Washington v. Cate (Majority)
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Brandon Cate was found guilty by jury of burglary, theft and malicious mischief. At sentencing, the State calculated Cate's offender score as 9+, the highest category, based on numerous alleged prior convictions. In proving the alleged prior convictions, the State failed to provide copies of the relevant judgment and sentence forms, relying instead on a prosecutor's summary of Cate's criminal history. Cate did not object, the 9+ score was thus used to calculate his present sentence. On appeal, Cate challenged the sentence as erroneous because the State failed to meet its burden of proving his criminal history at sentencing. The Court of Appeals affirmed the sentence, but the Washington Supreme Court reversed: relying on a portion of RCW 9.94A.530(2) risked shifting the burden to prove criminal history from the State to the defendant. Thus, the matter was remanded for a new sentencing hearing.
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This opinion was ^ filed for record /FIWEV ^ IN CLERKS OFFICE \ s COURT.SWBECFWASHiNSTOM DATE_ QIC 1 2 Susan L. Carlson Supreme Court Clerk ^(ll\kjAAA^, cmepjusTK^ IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON STATE OF WASHINGTON, NO. 9 7209-5 Respondent, EN BANC BRANDON WILLIAM GATE, Petitioner. Filed: December 12,2019 PER CURIAM—^A jury found Brandon Gate guilty of burglary, theft, and malicious mischief in Okanogan County Superior Court. At sentencing, the State calculated Gate's offender score as 9+, the highest category, based on numerous alleged prior convictions. In proving these alleged prior convictions, the State failed to provide copies of the relevant judgment and sentence forms, relying instead on a prosecutor's summary of Gate's criminal history. Gate did not object, and the trial court used the 9+ offender score in calculating the appropriate sentencing range. On appeal. Gate argued that the calculated sentencing range was erroneous because the State failed to meet its burden of proving his criminal history at sentencing. The Court of Appeals disagreed and affirmed the sentence. After Gate petitioned this court for review, we directed the State to answer. In its answer, the Okanogan County prosecuting attorney argued that No.97209-5 Page 2 Gate's failure to object at the sentencing hearing amounted to an acknowledgement of his criminal history under the plain language ofRCW 9.94A.530(2). The State failed to note, however, that this court has held the cited portion of the statute to be unconstitutional because it risks shifting the burden to prove criminal history from the State to the defendant. State v. Hunley, 175 Wn.2d 901, 917, 287 P.3d 584 (2012). Accordingly, we reverse the Court ofAppeals and remand for a new sentencing hearing. FACTS Following Gate's convictions of burglary, theft, and malicious mischief, the trial court had to determine his offender score for sentencing purposes. Gate testified at trial, and in cross-examination, he acknowledged a portion of his criminal history. Specifically, he admitted that he "remembered" a May 8, 2015, conviction for second degree burglary and second degree theft; he "believed" he was convicted ofthird degree theft on May 6, 2016; he agreed that he was convicted on April 11, 2017, of second degree burglary and second degree theft; and he agreed he was convicted on April 12, 2017, of two counts of second degree burglary, one count of second degree theft, and one count of third degree theft. The prosecutor's sentencing memorandum summarized Gate's criminal history. It listed the above alleged convictions, it listed additional convictions from May 2006 that did not "wash out," and it included convictions for assaulting a law enforcement officer, for intimidating a public servant, and for felony bailjumping. The State calculated Gate's offender score as 16,thus qualifying him for the maximum score of9+. The State did not include or otherwise present to the trial court the judgment and sentence documents proving the existence ofthe alleged convictions. At sentencing, the trial court noted that Gate had an extensive criminal history. It focused on the cases brought in superior court and identified numerous convictions that occurred after 2014 but did not list the relevant cause numbers. The court did not ask Gate whether he acknowledged and agreed with the prosecution's No.97209-5 Page 3 calculation of his offender score, but Gate did not object to the trial court's summary of bis criminal history. The court calculated bis offender score as 9+, listing 10 different criminal offenses in Gate's criminal history in the judgment and sentence. The court imposed a total sentence of 60 months in prison, to be served consecutively to the sentences imposed on two other convictions. ANALYSIS As the Gourt of Appeals explained, this case is governed by the principles identified in Hunley.In calculating the offender score,the State must prove the criminal history by a preponderance of the evidence. Id. at 909-10. A prosecutor's unsupported summary of criminal history is not sufficient to satisfy the State's burden. Id. at 910. And it is not sufficient that the defendant does not object to the offender score calculation since such a rule would effectively shift the burden of proving criminal history to the defendant. Id. at 912. Although the Gourt of Appeals identified the correct precedent,it misapplied Hunley when it affirmed Gate's sentence. The court held that the State met its burden because the prosecutor had summarized the criminal history based on a review of plea agreements and criminal databases, defense counsel did not object, appellate counsel did not argue the criminal history calculation was incorrect, and Gate acknowledged much ofhis criminal history on cross-examination at trial. The court's reliance on three ofthese four factors directly contravenes Hunley. It is irrelevant that the prosecutor summarized criminal history since such a summary does not satisfy the State's burden of proof,/c/. at 910. As to waiver,the State argues that Gate failed to object to the prosecutor's summary of his criminal history, citing RGW 9.94A.530(2). But for the waiver to be effective, the defense must affirmatively acknowledge the criminal history. 175 Wn.2d at 915-16. Gontrary to the State's position, the portion ofRGW 9.94A.530(2) on which the State relies was held unconstitutional in Hunley. Id. at 917 ("the amendment to RGW 9.94A.530(2)— No.97209-5 Page 4 which makes the defendant's failure to object to a criminal history summary an acknowledgment—is unconstitutional on its face"). Accordingly, neither Gate's failure to object nor his appellate counsel's failure to argue that the calculation was incorrect satisfies the State's burden of proof. The Court of Appeals is correct that trial testimony might substitute as proof of criminal history. In determining the proper offender score, the court may rely on information that is admitted, acknowledged, or proved in a trial or at sentencing. Id. at 909. But here, as discussed above. Gate only directly admitted to convictions with respect to two prior cause numbers and vaguely admitted to two more. The judgment and sentence lists a criminal history that includes additional offenses never directly admitted by Gate, including August 2006 offenses for third degree assault, felony bail jumping, and intimidating a public servant. Consistent with Hunley, the State has not proved all of this criminal history beyond a reasonable doubt. We therefore reverse the decision ofthe Court of Appeals and remand to the superior court for resentencing consistent with this decision.
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