Thomas Gritzner v. Michael R.
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2000 WI 68 SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN Case No.: 98-0325 Complete Title of Case: Thomas Gritzner and Sandra Gritzner, parents and guardians of Tara G., a minor, Plaintiffs-Appellants-Petitioners, v. Michael R., a minor, and Karen Rosetti, as parent of Michael R., Defendants, Roger Bubner, as custodian of Michael R., and American Family Mutual Insurance Company, Defendants-Respondents-Petitioners. REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS Reported at: 228 Wis. 2d 541, 598 N.W.2d 282 (Ct. App. 1999-Published) Opinion Filed: Submitted on Briefs: Oral Argument: Source of APPEAL COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: Concurred: June 23, 2000 February 9, 2000 Circuit Walworth James L. Carlson ABRAHAMSON, C.J., concurs (opinion filed). BABLITCH, BRADLEY, CROOKS AND SYKES, J.J., join concurrence. Dissented: Not Participating: ATTORNEYS: For the plaintiffs-appellants-petitioners there were briefs by Steven J. Watson and Steven J. Watson Law Office, Elkhorn, and oral argument by Steven J. Watson. For the defendants-respondents-petitioners there were briefs by Thomas M. Devine, JoAnne M. Breese-Jaeck, and Hostak, Henzl & Bichler, S.C., Racine, and Phillip C. Theesfeld and Baxter, O Meara & Samuelson, Milwaukee, and oral argument by Thomas M. Devine. 2000 WI 68 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 98-0325 STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT Thomas Gritzner and Sandra Gritzner, parents and guardians of Tara G., a minor, FILED JUN 23, 2000 Plaintiffs-AppellantsPetitioners, Cornelia G. Clark Clerk of Supreme Court Madison, WI v. Michael R., a minor, and Karen Rosetti, as parent of Michael R., Defendants, Roger Bubner, as custodian of Michael R., and American Family Mutual Insurance Company, Defendants-RespondentsPetitioners. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. Affirmed in part and reversed in part and cause remanded. ¶1 the JON P. WILCOX, J. The plaintiffs in this case are parents of a four-year-old abused by her ten-year-old girl, neighbor, Tara, who Michael. was sexually The abuse allegedly took place while Tara was visiting Michael's home, where Michael lived with his mother and his mother's boyfriend No. Roger Bubner. parents After filed civil learning suits about against incident, this various 98-0325 Tara's parties, including Bubner. ¶2 The case at hand involves the plaintiffs' suit against Roger Bubner. The plaintiffs allege that Bubner was entrusted with the care of Tara while she was in his home, that Bubner had custody and control of Michael, and that Bubner knew or should have known that Michael might engage in inappropriate sexual acts if left alone with Tara. On the basis of these allegations, the plaintiffs brought claims against Bubner for (1) negligent failure to warn them of Michael's propensity to engage in inappropriate sexual acts, and (2) negligent failure to control Michael's conduct. ¶3 these The circuit court granted Bubner's motion to dismiss claims. In reaching its decision, the circuit court relied on Kelli T-G. v. Charland, 198 Wis. 2d 123, 542 N.W.2d 175 (Ct. App. 1995), which held that public policy considerations barred a claim for negligent failure to warn in a case involving an ex-wife who did not warn another child's mother about her ex-husband's pedophilic propensities. ¶4 court The plaintiffs appealed. of appeals affirmed in In a published opinion, the part and reversed in part. Gritzner v. Michael R., 228 Wis. 2d 541, 598 N.W.2d 282 (Ct. App. 1999). the circuit With some reluctance, the court of appeals affirmed court's decision that the claim for negligent failure to warn was barred by the reasoning of Kelli T-G.. at 549-551. Id. However, the court of appeals reinstated the claim 2 No. for negligent failure to control. Id. at 555-57. 98-0325 Both parties petitioned this court for review. ¶5 Upon review, all members of the court agree that the case should be remanded to the circuit court. Those justices who join the lead opinion would affirm the court of appeals on both counts. We would hold that public policy considerations preclude the plaintiffs' claim for negligent failure to warn. We would recognize the Gritzners' claim for negligent failure to control only because liability for failure to control can be imposed on distinct, narrow grounds that do not raise the same public policy considerations that preclude liability for failure to warn. I. ¶6 FACTS Because this case arises on a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, we must accept as true all facts alleged in the those facts. complaint and all reasonable inferences from Doe v. Archdiocese of Milwaukee, 211 Wis. 2d 312, 320, 565 N.W.2d 94 (1997). The material facts alleged are as follows. ¶7 In 1996 the defendant Roger Bubner was living in Lake Geneva with his girlfriend Karen R. and her ten-year-old son Michael. Some inappropriate time sexual before acts including his half-sister. ¶8 Thomas and May with 1, 1996, another Michael child engaged or in children, Bubner knew that this had occurred. Sandra Gritzner and their daughter Tara lived on the same street as Bubner. 3 four-year-old Bubner knew No. 98-0325 that Thomas, Sandra, and Tara were his neighbors and that Thomas and Sandra were Tara's parents. ¶9 and July At relevant times between approximately May 1, 1996 7, 1996, Tara visited Michael and other children. Bubner's home to play with Bubner consented to Tara's presence in his home, and the Gritzners entrusted Tara to Bubner's care during these visits. Bubner also assumed custody and control over Michael at these times. Bubner knew or should have known that there was a danger Michael would engage in inappropriate sexual acts if left unsupervised with Tara. ¶10 On July 7, 1996, Bubner and Karen R. informed Thomas and Sandra Gritzner that Michael had sexually abused Tara while the children were unsupervised at Bubner's home. On August 21, 1996, a child abuse investigator from the local Department of Human Services confirmed Michael's alleged sexual abuse of Tara. II. ¶11 PROCEDURAL HISTORY In June 1997 the Gritzners filed a complaint against Bubner1 claiming (1) negligent failure to warn them of Michael's propensity to sexually abuse Tara, and (2) negligent failure to control Michael.2 In his answer to the complaint, Bubner denied 1 The Gritzners also sued Michael's mother, Karen R., and Bubner's mother, Georgia, who owned the home in which Bubner, Karen R., and Michael lived. The claim against Georgia has been dismissed. Only the suit against Bubner is at issue in this appeal. 2 The Gritzners also brought a claim against Bubner for negligent infliction of emotional distress. The Gritzners did not appeal the dismissal of that claim. 4 No. 98-0325 the allegations and argued that in any case the complaint failed to state a claim for which relief could be granted. ¶12 Bubner Gritzners' subsequently claims, arguing filed that a motion dismiss the T-G. (1) Kelli to barred the failure to warn claim, and (2) the romantic relationship between Bubner and Karen R. did not impose on Bubner a duty to supervise or control Michael's conduct. In response, the Gritzners argued that for purposes of the motion to dismiss, it must be assumed that Bubner had custody and control over Michael as alleged in the complaint. The Gritzners further argued that under Shannon v. Shannon, 150 Wis. 2d 434, 442 N.W.2d 25 (1989), their claims were viable based on Bubner's duty to exercise ordinary care toward all Finally, persons the who came Gritzners upon argued his that property Kelli with consent. T-G. was not James L. dispositive because it was factually distinguishable. ¶13 Carlson, The Circuit Judge, Court granted for Bubner's Walworth motion to County, dismiss. Judge Carlson determined that Bubner had no legal duty to warn the Gritzners about Michael's Michael's conduct. alleged propensities or to control The judge further concluded that Shannon did not apply and that Kelli T-G. was dispositive. ¶14 The Gritzners appealed. The court of appeals first noted that under Shannon an occupier of premises generally owes a duty of ordinary care towards all persons who come onto the premises with consent. Gritzner, 228 Wis. 2d at 548 (quoting Shannon, 150 Wis. 2d at 443-44). With regard to the claim for negligent failure to warn, the court indicated that although it 5 No. 98-0325 was "not enthusiastic about the holding in Kelli T-G.," it was nonetheless bound to follow existing precedent, and affirmed the circuit court's decision to dismiss the claim. Gritzner, 228 Wis. 2d at 551. ¶15 Turning to the claim for negligent failure to control, the court concluded that Kelli T-G. was distinguishable. The court determined that under the Restatement (Second) of Torts and Wisconsin law, Bubner had a special relationship with both Michael and Tara and that because of these special relationships Bubner had a duty to control Michael's conduct for the purpose Id. at 554-56. of protecting Tara. that the duty imposed under a The court further noted failure to warn claim is "manifestly different" from the duty imposed under a failure to control claim. considerations circuit court's Id. precluded decision failure to control. ¶16 558. Because no liability, the court to the claim dismiss public policy reversed for the negligent Id. at 559-60. Both parties petitioned this court for review. III. ¶17 at STANDARD OF REVIEW A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim tests whether the complaint is legally sufficient to state a cause of action for which relief may be granted. 331. Doe, 211 Wis. 2d at The legal sufficiency of the complaint is a question of law that this court reviews de novo. Wausau Tile, Inc. v. County Concrete Corp., 226 Wis. 2d 235, 245, 593 N.W.2d 445 (1999). In examining the legal sufficiency of the complaint, the court assumes that the facts alleged in the complaint are 6 No. true. Id.; Doe, 211 Wis. 2d at 331. 98-0325 However, the court does not assume that the legal conclusions pleaded in the complaint are true. Doe, 211 Wis. 2d at 331. ¶18 A court may not grant a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim unless there are no conditions under which relief could be granted. Id.; Wausau Tile, 226 Wis. 2d at 245. IV. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF NEGLIGENCE LAW IN WISCONSIN ¶19 The Gritzners' claims invoke principles of common law negligence. prove: To establish a negligence claim, a plaintiff must (1) the existence of a duty of care on the part of the defendant, (2) a breach of that duty of care, (3) a causal connection between the defendant's breach of the duty of care and the plaintiff's injury, resulting from the injury. and (4) actual loss or damage Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 219 Wis. 2d 250, 260, 580 N.W.2d 233 (1998) (quoting Rockweit v. Senecal, 197 Wis. 2d 409, 418, 541 N.W.2d 742 (1995)). ¶20 The first element, a duty of care, is established under Wisconsin law whenever it was foreseeable to the defendant that his or her act or omission to act might cause harm to some other person. Rockweit, 197 Wis. 2d at 420 (quoting Rolph v. EBI Cos., 159 Wis. 2d 518, 532, 464 N.W.2d 667 (1991)).3 3 At the Thus, Wisconsin does not follow the majority view in Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co., 162 N.E. 99, 99-101 (N.Y. 1928), under which the existence of a duty of care depends upon whether injury to the particular victim was foreseeable. See Schilling v. Stockel, 26 Wis. 2d 525, 531, 133 N.W.2d 335 (1965)(discussing this court's adoption and subsequent rejection of the majority "no-duty" formula in Palsgraf). 7 No. very least, every person is subject to a duty ordinary care in all of his or her activities. to 98-0325 exercise Rockweit, 197 Wis. 2d at 419. ¶21 The Gritzners' claims against Bubner are based on Bubner's duty to take certain affirmative actionsto warn Tara's parents about Michael and to control Michael's behavior. Bubner frames his response to the Gritzners' claims under the rules governing affirmative duties to act in the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which provide that in the absence of a special relationship, a person does not have a duty to take affirmative action to help or protect another person. Restatement (Second) of Torts §§ 314-324 (1965). ¶22 This court has considered and relied on some of these Restatement provisions in evaluating negligence claims. However, this court has not expressly adopted this framework. See Schuster v. Altenberg, 144 Wis. 2d 223, 238 and n.3, 424 N.W.2d 159 (1988). Instead, the general framework governing the duty of care in Wisconsin negligence actions is that: A person is negligent when [he or she] fails to exercise ordinary care. Ordinary care is the care which a reasonable person would use in similar circumstances. A person is not using ordinary care and is negligent, if the person, without intending to do harm, does something (or fails to do something) that a reasonable person would recognize as creating an unreasonable risk of injury or damage to a person or property. Wis JICivil 1005. See also Rockweit, 197 Wis. 2d at 419 ("'Each individual is held, at the very least, to a standard of 8 No. 98-0325 ordinary care in all activities.'") (citing Coffey v. Milwaukee, 74 Wis. 2d 526, 537, 247 N.W.2d 132 (1976)). ¶23 In Wisconsin, although a person does not commit negligence simply by being present at the scene of an accident, McNeese v. Pier, 174 Wis. 2d 624, 632, 497 N.W.2d 124 (1993), failure to take an affirmative action may constitute negligence when it is inconsistent with the duty to exercise ordinary care. See Rockweit, 197 Wis. 2d at 423 (suggesting that during the time that a social guest was sitting at a campfire, her duty of ordinary care might include an affirmative duty to protect the child from the fire). ¶24 other policy Of course, even when a duty of care exists and the elements of negligence considerations may have been preclude established, liability. public However, Wisconsin courts address public policy concerns directly, rather 9 No. than asking whether particular victim.4 the defendant owed a "duty" 98-0325 to the Thus, this court has observed: [W]ithin the framework of a negligence case the particular conduct of a defendant is not examined in terms of whether or not there is a duty to do a specific act, but rather whether the conduct satisfied the duty placed upon individuals to exercise that degree of care as would be exercised by a reasonable person under the circumstances. Walker v. Bignell, 100 Wis. 2d 256, 264, 301 N.W.2d 447 (1981). 4 As the defendant notes, some Wisconsin cases have examined liability limitations in terms of duty. See Estate of Becker v. Olson, 218 Wis. 2d 12, 579 N.W.2d 810 (Ct. App. 1998); Zelco v. Integrity Mut. Ins. Co., 190 Wis. 2d 74, 527 N.W.2d 357 (Ct. App. 1994); Erickson v. Prudential Property and Cas. Ins. Co., 166 Wis. 2d 82, 479 N.W.2d 552 (Ct. App. 1991). This formulation of the analysis is incorrect under Wisconsin law. In Wisconsin, everyone has a duty to act with reasonable care. Liability for breach of that duty is limited on public policy grounds. See Rockweit v. Senecal, 197 Wis. 2d 409, 425, 541 N.W.2d 742 (1995) (explaining that although some cases have denied liability on the basis that an actor had no "duty" to the injured party, the decision to deny liability is essentially one of public policy and not duty or causation). See also Bowen v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 183 Wis. 2d 627, 644-45, 517 N.W.2d 432 (1994)(explaining that in deciding whether to impose liability for negligence, Wisconsin courts use a public policy formulation rather than a foreseeability or duty formulation)(citing Klassa v. Milwaukee Gas Light Co., 273 Wis. 176, 183, 77 N.W.2d 397 (1956)); Schuster v. Altenberg, 144 Wis. 2d 223, 266, 424 N.W.2d 159 (1988) (Steinmetz, J., concurring)(noting that Wisconsin has a distinct approach to negligence under which liability is limited through policy considerations after the elements of duty and causation have been established); Klassa, 273 Wis. 2d at 183 ("Whenever a court holds that a certain act does not constitute negligence because there was no duty owed by the actor to the injured party, although the act complained of caused the injury, such court is making a policy determination."). 10 No. ¶25 In sum, the crucial question in 98-0325 evaluating the Gritzners' claims is not whether Bubner had any "duty" to take affirmative actions but whether Bubner's alleged failure to take certain actions was consistent with his duty to exercise a reasonable degree of care. ¶26 Moreover, even if the plaintiff is able to establish a duty of care and the other elements of a negligence claim, the court may nonetheless considerations preclude determine liability. that Sawyer public v. policy Midelfort, 227 Wis. 2d 124, 141, 595 N.W.2d 423 (1999); Miller, 219 Wis. 2d at 264-265; Rockweit, 197 Wis. 2d at 425-26; Schuster, 144 Wis. 2d at 240. Before determining whether public policy considerations preclude liability, it is usually a better practice to submit the case to the jury. Sawyer, 227 Wis. 2d at 141; Miller, 219 Wis. 2d at 265; Schuster, 144 Wis. 2d at 241. However, when the facts are not complex and the relevant public policy questions have been fully presented, this court may determine public policy precludes liability before trial. whether Sawyer, 227 Wis. 2d at 141; Miller, 219 Wis. 2d at 265; Schuster, 144 Wis. 2d at 241. ¶27 preclude The question of whether public policy considerations liability is a question of law that determines without deference to any other court. Wis. 2d at 425. liability include: this court Rockweit, 197 The public policy reasons that may preclude (1) the injury is too remote from the negligence, (2) the injury is too wholly out of proportion to the tortfeasor's culpability, (3) in retrospect it appears too 11 No. 98-0325 highly extraordinary that the negligence should have resulted in the harm, (4) allowing recovery would place too unreasonable a burden on the tortfeasor, (5) allowing recovery would be too likely to open the way for fraudulent claims, and (6) allowing recovery would enter stopping point. V. a field that has no sensible or just Id. at 426. PUBLIC POLICY PRECLUDES THE GRITZNERS' CLAIM FOR NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO WARN ¶28 We first consider the Gritzners' claim that Bubner negligently failed to warn them of Michael's propensity to abuse Tara. In Kelli T-G., the court of appeals determined that public policy considerations barred a somewhat similar claim. Kelli T-G., 198 Wis. 2d at 130-31. A closer look at Kelli T-G. is helpful to understanding our determination that public policy concerns should bar the Gritzners' claim. ¶29 Charland, After Kelli Kelli's T-G. mother was and sexually guardian ad abused litem by Gerald filed suit against Charland's ex-wife, Patricia Neubauer, on the basis that Neubauer breached her Charland's pedophilia. ¶30 to warn Kelli's mother about Id. at 125-26. Neubauer and Charland were married in 1985 and had a daughter, Geri. eight duty months Id. at 126. after their divorce a few months later. Charland's convictions for after the couple separated. The couple separated approximately marriage, Id. 12 Neubauer filed for Neubauer did not learn about sexually Id. and assaulting children until No. ¶31 98-0325 Immediately following the couple's divorce, Charland was not allowed to have unsupervised visitation with Geri. By approximately counseling and January probation 1991, for his allowed unsupervised visitation. ¶32 Charland prior had Id. completed convictions and was Id. In April or May 1991 Neubauer became aware that Geri's friend Kelli sometimes played with Geri at Charland's home. Neubauer was concerned about the risk that Charland Id. might sexually abuse Kelli and intended to say something about it to Kelli's mother. Id. at 127-28. Neubauer testified that she asked Kelli's mother to call her at home, but that she did not take the affirmative Charland's convictions. sexually abused Kelli. ¶33 step of telling Id. On Kelli's July 15, mother about 1991, Charland against Kelli's Id. at 125. Neubauer moved for summary judgment claim, arguing that Wisconsin law imposes no duty to warn a third party about another person's dangerous propensities in the absence of a special relationship, relationship had been established. agreed. ¶34 and that Id. at 128. no such special The trial court Id. In its review, the court of appeals first noted that Wisconsin law is in conflict regarding what kind of relationship is necessary to establish a duty to warn about the dangerous propensities of third parties. Id. at 129. However, in a unanimous opinion, the court determined that it did not need to resolve that issue "because the issue in this case is clearly 13 No. resolved on public policy grounds." Id. 98-0325 We quote the court's discussion of the relevant public policy considerations in full: [R]ecovery [against Neubauer] would enter a field not only with no definable, sensible stopping point, but no sensible starting point as well. Slight variations on the facts of this case illustrate the virtual impossibility of defining a sensible starting or stopping point. Would Neubauer's duty to warn depend on whether she knew of Charland's progress in counseling or compliance with probation? Would her duty depend on her assessment of whether the criminal justice system had adequately addressed the dangers Charland posed? Would Neubauer's duty have varied if she had been a mental health or criminal justice professional? If so, would her duty have further varied according to her opinion about the appropriateness and adequacy of the probation and conditions ordered by the criminal court? If Charland had been charged but never convicted of child sexual abuse, and if Neubauer believed, nonetheless, that Charland was a pedophile, would she still have had a duty to warn? And if Neubauer had been wrong in her forecast of Charland's potential danger, would she have been liable to Charland for warning Carolyn T.? Moreover, who would Neubauer have a duty to warn? Neubauer answers that she would have a duty to warn only those "where foreseeability of harm is clear . . . and where the foreseeable victim is known." Would that extend to the next door neighbor? Would that include every one of Kelli's close friends or classmates? To protect herself from potential liability, would Neubauer need to remain as ignorant as possible of Charland's activities and associations so that she would not come to know of his "foreseeable victims?" If so, ironically, any moral duty to warn that Neubauer otherwise might have felt would be undermined by potential liability for the legal duty she no longer could avoid. Tragically, sexual abuse has brought devastating consequences to countless children and their families. Sadly, our society has discovered that many pedophiles elude the control of the criminal justice 14 No. 98-0325 system. Many seem unchanged despite psychotherapeutic intervention and the rehabilitation efforts of corrections, probation, and parole. As pedophiles sexually abuse children again and again, some state legislatures, in a desperate effort to locate new methods to stop the assaults, debate whether to enact "neighborhood notification" laws to warn citizens of paroled child molesters living in their communities. Thus, legislatures debate the appropriate scope of government's duty to warn and they struggle to define sensible starting and stopping points. For government, the struggle is extremely difficult as a matter of public policy. For an individual citizen, the struggle is extremely difficult as a matter of morality, and virtually impossible as a matter of law. Id. at 130-132. ¶35 In essence, the court of appeals determined that allowing recovery would impose liability for failure to warn in situations in which the decision whether to warn is fraught with difficulty and in which no just and sensible legal guidelines are available to limit liability. ¶36 For similar reasons, we conclude that in this case there are no just and sensible guidelines for defining liability for negligent failure to warn. Indeed, allowing recovery for failure to warn in this case would create liability with far fewer limiting guidelines than were available in Kelli T-G.. ¶37 To begin with, Charland was an adult who had been convicted of three offenses of sexually assaulting children and was known to possess child pornography. Michael, on the other hand, previously is a ten-year-old unspecified child "inappropriate children including his Michael was who sexual had acts" half-sister. adjudicated delinquent 15 It with is based not on engaged one or alleged his in more that previous No. conduct.5 engaged If in Bubner's knowledge an unadjudicated, that Michael inappropriate had 98-0325 previously sexual act with another child is sufficient to support a claim for failure to warn, it is difficult to imagine what level of knowledge would be insufficient to support liability. ¶38 Worse yet, allowing recovery in this case would extend a duty to warn to a much larger group of people than in Kelli TG.. Unlike therefore in liability for Charland, Michael near-constant failure to is contact warn is a child with himself other recognized and children. under the is If facts alleged by the Gritzners, the same liability would extend to any child with whom Michael might play unsupervisedhis classmates at school, children at a birthday party, gatherings, or children on a playground. children at family There is no just or sensible reason to allow Tara to recover but to limit liability for these other children.6 The practical effect would be to 5 The Gritzners do not allege that Michael's previous inappropriate sexual act or acts were the subject of any juvenile court proceedings. In her answer to the Gritzners' complaint, Michael's mother admits that Michael had previously engaged in inappropriate sexual acts but states that an employee of the local Department of Human Services dismissed Michael's behavior as normal and recommended that no action be taken. 6 For this reason we reject the Gritzners' argument that they may recover for negligent failure to warn under the rationale that a land possessor owes a duty of ordinary care toward guests. See Shannon v. Shannon, 150 Wis. 2d 434, 443-44, 442 N.W.2d 25 (1989). Although this rationale offers some limits on liability, those limits are not just or sensible in the context of the Gritzners' claim. If Bubner's failure to warn Tara's parents about Michael constitutes negligence, it is not just or sensible to disallow recovery simply because the abuse took place at Tara's home rather than Michael's. 16 No. require any adult engaged in any who cared conduct for that a could child be who had 98-0325 previously characterized as an "inappropriate sexual act" to stigmatize this child in all of his or her relations with other children. We are greatly hesitant to impose such a limitless duty to warn. ¶39 stopping The Gritzners urge that there are just and sensible points for liability in this case because (1) Wis. Stat. § 48.01 (1997-98)7 establishes an overriding public policy in favor of protecting a child from sexual abuse over protecting an adult from liability, and (2) Wis. Stat. § 48.981 authorized Bubner to report to the local Department of Human Services that Tara was at risk of being abused. According to the Gritzners, a common law cause of action for negligent failure to warn would further the public policies embodied by these statutes. ¶40 Although Wis. Stat. § 48.01 codifies a general public policy in favor of protecting children from all forms of abuse, it does not provide the just and sensible stopping points that are necessary before a civil cause of action in negligence may be recognized in Wisconsin. Similarly, although Wis. Stat. Furthermore, Shannon did not involve the issue of failure to warn about a third party's alleged propensities, and the limits provided by Shannon are not sufficient to resolve the public policy considerations in this case. Under Shannon, liability would extend to the parents of all children who came onto Bubner's property. The practical effect would still be to require Bubner issue broad warnings about Michael. We conclude that the Gritzners cannot recover for negligent failure to warn under the rationale of Shannon. 7 Subsequent references to the Wisconsin Statutes are to the 1997-98 volumes unless otherwise indicated. 17 No. 98-0325 § 48.9818 authorizes private parties to report about abuse and the risk of abuse, it provides no basis for civil liability in this case. professionals Section in 48.981(2) positions of requires authority, that such certain as health professionals, teachers, childcare workers, and law enforcement personnel, report suspected abuse of a child. Persons who are subject to this mandatory reporting requirement may be fined and imprisoned for failure to report. Wis. Stat. § 48.981(6). All other persons "may" report abuse, but are not required to do so, and are not subject to any penalties for failure to report. §§ 48.981(2) and (6). Thus, § 48.981 does not provide a basis for a civil cause of action for negligent failure to warn. ¶41 Furthermore, requiring that adults give such broad warnings about a child seems contrary to the policy established in Children's Code provisions, which provide that juvenile law enforcement and court records are held confidential and may only be released by court order. See Wis. Stats. §§ 48.396,9 48.78; State ex rel. Herget v. Waukesha County Cir. Ct., 84 Wis. 2d 435, 450-52, 267 N.W.2d 309 (1978). records is considered to be Confidentiality of juvenile "essential to the goal of 8 Wisconsin Stat. § 48.981 has been amended by the legislature since the publication of the 1997-98 volumes. See 1999 Wis. Acts 192, 149, 84, 56, and 32. In particular, see 1999 Wis. Act 149 and 1999 Wis. Act 56 (amending § 48.981(2)). These changes do not affect this analysis. 9 Wisconsin Stat. § 48.396 has been amended. 1999 Wis. Acts 89 and 32. These amendments do not change this analysis. 18 No. rehabilitation." Id. at 451. 98-0325 These confidentiality concerns weigh against the Gritzners' claim. ¶42 We also note that the Wisconsin Legislature has confronted the issue of the need to warn the public about sex offenders in the community and has specifically provided for circumstances under which confidentiality concerns. sex offender registry sex public protection outweighs The State of Wisconsin maintains a and provides offenders and necessary access for to information about protection. See 1993 Wis. Act 98 § 116; 1995 Wis. Act 440; Wis. Stats. §§ 301.45 and 301.46.10 as notice public These provisions apply not only to adult sex offenders but also to juvenile offenders who have been adjudicated delinquent. See Wis. Stat. §§ 301.45(1g)(a)11 and 301.46; In the Interest of Jason J.C., 216 Wis. 2d 12, 18, 573 N.W.2d 564 (Ct. App. 1997)(rejecting a juvenile's argument that courts are empowered to expunge juvenile records because having to register as a sex offender under § 301.45 will have a stigmatizing effect). However, none of these provisions establishes a procedure under which the state issues warnings about a juvenile's unadjudicated acts of inappropriate sexual conduct, and none of these provisions imposes a duty to warn on 10 Wisconsin Stats. §§ 301.45 and 301.46 have been renumbered and substantially amended. See 1999 Wis. Acts 186, 156, 89, and 9 §§ 2714d-2717m. These amendments do not affect this analysis. 11 Wisconsin Stat. § 301.45(1) (1997-98) has been renumbered (1g) and has been amended since publication of the 1997-98 volumes of the Wisconsin Statutes. 1999 Wis. Act 89. 19 No. private individuals. We would decline to impose 98-0325 such an obligation judicially. ¶43 Many courts have struggled with whether and under what conditions individuals may be held liable for failing to warn other individuals third parties.12 about the sexually abusive propensities of We would not foreclose the possibility that under different circumstances a plaintiff could recover based on negligent failure to warn about a known risk of sexual abuse. 12 For cases allowing recovery, see, e.g., Pamela L. v. Farmer, 169 Cal. Rptr. 282 (Cal. Ct. App. 1980)(holding that a wife who invited and encouraged children to visit her premises even though she knew that her husband had molested women and children in the past and might do so again could be held liable in negligence); J.S. v. R.T.H., 714 A.2d 924 (N.J. 1998)(holding that a wife could be held liable for negligent failure to prevent or warn about her husband's sexual abuse when the wife had actual knowledge or special reason to know that the husband was likely to abuse a particular person or persons); Doe v. Franklin, 930 S.W.2d 921 (Tex. App. 1996)(holding that a grandmother could be held liable for failure to protect her granddaughter from a known risk of sexual abuse by the grandfather). For cases not allowing recovery, see, e.g., Eric J. v. Betty M., 90 Cal. Rptr. 2d 549 (Cal. Ct. App. 1999)(holding that family members of a parolee could not be held liable for failure to warn the parolee's girlfriend that he had been convicted of felony child molestation even though the girlfriend's son was allegedly abused on the family members' premises); Doe v. Goff, 716 N.E.2d 323 (Ill. App. Ct. 1999)(holding that the Boy Scouts of America could not be held liable for failure to prevent the sexual assault of a Boy Scout when the assault was not foreseeable); H.B. v. Whittemore, 552 N.W.2d 705 (Minn. 1996)(holding that a trailer park manager did not have a duty to warn or protect children whom she knew were being sexually abused by another resident of the trailer park); T.A. v. Allen, 669 A.2d 360 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1995)(holding that a stepmother did not have a duty to protect her husband's grandchildren from sexual abuse by the grandfather). 20 No. 98-0325 We would merely hold that under the circumstances of this case, liability for failure to warn is barred by public policy. ¶44 the In reaching this conclusion, we are very mindful of permanent abuse. and devastating consequences of child sexual Nonetheless, we determine that a cause of action for negligent failure to warn should not provide a remedy under the circumstances of this case. Because allowing recovery would enter a field in which there are no just and sensible stopping points for liability, we would hold that the Gritzners' claim for negligent failure to warn is barred as a matter of law. VI. PUBLIC POLICY DOES NOT BAR THE GRITZNERS' CLAIM FOR NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO CONTROL ¶45 Next, we are asked to decide whether the Gritzners' claim against Bubner for negligent failure to control Michael's conduct13 is a claim for which relief may be granted. Bubner 13 This claim was entitled "negligent failure to control" in the Gritzners' initial complaint against Bubner. However, in their pleadings and at oral argument before this court, the parties have often referred to this claim as "negligent supervision." See also Gritzner v. Michael R., 228 Wis. 2d 541, 551, 598 N.W.2d 282 (Ct. App. 1999)(labeling the claim "failure to supervise"). This court has recognized a tort of negligent supervision relating to an employer's "negligent supervision" of its employees. See Doyle v. Engelke, 219 Wis. 2d 277, 287, 580 N.W.2d 245 (1998) (citing Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 219 Wis. 2d 250, 580 N.W.2d 233 (1998)). In order to avoid confusion, we believe that the Gritzners' claim is more appropriately labeled negligent "failure to control" a minor child. See Bankert v. Threshermen's Mut. Ins. Co., 110 Wis. 2d 469, 477, 329 N.W.2d 150 (1983). Although we label the claim "negligent failure to control," the claim encompasses both failure to control and failure to supervise the conduct of a child. 21 No. 98-0325 argues that the complaint is not sufficient to establish the first element, the existence of a duty on the part of Bubner to exercise ordinary care to control Michael's conduct. Bubner also contends that even if the complaint is legally sufficient to state a claim, public policy considerations preclude liability. ¶46 Because we conclude that public policy precludes the Gritzners' claim for failure to warn, we would not permit the failure to distinct, control claim well-defined to basis proceed that unless will there permit is liability some for failure to control but will not permit liability for failure to warn. ¶47 which We conclude that there are two well-defined bases upon Bubner might Michael's conduct. enough to permit be held liable for failure to control Either of these legal theories is narrow liability for failure permitting liability for failure to warn. to control without We also conclude that public policy considerations do not bar a narrowly defined claim for negligent failure to control under these theories. A. A CLAIM FOR NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO CONTROL A MINOR CHILD MAY BE BASED ON THE DOCTRINE OF IN LOCO PARENTIS ¶48 In the Gritzners' complaint, the claim against Bubner for negligent failure to control Michael is based on Bubner's relationship with Michael. boyfriend of Michael's The complaint claims that as the mother, Bubner assumed custody and control over Michael and that he negligently failed to exercise his control over Michael for the protection of Tara. 22 No. ¶49 This court has adopted the Restatement 98-0325 (Second) of Torts § 316, Duty of Parent to Control Conduct of Child, as an applicable standard of conduct in negligence actions. See Nieuwendorp v. American Family Ins. Co., 191 Wis. 2d 462, 473, 529 N.W.2d 594 (1995); Bankert v. Threshermen's Mut. Ins. Co., 110 Wis. 2d 469, 477, 327 N.W.2d 150 (1983). Section 316 provides: A parent is under a duty to exercise reasonable care so to control his minor child as to prevent it from intentionally harming others or from so conducting itself as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to them, if the parent (a) knows or has reason to know that he has the ability to control his child, and (b) knows or should know of the necessity and opportunity for exercising such control. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316. Wisconsin's civil jury instructions restate this standard of conduct as follows: A parent must use ordinary care to control his or her minor child so as to prevent the child from intentionally harming others or from conducting himself or herself so as to create an unreasonable risk [of] bodily harm to others, if the parent knows or should know: (1) that [he or she] has the ability to control the child; (2) that there is a necessity for exercising such control; and (3) that there is an opportunity to do it. Wis JICivil 1013. ¶50 If Bubner were Michael's legal parent, this standard of conduct would clearly apply to Bubner's failure to control Michael's conduct. See Nieuwendorp, 191 Wis. 2d at 473, (citing 23 No. 98-0325 Seibert v. Morris, 252 Wis. 460, 463, 32 N.W.2d 239 (1948)); Bankert, 110 Wis. 2d at 477. ¶51 Although Bubner is not Michael's legal parent, the Gritzners' complaint alleges facts that imply that Bubner was in a parent-like relationship with Michael. The complaint alleges that Bubner and Michael's mother were in a romantic relationship and that Bubner, Michael, and Michael's mother lived together in the same home. Furthermore, the complaint states that as a result of Bubner's relationship with Michael's mother, Bubner assumed custody and control over Michael. seems reasonable to infer that although From these facts it there was no formal legal relationship between Bubner and Michael, Bubner may have assumed parental responsibility and authority over Michael. ¶52 This court has recognized that an adult who is not a child's legal parent may sometimes stand in the position of a parent to that child. See In re Custody of D.M.M., 137 Wis. 2d 375, 384-86, 404 N.W.2d 530 (1987)(considering whether the word "parent" in Wis. Stat. § 767.245 includes persons standing in loco parentis); McManus v. Hinney, 31 Wis. 2d 333, 143 N.W.2d 1 (1966); In Interest of L.L. v. Circuit Ct. of Washington County, 90 Wis. 2d 585, 596, 280 N.W.2d 343 (Ct. App. 1979)(describing the state's authority to supervise children during school hours as its position in loco parentis); Fuerst v. Fuerst, 93 Wis. 2d 121, 286 N.W.2d 861 (Ct. App. 1979). ¶53 We have described the in loco parentis relationship in this manner: 24 No. 98-0325 A person stands in loco parentis to a minor child if he has assumed the status and obligation of a parent without a formal adoption. Whether or not this relationship exists is a matter of intent to be deduced from the facts of a particular case. In determining whether a person stands in loco parentis, factual considerations may include the children's ages, their dependence upon the person claimed to be in loco parentis, and whether such person in fact supports the children and exercises the duties and obligations of a natural parent. McManus, 31 Wis. 2d at 337. In essence, an in loco parentis relationship is created when a person who is not a child's legal parent stands in the position of a parent towards the child. ¶54 The parental duty to control described by Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316 and WisJI Civil 1013 requires that parents, ability who to by the supervise reasonable steps to nature and of their control control the relationship a child's child's have conduct, behavior. the take See Nieuwendorp, 191 Wis. 2d at 474 (stating that parents had a duty to take reasonable steps to control their son's behavior). Persons who stand in loco parentis to a child have a similar authority and obligation to supervise and control the child's behavior. It is therefore reasonable to subject them to the standard of conduct set forth in § 316 and Wis-JI Civil 1013. We hold that a person who stands in loco parentis to a minor child may be held liable for failure to exercise ordinary care in controlling that child's conduct. parentis to Michael, Bubner's If Bubner stood in loco alleged failure to control Michael's conduct may be evaluated under the standard of conduct set forth in § 316 and Wis-JI Civil 1013. 25 No. B. A CLAIM FOR NEGLIGENT FAILURE TO CONTROL MAY ALSO PROCEED ON THE THEORY THAT BUBNER VOLUNTARILY UNDERTOOK TO PROTECT TARA ¶55 cause 98-0325 The court of appeals recognized the Gritzners' second of action based not only on Bubner's duty to control Michael but also on Bubner's voluntary undertaking to protect Tara under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A. 228 Wis. 2d at 551-52. We conclude that Gritzner, Bubner's alleged failure to supervise or control the children at his home may also be evaluated under the standard of conduct in § 324A. ¶56 This court has adopted the theory of negligence set forth in the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A, Liability to Third Person for Negligent Performance of Undertaking. See American Mut. Liab. Ins. Co. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 48 Wis. 2d 305, 313, 179 N.W.2d 864 (1970)(expressing agreement with the rule of law set forth in § 324A). Section 324A provides: One who undertakes, gratuitously or for consideration, to render services to another which he should recognize as necessary for the protection of a third person or his things, is subject to liability to the third person for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking, if (a) his failure to exercise reasonable care increases the risk of such harm, or (b) he has undertaken to perform a duty owed by the other to a third person, or (c) the harm is suffered because of reliance of the other or the third person upon the undertaking. This rule does not require a contractual or legal obligation to provide services. American Mut. Liab., 48 Wis. 2d at 313. Instead, this standard of conduct applies to anyone "who, having 26 No. no duty to act, negligently." ¶57 to Tara's gratuitously undertakes to act and 98-0325 does so Id. The Gritzners' complaint alleges that Bubner consented presence on his property entrusted Tara to Bubner's care. and that Tara's parents If these facts are true, a reasonable jury could infer from them that Bubner voluntarily agreed to care for Tara while she was in his home without her parents. The complaint also alleges that Bubner failed to supervise or control Michael despite his knowledge that there was a risk that Michael would engage in inappropriate sexual acts with Tara if left unsupervised. Taken together, all of these allegations could reasonably support the conclusion that Bubner "under[took] . . . to render services to [Tara's parents] which [Bubner] should recognize as necessary for the protection of [Tara] . . . ," and that Bubner should be liable to Tara "for physical harm resulting from his failure to exercise reasonable care to protect his undertaking," because Bubner's failure to exercise reasonable care increased the risk of physical harm to Tara. We therefore affirm the court of appeals' holding that Bubner's alleged failure to control Michael's conduct may be evaluated under the principles of § 324A.14 14 The Gritzners urge us to hold that Shannon provides an additional basis for imposing liability on Bubner for failure to control Michael's conduct. See also Gritzner v. Michael R., 228 Wis. 2d 541, 548, 598 N.W.2d 282 (Ct. App. 1999)(citing Shannon v. Shannon, 150 Wis. 2d 434, 443-44, 442 N.W.2d 25 (1989)). We decline to do so because evaluating Bubner's liability under the principles of Shannon would allow liability to be imposed not only for failure to control but also for failure to warn. 27 No. 98-0325 C. PUBLIC POLICY DOES NOT PRECLUDE THE GRITZNERS' CLAIM BASED ON BUBNER'S FAILURE TO CONTROL MICHAEL ¶58 failure We to hold that control may the Gritzners' proceed to claim trial on for negligent two theories: (1) under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316 and Wis JICivil 1013, together with the in loco parentis doctrine, Bubner had a duty to exercise reasonable care to control Michael's conduct; and (2) under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A, Bubner voluntarily agreed to take care of Tara in his home and then failed to take reasonable care to supervise and control Michael's conduct for Tara's protection. legal theories evaluating provide Bubner's narrow, alleged We conclude that these well-defined negligent guidelines failure to for control Michael's conduct. ¶59 failure Bubner argues that the Gritzners' claim for negligent to control cannot succeed under either of these theories, or any other theory. Shannon holds that a possessor of land "fails to exercise ordinary care when, without intending to do any wrong, he does an act or omits a precaution under circumstances in which a person of ordinary intelligence and prudence ought reasonably to foresee that such act or omission will subject him or his property, or the person or property of another, to an unreasonable risk of injury or damage." Shannon, 150 Wis. 2d at 443-44. Thus, Shannon states a broad standard of conduct under which liability could be imposed not only for Bubner's failure to control Michael's conduct but also for his failure to warn Tara or her parents about Michael. Having already determined that public policy concerns preclude liability for failure to warn, we hold that liability under Shannon is precluded under the circumstances of this case. 28 No. ¶60 establish First, Bubner liability for contends that negligent the failure 98-0325 Gritzners cannot to control under either of the theories we have recognized because the complaint does not specifically allege that he stood in loco parentis to Michael or that he entered into an supervise or control Michael's conduct. express agreement to Bubner cite Kara B. v. Dane County, 205 Wis. 2d 140, 555 N.W.2d 630 (1996); McNeese, 174 Wis. 2d at 633-34; Estate of Becker v. Olson, 218 Wis. 2d 12, 15-18, 579 N.W.2d 810 (Ct. App. 1998); Kramschuster v. Shawn E., 211 Wis. 2d 699, 707-708, 565 N.W.2d 581 (Ct. App. 1997); and Zelco v. Integrity Mutual Insurance Co., 190 Wis. 2d 74, 78, 527 N.W.2d 357 (Ct. App. 1994), as standing for the principle that "Wisconsin courts have historically required an agreement to assume responsibility before a duty to protect is found." (Br. of Defs.-Resp'ts-Pet'rs at 9.) ¶61 courts None of the cases cited by Bubner holds that Wisconsin require the existence of a formal legal agreement to assume responsibility before imposing a duty to protect a third party.15 See Gritzner, 228 Wis. 2d at 553 (explaining that none 15 Zelco holds that a social host does not breach the duty to exercise ordinary care by failing to protect one guest who voluntarily confronts another guest. Zelco v. Integrity Mut. Ins. Co., 190 Wis. 2d 74, 78-79, 527 N.W.2d 357 (Ct. App. 1994). There were no allegations in Zelco that the social host was in a parental or supervisory relationship with her guests. 29 No. 98-0325 of the cases cited by Bubner requires a legal relationship). As already discussed, liability for negligence in Wisconsin depends not so much on whether there is some legal relationship that imposes a duty of care, but on whether a person's conduct was Neither Becker nor Kramschuster is inconsistent with our holding that if Bubner was acting in loco parentis for Michael or had voluntarily agreed to take care of Tara, he had a duty to exercise ordinary care to control Michael's conduct. Becker reaffirmed Zelco's holding but recognized that the defendant's failure to prevent her boyfriend from keeping a sawed-off shotgun in the bedroom closet of her home could constitute negligence. Estate of Becker v. Olson, 218 Wis. 2d 12, 18, 579 N.W.2d 810 (Ct. App. 1998). Kramschuster held that an adult hunter did not create an unreasonable risk of injury by failing to warn or supervise a twelve-year-old child when facts did not suggest that a duty of supervision was necessary. Kramschuster v. Shawn E., 211 Wis. 2d 699, 707-708, 565 N.W.2d 581 (Ct. App. 1997). Kara B. is entirely consistent with our holding in this case. In reaching its holding that a professional judgment standard rather than a deliberate indifference standard should be used to evaluate whether government officials violated foster children's rights to a safe and secure placement, the Kara B. court noted government officials who place children in foster care are acting in the place of the children's parents. Kara B. v. Dane County, 205 Wis. 2d 140, 159-60, 555 N.W.2d 630 (1996). Finally, the holding in McNeese is consistent with our holding in this case. The court of appeals determined that a woman who picked up a child for school did not breach the duty to exercise reasonable care by parking across the street from the child's home. McNeese v. Pier, 174 Wis. 2d 624, 631-36, 497 N.W.2d 124 (1993). The court noted that simply being at the scene of the accident was not negligence and stated that there is no general duty to protect others from hazardous situations. Id. at 632. However, the court closely examined the facts to determine whether under the particular circumstances the driver's failure to escort the child across the street was a breach of the duty of ordinary care. Id. at 632-35. This approach is consistent with our approach in the case at hand. 30 No. 98-0325 consistent with the duty to exercise ordinary care and whether liability is consistent with public policy. ¶62 Furthermore, under either of the legal theories we recognize, Bubner will only be held liable for negligent failure to control if there is some reasonable basis for concluding that he was aware of the need to protect Tara, and had assumed the responsibility protection. failure to and The authority first control to legal under the control theory we Michael for recognize, Restatement (Second) Tara's negligent of Torts § 316, will succeed only if the Gritzners can establish that Bubner stood in loco parentis to Michael, knew of the need to control Michael's conduct, and had the ability and opportunity to do so. Likewise, the claim for negligent failure to control under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A is well defined; it will not succeed unless Bubner voluntarily agreed to take care of Tara and failed to take reasonable care to do so. ¶63 Bubner also contends that he should not be subject to a duty to exercise ordinary care to control Michael's conduct because non-parents who are prosecuted for physical abuse of a child may not rely on the parental forth in Wis. Stat. § 939.45(5). discipline assume that to avoid set State v. Dodd, 185 Wis. 2d 560, 567, 518 N.W.2d 300 (Ct. App. 1994). to privilege liability This argument seems under the theories we recognize in this case, Bubner might need to engage in physical abuse of a child. We reject this assumption. In order to avoid liability for negligent failure to control a minor child, an adult need only exercise ordinary care to control the child. 31 In No. 98-0325 the case at hand, Bubner's mere presence in the room where the children were Michael's playing alleged may have inappropriate been sufficient sexual to conduct. prevent Had any physical restraint been necessary, it seems likely that it could have been accomplished without engaging in physical abuse. ¶64 Bubner also argues that considerations preclude liability. several public policy Bubner first argues that, like the failure to warn claim, the claim based on negligent failure to control should be barred because allowing recovery would enter a field that has no just or sensible stopping point. We reject this argument because, unlike the claim for negligent failure to warn, the claim for negligent failure to control that we have recognized is very narrow and well defined. ¶65 In both of the theories of negligence that we recognize in this case, the basis for liability and the group of persons who may become liable are narrowly defined. Under the Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316 and the doctrine of in loco parentis, liability is imposed only on parents or people who are in a parent-like relationship with a child; who have the ability to control the child; who know or should know that it is necessary to control the child; and who know or should know that they have the opportunity Restatement (Second) voluntarily undertake of to to control the child. Torts § 324A, only provide services and Under people then fail the who to exercise ordinary care in the performance of those services may be held liable for negligent failure to control. 32 Thus, both No. theories provide just and sensible guidelines for 98-0325 limiting liability. ¶66 Moreover, imposing liability for failure to control is fundamentally different from imposing liability for failure to warn because liability for failure to control does not require the issuance of broad warnings to all of a child's peers. Thus, the failure to control claim does not compel private parties to choose between stigmatizing liability for negligence. children and facing potential Instead, parents and persons in loco parentis are charged with taking reasonable steps to supervise and control a child as necessary for the safety of others. Although some parties may determine that issuing warnings is an effective method of fulfilling this obligation, a party will not be held liable for failing to issue any warnings. hold that liability the public for failure policy to concerns warn do not that We therefore should preclude preclude liability for failure to control. ¶67 Next, Bubner argues that liability is barred because recovery would place too unreasonable a burden on the negligent tortfeasor. The tailored avoid to cause any of action such we recognize unreasonable is burden. narrowly If the plaintiffs proceed under the first theory, they will succeed only if parentis they to can establish Michael, (2) had that the Bubner ability (1) stood and in loco opportunity to control Michael, (3) knew or should have known of the need to control Michael, and (4) failed to exercise ordinary care to control Michael. We believe that imposing liability under these 33 No. circumstances is consistent with reasonable 98-0325 expectations. Similarly, if the plaintiffs proceed under the second theory, they will not succeed unless Bubner agreed to care for Tara while she was in his home and then failed to exercise ordinary care to protect her from Michael. This burden is also a reasonable one. ¶68 In addition, Bubner contends that recovery should be barred because the injury is too wholly out of proportion to the culpability of the negligent tortfeasor. We cannot agree. The complaint alleges that Bubner was aware that Michael might abuse Tara if the children were left unsupervised, that he nevertheless left the children unsupervised, and that Tara was abused as a result. Assuming, as we must, that these allegations are true, we cannot conclude that the injury is out of proportion to Bubner's culpability. ¶69 Finally, precluding relationship Bubner liability would urges in the provide that absence better a of bright-line a protection formal for rule legal children. Bubner asserts that recognizing liability for negligent failure to control under the facts alleged in the complaint will cause parents to become confused about who has the duty to control and protect children. Parents therefore could become less vigilant in protecting and controlling their own children. agree. of We do not Holding adults to the well-defined, reasonable standards conduct we recognize in this protection for children. 34 case will provide increased No. VII. ¶70 In 98-0325 CONCLUSION conclusion, we would hold that under the circumstances of this case, the Gritzners' claim against Bubner for negligent dismissed failure because considerations. to it warn is them about precluded Michael by must public be policy However, the Gritzners' claim against Bubner for negligent failure to control Michael's conduct may proceed on two grounds. ¶71 Under the first theory we recognize, Bubner may be held liable for negligent failure to control if (1) he stood in loco parentis to Michael, (2) he knew or had reason to know that he had the ability to control Michael, (3) he knew or had reason to know of the necessity and opportunity for exercising his control over Michael, and (4) he nevertheless failed to exercise reasonable care to control Michael's conduct so as to prevent Michael from intentionally harming Tara or conducting himself so as to create an unreasonable risk of bodily harm to Tara. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 316. ¶72 Under the second theory we recognize, Bubner may be held liable to Tara for the physical harm she suffered because of Bubner's (1) Bubner render alleged undertook, services recognized as to negligent failure gratuitously Tara's necessary for or parents the to control for Michael if consideration, to which he should protection of Tara, have (2) he failed to exercise reasonable care to protect Tara, and (3) his failure to exercise reasonable care increased the risk of harm to Tara, or he undertook to perform 35 a duty owed by Tara's No. 98-0325 parents to Tara, or the harm was suffered because of Tara's or her parents' reliance upon Bubner's undertaking. Restatement (Second) of Torts § 324A. ¶73 For these reasons, the justices who join this lead opinion would affirm the decision of the court of appeals on both counts. negligent We would failure to hold warn that is the Gritzners' barred considerations as a matter of law. by claim public for policy At the same time, we would permit the Gritzners' claim for negligent failure to control to proceed under the two theories described above. However, the lead opinion is not the opinion of the court with respect to the claim for negligent failure to warn. It is only the opinion of the court with respect to the claim for negligent failure to control. See concurrence at ¶ 86. ¶74 Accordingly, the cause is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings on both of the Gritzners' claims against Roger Bubner. By the affirmed in Court. The decision of the part reversed in part, and remanded. 36 court and of the appeals is cause is No. 98-0325.ssa ¶75 agree SHIRLEY S. ABRAHAMSON, CHIEF JUSTICE (concurring). with complaint Part states VI of the a claim lead opinion that Roger Bubner against failure to control Michael's conduct. the I Gritzners' for negligent The Gritzners' complaint also states a claim against Roger Bubner for negligent failure to warn Tara's parents. But, in contrast to the lead opinion, I would not have this court conclude, after applying public policy considerations, "that the Gritzners' claim for negligent failure to warn is barred as a matter of law." Lead op. at ¶ 44. I conclude that the circuit court, not this court, should first apply public policy factors after a full factual resolution. I would therefore not dismiss the claim for negligent failure to warn. I would remand the cause on both claims. ¶76 As the lead opinion explains, every person has a duty to use ordinary care in all of his or her activities, and a person is negligent when that person fails to exercise ordinary care. In Wisconsin a duty to use ordinary care is established whenever it is foreseeable that a person's act or failure to act might cause harm to some other person. ordinary care and is negligent if A person is not using the person fails to do something that a reasonable person would recognize as creating an unreasonable risk of injury to another. 22, 23, 24. Lead op. at ¶¶ 20, Failure to warn, depending on the circumstances, may be a breach of the duty of ordinary care. ¶77 The facts stated in this complaint, if proved, may constitute a claim against Bubner 1 for negligent failure to No. 98-0325.ssa warn.16 Under the alleged facts, it was foreseeable Bubner's failure to warn might cause harm to Tara. person would have recognized that Bubner's that A reasonable failure to warn Tara's parents created an unreasonable risk of injury to Tara.17 This conclusion comports with our case law that recognizes that a failure to warn may constitute negligence under numerous, diverse circumstances.18 16 The lead opinion recognizes that a number of states have allowed a claim for negligent failure to warn in cases with circumstances similar to those in the present case. See lead op. at ¶ 43, n.12. See also Doe v. Batson, 523 S.E.2d 909 (S.C. Ct. App. 1999) (under facts similar to those in this case, court allows a negligent failure to warn claim against the mother of an adult son who sexually assaulted girls). 17 In this case, unlike in Kelli T-G v. Charland, 198 Wis. 2d 123, 129, 542 N.W.2d 175 (Ct. App. 1995), it is undisputed that the defendant had a special relationship with Michael and Tara. Both had been entrusted to his care. 18 For example, owners and occupiers of land may be found negligent if they fail to warn firefighters of hidden perils on their property. See Haubolt v. Union Carbide Corp., 160 Wis. 2d 662, 674-76, 467 N.W.2d 508 (1991); Wright v. Coleman, 148 Wis. 2d 897, 436 N.W.2d 864 (1989); Clark v. Corby, 75 Wis. 2d 292, 298, 249 N.W.2d 567 (1977). Also, if a passenger in an automobile sees a danger and it is apparent that the driver does not see the danger, the passenger's failure to warn the driver constitutes negligence. See Teas v. Eisenlord, 215 Wis. 455, 253 N.W. 795 (1934); Delmore v. American Fam. Mut. Ins. Co., 118 Wis. 2d 510, 524-25, 348 N.W.2d 151 (1984) (discussing Teas). 2 No. 98-0325.ssa ¶78 that I disagree with Part V of the lead opinion that states "under the circumstances of this case, failure to warn is barred by public policy." (emphasis added). "would not a for Lead op. at ¶ 43 The lead opinion goes on to state that it foreclose circumstances liability the plaintiff possibility recover under based different on negligent failure to warn about a known risk of sexual abuse." Lead op. at ¶ 43 (emphasis added). could that The lead opinion does not tell us what these different circumstances might be. ¶79 Because the lead opinion stresses the circumstances of this case, I examine the circumstances of this case. ¶80 This case is here on a motion to dismiss. The complaint in this case alleges that Bubner, who was entrusted with the care of Michael and Tara, "knew that [Michael] had engaged in inappropriate sexual acts with another child or other children," that Bubner "knew or should have known that Michael had a propensity to engage in inappropriate sexual acts with female children," and that Bubner "failed to warn the parents of [Tara] of [Michael's] propensity." ¶81 The lead opinion repeatedly emphasizes that its decision to preclude liability for negligent failure to warn on A psychotherapist may be negligent for failure to warn a patient about a medication's effect on driving, if it was foreseeable that an accident could result causing harm to the patient or third persons. See Schuster v. Alternberg, 144 Wis. 2d 223, 232-33, 424 N.W.2d 159 (1988). See also State v. Agacki, 226 Wis. 2d 349, 358-59, 595 N.W.2d 31 (Ct. App. 1999) (recognizing that psychotherapists have duty to warn in certain cases). 3 No. 98-0325.ssa public policy factors is based on the circumstances of this case and that under different circumstances a plaintiff might recover damages based on negligent failure to warn about a known risk of sexual abuse. facts of Yet we know very little of the circumstances and this Michael's case. prior We do not "inappropriate know, sexual for example, about acts" with female children, or how many victims were involved. whether Michael was adjudged a delinquent. We do not know Lead op. at ¶ 37. We do not know whether Michael's previous inappropriate sexual act or acts were the subject of any juvenile court proceedings. Lead op. at n.5. ¶82 The lead opinion concludes that "the facts are not complex," before lead trial op. at whether ¶ 26, public and therefore policy it may determine considerations preclude liability. ¶83 Public policy considerations should not, I believe, be considered at the motion to dismiss stage in this case. Any public policy decision should await the resolution of the facts and circumstances that the lead opinion considers so important. Indeed, it is usually better practice to require a full factual resolution before a court applies the public policy factors. Lead op. at ¶ 26.19 19 See Sawyer v. Midelfort, 227 Wis. 2d 124, 141, 595 N.W.2d 423 (1999); Bowen v. Lumbermens Mut. Cas. Co., 183 Wis. 2d 627, 754, 517 N.W.2d 432 (1994); Schuster v. Alternberg, 144 Wis. 2d 223, 241, 424 N.W.2d 159 (1988); Coffey v. City of Milwaukee, 74 Wis. 2d 526, 542, 247 N.W.2d 132 (1976); Boles v. Milwaukee Cty., 150 Wis. 2d 801, 818, 443 N.W.2d 679 (Ct. App. 1989). 4 No. 98-0325.ssa ¶84 According to the lead opinion, this case is going back to the circuit court on the negligent failure to control claim. By waiting to decide the public policy considerations regarding the negligent failure to warn issue after full factual resolution, the court would not be delaying resolution of the dispute or increasing the expenses of litigation. ¶85 for For the reasons stated, I would not dismiss the claim negligent policy failure to warn. I conclude factors should be applied first by that the the circuit public court after a full factual resolution. ¶86 I am authorized to state that Justices WILLIAM A. BABLITCH, ANN WALSH BRADLEY, N. PATRICK CROOKS, and DIANE S. SYKES join concurrence this is the concurring opinion opinion. of the court Accordingly on the issue this of negligent failure to warn and the lead opinion is the opinion of the court on the issue of negligent failure to control Michael's conduct. Thus the cause is remanded to the circuit court for further proceedings on both of the Gritzners' claims against Roger Bubner. 5 No. 98-0325.ssa 1
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