Dennis J. Flynn v. Department of Administration; Mark D. Bugher

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SUPREME COURT OF WISCONSIN Case No.: 96-3266 Complete Title of Case: Dennis J. Flynn, individually and on behalf of other citizen users of the Wisconsin Court System, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. Department of Administration; Mark D. Bugher, the Secretary of Administration, and Jack C. Voight, the Wisconsin State Treasurer, Defendants-Appellants. ON BYPASS FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS Opinion Filed: Submitted on Briefs: Oral Argument: Source of APPEAL COURT: COUNTY: JUDGE: JUSTICES: Concurred: March 13, 1998 September 4, 1997 Circuit Dane Mark A. Frankel Bradley, J., concurs (Opinion filed) Abrahamson, C.J., joins Dissented: Not Participating: ATTORNEYS: For the defendants-appellants the cause was argued by Peter C. Anderson, assistant attorney general, with whom on the brief (in the court of appeals) was James E. Doyle, assistant attorney general. For the plaintiff-respondent there were briefs (in the Court of Appeals) by J. Ric Gass, John F. Hovel, Joseph S. Goode and Kravit, Gass & Weber, S.C., and of counsel Eugene O. Duffy and O'Neil, Cannon & Hollman, S.C., all of Milwaukee, and oral argument by J. Ric Gass. Amicus curiae brief was filed (in the Court of Appeals) by Christine Stoneman, and John F. Ebbot, Milwaukee for Legal Action of Wisconsin. Amicus curiae brief was filed (in the Court of Appeals) by Ward I. Richter and Bell, Metzner, Gierhart & Moore, S.C., Madison for the Wisconsin Chapter, American Board of Trial Advocates. Amicus curiae brief was filed (in the Court of Appeals) by Daniel W. Hildebrand and DeWitt, Ross & Stevens, S.C., Madison for the State Bar Assocation. Amicus curiae brief was filed (in the Court of Appeals) by Stephen W. Hayes, William A. Jennaro and Milwaukee Bar Assocation and of counsel R. Timothy Muth, Colleen D. Ball and Reinhart, Boerner, Van Deuren, Norris & Rieselbach, S.C.; Michael J. Morse and von Briesen, Purtell & Roper, S.C.; William J. Mulligan and Davis & Kuelthau, S.C., all of Milwaukee for the Milwaukee Bar Association. No. 96-3266 NOTICE This opinion is subject to further editing and modification. The final version will appear in the bound volume of the official reports. No. 96-3266 STATE OF WISCONSIN : IN SUPREME COURT FILED DENNIS J. FLYNN, individually and on behalf of other citizen users of the Wisconsin Court System, MAR 13, 1998 Marilyn L. Graves Clerk of Supreme Court Madison, WI Plaintiff-Respondent, v. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, MARK D. BUGHER, the Secretary of Administration, and JACK C. VOIGHT, the Wisconsin State Treasurer, Defendants-Appellants. APPEAL from a judgment and order of the Circuit Court for Dane County, Mark A. Frankel, Circuit Court Judge. ¶1 WILLIAM A. BABLITCH, J. Reversed. The power of this court to declare invalid duly enacted legislation is an awesome one. is a power that is largely unchecked, most always final. It If we are to maintain the public s confidence in the integrity and independence of the judiciary, we must exercise that power with great not restraint, always judicial will. We resting on may constitutional differ with the principles, legislature s choices, as we did and do here, but must never rest our decision on that basis lest we become no more than a super-legislature. Our form of government provides for one legislature, not two. 1 No. 96-3266 It is for the legislature to make policy choices, ours to judge them based not on our preference but on legal principles and constitutional authority. The question is not what policy we prefer, but whether the legislature s choice is consistent with constitutional restraints. ¶2 The issue We find that it is in this case. is the validity of the Wisconsin Legislature s enactment of 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253, causing the lapse of $2,898,000 to the general revenue fund of unexpended program revenues designed for court automation. argues on behalf of himself and other Dennis J. Flynn citizen users of the Wisconsin court system that this statute is invalid because it violates fundamental public policy grounded in the constitution, and the separation of powers doctrine. arguments. Accordingly, we reverse. ¶3 In branch, the automated We disagree with Flynn s 1989, in response legislature information to created systems, a an later request by the appropriation codified as judicial for court Wis. Stat. § 20.680(2)(j) (1989-90) (reprinted in full below).1 Automated information systems electronic filing documents, of tracking, Internet judicial access to for the document includes imaging, computerized to computerized research Wisconsin court access the judiciary system, file tools, computerized court rooms, and integrating the computer information systems of 1 There is appropriated to the supreme court for the following programs: . . .(j) Automated information systems. All moneys received under ss. 814.61, 814.62 and 814.63 that are required to be credited to this appropriation under those sections, and 66.7% of the moneys received under s. 814.635, for the establishment of a court automated information system. Wis. Stat. § 20.680(2)(j). 2 No. 96-3266 all the circuit courts in the state through a circuit court automation program (CCAP). ¶4 Court automation (defined below).2 is funded through program revenue Several sections of Wis. Stat. ch. 814 provide that the clerks of court for each county in Wisconsin shall collect filing fees and remit them to the county treasurer. Wis. Stat. §§ 814.61, 814.62, 814.63 (1993-94).3 See In addition to filing fees, court users pay a $3 court automation fee. Wis. Stat. § 814.635. The county statutorily determined portion treasurer. The treasurer state general revenue fund. general revenue fund designated program. by Although as statute, program is treasurer of the fees deposits the to the the a state funds are a submits to the funds revenue, credited then See in the held in the certain court portion, automation See Wis. Stat. §§ 20.680(2)(j), 814.61, 814.62 and 814.63. ¶5 Until the 1995-1997 biennium budget when court automation became an annual appropriation (defined below),4 the court automation program revenue was classified as a continuing appropriation (defined below).5 Expenditures made under a 2 Program revenues: revenues which are paid into the general fund and are credited by law to an appropriation to finance a specified program or state agency. Wis. Stat. § 20.001(2)(b) (1993-94). 3 All future references to Wis. Stats. will be to the 199394 version of the statutes unless otherwise noted. 4 Annual appropriations. [A]ppropriations which are expendable only up to the amount shown in the schedule and only for the fiscal year for which made. Wis. Stat. § 20.001(3)(a) (1993-94). 5 Continuing appropriations. . . . appropriations which are expendable until fully depleted or repealed by 3 No. 96-3266 continuing appropriation from program revenues are limited only by the available revenues from which the appropriation is made. Wis. Stat. § 20.001(3)(c). ¶6 At the time of the governor s 1993-95 budget proposal, the Department of Administration (the Department) projected that the court automation appropriation would have a positive balance of over $4 million at the end of fiscal year 1993. The court automation fees were also scheduled to sunset on December 31, 1993. See Wis. Stat. §§ 814.61(1)(a)2., (3)(b), (8)(am), 814.62(1)(b), (3)(a)2., (3)(d)2., (3)(d)3., 814.63(1)(b) (19911992). ¶7 The Legislative Fiscal Bureau offered four alternatives for the court automation program with respect to the anticipated Joint Finance $4 million balance Committee. The for first consideration alternative by the was the governor s proposal to extend the sunset of the court automation fees by two years, authorize approximately $3.24 million in addition to the base funding level, and lapse $3.5 million from the court automation program revenue continuing appropriation to the general fund. The second alternative suggested modifying subsequent action of the legislature. . . . The amount of a continuing appropriation from program revenues . . . consists of the balance in the appropriation account at the end of the previous fiscal year, if any, together with any revenues received during the fiscal year that are directed by law to be credited to the appropriation account. Dollar amounts shown . . . for a continuing appropriation from program revenues . . . represent the most reliable estimates of the amounts which will be expended during any fiscal year. . . . [E]xpenditures made . . . under a continuing appropriation from program revenues. . . are limited only by the available revenues from which the appropriation is made. Wis. Stat. § 20.001(3)(c). 4 No. 96-3266 the governor s lapse. The million lapse recommendation third by alternative while deleting would authorizing have modifying lapse $602,000 and in year by $301,000 each the governor s of the million the $3.5 expenditures of The fourth alternative proposal authorizing $3.5 deleted additional $2,372,900 to enhance the CCAP program. suggested the by additional biennium reducing the expenditures for public of access terminals. ¶8 The Joint Finance Committee reported out the fourth alternative, which was adopted by the full legislature. result, the legislature court automation increased program the appropriations authorized under As a for Wis. the Stat. § 20.680(2)(j) by nearly $1 million from the previous biennium, extended the $2,898,000 CCAP fee million appropriation to sunset from the the another court general two years, automation fund. See §§ 153, 3761, 3763, 3766, 3768-3772, 9253. and program 1993 Wis. lapsed revenue Act 16, Specifically, 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 provided: Notwithstanding section 20.001(3)(c) of the statutes, on the effective date of this subsection, there shall lapse to the general fund $2,898,000 from the appropriation to the supreme court under section 20.680(2)(j) of the statutes. ¶9 In March, 1995, Flynn, individually and on behalf of other citizen users of the Wisconsin court system, filed this action against judgment, § 9253 the Department, under Wis. Stat. is legislative unconstitutional. actions in requesting § 806.04, Flynn enacting 1993 that 1993 challenges Wis. Act a declaratory Wis. Act 16, executive and 16, § 9253 as violating public policy grounded in the constitution, statutes, 5 No. 96-3266 common law and public expectations. He further challenges § 9253 as a violation of the separation of powers doctrine. The parties filed cross motions for summary judgment. ¶10 The circuit court granted Flynn s motion for summary judgment and declared 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 invalid as a violation of fundamental public policy grounded in the Wisconsin constitution. that the The circuit court, however, denied Flynn s claim statute was invalid because it violated Wis. Stat. § 20.001(3)(c), and the court did not address Flynn s argument that the statute violated the separation of powers doctrine. After hearing arguments pursuant to the court s Order to Show Cause, the circuit court ordered that the funds lapsed to the general revenue fund be returned to the court automation program which, at the time, was funded through an annual appropriation rather than a continuing appropriation. The circuit court granted Flynn s motion for attorneys fees awarded out of the common fund. The circuit court also ordered a brief interim stay, determination pending by the court of appeals of the Department s motion to stay execution of the judgment pending appeal. The defendants then filed their notice of appeal. This court granted Flynn s petition to bypass the court of appeals according to Wis. Stat. § 809.60. ¶11 The parties agree, and correctly so, that this court s review of the circuit court s grant of summary judgment is de novo, applying the same summary judgment methodology of Wis. Stat. § 802.08. See Millers Nat. Ins. Co. v. Milwaukee, 184 Wis. 2d 155, 164, 516 N.W.2d 376 (1994). parties moved for summary judgment 6 which Additionally, both is equivalent to a No. 96-3266 stipulation of facts, thus permitting the decide the case only on legal issues. circuit court to See Friendship Village Milwaukee v. Milwaukee, 181 Wis. 2d 207, 219, 511 N.W.2d 345 (Ct. App. 1993). I. ¶12 Act In part I. of his brief, Flynn argues that 1993 Wis. 16, § 9253 is constitutionality. not entitled to a presumption It is unclear from his brief and from oral argument what the basis is for his assertion. possible of alternative grounds for Flynn s We discern two assertion. One possibility is that § 9253 is a private or local bill; thus, the process by which it was enacted into law is not deserving of the presumption of constitutionality. Alternatively, Flynn could be arguing that although § 9253 is not a private or local bill, the reasoning employed in cases analyzing Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18 (reprinted below),6 specifically with respect to the process by which the applicable private here or local because, bill Flynn was asserts, enacted, § 9253 is was equally smuggled through the legislature as part of a multi-subject budget bill. Regardless of the basis, we find no merit in either. ¶13 1993 Wisconsin Act 16, § 9253 is obviously not a private or local bill enacted in violation of Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18. particular The thing. statute It is specific lapsed 6 a on its specific face as to a amount of money Title of private bills. No private or local bill which may be passed by the legislature shall embrace more than one subject, and that shall be expressed in the title. Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18. 7 No. 96-3266 ($2,898,000) from a specific program revenue fund (court automation) to a specific fund (general revenue fund). [A] legislative provision which is specific to any person, place or thing is a private or local law within the meaning of art. IV, sec. 18, unless: 1) the general subject matter of the provision relates to a state responsibility of statewide dimension; and 2) its enactment will have direct and immediate effect on a specific statewide concern or interest. Milwaukee Brewers v. DNR, 130 Wis. 2d 79, 115, 387 N.W.2d 254 (1986). If both parts of this two-part analysis are met, the statute survives Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18 scrutiny and need not be introduced and enacted as a separate bill. ¶14 In this case, the statute meets See id. both parts of the Brewers analysis and therefore is not a private or local law within the meaning of Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18. First, the general subject matter, court automation funding, relates to a state responsibility of statewide importance. The program itself is meant to connect the computer systems in courts across the state. court-related Additionally, system. went expenditures lapsing affects the funds the to entire offset other state court Second, the statute went into effect when the budget into effect. The funds were immediately lapsed. Therefore, this legislation had a direct and immediate effect on court automation funding, a specific statewide concern. ¶15 We next turn to Flynn s possible alternative argument that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is not deserving of a presumption of constitutionality because it was smuggled through the legislature, reasoning by analogy to Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18 case law. 8 No. 96-3266 ¶16 We do not decide in this case whether to extend Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18 analysis to multi-subject bills. However, even were we to extend article IV, § 18 analysis with respect to the process by which legislation is enacted to parts of a budget bill which are not private or local we conclude that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 was not smuggled through the legislative process. ¶17 One of the underlying purposes of Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18, which Flynn seems to use by analogy, is to alert the public, through its representatives, of the real nature of a proposal. 460 See Davis v. Grover, 166 Wis. 2d 501, 519, 480 N.W.2d (1992) (citing constitutional legislature s legislation legislature. legislature Brewers, provision, 130 article accountability from being Wis. 2d to smuggled IV, the or at 107-108). § 18, ensures public by logrolled See Davis, 166 Wis. 2d at 519. had previously introduced a This the preventing through the In Davis, the single subject bill authorizing the Milwaukee Parental Choice Program (MPCP) and the Senate debated and specifically amended it. See id. at 523. Because participated the considering legislature MPCP, it is had intelligently proper for [the court] to in apply a presumption of constitutionality to the process in which the MPCP was enacted into law. ¶18 Id. (footnote omitted). In sharp contrast, the court of appeals in City of Oak Creek v. DNR, 185 Wis. 2d 424, 518 N.W.2d 276 (Ct. App. 1994) did not afford the presumption of constitutionality to the process by which the legislature included permit exemptions for the City of Oak Creek in the 1991 Budget Bill. at 439. See 185 Wis. 2d In that case, the Joint Finance Committee introduced 9 No. 96-3266 the proposal without any individual sponsorship, no one had previously introduced the legislation and there were no public hearings on the issue. See id. at 438-439. The statute did not receive the required legislative consideration necessary to assure this court that logrolled through deliberate the the legislation legislature legislative was not without consideration. smuggled or benefit of the Id. at 439 (citing Davis, 166 Wis. 2d at 522). Therefore, the process by which the statute was not now before was enacted afforded the presumption of the by constitutionality. ¶19 In the case this court, process which the legislature enacted 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 falls somewhere between the process used in Davis and in City of Oak Creek. Although § 9253 was one of thousands of sections in the budget bill, this court may indulge the presumption of constitutionality where it is evident that the legislature did adequately consider or discuss the legislation in question, even where such legislation was passed as part of a voluminous bill. City of Oak Creek, 185 Wis. 2d at 437. ¶20 The legislature did adequately consider 1993 Wisconsin Act 16, § 9253 and it was not smuggled through the legislature. Although the statute was never introduced as single subject legislation, it was given considerable attention by the Joint Finance Committee. The Legislative Fiscal Bureau offered four alternatives to the Joint Finance Committee for court automation funding. decide The Committee considered these four alternatives to how to address the unexpended funds in the court automation program revenue fund and the simultaneous increase in 10 No. 96-3266 other court-related expenditures. Unlike the statutes in both Davis and City of Oak Creek, § 9253 pertained to a budgetary matter and therefore, was logically included in a budget bill. The statutes challenged in both Davis and City of Oak Creek did not involve the state s budget. Because there is evidence that the participated legislature intelligently in considering § 9253, the provision was not smuggled or logrolled through the legislature. ¶21 Act Accordingly, we reject Flynn s argument that 1993 Wis. 16, § 9253 should constitutionality. not smuggled not be afforded the presumption of It is not a private or local bill; it was through the legislature. Therefore, Flynn carries the burden to prove this statute unconstitutional beyond a reasonable doubt. II. ¶22 We now turn to the substantive issues which Flynn raises to challenge the validity of 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253. He first argues that public policy grounded in the constitution, statutes, common law and public expectations prohibits the lapse of funds. the Second, he argues that the statute is a violation of separation arguments. of powers doctrine. Accordingly, we reverse. We disagree with both We will address each issue in turn. ¶23 Flynn first claims that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 violates public policy grounded in the Wisconsin Constitution, statutes (specifically Wisconsin's budget rules), common law and public expectations. He asserts that public policy, grounded in Wis. Const. Art. VIII, §§ 2 and 5, prohibits the Department 11 No. 96-3266 from proposing and the legislature from enacting a statute to reallocate public already policy legislature. appropriated flows from many funds. He sources, also not argues just that from the Because public policy embodies common sense and common conscience, courts may independently glean public policy from the constitution. Flynn contends that § 9253 also violated the long-standing definition of appropriations first articulated in State ex rel. Finnegan v. Dammann, 220 Wis. 143, 148, 264 N.W.2d 622 (1936). " An appropriation is the setting aside from the public revenue of a certain sum of money for a specified object, in such manner that the executive officers of the government are authorized to use that money, and no more, for that object, and no other. " Finnegan, 220 Wis. at 148 (quoting Hunt v. Callaghan, 257 Pac. 648, 649 (1927)). Once funds are appropriated, they can not later be taken away. asserts that this statute violates public Finally, he expectations expectations that these fees would be used for court automation. We disagree with Flynn s arguments. ¶24 This court has long held that it is the province of the legislature, not the courts, to determine public policy. We hardly see how . . . it can be said that the legislature, which is the voice of the people, has no freedom of action in determining the best methods of giving to the public that service for which it is willing and able to pay. It is the best judge of what is necessary to meet the needs of the public and in what manner the service shall be directed. State ex rel. Thomson v. Giessel, 265 Wis. 185, 193, 60 N.W.2d 873 (1953) (quoting People ex rel. Soble v. Gill, 193 N.E.192 (1934)). This court reviews the validity of legislation light of the constitution, not in light of its own wisdom. 12 in See No. 96-3266 Wisconsin Solid Waste Recycling Auth. v. Earl, 70 Wis. 2d 464, 478, 235 N.W.2d 648 (1975). legislature differ on the appropriate legislative view prevails. limitations, the If the supreme court and the public policy, the When acting within constitutional Legislature settles and policy of a state, and not the court. declares the public Hengel v. Hengel, 122 Wis. 2d 737, 742, 365 N.W.2d 16 (Ct. App. 1984) (citing Borgnis v. Falk Co., 147 Wis. 327, 351, 133 N.W. 209 (1911)). ¶25 art. Specifically VIII, judiciary, spending. §§ 2 to and make regarding 5 appropriations, empower policy the decisions Wis. legislature, regarding Const. not the taxing and Wisconsin Const. art. VIII, § 2 provides that [n]o money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. its spending powers. This section gives the legislature The legislature derives its taxing power from Wis. Const. art. VIII, § 5: The legislature shall provide for an annual tax sufficient to defray the estimated expenses of the state for each year; and whenever the expenses of any year shall exceed the income, the legislature shall provide for levying a tax for the ensuing year, sufficient, with other sources of income, to pay the deficiency as well as the estimated expenses of such ensuing year. It is well-established that these constitutional sections should be read together. See Chicago & N. W. R. Co. v. The State, 128 Wis. 553, 634, 108 N.W. 557 (1906). The court may not set up a judicial method amount standard of money as to the best to be raised by of taxation. determining . . . the [T]he constitution leaves the way open for the legislature to exercise the widest discretion in the matter. 13 Id. No. 96-3266 ¶26 Courts may, however, invoke common sense and common conscience (see Merten v. Nathan, 108 Wis. 2d 205, 213, 321 N.W.2d 173 (1982)) public policy. to determine if private dealings violate In fact, in each case cited by Flynn to support his public policy argument, the court relied on public policy to review and invalidate a private action, not a statute. And even in those cases, the court relied on public policy, not as the court gleaned it, but as expressed in the Constitution and in statutes. For example, in reviewing an employment-at-will relationship, this court held that "an employee has a cause of action for wrongful discharge when the discharge is contrary to fundamental and existing law." well-defined public policy as evidenced by Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet, 113 Wis. 2d 561, 573, 335 N.W.2d 834 (1983) (emphasis added). ¶27 Similarly, in reviewing whether an exculpatory contract barred a plaintiff's personal injury claim, this court defined public policy as "'that principle of law under which freedom of contract or private dealings is restricted by law for the good of the community.'" Merten, 108 Wis.2d at 213 (emphasis added) (quoting Higgins v. McFarland, 86 S.E.2d 168, 172 (1955)). The court based its decision on public policy as expressed laws. in determination of A public statute policy reflects which itself community common sense and common conscience. Wis. 2d at 213. the legislature's embodies the See Merten, 108 Flynn did not cite to one case in which the court invalidated legislation on its independent glean of public policy, and we decline to do so here. 14 No. 96-3266 ¶28 Flynn also argues that by definition, an appropriation is money no longer available for the legislature to reallocate. Once money is appropriated, the funds are no longer within reach unless the legislature repeals the program. ¶29 Flynn incorrectly interprets this court s definition of appropriation found in Finnegan. In that case, relying on Webster s New International Dictionary and other jurisdictions for a definition of appropriation, the court stated: An appropriation is the setting aside from the public revenue of a certain sum of money for a specified object, in such manner that the executive officers of the government are authorized to use that money, and no more, for that object, and no other. Finnegan, 220 Wis. at 148 (citation omitted). Flynn also relies on cases from other jurisdictions for his assertion that once funds are appropriated, they cannot be used for a different purpose unless the initial enacting statute is repealed. For example, the court prohibited an agency s unilateral transfer of funds where an executive agency attempted to use funds for a purpose other than that for which the legislature appropriated the funds. See McDougall v. Frohmiller, 150 P.2d 89, 90-91 (Ariz. 1944). the It is "axiomatic that no money can be paid from state treasury unless and except the legislature or the constitution itself has made an appropriation therefor, and it can only be used appropriation." ¶30 Flynn McDougall. then for the purposes specified by the Id. at 92. misplaces his reliance on Finnegan and The definition of appropriation in Finnegan and the holding of McDougall do not constrain the legislative, but rather the executive branch. The 15 definition also does not No. 96-3266 constrain the legislature s public policy decisions regarding where money will be appropriated, but rather how funds can be used once appropriated. This definition is consistent with Wis. Const. art. VIII, § 2 which requires appropriations to be made by law. Additionally, the executive branch is prohibited from unilaterally reallocating an appropriation. Wis. at 148. See Finnegan, 220 The legislature, as the government body closest to the will of the people, may change an appropriation if, in their estimation, public policy so dictates. It is the legislature s role to determine whether to reallocate limited resources. ¶31 Respondent also requests that we hold that the 1991-93 legislative session controls court automation funding even into subsequent legislative sessions. We decline such invitation. Each legislative session may reassess the needs of the public, and the allocation of scarce public province of the legislature to do so. bind a needs. future legislature s resources. It is the One legislature may not flexibility to address changing Thus, one legislature may not enact a statute which has "implications of control over the final deliberations or actions of future legislatures." Wisconsin Solid Waste, 70 Wis. 2d at 487; see also, State ex rel. Warren v. Nausbaum, 59 Wis. 2d 391, 450-51, 208 N.W.2d 780 (1973). Although the court automation program was appropriated as a continuing appropriation by the 1991-93 legislature (and even by the 1993-95 legislature), this does not restrict the 1993-95 legislative session from reallocating unexpended, unencumbered public funds. ¶32 Flynn further argues that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is invalid on public policy grounds because the legislature misled 16 No. 96-3266 the public and courts into believing that the funds would be available until expended. By lapsing the funds, the courts and the public were not given adequate notice that these funds would no longer be available for court automation. However, in both his brief and at oral argument, counsel for Flynn concedes that the legislature could have achieved the same result (transferring funds from the continuing appropriation for court automation to the general purpose revenue fund) if it had repealed the continuing appropriation and recreated it with a smaller balance. ¶33 court Flynn s argument elevates form over substance. will not legislature invalidate failed to a comply statute with its simply own This because procedural the budget statutes. Although since Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803) courts have had the authority to review acts of the legislature for any conflict with the constitution, courts generally consider that the legislature s adherence to the rules or statutes prescribing procedure is a matter entirely within legislative control and discretion, not subject to judicial review unless the legislative procedure is mandated by the constitution. State ex re. LaFollette v. Stitt, 114 Wis. 2d 358, 365, 338 N.W.2d 684 (1983). If, however, the legislature did comply with the letter of its procedural budget statutes, Flynn s concern that the public did not receive notice of the lapse would still not be addressed. continuing fund, If appropriation which Flynn the and agrees legislature recreated would be had the valid, repealed the court automation the legislature probably would have taken such action within the budget bill. 17 No. 96-3266 The public and courts would have received no more notice of such repeal than they did of the lapse. ¶34 (LAW), Flynn argue legislation court and that amicus 1993 Wis. it lapsed because automation curiae, and Act 16, funds transferred purpose revenue fund. Legal Action § 9253 already the of is Wisconsin retroactive appropriated funds to the for general By lapsing the funds within a provision of the budget bill, the legislature did not provide adequate notice to interested parties. ¶35 and Although 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 lapsed unencumbered unexpended funds already in the coffers of the court automation program, as discussed above, the legislature has the constitutional authority to allocate and reallocate scarce resources. ¶36 In sum, Flynn did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is invalid based on public policy grounded on the constitution, statutes, common law or public expectations. determine It public is the policy. province This of court the will legislature not impose to its independent view of public policy on duly enacted legislation absent a constitutional violation. III. ¶37 Flynn next argues that 1993 Wis. violates the separation of powers doctrine. Act 16, § 9253 The circuit court, having decided that § 9253 violated public policy, determined that it was not necessary to address the separation of powers issue. 18 No. 96-3266 ¶38 Flynn argues that the subject matter of the statute does not fall within an area of shared powers, but rather it is within the judiciary s core zone of exclusive authority. This court recently provided the analytical framework for evaluating a separation of powers challenge. See State ex rel. Friedrich v. Dane County Cir. Ct., 192 Wis. 2d 1, 531 N.W.2d 32 (1995). The doctrine of separation of powers is implicitly found in the tripartite division of government legislative and executive branches. between the judicial, See id. at 13 (citing State v. Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d 31, 42, 315 N.W.2d 703 (1982)). Each branch has exclusive core constitutional powers, into which the other branches may not intrude. See id. (citing State ex rel. Fiedler v. Wisconsin Senate, 155 Wis. 2d 94, 100, 454 N.W.2d 770 (1990)). Beyond these core constitutional powers lie " [g]reat borderlands of power " which legislative or executive. are not exclusively See id. at 14. judicial, While each branch jealously guards its exclusive powers, our system of government envisions the branches sharing the powers found in these great borderlands. See id. interdependence, Youngstown (1952)). Sheet autonomy & Tube but reciprocity. " Co. v. Sawyer, Id. 343 U.S. (quoting 579, 635 When the powers of the branches overlap, one branch is prohibited from unduly with the other. ¶39 Ours is a system of " separateness but To burdening or substantially interfering See Friedrich, 192 Wis. 2d at 14. determine whether a statute unconstitutionally infringes on the judicial power, this court must first determine whether the subject matter of the statute falls within powers constitutionally granted to the 19 legislature. See id. This No. 96-3266 court must also determine whether the subject matter of statute falls within the judiciary's constitutional powers. id. at 14-15. the the See If the subject matter of the statute is within judiciary s constitutional powers but neither the legislature s nor executive s, it is within the judiciary s core zone of exclusive power and any exercise of authority by another branch of government is unconstitutional. See In Matter of Complaint Against Grady, 118 Wis. 2d 762, 776, 348 N.W.2d 559 (1984) (citing Thoe v. Chicago M. & St. P. R. Co., 181 Wis. 456, 465 (1923)). The court may, however, abide by the statute if it furthers the administration of justice, as a matter of comity and courtesy rather than acknowledgment of power. See Friedrich, 192 Wis. 2d at 15. ¶40 If the subject matter of the statute is within the constitutional branches, it constitutional powers is of within only if both the shared it judicial powers does and the and not legislative statute is burden or unduly substantially interfere with the judiciary. See id. The focus of this evaluation is on whether one branch s exercise of power has impermissibly intruded on the constitutional power of the other branch. ¶41 Id. Turning to the first inquiry, we conclude the subject matter of 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 does fall within the powers constitutionally granted to the legislature. The legislature has power to enact legislation for the general welfare and to allocate government resources. Id. at 16. that § 9253 the allocating subject matter government of resources. 20 is Several There is no dispute an appropriation, sections of the No. 96-3266 Wisconsin Constitution together provide that the legislature has the power to enact laws which appropriate funds. No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. Wis. Const. art. VIII, § 2. Either the senate or assembly, both being vested with the legislative power (see Wis. Const. art. IV, § 1), may originate a bill and amend a bill passed by the other house. Further, [n]o law shall be Const. art. IV, § 17(2). lapsed funds from a See Wis. Const. art IV, § 19. enacted except by bill. Wis. 1993 Wisconsin Act 16 § 9253, which continuing appropriation for court automation to the general purpose revenue fund, is clearly an appropriation bill and within the legislature s constitutional authority. ¶42 The second inquiry is whether the subject matter of the statute falls within the judiciary s powers. does. The judicial branch derives its We conclude it powers constitution, both explicitly and implicitly. from the The constitution explicitly provides that the judicial authority of this state is vested in a unified court system. § 2. See Wis. Const. art. VII, Also, the Wisconsin Supreme Court has superintending and administrative authority over all courts. VII, § 3(1). has inherent judiciary s Wis. Const. art. In addition to the explicit powers, the judiciary powers, inherent implied powers in are the those constitution. necessary for The the judiciary to accomplish its constitutionally or legislatively mandated functions. Friedrich, Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d at 44). because without them [the 192 Wis. 2d at 16 (quoting Such powers have been conceded judiciary] 21 could neither maintain No. 96-3266 [its] dignity, transact [its] purposes of [its] existence. business, nor accomplish the Friedrich, 192 Wis. 2d at 16-17, n.7 (citing State v. Cannon, 196 Wis. 534, 536, 221 N.W. 603 (1928)). The judiciary derives the purpose of its existence from the constitution. The judiciary exercises its inherent powers preserve as oversee necessary the to administration of its constitutional justice. See duty Friedrich, to 192 Wis. 2d at 19. ¶43 Regarding the explicit constitutional powers, the judiciary s superintending power is as broad and as flexible as necessary to insure the due administration of justice in the courts of this state. In re Hon. Charles E. Kading, 70 Wis. 2d 508, 520, 235 N.W.2d 409 (1975). This constitutional power, however, is over the courts, not the executive or legislative branches. ¶44 Superintending continuing supervision powers [of the contemplate[] lower changing needs and circumstances. courts] in ongoing, response to Kading, 70 Wis. 2d at 520. The judiciary is not vested with constitutional superintending authority over the legislative budget process or determinations. Rather, this court s constitutional superintending authority over all courts enables and requires this court to review the judicial acts and jurisdictional errors of lower courts. See State ex rel. Reynolds v. County Court, 11 Wis. 2d 560, 565, 105 N.W.2d 876 (1960). Superintending authority allows this court to use writs, such as the writ of mandamus, to control the course of litigation in inferior courts when such a court either refuses to act within its jurisdiction, 22 or acts beyond its No. 96-3266 jurisdiction, to the serious prejudice of the citizen. Id. (quoting State ex rel. Tewalt v. Pollard, 112 Wis. 232, 234, 87 N.W. 1107 (1901)). ¶45 The judiciary s explicit constitutional administrative power is a power over all the courts to ensure efficient and effective Wis. 2d functioning at 783. of the Included court in the system. See judiciary s Grady, 118 constitutional administrative authority is the power to formulate and carry into effect the budget for the court system . . . . State ex rel. Moran v. Dept. of Administration, 103 Wis. 2d 311, 317, 307 N.W.2d 658 (1981). functioning of As part of ensuring efficient and effective the court system, this court exercise[s] administrative control over the funds for the use of the court system. Id. at 318. this court authority Again, Wis. Const. art. VII, § 3 gives to formulate and carry into effect its budget - funds appropriated by the legislature for the court s use. ¶46 From these explicit grants of authority, articulated in the constitution, flow certain inherent powers implicit in the constitutional mandates. supreme court efficiently has and By means of inherent powers, the authority to effectively administration of justice. ensure to the provide courts for function the due See Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d at 44; see also Jacobson v. Avestruz, 81 Wis. 2d 240, 247, 260 N.W.2d 267 (1977) (holding that the court has inherent power to assess the costs of impaneling a jury upon parties withdrawing a demand for a jury trial). 23 No. 96-3266 ¶47 The court has exercised its inherent authority to regulate members of the bench and bar. The court has exclusive inherent power to regulate the practice of law once it has been determined that an attorney meets the legislative and judicial threshold requirements for membership. at 101. This such measures, court as has the inherent Code of See Fiedler, 155 Wis. 2d power to statewide Ethics Judicial adopt requiring disclosure of judges assets, which are absolutely essential to the due administration of justice in the state. Kading, 70 Wis. power 2d at 518. responsibility question to are The court determine reasonable has whether and to inherent the charges which are not . . . . refuse attorney s enforcement and fees of in those Herro, McAndrews & Porter v. Gerhardt, 62 Wis. 2d 179, 183, 214 N.W.2d 401 (1974). Exercise of inherent powers in these situations was necessary to preserve the judiciary s constitutional duty to oversee the administration of justice. ¶48 This court also has inherent power to protect the courts and the judicial system against any action that would unreasonably curtail the powers or materially efficacy of the courts or judicial system. Wis. 2d at 44. exclusive assistants. impair the See Holmes, 106 This court determined that circuit courts have inherent authority to remove their judicial See Barland v. Eau Claire County, No. 96-1607, op. at 27-28 (S. Ct. March 13, 1998). The court also has inherent power to determine that the physical facilities proposed by the county for inadequate. the court to conduct its judicial functions were See In re Court Room, 148 Wis. 109, 134 N.W. 490 24 No. 96-3266 (1912). room The proposed facilities did not have room for a jury which would have resulted in suspending proceedings while each jury deliberated. all court See id. at 119-120. The court exercised its inherent powers in this case to preserve its constitutional duty to oversee the administration of justice. ¶49 Although inherent power is essential to a strong and independent judiciary, see id., the power must not extend the jurisdiction of the court nor abridge or negate constitutional rights reserved to individuals. Wis. 2d at 247. those Jacobson, 81 The court does not, for example, have inherent authority to dismiss a criminal case with prejudice prior to the attachment of jeopardy unless the defendant s right to a speedy trial is implicated. constitutional See State v. Braunsdorf, 98 Wis. 2d 569, 570, 297 N.W.2d 808 (1980). This court also does not have inherent power to expunge juvenile police records which are under the authority of the police chief. See Breier v. E.C., 130 Wis. 2d 376, 387, 387 N.W.2d 72 (1986). In neither situation was the court s exercise of power essential to the existence or the orderly functioning of a circuit court, nor is it necessary to maintain the circuit court s dignity, transact its business or accomplish the purpose of its existence. Id. Exercise of inherent powers was not necessary in these cases to preserve the judiciary s constitutional duty to oversee the administration of justice. ¶50 This review of cases regarding the court s constitutional powers, including its inherent powers, over the administration and functioning 25 of the courts, and the No. 96-3266 legislature s authority over appropriations illustrates that both branches exercise power over determining funding for the functioning of the judiciary. has constitutional As discussed above, the judiciary administrative carry into effect its budget. authority to formulate and It also has inherent authority necessary to preserve its constitutional duty to oversee the administration of justice. The legislature, however, has clear constitutional authority to appropriate scarce resources. Thus, we conclude the subject matter of 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 falls within a shared power. ¶51 Having determined that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is within shared powers, the subject matter of the statute cannot be within Flynn s the judiciary s argument that the core zone subject of matter exclusive of this authority. statute is within the judiciary s exclusive authority fails. ¶52 Flynn argues, in the alternative, that if the subject matter of 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is within shared powers, it is nonetheless unconstitutional because the statute burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary. area of shared powers, the legislature may lapse unduly In this the court automation funds to the general purpose revenue fund only if such lapse does not unduly burden or substantially interfere with the judiciary. reasonable doubt Flynn has the burden to prove beyond a that the statute unduly substantially interferes with the judiciary. burdens or Imposing [this] highest standard of proof is particularly necessary in cases such as these expenditure of to ensure public that funds the for 26 its judiciary own will needs order only when the it No. 96-3266 articulates a compelling need. Friedrich, 192 Wis. 2d at 24. In areas of shared powers, there should be such generous cooperation as will tend to keep the law responsive to the needs of society. Rules of Court Case, 204 Wis. 501, 514, 236 N.W. 717 (1931). ¶53 Flynn has failed to show beyond a reasonable doubt that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 unduly burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary. He relies upon certain evidence in the record and on affidavits submitted by Mr. Timothy Hicks, the Judicial Information Systems Manager for Milwaukee County, and former Chief Justice Nathan Heffernan. not show beyond a reasonable doubt that However, these do the lapse of funds unduly burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary. ¶54 Flynn points to the record as proof that the lapse of nearly $2.9 million had an immediate adverse impact on the court automation program. The court was not able to fully implement the system or update the systems currently in place. problems in many court houses could not be Electrical addressed implementing a bar coding pilot program was delayed. and However, an adverse impact is not, by itself, proof of an undue burden or substantial interference much less proof beyond a reasonable doubt. ¶55 He also offers affidavits from Mr. Timothy Hicks, the Judicial Information Systems Manager for Milwaukee County, and former Chief Justice Nathan Heffernan. the problems he is having with the Mr. Hicks stated that implementation of court automation in Milwaukee County are a direct result of the 1993 lapsing of funds to the general revenue fund. 27 He was not able No. 96-3266 to get a Data Server (the heart of the CCAP system) online in a timely fashion, hire sufficient update computer equipment. personnel, or adequately Chief Justice Heffernan stated that the lapse prevented the judicial branch from setting aside funds for equipment purchases to ensure compatibility, prevented the judicial branch from administering CCAP in the manner it saw as most efficient, and caused four counties to drop out of the CCAP system for fear that funds would again be lapsed in the future. ¶56 § 9253 Again, there is no question that 1993 Wis. Act 16, had, as both Chief Justice Heffernan and Mr. Hicks assert, an adverse impact in particular courts and the court system in general. We did then, and do now, consider § 9253 to some degree penny-wise and pound foolish, as well as a poor management choice. But that is a far cry from saying beyond a reasonable doubt that § 9253 unduly burdened or substantially interfered with interference? the Yes. reasonable doubt. automation program. court system. A burden? But undue or substantial? Yes. An Not beyond a The legislature continued to fund the court Our needs continued to be met, though at a slower pace, and certainly not as sufficiently, economically, efficiently or conveniently as we would have liked. ¶57 We may, as a court, disagree with the legislature. But unless we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that the statute unduly burdens or substantially interferes with our ability to function, we must uphold 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253. In Friedrich we held that only when the action of the legislature unduly burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary, i.e., when qualified and effective counsel are not available at the 28 No. 96-3266 rate set by the legislature, will we assert our constitutional power to ensure the effective administration of justice. Friedrich, 192 Wis. 2d at 29-30. See In this case, we similarly hold that if the legislature s appropriation to the court system unduly burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary, the court may declare such act unconstitutional, thus ensuring that the judiciary can preserve its constitutional oversee the administration of justice. duty to The lapse of funds from the court automation program to the general purpose revenue fund is not, however, such a situation. The lapse of funding may have delayed full implementation of court automation, but such delay did not cause an undue burden or substantially interfere with the judiciary. cannot say beyond Based on the evidence in this record, we a reasonable doubt that this legislation unduly burdens or substantially interferes with the judiciary. Accordingly, Flynn has failed to carry his burden on this issue. ¶58 a Flynn also raises for the first time on appeal and in footnote, the argument that 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 may violate Wis. Const. art. VIII, § 1 which requires taxation to be uniformly applied. This court generally refuses to consider issues raised for the first time on appeal, especially a claim that a statute is unconstitutional. See Blenski v. State, 73 Wis. 2d 685, 702, 245 N.W.2d 906 (1976). retains the discretion to consider Although the court arguments raised first time on appeal, we decline to do so here. for the See State v. Wilks, 121 Wis. 2d 93, 107, 358 N.W.2d 273 (1984). ¶59 Finally, because we determine that the legislature, not the judiciary, determines public policy and that 1993 Wis. 29 No. 96-3266 Act 16, § 9253 does not violate the separation of powers doctrine, we need not address whether the remedies allowed by the circuit court were appropriate. ¶60 In sum, we conclude that it is the province of the legislature, not the courts, to determine public policy. Because one legislature may not bind future legislatures, it is fully within the legislature s power to change an appropriation put into place by a previous legislative session. It is assumed such action reflects public will, and if not, those legislators will be answerable at the ballot box. We also conclude that appropriating funds for the judiciary is one of shared powers. The legislature clearly has the appropriation power and the judiciary has explicit constitutional administrative powers and inherent powers to ensure that the judicial system functions efficiently. However, Flynn failed to show beyond a reasonable doubt, that the lapse of $2,898,000 from the court automation program revenue fund to the general purpose revenue fund unduly burdened or substantially interfered with the judiciary. Therefore, we hold that the lapse in 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253 is constitutional. By the Court. The order and judgment of the circuit court is reversed. 30 96-3266.awb ¶61 ANN WALSH BRADLEY, J. (Concurring). I write separately because the majority's smuggled legislation analysis of an item of general legislation gives legitimacy to a meritless argument and in the process confuses our law. ¶62 The majority goes to great lengths to respond to what it views as an alternative argument by Flynn. The majority surmises that Flynn argues that while 1993 Wis. Act 16, § 9253, is not a private or local bill, pursuant to Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18, the court should engage in a parallel "smuggled legislation" analysis to determine if the legislation deserves a presumption of constitutionality. ¶63 In doing so, the majority first analyzes the preservation of public notice purpose of Wis. Const. art. IV, § 18. The majority then parses our previous anti-smuggling case law to determine the number of sponsors, supporters, and amount of public smuggled hearing time legislation necessary for private to defeat or local an assertion law of purposes. Finally, the majority applies its interpretation of our art. IV, § 18 smuggling framework to the case at hand and determines that the legislation was not smuggled through the legislature. The majority finds dispositive the fact that § 9253 was not single subject legislation and that considerable attention was given to the bill by the Joint Finance Committee which considered four alternative proposals relating to the lapsed funds. In the majority's view, the legislature "intelligently participated" in considering the bill. 1 96-3266.awb ¶64 The majority's extensive engagement of this elusive and unsupported argument confuses the law and threatens to open new avenues of attack on legislation. Prior to Flynn, this court accorded legislation that was not a private, local, or special bill a presumption of constitutionality that had to be overcome by the challenging party. See State v. Holmes, 106 Wis. 2d 31, 41, 315 N.W.2d 703 (1982); ABC Auto Sales v. Marcus, 255 Wis. 325, 330, 38 N.W.2d 708 (1949). However, the majority's failure to reject out-of-hand the perceived smuggling analysis in this allegations that legislature and case the an opens all legislation accompanying legislation to threshold was smuggled through the legal skirmish between the parties over the proper presumption of constitutionality to be applied. ¶65 A review of our precedent demonstrates that the smuggling of legislation argument has never been, is not, and never should be an independent basis to attack presumption of constitutionality of legislation. the general The smuggling analysis has been confined to attacks on legislation based on the terms of art. IV, § 18. ¶66 N.W. 131 In Milwaukee County v. Isenring, 109 Wis. 9, 23, 85 (1901), we noted that "[t]he framers of the constitution, in adopting sec. 18, art. IV, intended to guard against the danger of legislation, affecting private or local interests, being smuggled through the legislature . . . ." In subsequent cases wherein a party has alleged a § 18 violation, we have conducted a smuggled legislation analysis. 2 See, e.g., 96-3266.awb Davis v. Grover, 166 Wis. 2d 501, 480 N.W.2d 460 (1992)(finding no evidence that program was smuggled through the legislature in violation of § 18); Milwaukee Brewers v. Department of Health & Social Services, 130 Wis. 2d 79, 107-08, 387 N.W.2d 254 (1986)(holding legislation not smuggled in violation of § 18); City of Oak Creek v. DNR, 185 Wis. 2d 424, 518 N.W.2d 276 (Ct. App. 1994)(holding constitutionality statute as a not entitled private or local to presumption bill under of § 18). However, we have never before conducted such an inquiry in the absence of a § 18 constitutional objection. This fact and the majority's failure to provide an alternative substantive basis requiring such a test for legislation indicates that absent a § 18 allegation, a smuggling claim should not lie. ¶67 By opening the door to plaintiffs eager to attack legislation with the complexities of the smuggling analysis, the majority forces courts to forego the previous presumption of constitutionality and determine the circumstances in piece of legislation will not pass the smuggling test. sponsors must a bill have? public hearing on a bill? which a How many How many citizens must attend a How many minutes of consideration in committee or before the Assembly and Senate must a bill receive? How much attention must be drawn to each specific provision of a bill? ¶68 These are questions that courts will be forced to consider because of the majority's damaging legitimatization of an argument that the majority is not even sure that Flynn raises before this court. Therefore, while I agree with the majority's 3 96-3266.awb holding that the legislature did not violate the separation of powers doctrine by lapsing the CCAP funds, I do not subscribe to the smuggling analysis in which the majority engages. I am authorized to state that ABRAHAMSON joins this opinion. 4 CHIEF JUSTICE SHIRLEY S. 96-3266.awb 1

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