Wisconsin Electric Power Company v. Labor and Industry Review Commission

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SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN Case No.: 97-2747-FT Complete Title of Case: Wisconsin Electric Power Company, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Labor and Industry Review Commission, Defendant-Respondent-Petitioner, Scott Overbye, Defendant. ON REVIEW OF A DECISION OF THE COURT OF APPEALS Reported at: 223 Wis. 2d 266, 588 N.W.2d 927 (Ct. App. 1998-Unpublished) Opinion Filed: Submitted on Briefs: Oral Argument: Source of APPEAL COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: June 22, 1999 April 8, 1999 Circuit Milwaukee Jacqueline D. Schellinger JUSTICES: Concurred: Dissented: Not Participating: ATTORNEYS: For the defendant-respondent-petitioner the cause was argued by Stephen M. Sobota, assistant attorney general, with whom on the briefs was James E. Doyle, attorney general. For the plaintiff-appellant there was a brief and oral argument by Lynne English, Milwaukee. No. 97-2747-FT NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 97-2747-FT STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT FILED Wisconsin Electric Power Company, JUN 22, 1999 Plaintiff-Appellant, Marilyn L. Graves Clerk of Supreme Court Madison, WI v. Labor and Industry Review Commission, Defendant-Respondent-Petitioner, Scott Overbye, Defendant. REVIEW of a decision of the Court of Appeals. ¶1 N. PATRICK CROOKS, J. Petitioner, Reversed. the Labor and Industry Review Commission (LIRC), seeks review of a decision of the court Wisconsin of appeals Electric reversing Power Company LIRC's (WEPCO) determination must pay that almost $750,000 in worker's compensation benefits for injuries suffered by one of its former employees, Scott Overbye (Overbye).1 LIRC held that under the "traveling employee" statute, Wis. Stat. 1 Overbye died after the initial hearing in this case. Although the circuit court determined that he died as a result of the injuries which are the subject of this case, it appears from the record that the $750,000 figure does not include any death benefits or burial expenses which might be due under Wis. Stat. § 102.46-.50 (1995-96). 1 No. 97-2747-FT § 102.03(1)(f)(1995-96),2 injuries sustained by Overbye in a car accident following his attendance at a business-related seminar in Texas occurred within the course of his employment and thus were compensable under the Worker's Compensation Act (WCA). Because we conclude that LIRC's application of § 102.03(1)(f) to the facts of this case is reasonable and is supported by findings of fact based on credible and substantial evidence, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals. I. ¶2 LIRC based its award of compensation on the following findings of fact, which have not been disputed. At the time of the relevant events, Overbye was employed as an engineer for WEPCO. WEPCO sent Overbye and another WEPCO employee, Donald Kerber, to a business-related seminar in the Dallas-Fort Worth area of Texas.3 The seminar was scheduled to run from Monday, January 30, 1995, through Friday, February 3, 1995. ¶3 Overbye consulted WEPCO's in-house travel agent about his travel from Milwaukee to the seminar. The agent informed Overbye that WEPCO had a travel policy under which WEPCO would reimburse Overbye for one night's lodging, meals, and transportation expenses if Overbye opted for a return flight that departed on a weekend day instead of one that left on 2 All references to the Wisconsin Statutes, unless otherwise indicated, are to the 1995-96 version. 3 The record reflects that the seminar took place in Irving, Texas, which is located just beyond the city limits of Dallas. It also appears from the record that Fort Worth is located about 30 miles west of Dallas. 2 No. Friday. to the 97-2747-FT The travel policy limited the amount of reimbursement difference in cost between the weekday and airfares, which in Overbye's case amounted to $672. weekend Overbye arranged to fly to Texas on Sunday, January 29, and return to Milwaukee on Sunday, February 5.4 Using a personal credit card, Overbye also bought a ticket for his wife, Linda Overbye, to join him in Texas on Friday, February 3, and return home with him on Sunday. ¶4 Overbye and Kerber arrived in Texas for the seminar on Sunday, January 29, as planned. At noon on Friday, when the seminar concluded, Overbye and Kerber walked back to their hotel and met Linda Overbye. The trio ate lunch at a nearby restaurant and then set off for Fort Worth in the rental car that Scott Overbye and Kerber had used all week. The Overbyes and Fort Kerber planned to do some sightseeing in Worth. Approximately 21 miles from the hotel, an oncoming car crossed the median and struck the Overbyes' car, killing Linda Overbye and causing serious injuries to Scott Overbye.5 4 We note that under the travel policy, WEPCO agreed to pay Overbye's lodging, meals, and transportation costs for Friday night only. Overbye was responsible for all other costs, including lodging, meals, and transportation costs for Saturday night. 5 The record reveals that the accident occurred at about 2:30 p.m. As stated previously, Scott Overbye died as a result of his injuries following the hearing in this case. 3 No. ¶5 97-2747-FT The instant action arose when Scott Overbye's guardian petitioned the Department of Workforce Development (DWD)6 for various benefits parties stipulated insured entity and for medical that if expenses Overbye purposes of under prevails, the WCA, the WCA. WEPCO, will be a The self- liable for almost $750,000 in medical expenses. ¶6 Following a hearing held on February 26, 1996, an administrative law judge (ALJ) in DWD's Worker's Compensation Division ordered WEPCO to compensate Overbye, determining that Overbye s sightseeing was an act reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto under Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f). LIRC affirmed the ALJ s decision, adopting the ALJ s findings and order in a decision and order filed November 7, 1996. After summarizing the relevant statutory and case law, LIRC set forth the following analysis: Here, of course, the record does not establish that the applicant had deviated by drinking an unreasonable amount of alcohol, or that he was leaving the DallasFort Worth metropolitan area on a side trip for personal reasons. Rather, he was simply seeking an innocent diversion while in the Dallas-Fort Worth area on a business trip. Sightseeing while on a business trip in and of itself is not a deviation, but rather reasonable recreation incidental to living. LIRC Decision and Order, Nov. 7, 1996 at 5 [hereinafter LIRC Decision]. LIRC rejected WEPCO s 6 argument that Overbye The petition was actually directed to the Department of Industry, Labor and Human Relations (DILHR), which was renamed the Department of Workforce Development (DWD) as of July 1, 1996. See 1995 Wis. Act 289, § 275; 1995 Wis. Act 27, §§ 9130(4), 9430(5). 4 No. 97-2747-FT converted the trip into a purely personal one when he decided to stay over on Friday night and have his wife join him, stating: [T]he employer s position cannot convincingly counter the fact that the employer offered the choice of staying over an extra night in the first place, and benefited from that choice by saving several hundred dollars in air fare as [the travel agent] testified. True, the employer did not require the applicant to stay over and, true, the applicant did plan to spend the weekend in Dallas-Fort Worth with his wife. But it is also true that the stay-over served the clear business purpose of saving money in air fare. The applicant s choice to stay over was not a purely personal deviation, nor can it be said that the purposes of the employer were not in any way served by the applicant s choice, as was the case in Hunter [Hunter v. DILHR, 64 Wis. 2d 97, 103, 218 N.W.2d 314 (1974)]. LIRC Decision at 5-6. ¶7 Milwaukee County Circuit Court Judge Jacqueline Schellinger affirmed LIRC's order on July 29, 1997. decision, the court of appeals reversed. D. In a split See Wisconsin Elec. Power Co. v. LIRC, No. 97-2747-FT, unpublished slip op. (Wis. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 1998). The majority concluded although the standard of review was great weight deference, LIRC's decision must be According reversed to determination reasonable as the on contrary majority, the activities majority reasoned, LIRC and improperly premise business trip are not a deviation. the statutory LIRC sweeping recreational to that during the Id. at 7-8. overlooked the case law. based its all innocent course of a In doing so, language in Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) excepting deviation[s] for a private or personal purpose from coverage. 5 Id. at 5-6, 10. The majority No. 97-2747-FT concluded that Overbye had manifested his intention to engage in such a deviation when he went on his sightseeing trip, therefore, his injuries were not covered by the WCA. and Judge Schudson dissented, reasoning that because LIRC's view of the facts was every bit as reasonable as the majority's view, did not clearly contradict the statute or legislative intent, and did not standard lack of a rational review basis, compelled the the great court weight to deference uphold LIRC s decision. II. ¶8 Factual findings of LIRC are conclusive as long as they are supported by credible and substantial evidence and LIRC did not powers. act fraudulently or in a manner which exceeds its See § 102.23(1)(a); CBS, Inc. v. LIRC, 219 Wis. 2d 565, 571, 579 N.W.2d 668 (1998). A court may overturn a decision made by LIRC if it was fraudulently obtained or made while LIRC was acting outside the scope of its powers. § 102.23(1)(e). A LIRC order or award may also be set aside if it is unsupported by LIRC's findings of fact, § 102.23(1)(e), or depends upon "any material and controverted finding of fact that is not supported by credible and substantial evidence." § 102.23(6). However, "the court shall not substitute its judgment for that of the commission as to the weight or credibility of the evidence on any finding of fact." ¶9 § 102.23(6). The application of Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) to the facts as found by LIRC presents a question of law which this court reviews under the great weight deference standard. 6 CBS, No. 219 Wis. 2d at 573-74. The great weight deference 97-2747-FT standard requires that we uphold LIRC s interpretation of the statute unless it is unreasonable. Wis. 2d 159, 167, 589 Id. at 574. N.W.2d 363 See Ide v. LIRC, 224 (1999). An unreasonable interpretation of a statute by an agency is one that directly contravenes the words of the statute, is clearly contrary to legislative basis. intent, or is otherwise . . . without rational CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 574 (quoting Hagen v. LIRC, 210 Wis. 2d 12, 20, 563 N.W.2d 454 (1997)). III. ¶10 An employer may only be held liable under the WCA for injuries which occur while an employee is "performing service growing out of and incidental to his or her employment." Stat. § 102.03(1)(c). requires travel, Wis. When, as in this case, an employee s job the § 102.03(1)(f), applies. traveling employee s statute, Section 102.03(1)(f) provides: Every employe whose employment requires the employe to travel shall be deemed to be performing service growing out of and incidental to the employe's employment at all times while on a trip, except when engaged in a deviation for a private or personal purpose. Acts reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto shall not be regarded as such a deviation. Any accident or disease arising out of a hazard of such service shall be deemed to arise out of the employe's employment. ¶11 slight This provision was enacted following some cases where circumstances were apparently deviation from employment. sufficient to show a Hansen v. Industrial Comm n, 258 Wis. 623, 628, 46 N.W.2d 754 (1951). 7 See § 4, ch. 537, Laws of No. 1945. Two of these early cases are Gibbs 97-2747-FT Steel Co. v. Industrial Comm n, 243 Wis. 375, 378-79, 10 N.W.2d 130 (1943), in which the court denied compensation to a traveling employee injured by a fall in a bathtub, and Creamery Package Mfg. Co. v. Industrial Comm n, 211 Wis. 326, 331-32, 248 N.W. 140 (1933), in which the court held that an employee who contracted typhoid fever while traveling compensation. on business was not entitled to See CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 575-76; Neese v. State Med. Soc'y, 36 Wis. 2d 497, 504, 153 N.W.2d 552 (1967). ¶12 intended By enacting Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f), the legislature to provide broader while on business trips. Wis. at 628. protection to employees injured CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 580; Hansen, 258 Section 102.03(1)(f) establishes a presumption that an employee traveling on business is performing services arising out of and incidental to his or her employment at all times until he or she returns. Hunter, 64 Wis. 2d at 102. CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 576, 579-80; This presumption continues unless it is rebutted by evidence to the contrary. Hunter, 64 Wis. 2d at 102; Dibble v. DILHR, 40 Wis. 2d 341, 346, 161 N.W.2d 913 (1968) (quoting Tyrrell v. Industrial Comm n, 27 Wis. 2d 219, 224, 133 N.W.2d 810 (1965)). ¶13 Two things presumption. Wis. 2d at 346. See must Hunter, be proved 64 in Wis. 2d order at to 101-03; rebut the Dibble, 40 First, it must be established that the employee deviated from his or her business trip for a private or personal purpose. See Hunter, 64 Wis. 2d at 103. This court has stated that [w]hether there is a deviation depends upon whether there 8 No. 97-2747-FT is established some . . . meaningful manifestation to engage in activities purely personal to the (quoting Tyrell, 27 Wis. 2d at 226). employee. . . . Id. See Hansen, 258 Wis. at 626-27. ¶14 Second, it must be shown that the deviation, although for a personal purpose, was not an act reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto. Neese, 36 Wis. 2d employee s actions at 506; are Hunter, 64 Wis. 2d at 103. Dibble, reasonably 40 Wis. 2d necessary at for See 348. An living or incidental thereto as long as they can be considered usual and proper customary conduct while living away from home. Hunter, 64 Wis. 2d at 103 (quoting Neese, 36 Wis. 2d at 506). We have explained that: The provisions of the statute . . . keep the salesman within the declared scope of employment while doing the usual, legitimate things incidental to daily existence. During the period of being at ease, upon leaving his last customer, he is not required to seek immediate seclusion in a hotel and remain away from human beings at the risk of being charged with deviating from his employment. 9 No. 97-2747-FT Hansen, 258 Wis. at 626.7 IV. ¶15 WEPCO contends that LIRC s application of Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) is unreasonable primarily because it ignores the statutory language excepting an employee from coverage when he or she is "engaged in a deviation for a private or personal purpose." § 102.03(1)(f). We disagree. For the reasons which follow, we hold that LIRC's application of § 102.03(1)(f) to the facts of this case is a reasonable one based on factual findings that are supported by credible and substantial evidence. ¶16 WEPCO contends that Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) establishes a bright-line rule that if a traveling employee voluntarily stays over past the conclusion of the business part of a trip, he or she engages in a personal deviation and loses protection for acts other than those reasonably necessary for daily living, such as bathing, sleeping, and eating. According to WEPCO, this rule embodies the obvious legislative intent of the traveling employee provision." 7 WEPCO s Br. at 13. Other cases in which this court has discussed Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) since the amendment in 1949, discussed later in the text, include: CBS, Inc. v. LIRC, 219 Wis. 2d 565, 579 N.W.2d 668 (1998); Goranson v. DILHR, 94 Wis. 2d 537, 289 N.W.2d 270 (1980); Hunter v. DILHR, 64 Wis. 2d 97, 218 N.W.2d 314 (1974); City of Phillips v. DILHR, 56 Wis. 2d 569, 202 N.W.2d 249 (1972); Dibble v. DILHR, 40 Wis. 2d 341, 161 N.W.2d 913 (1968); Bergner v. Industrial Commission, 37 Wis. 2d 578, 155 N.W.2d 602 (1968); Neese v. State Medical Society, 36 Wis. 2d 497, 153 N.W.2d 552 (1967); Tyrrell v. Industrial Commission, 27 Wis. 2d 219, 133 N.W.2d 810 (1965); Richardson v. Industrial Commission, 1 Wis. 2d 393, 84 N.W.2d 98 (1957); and Turner v. Industrial Commission, 268 Wis. 320, 67 N.W.2d 392 (1954). 10 No. ¶17 WEPCO's "bright-line rule" is contradicted plain language of the traveling employee's statute. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f) provides, Acts 97-2747-FT reasonably by the Wisconsin necessary for living or incidental thereto shall not be regarded as such a deviation. The legislature inserted the words or incidental thereto into § 102.03(1)(f) when it redrafted the statute in 1949 after some cases had restrictively interpreted the acts covered by the traveling employee's statute. Laws of 1949. See § 1, ch. 107, See, e.g., Armstrong v. Industrial Comm'n, 254 Wis. 174, 179-80, 35 N.W.2d 212 (1948) (holding that evidence that an employee could only have drowned if he had walked a short distance off of his course was sufficient to rebut the presumption of coverage under Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f)). LIRC persuasively argues in its brief that by adding or incidental thereto, the legislature could only have intended further to expand the protection offered by the WCA to traveling employees. WEPCO s proposed bright-line rule, however, reads the words or incidental thereto right out of the statute. ¶18 would Further, adoption of the suggested "bright-line rule" disregard § 102.03(1)(f).8 the legislative intent of Wis. Stat. As we have already explained, § 102.23(1)(f) was created "to grant traveling employees broader protection for after-hours activities when their employment requires them to be 8 WEPCO cites no authority in support of its contention that the "bright-line rule" manifests "the obvious legislative intent" of Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f), and our research did not uncover any. 11 No. away from home." CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at Wis. 2d at 508; Hansen, 258 Wis. at 628. 577. See 97-2747-FT Neese, 36 The WCA as a whole is to be "liberally construed to include all services that can be reasonably said to come within it." CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 580 (quoting Black River Dairy Products, Inc. v. DILHR, 58 Wis. 2d 537, 544, 207 N.W.2d 65 (1973)). Accordingly, we reject WEPCO s proposed rule as contrary to the statute and the legislative intent which underlies it. ¶19 Next, WEPCO argues that we should reverse LIRC's award because LIRC based its decision upon a sweeping conclusion that innocent, reasonable, recreational activities during the course of a business trip are not a deviation.' (quoting LIRC Decision at 3). WEPCO s Br. at 28 WEPCO claims that this court overruled such sweeping generalization in CBS.9 WEPCO s Br. at 28. ¶20 that were It is true that LIRC stated its conclusions in terms not altogether narrow.10 It does not necessarily follow, however, that we should overturn LIRC's decision. In CBS, we affirmed a decision of the court of appeals that spoke 9 WEPCO bases this argument on the analysis employed by the majority of the court of appeals. See WEPCO's Br. at 28 (citing Wisconsin Elec. Power Co. v. LIRC, No. 97-2747-FT, unpublished slip op. at 7-8 (Wis. Ct. App. Oct. 13, 1998)). 10 Specifically, LIRC stated, If a generalization is possible from the case law, it is that innocent, reasonable recreational activities during the course of a business trip are not a deviation, LIRC Decision at 3, and, Sightseeing while on a business trip in and of itself is not a deviation, but rather reasonable recreation incidental to living. LIRC Decision at 5. 12 No. in equally general language itself. ¶21 terms, overruling only the 97-2747-FT generalized See CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 583. As we stated in CBS, our focus upon review is the reasonableness of LIRC s application § 102.03(1)(f) to the facts of the case. of Wis. Stat. See CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 577, 579. We stressed that whether an action is reasonably necessary living for or incidental thereto depends upon the particular facts and circumstances involved in the case at bar, not on generalized synopses of our conclusions in past cases involving different factual scenarios. 577, 579. See CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at See, e.g., City of Phillips v. DILHR, 56 Wis. 2d 569, 579, 202 N.W.2d 249 (1972). We are to uphold LIRC's decision unless it directly contravenes the words of the statute, is clearly contrary to legislative intent, or is otherwise. . . without rational basis. CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 574 (quoting be labeled Hagen, 210 Wis. 2d at 20). ¶22 LIRC's decision unreasonable in any way. language recognized in Wis. that in case cannot LIRC considered and quoted all of the Stat. under this the § 102.03(1)(f). statutory LIRC presumption, a correctly traveling employee's injury is compensable unless it resulted from an act which was both for "a personal purpose" and necessary for living or incidental thereto." 3. "not reasonably LIRC Decision at LIRC clearly found that the trip was not "a purely personal deviation," id. at 6, but because it also found that Overbye's sightseeing trip was an act "incidental to" living, it did not embark upon an extensive evaluation of whether the trip was for 13 No. a "personal purpose," nor was it required 97-2747-FT to do so.11 Consequently, LIRC did not "directly contravene[] the words of the statute" by engaging in a limited discussion of the purpose of the trip. ¶23 intent. LIRC's decision is plainly consistent with legislative LIRC's decision to grant coverage in this case advances the legislative intent to provide broad coverage to traveling employees injured while away from home. 580. As we "bright-line explained rule" which previously, See CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at it contravenes is the WEPCO's suggested legislative intent underlying Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f). ¶24 basis." 20). Finally, LIRC's decision does not lack a "rational CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 574 (quoting Hagen, 210 Wis. 2d at LIRC reached a sensible conclusion based upon its findings as to the specific facts and circumstances of this case. LIRC's conclusion that Overbye's sightseeing was a reasonable activity incidental to living follows logically from factual findings which are supported by credible and substantial evidence. The evidence shows that WEPCO had a travel policy under which it benefited financially from Overbye's choice to stay in Texas on 11 Also, we note that LIRC adopted the findings and order of the ALJ, who stated that "[a]pplicant's counsel concedes in its brief that Overbye's intended trip to Fort Worth was a deviation from the purposes of the business trip," and determined that compensability turned on the second question, whether Overbye's sightseeing was an act "reasonably necessary for living or incidental thereto." ALJ's Findings and Order, May 17, 1996 at 4. 14 No. Friday night.12 97-2747-FT The injury occurred on Friday afternoon, before the benefit to WEPCO had disappeared. In addition, LIRC found that Overbye had only taken a trip within the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. There is no evidence of any illegal motive or behavior on Overbye's part. It is entirely reasonable for LIRC to conclude from these facts that Overbye's sightseeing was reasonable recreation incidental to living, especially in light of our recent conclusion in CBS that skiing could, under certain facts, qualify as such.13 WEPCO could hardly expect Overbye to "seek immediate seclusion in a hotel and remain away from human beings at the risk of being charged with deviating from his employment." Hansen, 258 Wis. at 626. 12 In previous cases, we have considered whether the employer and the employee both derived a benefit from an employee's actions in determining whether an employee was injured while "performing service growing out of and incidental to his or her employment." Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(c), (f). See Ide v. LIRC, 224 Wis. 2d 159, 171, 589 N.W.2d 363 (1999); Schwab v. DILHR, 40 Wis. 2d 686, 693, 162 N.W.2d 548 (1968); State YMCA v. Industrial Comm'n, 235 Wis. 161, 163-64, 292 N.W. 324 (1940). But see CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 576-77. In Schwab, we referred to this consideration as the "mutual benefit doctrine." Schwab, 40 Wis. 2d at 693. 13 WEPCO attempts to distinguish CBS from this case on its facts, pointing out that the employee in CBS was injured while skiing in the middle of the business trip, before his business purpose for being there had disappeared, whereas Overbye s injuries occurred on a personal trip commenced after the conclusion of the business part of the trip. This argument ignores LIRC's finding that because WEPCO continued to benefit from Overbye's presence in Texas through Friday night under its travel policy, the business purpose of the trip had not concluded. See LIRC Decision at 5-6. 15 No. ¶25 Wis. 97-2747-FT Because LIRC's decision comports with the language of Stat. § 102.03(1)(f), is consistent with legislative intent, and represents a rational conclusion based upon factual findings supported by credible and substantial evidence, we conclude that LIRC's determination is a reasonable one which must be upheld.14 it might under be the We are not faced with the question of whether possible facts of to this reach another case. reasonable Rather, as conclusion Judge Schudson recognized and we attempted to make clear in CBS: In cases where the evidence is evenly balanced and an inference may be drawn one way as easily as another, the scale should be turned in favor of the claimant, principally because it was the intent and purpose of the [WCA] to bring border-line cases under it and to close up avenues of escape which would naturally be suggested to those seeking to avoid liability under the [WCA]. CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 582 (quoting City of Phillips, 56 Wis. 2d at 580). is not Under the great weight deference standard of review, it the reasonable agency. role of a interpretation reviewing of a court statute by to an second-guess a administrative See Harnischfeger Corp. v. LIRC, 196 Wis. 2d 650, 663, 539 N.W.2d 98 (1995). 14 The court of appeals concluded that LIRC improperly based its decision upon language in the court of appeals decision in CBS, which this court subsequently overruled. See slip op. at 7. However, LIRC clearly cited its own decision in CBS, which was later upheld by this court. See LIRC Decision at 4-5. See also CBS, 219 Wis. 2d at 583-84. In deciding this case on November 7, 1996, it would have been impossible for LIRC to have relied upon the court of appeals decision in CBS, which came out in 1997. See CBS Inc. v. LIRC, 213 Wis. 2d 285, 570 N.W.2d 446 (Ct. App. 1997). 16 No. 97-2747-FT V. ¶26 Counsel questioning at for LIRC oral aptly argument noted that this in response to case pushes the envelope of the kinds of behavior by traveling employees which might be considered incidental to living under Wis. Stat. § 102.03(1)(f). We conclude, however, that LIRC's application of § 102.03(1)(f) to the facts of this case is a reasonable one which is supported by findings of fact based on credible and substantial evidence. Consequently, we reverse the decision of the court of appeals. By the Court. The decision reversed. 17 of the court of appeals is No. 97-2747-FT 1

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