESS SECOND SEARCH ¶122 The State asks that the circuit court's order suppressing evidence seized during the second search should be reversed, because the defendant's brother had either actual or apparent authority to consent to the search. Alternatively, if the court holds that the brother did not have valid authority to consent to the search, the State asks that circuit court's order be reversed due to the "inevitable discovery doctrine." ¶123 Relying on United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974), the State contends that the evidence seized during the second search because the of Knapp's evidence bedroom was should obtained not during a be suppressed lawful search conducted with the valid consent of the defendant's brother, the renter-occupant of the apartment.24 ¶124 Moreover, the State argues that Kieffer, Wis. 2d 531, is distinguishable from the present case. the defendant's bedroom was not in a separate First, structure. Second, George kept personal property in the bedroom. 24 Third, United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171 (1974): [W]hen the prosecution seeks to justify a warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent, it is not limited to proof that consent was given by the defendant, but may show that permission to search was obtained from a third party who possessed common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected. 46 217 No. 00-2590-CR George had access to the bedroom (the bedroom door had a lock, but apparently there was no key). ¶125 Based upon the totality of the circumstances, and upon well-established possessed the case law, authority to the State consent argues to a that search George of the defendant's bedroom. ¶126 Finally, the State argues that not only did George have actual authority to consent to the search of the defendant's bedroom, the police acted upon the reasonable belief that George had the power to consent to such a search, and therefore, there was apparent authority for George's consent. ¶127 In assessing third-party consent to search, the State contends the consenting critical question individual's searched . . . ." 415 U.S. at 171). is relationship "the to sufficiency the premises of to the be Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at 542 (citing Matlock, Although the circuit court used Kieffer in concluding that George had no authority to consent to the search of the guest bedroom, the State argues that Kieffer is distinguishable.25 25 (1) The premises: The premises in this case was within one small two-bedroom apartment. (2) The nature of rented the apartment to was authorized to live allowed George to sublet the living arrangements: The landlord George and his wife. No other person there, and the landlord would not have or permit Matthew to stay there. 47 No. ¶128 Alternatively, seized in the the State second search argues should not that have 00-2590-CR the evidence been suppressed because it would inevitably have been discovered through use of a search warrant. The State claims that if the court concludes that George did not have proper authority to consent to the search of the defendant's bedroom, the seizure of the evidence obtained in that search should nonetheless have been allowed under the "inevitable discovery doctrine." some illegal act may be justified A search tainted by under the doctrine of inevitable discovery. (3) Financial arrangements: There is no evidence that Matthew paid utility bills. Knapp's evidentiary hearing produced no evidence that Matthew paid any rent. There was a verbal agreement that Matthew would pay rent, but never did. George stated, "We basically had an agreement that it would be approximately $150 a month for him to reside with us." (R. 101:19). (4) Access & Use: The brothers had an understanding George called it a matter of "common nature" (R. 101:23), perhaps courtesy that George would ask Matthew before entering the spare bedroom (R. 101:23; R. 104:9-10). But Matthew acknowledged that he shared authority over the room with George. Under Matlock, the authority justifying third-party consent to search, "rests . . . on mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the coinhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched." Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7. (5) Lock: The spare bedroom had a lock, but no key. The spare bedroom was not detached from the house, rather, it was in the apartment. 48 No. ¶129 Knapp disagrees and ruling of the circuit court. asks this court to 00-2590-CR uphold the Knapp maintains that the circuit court correctly suppressed the evidence seized during the second search of Knapp's bedroom on December 13, 1987, because George did not have actual or apparent authority to consent to the search, and the evidence is not admissible under the doctrine of inevitable discovery. Knapp maintains that the search of his bedroom, following consent by George, was a violation of Knapp's Fourth Amendment rights, because Roets intentionally by-passed Knapp, rendering the consent invalid. ¶130 Knapp argues that courts in similar circumstances have held that when police intentionally bypass a suspect who is present and known to have a superior privacy interest in the place to be searched, in order to gain consent to search, the validity of a third-party consent is questionable. United States v. Impink, 728 F.2d 1228, 1234 (9th Cir. 1984).26 ¶131 Knapp following contends consent by that George the was a search of violation his of his bedroom Fourth Amendment rights because George did not have actual or apparent 26 Impink involved the police seeking consent of a landlord before they searched a tenant's property suspected of being a drug lab. The tenant was present at the time of the search and objected. The Ninth Circuit held the landlord's consent invalid. United States v. Impink, 728 F.2d 1228, 1234 (9th Cir. 1984). 49 No. 00-2590-CR authority to consent to the search of his bedroom.27 Based on Kieffer Knapp maintains that the police must consider the surrounding circumstances, which often requires further inquiry on the part of the officers. ¶132 Knapp argues that here the inquiry was non-existent. The circuit court found that Roets simply determined that George and his wife paid rent on the apartment. 269). (R. 107:23; Def. App. There was no further inquiry beyond that point. Knapp argues that the evidence illegally seized from his room at the time of his arrest and during the search upon George's consent is not admissible under the doctrine of inevitable discovery. ¶133 To avail itself of the inevitable discovery doctrine under State v. Schwegler, 170 Wis. 2d 487, 500, 490 N.W.2d 292 (Ct. App. 1992) (citing United States v. Cherry, 759 F.2d 1196, 1204 (5th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1056 (1987)), Knapp argues that the State must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) It is reasonably probable that the evidence would have been discovered by lawful means but for the intervening police misconduct; (2) Before the misconduct occurred, the police already had the leads making the discovery inevitable, and (3) The police were actively pursuing these leads at the time of the illegality. 27 Knapp states that to rely on the apparent authority of the consenter, the officer must have information at the time of the search that "would justify a reasonable belief that the party consenting to the search had the authority to do so." State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 548, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). 50 No. 00-2590-CR ¶134 The State argues that: "it is readily inferable that if George Knapp had not consented, Detective Roets would have applied for a search warrant, a warrant would have been issued, and the evidence in the second search discovered" (Pl.-Appellant Br. at 23). would have been Knapp argues that based upon the State's own admission, it is unreasonable to believe that the police were "actively pursuing leads at the time", enough so to satisfy the third prong of the Schwegler test for inevitable discovery. XI. ANAYSIS OF ISSUE FIVE ¶135 This court employs a two-part test in reviewing an order to suppress evidence. findings of fact, "this First, as to the circuit court's court will uphold the trial findings . . . unless they are clearly erroneous." Wis. 2d at 249-50. of constitutional See Wis. Stat. § 805.17(2). reasonableness are court's Harris, 206 Second, issues reviewed independently. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at 541. ¶136 A search of property, conducted without a search warrant and probable cause, is constitutionally valid if based upon proper voluntary consent. U.S. 218, 219 (1973). Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 Where consent is relied upon prior to a warrantless search, the State must prove "by clear and positive evidence that the search was the result of a free, intelligent, unequivocal and specific consent without any duress or coercion, actual or implied." N.W.2d 876 (Ct. State v. Johnson, 177 Wis. 2d 224, 233, 501 App. 1993). The court must make determination based upon the totality of the circumstances. 51 that Id. No. ¶137 Permission to search individual may be obtained common authority over the the from a subject premises third of a who possesses party premises. 00-2590-CR See target Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 181 (1990); State v. McGovern, 77 Wis. 2d 203, 211, 252 N.W.2d 365 (1977). "[O]ne who possesses common authority over premises or effects with another may give valid consent to the authorities to search those premises or effects, even though the other person does not consent." State v. West, 185 Wis. 2d 68, 93, 517 N.W.2d 482 (1994). ¶138 The predicated determination upon a technical of "common application authority" of is property not law. Rather, practical considerations are more appropriate in this analysis. The authority which justifies the third-party consent does not rest upon the law of property, with its attendant historical and legal refinements, but rests rather on mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched. Matlock, 415 U.S. at 171 n.7 (citations omitted). ¶139 In voluntary this consent. case He there is voluntarily no dispute as consented in to George's writing after being advised him of his right to withhold consent 101:33) to a search of the apartment. (R. 101:35). and (R. There is no evidence that the consent was made under coercion or duress. Thus, the only question that remains for us to determine is 52 No. 00-2590-CR whether George had authority to consent to a search of Knapp's bedroom. ¶140 The State argues that George was legally empowered to consent to a search of the apartment, including Knapp's bedroom, and that he voluntarily consented to the search. In support of that position, the State relies on State v. Matejka, 2001 WI 5, 241 Wis. 2d 52, 621 N.W.2d 891 (citing Matlock, 415 U.S. at 16971). ¶141 In Matejka, the prosecution intended to use evidence obtained from the defendant's jacket during a consensual search of a car in which she was a passenger. Id., ¶11. This court held that it was constitutionally reasonable for the police to search and seize the property of a non-consenting passenger when the driver/owner has consented to a search of the car in which the property is found. Id., ¶20. This court held as a prerequisite, however, that there be common authority by the two parties over the premises to be searched. Id. ¶142 The State contends that it is clear from the facts of the case that George had a superior authority over the entire apartment, and defendant over at very the least, bedroom a in common which authority the with defendant the only occasionally stayed. ¶143 Knapp disagrees and ruling of the circuit court. asks this court to uphold the Knapp maintains that the circuit court correctly suppressed the evidence seized during the second search of Knapp's bedroom on December 13, 1987, because George 53 No. 00-2590-CR did not have actual or apparent authority to consent to the search. ¶144 The circuit court found as a matter of fact that Knapp paid rent. Therefore, Knapp argues that this case is similar to Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531. In Kieffer, the circuit court found that Kieffer and his wife, unlike the defendant, paid no rent but did help pay utility bills on occasion. ¶145 Contrary to the State's Id. position that Knapp's residency was loose and transitory, the circuit court found that " . . . the defendant lived there." (R. 107:22; Def. App. 268). The testimony established a clear expectation of privacy on the part of Knapp in the bedroom: (1) Knapp had his own 101:24; Def. App. 324). key to the apartment. (R. (2) He was given that bedroom because it had a door with a lock and was the most private bedroom. (R. 101:21, 30; Def. App. 321, 327) (3) Knapp kept the door closed when he was not home and left it open occasionally when present. (R. 11:30-31; Def. App. 327-28). (4) Knapp brought with him a television, personal papers, clothing and effects, a dresser, and "pretty much everything" he owned. (R. 101:22-23, 29; Def. App. 322-23, 329; R. 104:9; Def. App. 412). (5) George enter the during the over. (R. testified that he would have no need to room to retrieve hunting rifles because time Knapp lived there hunting season was 101:31; Def. App. 328). (6) The circuit court found that the presence of the guns in the room was "simple continued storage of items in [Knapp's] bedroom." (R. 107:22; Def. App. 268). 54 No. 00-2590-CR (7) George and Knapp had an understanding that George would not go into that room without asking Knapp first. (R. 101:23, 32; Def. App. 323, 329; R. 104:10; Def. App. 413). (8) Knapp moved there specifically because he wanted more privacy than he could expect at his parents' house. (R. 104:154; Def. App. 424). (9) George tried to respect Knapp's privacy as much as possible. (R. 101:23; Def. App. 323). (10) George would not have entered the room even to retrieve his belongings while Knapp was not home. (R. 107:22; Def. App. 268). Based upon the facts above, there was no "mutual use" of the bedroom or "joint access for most purposes" as required by Matlock, 415 U.S. 164. ¶146 Based upon these facts, the Kieffer court stated: "This testimony is indicative of a respect for the expectations of privacy held by the defendant and his wife, and not a mere 'habit' of the property owner." Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at 546. The testimony in Kieffer allowed that court to distinguish it from United States v. Duran, 957 F.2d 499 (7th Cir. 1992). ¶147 We agree with Knapp's assertion that George did not have actual authority to consent to a search of Knapp's bedroom. Knapp and George did not have "mutual use for most purposes." Matlock, 415 U.S. at 172. For Knapp the room was his place of residence; for George it was, at most, a place where he and his wife incidentally continued to store some hunting equipment and other personal property. ¶148 In reaching that conclusion, we note that this case is substantially similar to Kieffer in that Knapp's expectation of 55 No. 00-2590-CR privacy in the bedroom was superior to George's, thus obviating George's authority to consent to the search. ¶149 Additionally, Knapp's plans to continue to reside at George's apartment and pay rent for his use of the bedroom were sufficiently open-ended to establish that he was a permanent resident. This sufficiently distinguished this case from State v. Fountain, 534 N.W.2d 859 (S.D. 1995), and United States v. Buckles, 495 F.2d 1377 (8th Cir. 1974), both of which were about overnight guests. in the One's bedroom The argument that Knapp had only been staying for about constitutionally two weeks guaranteed is also rights do not not persuasive. attach only after some specified length of time, but rather attach once one establishes a right willing to recognize. 361 (1967) to privacy that reasonable people are See Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, (Harlan, J. concurring); West, 185 Wis. 2d at 89 (citing State v. Dixon, 177 Wis. 2d 461, 467, 501 N.W.2d 442 (1993)). ¶150 The State's reliance on Matejka does not persuade us to admit the evidence seized during the second search. First, the facts of Matejka are distinguishable. Matejka involved a jacket of left in the passenger compartment separate room within the living quarters. Matejka still required common Matejka, 241 Wis. 2d 52, ¶20. authority a car, not a Second, the court in over the premises. We have already determined that common authority did not exist in this case. ¶151 As for the State's alternate claim that if George did not have actual authority to consent, he had apparent authority 56 No. to do so, we agree. consent When the police execute a search based on from someone to consent, authority they the reasonably search may believe be held evidence thereby derived may be admitted. U.S. at 188-89. 00-2590-CR to have the and the valid See Rodriguez, 497 The "determination of consent to enter must 'be judged against an objective standard: would the facts available to the officer at the moment . . . "warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief"' that the consenting party had authority Id. at 188-89 (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 over the premises?" U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968)). police When insufficient information exists for to make a determination as to the consenting party's authority, they are to inquire further until they can establish the presence or lack of authority. 550-51. court The officers in Kieffer made no such inquiries, and the thus held their unreasonable, premises. See Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at even reliance on though the the third consenting party's party consent owned the Id. ¶152 In this case the police officers that obtained the consent and conducted the second search acted upon a reasonable belief that George and Knapp had at least common authority over the room, and they proceeded with the consensual search on the basis of the consent determined that George given and by George. his fiancée Here were the the officers persons who rented the apartment from the landlord, and they paid the rent. They certainly personal had property access there, to the including bedroom two hunting shotguns, a couch, a bed, and a dresser. 57 since they kept rifles, two The record seems No. 00-2590-CR somewhat unclear as to whether the officers learned all of this information before, during, or after the consent search. George expounded further about the personal property in his testimony at a hearing on the motion to suppress: Q. So in the approximate two years that you were staying there, you were living there before the Defendant came to stay with you, what was the second bedroom used for? A. Storage Q. Of A. Of Q. what sort ? A. Of extra clothes, my hunting, fishing stuff. know, just items like that. You Q. Was it also the guest room then; say, when your daughter came to visit, that's where she would stay? A. Yes. And then that's exactly where my daughter would stay, yes. Q. And the, there, the bed that's A. (Reviewing photograph.) shown in the Mm hmm. Q. that was the bed that was in the room? A. Yes. Q. And that was yours or Helen's? A. That was Helen's. Q. As well as the dresser? A. The white the white dresser was. 58 pictures No. 00-2590-CR ¶153 Prior to giving his written consent George had come to the police department voluntarily. Roets testified that he told George of the nature of the investigation involving Knapp, and he told George that he was interested in looking into his trash cans or areas clothing. of his apartment where Knapp may have placed He also testified that he knew Knapp stayed at the apartment, but didn't know for certain the length of time that Knapp had been staying there. George testified that Knapp had been staying there for a couple of weeks at the time of his arrest. George also testified that Roets explained to him that he didn't have to consent to a search of the apartment, and that he was given the opportunity to confer with Knapp before signing the consent form. Nevertheless, George officers' search of the entire premises. regarding his signing of the consent consented to During his testimony form George stated the following: Q. And Detective Roets went over this with you before you signed it, correct? A. Yes. He said he wanted to search my house. Q. And you agreed to let him? A. To search the house, yes. Q. And you read through this before you signed it, right? A. Correct. Q. And you read that you agreed to consent to a search of the A. There was the "to take any letters, papers materials or other property which they may desire." 59 the No. 00-2590-CR Q. From, from the premises at South Fifth Street? A. From my house, yes. Q. And that includes the room Matt was staying in, correct? A. There was no conversation searching that room, no. about specifically Q. Well A. He said, the house. Q. Well A. And when we walked in directly to Matt's bedroom. the front door, he went Q. When he said "the house," you didn't say, "Yes, but not Matt's bedroom," did you? A. No, I did not. Q. And your house included Matt's bedroom; did it not? A. Correct. Q. And this form doesn't say anything about "the premises except the bedroom where the Defendant was staying," A. Right. It seems quite clear that George did not limit his consent to search in any way. From the time George orally agreed to the search, to the time he talked with Knapp and then met with Detective Roets once again to sign the consent form, George never constricted his consent, and he permitted the officers to search his entire home. ¶154 Moreover, once the officers were in his residence, George escorted them to Matt's room, as is evidenced by his testimony. George testified: 60 No. 00-2590-CR Q. And you took them right into Matt's bedroom, and said, "This is his room," didn't you? A. I showed them where the room was at, yes. Q. It would be fair to say, Mr. Knapp, that that was yours yours and Helen's house, correct? A. Correct. Q. You were, you were the keepers of that A. Correct. Q. residence? Thus, it appeared to the officers that George was in control of the premises and could make decisions whether or not to allow the police to search his residence. ¶155 Under the essential facts of this case, which appear to be undisputed, and applying the objective standard set forth in Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 181, we hold that an officer "of reasonable caution" could apparently had authority reasonably over the conclude entire that apartment. George We are satisfied that the State met its burden of proof in that regard. The majority in Rodriguez stated: The Constitution is no more violated when officers enter without a warrant because they reasonably (though erroneously) believe that the person who has consented to their entry is a resident of the premises, than it is violated when they enter without a warrant because they reasonably (though erroneously) believe they are in pursuit of a violent felon who is about to escape. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 186 (citation omitted). Here, of course, the person who consented was a resident, and it was reasonable to conclude that he had full authority to consent to the search. 61 No. 00-2590-CR To sum up, at the time of the search of the apartment, George was paying the rent for "my house," and he and his fiancée were keeping several items of their personal property in the bedroom Knapp was using. Before signing the consent form, George was told of the nature of the search, he had the opportunity to confer with Knapp, and he made no attempt to limit the scope of the search by the officers. George and Helen were the "keepers of is that residence." That enough to establish apparent authority under the Rodriguez objective standard. ¶156 In the alternative, the State argues that the evidence found during the second search should inevitable discovery doctrine. be admitted under the Since we have held that there was apparent authority to consent, there is no need to address this argument. XII.ISSUE SIX ADMISSION OF HEARSAY EVIDENCE ¶157 Knapp filed a motion under State v. Denny, 120 Wis. 2d 614, 357 N.W.2d 12 (Ct. App. 1984), to admit evidence of other potential Knapp suspects sought conduct, and including permission the to the victim's introduce observation of the of Borchardt who "right after the homicide." described evidence Brunner's residence through the testimony of Farrell. friend husband, his Brunner. Maas's at truck of Maas's Farrell was a close personal observations Borchardt cannot personally testify because he is deceased, and he was not interviewed prior to his death. ¶158 The circuit court ruled the statement by Borchardt to Farrell regarding his observations 62 of Maas's behavior No. 00-2590-CR admissible, but the court excluded Borchardt's statement that Maas mumbled something about getting rid of some clothing. (R. 92:6; Def. App. 108-09). ¶159 The admitting State the argues testimony that the circuit regarding court Borchardt's erred in personal observations of Maas because: (1) it does not qualify as "other suspect" evidence under Denny; (2) it was not admissible as a statement of recent perception; and (3) the court erred in relying on Chambers because it is not "critical evidence" as contemplated in Chambers. Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973). ¶160 The State maintains that the circuit court erred in ruling that item 21(a) of Knapp's Offer of Proof an unreliable hearsay statement with no genuine tendency to prove that the victim's husband admitted at circuit court may trial. have committed Moreover, erred in its the the State murder would contends application of that Denny, be the 120 Wis. 2d 614, in that, the challenged evidence did not constitute "third party suspect" evidence. that such evidence is The Denny standard indicates admissible only if it creates "a 'legitimate tendency' that the third person could have committed the crime." Id. at 623. ¶161 The State argues that even if Knapp can show that Brunner had a motive to kill his wife, and that he had a general opportunity to do so, the fact that he and Maas stopped by the 63 No. 00-2590-CR Borchardt house on the night of the crime does not create a direct connection to his wife's murder. ¶162 The State argues that the offered inadmissible under Wisconsin's Rules of Evidence. evidence is The circuit court concluded that Borchardt's statement to Farrell on his observations statement of Maas of 908.045(2). recent Defense definiteness and were only "arguably" perception counsel certainty under acknowledged as to when admissible as a Wis. Stat. § Rule that they Borchardt lacked made his statement. (R. 110:65.) ¶163 Next, the State argues that the circuit court erred in its application of and reliance upon Chambers. U.S. at 302. Chambers, 410 Chambers held that a mechanistic application of the law of hearsay should not defeat a defendant's right to obtain a fair trial through the presentation of reliable hearsay evidence. Id. The evidence relating Borchardt's observation of Brunner's truck is hardly the type of evidence contemplated in Chambers. ¶164 Knapp disagrees with the State's arguments and asks that this court uphold the ruling of the circuit court that allowed Knapp to present hearsay testimony set forth in item 21(a) of Knapp's Offer of Proof implicating a third party in the homicide. ¶165 The State argues that the evidence in this case does not satisfy the Denny standard. Under Denny, evidence that a third party had the motive to commit the crime is admissible if 64 No. 00-2590-CR it can be demonstrated that there was a "legitimate tendency" that the other suspect may have committed the crime. ¶166 The State concedes that motive and opportunity have been established. issue. Knapp Third party "connection" to the crime is at contends that the evidence at issue connects Brunner and Maas to the crime in a number of ways: (1) The evidence puts Brunner in Watertown in relative proximity to the homicide at the time of the murder (2) It also establishes that he lied to investigators about his whereabouts at the time of the murder. (3) Maas was with Brunner at the time his wife was murdered, and Maas was observed a short time after Resa's murder carrying a paper bag and getting into Brunner's waiting truck. ¶167 Knapp looked first sufficiently argues at all that the established connection to the crime. the circuit evidence to Brunner's court appropriately determine motive, whether opportunity, it and The circuit court then analyzed each of the offers of proof to determine the evidentiary basis for admissibility. The circuit court applied the proper legal standard and appropriately exercised its discretion in admitting this evidence under Denny. ¶168 Next, Knapp argues that the evidence is admissible as a statement of recent perception. As noted before, the State argues that even if the evidence is admissible under Denny, the court erred in ruling it was an admissible statement of recent perception pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 908.045(2) because the evidence was unreliable and lacked sufficient detail as to the 65 No. 00-2590-CR exact time Borchardt made the statement to Farrell. The State concedes that there is no evidence to indicate that Farrell was untruthful. contends (R. that heightened by 110:76; the Def. App. reliability corroborating 315). of However, Farrell's evidence: (1) Knapp testimony other is independent witnesses place Brunner at the scene of the homicide at the exact time the murder was committed; and (2) other times, when according to his alibi, he was supposed to be miles away. ¶169 Knapp states that the lack of specificity as to when Borchardt made his statement is a product of the State's failure to interview Borchardt before his death, and the State had ample opportunity to do so. Knapp points out that the circuit court found that the lack of specificity was due to the failure to interview Borchardt and the conscious decision of the police not to prosecute Knapp until 12 years had passed and critical witnesses had died. ¶170 The circuit court held profit from its own blunders. that the police should not (R. 110:75-76; Def. App. 314-15). In State v. Stevens, 171 Wis. 2d 106, 119, 490 N.W.2d 753 (Ct. App. 1992), the temporal relationship between an event and a statement describing the event is not as critical when dealing with a hearsay statement of exceptions, impression. recent such as perception a as it is with other statement of present sense The fact that the circuit court denied the double- hearsay statement, Knapp argues, goes to show that the court carefully considered and correctly exercised its discretion. 66 No. ¶171 Knapp defense and argues subject that the evidence Chambers.28 to is The 00-2590-CR critical right to to the present a defense is grounded in the confrontation and compulsory process clauses of the Sixth Amendment to Article I, Section 7, of the the U.S. Wisconsin Constitution Constitution. and See Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302; State v. Pulizzano, 155 Wis. 2d 633, 645, 456 N.W.2d 325 (1990). A defendant's right to present a defense may in some cases require the admission of testimony that would otherwise be excluded under applicable evidentiary rules. Chambers, See Wis. 2d at 648. 410 U.S. absolute, relevant but evidence outweighed by 294, 302; Pulizzano, 155 See also State v. Jackson, 216 Wis. 2d 646, 663, 575 N.W.2d 475 (1998). not at its rather whose The right to present a defense is is limited probative prejudicial to value the is effect. presentation not See of substantially Pulizzano, 155 Wis. 2d at 646. ¶172 The State argues that this evidence is hardly the type contemplated by Chambers. did not instead limit it its rule stated: (Pl.-Appellant Br. at 34). only "where to evidence labeled constitutional Chambers "critical," rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt are implicated, the hearsay rule may not be applied mechanistically to defeat the ends of justice." Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302. Thus, Knapp's constitutional right to present a defense includes the right to 28 This is the constitutional claim that must be decided de novo. 67 No. 00-2590-CR demonstrate Brunner and Maas were seen in Watertown at the time of the murder, and that Maas was actually seen trying to get rid of clothing she had been wearing. This evidence directly affects the determination of guilt in this case. XIII. ANALYSIS OF ISSUE SIX ¶173 Regarding hearsay the evidence, standard "Questions of review concerning for the admissible relevance of particular evidence are to be determined by the trial court's exercise of discretion." court will reasonable not find an basis for the Denny, 120 Wis. 2d at 625. abuse of trial discretion court's if "This there determination." (citing State v. Pharr, 115 Wis. 2d at 342). is a Id. However, like the previous issues, when the focus of a circuit court's ruling is on a defendant's asserted due process right to introduce evidence, the issue is more properly characterized as one of constitutional fact, and is, therefore, subject to de novo review. See Stutesman, 221 Wis. 2d at 182. ¶174 The State offers three distinct arguments showing that the circuit erred in admitting Maas's hearsay testimony regarding Borchardt's personal observations: (1) it does not qualify as "other suspect" evidence under the Denny standard; (2) it was not admissible as a statement of recent perception under Wis. Stat. § 908.045(2); and (3) the court erred in relying on Chambers because it is not "critical evidence" as contemplated in the holding of that case. 68 No. A. 00-2590-CR The Denny Analysis: ¶175 In Denny the defendant argued that he was denied his constitutional right to present a defense when the trial court refused to allow evidence suggesting that a third party had motive and opportunity to commit the crime for which he was accused. Denny, 120 Wis. 2d at 625. ¶176 Defendants have witnesses in their the defense, constitutional right however, evidence that relevant to the issues before the court. to present must be Milenkovic v. State, 86 Wis. 2d 272, 286, 272 N.W.2d 320 (Ct. App. 1978). Pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 904.01, relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Wis. Stat. § 904.02; Pharr, 115 Wis. 2d at 342. See also In other words, this state recognizes the admission of testimony if it tends to prove or disprove a material fact. Denny, 120 Wis. 2d at 623. In the case before us Knapp wants to offer the testimony of Maas and Farrell to show that a third party (Brunner) had motive and opportunity to commit the murder for which Knapp is charged. Therefore, Knapp claims the offered testimony is relevant. ¶177 The general rule, adopted by this court, concerning the issue is that evidence tending to prove motive and opportunity to commit a crime regarding a party other than the defendant can be excluded when there is no direct connection between the third party and the alleged crime. 69 Id. at 622. No. 00-2590-CR ¶178 The Denny court adopted the "legitimate tendency" test gleaned from an early U.S. Supreme Court decision of Alexander v. United States, 138 U.S. 353 (1891). The "legitimate tendency" test asks this court to determine whether the evidence offered is so remote in time, place, or circumstance that a direct connection cannot be made between the third party and the crime itself. Alexander, 138 U.S. at 356-57. However, to show "legitimate tendency" a defendant is not required to prove the guilt of a third party beyond a reasonable doubt in order to have such evidence admitted in his defense. at 623. Denny, 120 Wis. 2d Conversely, "evidence that simply affords a possible ground of suspicion admissible" either. against another person should not be Id. ¶179 In summary, Denny expressly states that "as long as motive and opportunity have been shown and as long as there is also some evidence to directly connect a third person to the crime charged which is not remote in time, circumstances, the evidence should be admissible." ¶180 The concedes regarding Brunner are not at issue in this case. Therefore, whether motive Id. opportunity must determine that or and this court State place, the testimony of Maas and Farrell presents evidence showing a "direct connection" between Brunner and the murder with which Knapp is charged. ¶181 Denny offers an illustration to exemplify what type of evidence certainty could show required a by "direct the connection" legitimate to tendency a degree test. of "By illustration, where it is shown that a third person not only had 70 No. 00-2590-CR the motive and opportunity to commit the crime but also was placed in such proximity to the crime as to show he may have been the guilty party, the evidence is admissible." Id. at 624. See Perry v. Watts, 520 F. Supp. 550, 557 (N.D. Cal. 1981), aff'd sub nom, Perry v. Rushen, 713 F.2d 1447 (9th Cir. 1983). ¶182 The evidence at issue in this case connects Brunner and Maas to the crime in a number of ways: (1) It establishes that Brunner lied to investigators about his whereabouts at the time of the murder; (2) Maas was with Brunner at the time his wife was murdered, and Maas was observed a short time after Mrs. Brunner's death carrying a paper bag and getting into Brunner's waiting truck; and (3) most importantly, the evidence puts Brunner in Watertown in relative proximity to the location where the homicide occurred and near the time of the murder. ¶183 Based upon that information, we hold that the circuit court correctly Brunner's determined motive, opportunity that and the evidence connection to established the crime. Further, we hold that the circuit court applied the proper legal standard and appropriately exercised its discretion in admitting this evidence under Denny. B. Admissibility Under Wis. Stat. § 908.045(2) Statement of Recent Perception: ¶184 We determination 21(a) of find that Knapp's no clear the offer error third-party of proof 71 in the hearsay comes circuit evidence within the court's in item recent No. perception exception hearsay rule. under Wis. Stat. § 908.045(2),29 00-2590-CR to the Farrell's inability to recall, 12 years after the fact, exactly when Borchardt made the statements to her does not undermine the requirements of the exception. The focus should be on the circumstances when the statement was originally made.30 29 Wisconsin Stat. § 908.045(2) provides: Hearsay exceptions; declarant unavailable. The following are not excluded by the hearsay rule if the declarant is unavailable as a witness: (2) Statement of recent perception. A statement, not in response to the instigation of a person engaged in investigating, litigating, or settling a claim, which narrates, describes, or explains an event or condition recently perceived by the declarant, made in good faith, not in contemplation of pending or anticipated litigation in which the declarant was interested, and while the declarant's recollection was clear. 30 Wisconsin (1974) provides: Rules Of Evidence Handbook, Special Release Judicial Council Committee's Note. Sub. (2). This subsection is a major change in Wisconsin law which presently would characterize the statement as inadmissible hearsay. Note that this provision and all other provisions in this section are conditioned upon the unavailability of the declarant and contain limitations as assurances of accuracy not contained in the comparable provisions of the Model Code or Uniform Rules. Federal Advisory Committee's Note. Exception (2). The rule finds support in several directions. . . . the rule excludes statements made at the instigation of a person engaged in investigating, litigating, or setting a claim. It also incorporates as safeguards the good faith and clarity of recollection required by the Uniform Rule and the exclusion of a statement by a person interested in the litigation provided by the English act. 72 No. 00-2590-CR Further, the lack of clarity as to timing is almost certainly due to the failure to prosecute this case earlier. C. Chambers Analysis: ¶185 As stated earlier, when the focus of a circuit court's ruling is on a defendant's asserted due process right to introduce evidence, the issue is oftentimes characterized as one of constitutional fact, and is, therefore, subject to de novo review. See Stutesman, 221 Wis.3d at 182 ("[W]hether a trial court's ruling excluding evidence deprived a defendant of the constitutional right to present evidence is a question of 'constitutional fact,' which we review de novo."). ¶186 The right of due process to an accused in a criminal trial is, in essence, the right to the opportunity to defend oneself from the accusations initiated by the State. 410 U.S. at 294.31 from the Chambers, The right to present a defense originates confrontation and compulsory process clause of the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and applies to the citizens of this state through Article I, Section 7 of the Wisconsin Constitution. See Chambers, 410 U.S. at Pulizzano, 155 Wis. 2d at 645. 31 A person's right to reasonable notice of a charge against him, and an opportunity to be heard in his defense a right to his day in court are basic in our system of jurisprudence; and these rights include, as a minimum, a right to examine the witnesses against him, to offer testimony, and to be represented by counsel. In re Oliver, 333 U.S. 257, 273 (1948). 73 302; No. 00-2590-CR ¶187 A defendant's right to present a defense may in some cases require the admission of testimony that would otherwise be excluded under applicable evidentiary rules. 216 Wis. 2d at 663. Id. See Jackson, The right to present a defense is not absolute, but rather is limited to the presentation of relevant evidence whose probative value is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial effect. See Pulizzano, 155 Wis. 2d at 646. ¶188 This court is presented with the question of whether the hearsay excluded by nonetheless evidence presented traditional admissible in this Wisconsin under case, Rules the of protections which may be Evidence, is afforded to citizens through the United States and Wisconsin Constitutions. ¶189 Chambers states that: The hearsay rule, which has long been recognized and respected by virtually every State, is based on experience and grounded in the notion that untrustworthy evidence should not be presented to the triers of fact. Out-of-court statements are traditionally excluded because they lack the conventional indicia of reliability: they are usually not made under oath or other circumstances that impress the speaker with the solemnity of his statements; the declarant's word is not subject to cross-examination; and he is not available in order that his demeanor and credibility may be assessed by the jury. Chambers, 410 U.S. at 298 (citing California v. Green, 399 U.S. 149, 158 (1970)). ¶190 However, the Court in Chambers went on to say that "exceptions tailored to allow the introduction of [hearsay] evidence which in fact is likely to be trustworthy have long existed." Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302. 74 The Court held that the No. 00-2590-CR evidence in question: (1) qualified for the exception to the hearsay rule as a trustworthy statement against interest; and (2) was critical to Chambers' defense. Id. As a result, its exclusion implicated "constitutional rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt" and the hearsay rule thus could not be "applied mechanistically to defeat the ends of justice." ¶191 In the present case we have already held Id. that the evidence in question qualifies for admission under the statutory exception to the hearsay rule of Wis. Stat. § 908.045(2) because it is sufficiently trustworthy. clear, given the passage of time, to be We now hold that the evidence is also critical to Knapp's defense. ¶192 We hold the evidence is critical because it satisfies the third prong of the Denny test for admission of third-party evidence. evidence Denny, 120 Wis. 2d at 624. Knapp offers as to the Without it, much of the likelihood of Brunner's involvement in Resa's death may be inadmissible under Denny, because the direct link, in time and proximity, between Brunner and Resa's murder will be absent. ¶193 Because the evidence in question here qualifies for admission under an exception to the hearsay rule, and is critical to the defense, it implicates "constitutional rights directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt" and should be admitted under Chambers. Chambers, 410 U.S. at 302. XIV. CONCLUSION ¶194 Based upon the holding in Dickerson, we reverse the decision of the circuit court denying the motion to suppress 75 No. 00-2590-CR evidence obtained as the direct result of a Miranda violation arising from the search conducted at the time of Knapp's arrest. ¶195 Moreover, we are convinced that Knapp provided statements to the DCI agents voluntarily, and the circuit court correctly applied Harris by admitting such statements solely for impeachment purposes during cross-examination. ¶196 Since we have determined that the motion to suppress the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized as a direct result of the intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, there is no need to determine whether the alleged Edwards violation should also result in the suppression of the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized. ¶197 Similarly, with regard to the fourth issue, since we have determined that the motion to suppress the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized as a direct result of the intentional Miranda violation at the apartment should have been granted, there is no need to determine whether the alleged Fourth Amendment violation, relating to a failure to knock and announce at the exterior doors, prior to entering the premises should also result in suppression of the evidence (the sweatshirt) seized. ¶198 Furthermore, based upon the facts of this case, we find that George did have apparent authority to consent to a search of suppressed Knapp's bedroom physical and evidence the circuit obtained court during incorrectly the second warrantless search. ¶199 Finally, in light of Denny, Chambers, and the rules of evidence, we hold that the circuit court correctly granted a 76 No. 00-2590-CR motion to admit hearsay evidence implicating a potential thirdparty in the victim's murder. By the Court. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and the cause is remanded. 77 No. ¶200 SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, CHIEF JUSTICE two respects: conclusion during that the because First, the second Knapp's Knapp's bedroom.32 did not Knapp's have I disagree physical search brother, (concurring in I join the majority opinion except part, dissenting in part). in 00-2590-CR.ssa evidence of the majority's confiscated Knapp's George, with bedroom consented by police was the to admissible search of I agree with the majority opinion that George actual bedroom.33 authority I to disagree, consent however, to the with search the of majority opinion that based on the facts known to the officers at the moment of the search George had apparent authority to consent to the search.34 ¶201 I conclude that the State did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that the officers were reasonable in their belief that George search of seized by Knapp's admissible the had bedroom. police under apparent authority Moreover, during the their doctrine of the to consent physical illicit search inevitable to the evidence is not discovery. Accordingly, I conclude that the physical evidence seized was inadmissible. ¶202 Second, I conclude that the majority opinion errs when it holds that Farrell's testimony regarding Borchardt's personal observations was admissible under statements of recent perception. the hearsay for There is no evidence that the 32 See majority op., parts X & XI, ¶¶122-156. 33 Majority op., ¶147. 34 Majority op., ¶151. 1 exception No. statements meet the foundational requirement 00-2590-CR.ssa of recent perception. I ¶203 The majority opinion correctly states the legal test for determining whether an officer may rely on an individual's consent to a search: [D]etermination of consent to enter must "be judged against an objective standard: would the facts available to the officer at the moment . . . 'warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief' that the consenting party had authority over the premises? If not, then warrantless entry without further inquiry is unlawful unless authority actually exists. But if so, the search is valid."35 The burden is on the State to prove by clear and convincing evidence that the officers were reasonable in their belief.36 ¶204 The record is clear. The only facts the officers knew "at the moment" they searched Knapp's bedroom were that George paid the rent for the apartment; that Knapp stayed at the apartment; that Knapp had his own bedroom in which he kept his possessions, including his cooperating with the police. clothing; and that George was This is not enough information for an officer to believe that George had authority over Knapp's bedroom. ¶205 The officers have an obligation to ask questions to clarify the power of the individual giving consent. Yet the 35 Majority op., ¶151 (quoting Illinois v. Rodriguez, 497 U.S. 177, 188-89 (1990) (citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21-22 (1968))). 36 State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 549-50, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). 2 No. officers made no inquiry of George at all. ask whether Knapp paid any rent to George. 00-2590-CR.ssa They did not even The information available at the moment of the search is readily apparent from the officer's testimony at a hearing on the motion to suppress: Q. [counsel] You, at the time that you met with [George] in the office there to discuss this issue [of consenting to the search], never asked him about his agreement with Matthew Knapp as to Matt's living there or renting a room from [George] correct? A. [officer] Correct. The officer further testified about what he knew and about what questions he asked before he entered Knapp's bedroom. The testimony again clearly shows the officer knew just the facts I have set forth: Q. [counsel] Okay. You then went back to the office and filled out the Consent to Search form with George, right? A. [officer] Yes, sir. Q. And again, there is nothing in your report that you indicate you asked him any questions about his relationship with Matt relative to his using that room or living in that room, right? A. Right. Q. In fact, the only information that you indicated in your report relative to any of the circumstances surrounding George Knapp's living arrangement in that apartment is that you indicate, once you're in the apartment during the course of the search with George, that you were informed that he lived there with his fiancé[sic], right? A. That George did? Q. Correct. A. Yes, sir. 3 No. 00-2590-CR.ssa Q. You never attempted to question George or ask him about whether he felt comfortable on his own entering Matthew Knapp's room in the apartment, right? A. No. I don't recall any conversations like that. Q. Whether or not he felt that he had the authority to go into that room to retrieve something, right, never questioned him on anything like that? A. No, sir. Q. You never questioned him about how long Matthew Knapp had lived there, right? A. No, not that I recall. Q. How there? A. long he anticipated Matthew Knapp living That's correct. Q. Never questioned him about any arrangement that he had with his landlord? lease or A. No. I was aware of the fact that he [George] was in control of the apartment and was paying the rent at the apartment. I didn't ask him specifics about the length of his monthly lease or an annual lease, no. But I knew he was in control in paying the rent. Q. How did apartment? you know he was in control of the A. I asked him if he was paying the rent at the apartment. Q. When did you ask him that? A. At the police station. Q. Again, that's not something noted anywhere. This is something you remember now? A. He is the one Consent to Search. that I approached to get the Q. I appreciate that. Other than the question regarding rent, you had no other discussion with him regarding Matthew Knapp's living in that apartment? 4 No. A. 00-2590-CR.ssa Right. ¶206 This case is very similar to and is governed by State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998), in which the court held for the defendant. The record is clear that the officers did not have sufficient facts to determine George's authority to consent to the search and did not make sufficient inquiry to gather more facts. The State did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that the officers were reasonable in their belief that George had apparent authority to consent to the search of Knapp's bedroom. ¶207 The majority opinion obviously struggles to base its holding on the moment" they meager embarked facts on the known to search. the The officers majority "at the opinion asserts that "[t]he record seems somewhat unclear as to whether the officers learned all of this information before, during, or after the consent search"37 and then uses this opening to rely on facts not known to the officer "at the moment" of the search. The majority opinion states that George "certainly had access to the bedroom" since he and his fiancée "kept personal property there, including two hunting rifles, two shotguns, a couch, a bed, and a dresser."38 ¶208 The record is clear, however, that these facts about George's personal property were not known to the officers "at the moment" of the search and are therefore not relevant to any apparent authority analysis. 37 Majority op., ¶152. 38 The officers learned the facts Id. 5 No. 00-2590-CR.ssa about George's personal property upon which the majority opinion relies only after they entered Knapps's bedroom. An officer so testified: Q. [counsel] The when you were searching in the bedroom, did you notice any guns or hunting equipment? A. [officer] Yes. Q. Camping kind of things? A. Yes. Q. Do you recall there being any discussion between you and George Knapp about whose items those were? A. Yes. Q. And did you have did you ask him or did he volunteer, or don't you remember? A. I believed certain. he volunteered. I'm not absolutely Q. What did he say about whose guns and hunting gear that was? A. He told me that they were equipment, and the guns were his. that was his George's testimony corroborated the officer's: Q. [counsel] Well, didn't you stand there as they were in the bedroom and make a comment regarding the hunting equipment and firearms A. [George] They come Q. claiming it was yours? A. They come and asked me whose guns they are, and I said, "Them are all mine." ¶209 The majority opinion concludes that George had apparent authority based on the fact that he "was a resident, and it was reasonable to conclude that he had full authority to 6 No. consent to the search."39 00-2590-CR.ssa Implicit in this argument is that it is reasonable for any resident of a home to consent to a search of every part of that home. ¶210 "In Wisconsin This is simply not the law. there is no presumption of common authority to consent to a search when an adult defendant lives with his or her spouse's parents or close relatives."40 A third party's authority to consent to a search is "not to be implied from the mere property."41 property interest a third party has in the Rather, authority to consent to a search rests "on mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched."42 know facts George had that In the present case, the officers did not would lead "joint access or them to control reasonably for believe that most purposes" over Knapp's bedroom. ¶211 Indeed, the facts known to the officers at the moment of the search (and maybe even thereafter) cast considerable doubt on George's joint access or control over Knapp's bedroom or George's authority to consent to the search of the bedroom. 39 Majority op., ¶155 (citing Rodriguez, 497 U.S. at 186). 40 State v. Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d 531, 554, 577 N.W.2d 352 (1998). 41 United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 172 n.7 (1974). 42 Id. 7 No. 00-2590-CR.ssa The officers knew from their first visit with Knapp that Knapp spent time in the apartment that he shared with George, that Knapp had his own bedroom, and that Knapp kept his possessions, including his clothes, in the bedroom. These facts are sufficient to trigger a reasonable officer to question George's access or control over Knapp's bedroom and George's authority to consent to a search of the bedroom. ¶212 Moreover, the majority opinion states that evidence of authority to consent can be found in George's consent itself. The majority opinion states, "It seems quite clear that George did not limit his consent to search in any way . . . and he permitted the officers to search his entire home."43 This statement is irrelevant to our inquiry here. The question is not whether George consented to the search. The question is whether George had the authority to consent. The law is that law enforcement officers cannot take an individual's (here George's) consent to search at "face value" but must consider the surrounding facts.44 No "surrounding facts" are in this record. ¶213 Indeed, even if one agrees (and I do not) with the majority opinion's reading of the record as being unclear about what the officers knew when they entered the bedroom, the inescapable conclusion is that the State did not carry its heavy burden by clear and convincing evidence. 43 Majority op., ¶153. 44 Kieffer, 217 Wis. 2d at 549. 8 No. 00-2590-CR.ssa II ¶214 Because George did not have actual or apparent authority to consent to a search of Knapp's bedroom, the State argues that the evidence discovery doctrine. the State must is admissible under the inevitable To admit the evidence under this doctrine, prove the following by a preponderance of evidence: (1) It is reasonably probable that the evidence would have been discovered by lawful means but for the intervening police misconduct; (2) Before the misconduct occurred, the police already had the leads making the discovery inevitable; and (3) The police were actively pursuing these leads at the time of the illegality.45 ¶215 It is unnecessary to determine whether the first two prongs can be established in the present case, because the State fails on the third prong. The third prong cannot speculation but must be supported by historical fact. rest on Here, there were no historical facts in the record that the police were pursuing a lead at the time they searched Knapp's bedroom. Testimony that the officers would have obtained a warrant had consent not been given is not enough to satisfy the third prong. III ¶216 Finally, conclusion that I also disagree Farrell's testimony with the regarding majority's Borchardt's personal observations was admissible under the hearsay exception 45 State v. Schwengler, 170 Wis. 2d 487, 500, 490 N.W.2d 292 (Ct. App. 1992) (citing United States v. Cherry, 759 F.2d 1196, 1204 (5th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1056 (1987)). 9 No. for statements of recent perception. v. Weed, (Bradley, 2003 J., WI 85, ____ The concurrence in State Wis. 2d ____, N.W.2d ____ joined, discusses the this hearsay exception and emphasizes that the exception is to be narrowly applied. In necessary to which ____ I foundation concurring), 00-2590-CR.ssa meet this case, the majority not only broadly applies the exception, but it also completely ignores a foundational requirement: the event or condition must be recently perceived. ¶217 Here, there is no indication of the amount of time between when Borchardt perceived the event and the time he made the statement to Farrell describing that event. The facts cited by the majority opinion state that "sometime after Resa's murder Borchardt told Farrell" what he had seen on the night of the murder.46 ¶218 Accordingly, because the timing of the conversation between Borchardt and Farrell is uncertain, it is impossible to determine if the statement was made recently after the event. I therefore conclude that because Knapp failed to demonstrate that Borchardt's statement describes a recent perception, it was an erroneous exercise of discretion for the circuit court to admit the hearsay testimony under the statement of recent perception exception. ¶219 For the reasons set forth, I agree with the circuit court that the physical evidence seized on the second search of the bedroom 46 should be suppressed. I Majority op., ¶10 (emphasis added). 10 also conclude that No. 00-2590-CR.ssa Farrell's testimony regarding Borchardt's personal observations was inadmissible hearsay. ¶220 I am authorized Accordingly, I dissent. to state BRADLEY joins this opinion. 11 that Justice ANN WALSH No. ¶221 DIANE S. SYKES, J. in I part). dissent from 00-2590-CR.dss (concurring in part, dissenting the court's resolution certified issue, Part V of the majority opinion. of the The majority concludes that the United States Supreme Court's decision in Dickerson v. United States, 530 U.S. 428 (2000), "fundamentally altered" the Court's jurisprudence regarding the applicability of the Fourth Amendment "fruit of the poisonous tree" doctrine in the context of Fifth Amendment Miranda47 violations. Majority op., ¶66-67. ¶222 As the majority notes, the Supreme Court has generally distinguished between Fourth and Fifth Amendment violations for purposes of the "fruits" doctrine of Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U.S. 471 (1963). Derivative evidence obtained as a result of a Fourth Amendment violation is generally considered tainted and must be suppressed. Id. at 488. However, in the Fifth Amendment context, the Supreme Court has twice refused to extend the Fourth Amendment "fruits" doctrine to derivative evidence obtained as a result of a Miranda violation. Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985); Michigan v. Tucker, 417 U.S. 433 (1974). ¶223 This distinction stems from the difference between the constitutional rights sought to be protected: But as we explained in Quarles and Tucker, a procedural Miranda violation differs in significant respects from violations of the Fourth Amendment, which have traditionally mandated a broad application of the "fruits" doctrine. The purpose of the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule is to deter unreasonable searches, no matter how probative their fruits. The exclusionary rule, when utilized to effectuate the 47 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966). 1 No. 00-2590-CR.dss Fourth Amendment, serves interests and policies that are distinct from those it serves under the Fifth. Where a Fourth Amendment violation "taints" the confession, a finding of voluntariness for the purposes of the Fifth Amendment is merely a threshold requirement in determining whether the confession may be admitted in evidence. Beyond this, the prosecution must show a sufficient break in events to undermine the inference that the confession was caused by the Fourth Amendment violation. The Miranda exclusionary rule, however, serves the Fifth Amendment and sweeps more broadly than the Fifth Amendment itself. It may be triggered even in the absence of a Fifth Amendment violation. The Fifth Amendment prohibits use by the prosecution in its case in chief only of compelled testimony. Failure to administer Miranda warnings creates a presumption of compulsion. Consequently, unwarned statements that are otherwise voluntary within the meaning of the Fifth Amendment must nevertheless be excluded from evidence under Miranda. Thus, in the individual case, Miranda's preventive medicine provides a remedy even to the defendant who has suffered no identifiable constitutional harm. Elstad, 470 U.S. at 306-07 (second emphasis added, internal citations and quotations omitted). ¶224 Thus, while a Miranda violation generally requires suppression of the unwarned statement, the twin justifications for suppression ensuring the trustworthiness of evidence and deterring police misconduct are less compelling in the case of derivative evidence obtained as a result of a Miranda violation. Id. at 308. ¶225 Elstad and Tucker were based in part on the status of Miranda warnings as a judicially-created "prophylactic" intended to protect the Fifth self-incrimination. Amendment privilege against compulsory Elstad, 470 U.S. at 308; Tucker, 417 U.S. 2 No. at 446. In Dickerson, the Supreme established a constitutional rule. Court held 00-2590-CR.dss that Miranda Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 444. ¶226 The Supreme Court reaffirmed Miranda in Dickerson, and also clarified that "Miranda announced a constitutional that Congress may not supersede legislatively." Id. rule Dickerson thus put to rest the debate about Miranda's status as a mere judicial "prophylactic" requirement or a full-fledged constitutional rule, but it did not otherwise change the Supreme Court's Miranda jurisprudence. Dickerson held "that Miranda and its progeny in this Court govern the admissibility of statements made during custodial interrogation in both state and federal courts." Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 432. Dickerson that extends Miranda's There is nothing in application beyond "the admissibility of statements," and the holdings of Elstad and Tucker remain in place as "progeny" of Miranda. ¶227 This conclusion is borne out by language in Dickerson acknowledging the continuing difference between the application of the "fruits" doctrine in the Fourth and Fifth Amendment contexts: The Court of Appeals also noted that in Oregon v. Elstad, 470 U.S. 298 (1985), we stated that "'[t]he Miranda exclusionary rule . . . serves the Fifth Amendment and sweeps more broadly than the Fifth Amendment itself.'" 166 F.3d, at 690 (quoting Elstad, supra, at 306). Our decision in that case refusing to apply the traditional "fruits" doctrine developed in Fourth Amendment cases does not prove that Miranda is a nonconstitutional decision, but simply recognizes the fact that unreasonable searches under the Fourth Amendment are different from unwarned interrogation under the Fifth Amendment. 3 No. Dickerson, 530 U.S. at 441. 00-2590-CR.dss This language undercuts any claim that Dickerson effectuated a change in the law regarding the general inapplicability of the "fruits" doctrine to derivative evidence obtained as a result of a Miranda violation. Indeed, this passage signals the Court's intention to stay the course. ¶228 The majority notes the split in the federal appellate courts on the implications of Dickerson for doctrine in the context of a Miranda violation. ¶¶56-62. the "fruits" Majority op., Only the Tenth Circuit has held that as a result of Dickerson, the violations. "fruits" doctrine now applies to Miranda United States v. Patane, 304 F.3d 1013 (10th Cir. 2002)(applying "fruits" doctrine to negligent failure to give Miranda warnings). The First Circuit has held that the "fruits" doctrine might now apply to a Miranda violation, depending upon the circumstances, and more particularly, whether the violation was intentional Faulkingham, 295 or merely F.3d 85 negligent. (1st Cir. United States 2002)(declining to v. apply "fruits" doctrine to negligent failure to give Miranda warnings, but leaving open the question whether it applies to intentional Miranda violations). ¶229 In contrast, the Third and Fourth Circuits have held that Dickerson did not alter the general inapplicability of the "fruits" doctrine DeSumma, 272 F.3d to 176 Miranda (3d violations. Cir. United 2001)(holding States that v. "fruits" doctrine does not apply to Miranda violations); United States v. Sterling, 283 F.3d 216 (4th Cir. 2002)(holding that "fruits" doctrine does not apply to Miranda violations). 4 The Supreme No. 00-2590-CR.dss Court has granted certiorari in Patane, 123 S. Ct. 1788, and has not acted on a certiorari petition in Faulkingham. The Court denied certiorari in DeSumma, 535 U.S. 1028, and Sterling, 536 U.S. 931. ¶230 standing Dickerson left distinction intact between the Supreme Fourth and Court's Fifth long- Amendment violations for purposes of suppression of derivative evidence under the Miranda "fruits" announced doctrine. a Dickerson's constitutional rule declaration does not that affect the trustworthiness of physical evidence obtained as a result of a Miranda violation, and I am not convinced that the deterrence rationale in this situation is enough on its own to justify suppression. While Miranda is a constitutional rule and not a mere judicial "prophylactic," suppression of derivative evidence that flows from a Miranda violation does little to deter violations of the underlying constitutional right in question, the right against compulsory self-incrimination. ¶231 Accordingly, I conclude that Dickerson does not require us to overrule State v. Yang, 2000 WI App 63, ¶¶32-38, 233 Wis. 2d 545, 608 N.W.2d 703, in which the court of appeals reversed the suppression of a gun that was seized as a result of a Miranda Dickerson's violation, citing clarification Elstad of the and Tucker. constitutional Although status of Miranda has some implications for the doctrinal underpinnings of the Elstad-Tucker rule, there is nothing in Dickerson indicate that Elstad and Tucker are no longer good law. such, we need not overrule Yang, 5 and suppression of to As the No. 00-2590-CR.dss sweatshirt as derivative evidence obtained as a result of the Miranda violation in this case is not required. ¶232 Neither is suppression required as a result of an alleged Edwards48 violation, an issue the majority does not reach as a result of its conclusion on the certified question. Edwards requires the police to cease questioning a suspect who clearly invokes interrogation. the right to counsel during custodial Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 484-85 (1981). In Davis v. United States, 512 U.S. 452, 459 (1994), the Supreme Court held that the Edwards rule does not apply unless suspect unambiguously and unequivocally requests counsel. the See also State v. Jennings, 2002 WI 44, ¶29, 252 Wis. 2d 228, 647 N.W.2d 142. ¶233 In Davis, the Supreme Court concluded that a suspect who says, "Maybe I should talk to a lawyer" has not clearly and unambiguously requested counsel. Davis, 512 U.S. at 462. In Jennings, we held, consistent with Davis, that a suspect who says "I think maybe I need to talk to a lawyer" has not clearly and unambiguously requested counsel. ¶36. Jennings, 252 Wis. 2d 228, Here, the circuit court concluded that Knapp's statement "I was calling my lawyer in Milwaukee" was not a clear and unambiguous request for counsel under Davis. I agree. Knapp's reference to counsel is similar to those at issue in Davis and Jennings. Because Knapp did not clearly and unambiguously invoke his right to counsel, I would affirm the circuit court's conclusion that there was no Edwards violation. 48 Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477 (1981). 6 No. ¶234 The majority's also means officers that had it conclusion need not an obligation on reach to the certified Knapp's "knock and 00-2590-CR.dss claim question that announce" prior the to entering the outer stairway to the upstairs apartment that Knapp shared with his brother. On this issue, I would affirm the circuit court's conclusion that the police had no duty to "knock and announce," because the not staircase have a leading reasonable of apartment. See United States v. Jacobson, 466 U.S. 109, 113 stairway in did expectation (1984). privacy Knapp up to the The exterior door was unlocked and had no doorbell; the was not used for private purposes and functioned essentially as an exterior entryway to the apartment's actual threshold. reasonable I agree with the circuit court that Knapp had no expectation of privacy in the outer hallway, and therefore the officers were not required to "knock and announce" until they reached the upstairs apartment door. See, e.g., State v. Edgeberg, 188 Wis. 2d 339, 524 N.W.2d 911 (Ct. App. 1994) (no reasonable expectation of privacy in an unlocked porch that contained few private possessions). ¶235 For the foregoing reasons, I dissent from Part V of the majority opinion, and would instead affirm the circuit court's denial of suppression of the blood-stained sweatshirt. In all other respects, I concur. 7
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