Continental Heritage Ins. Co. (original by presiding judge keller)
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Darrell David was indicted for unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. David failed to appear at a trial setting, and a judgment nisi was entered for the forfeiture of a $10,000 bond. A final judgment of forfeiture was signed, forfeiting the bond and requiring the payment of $100 interest, $396 in court costs, and any reasonable and necessary costs incurred by the county for the return of the criminal defendant. The surety (Continental Heritage) filed a motion to correct costs. The motion contended the collection of civil filing fees was not authorized in bond forfeiture proceedings, identifying specific fees it claimed it should not have to pay, which were most of the fees in the bill of costs. The motion contended that authority to dispute costs was conferred by Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 103.008. The parties litigated the issue before the trial court. The State took the position that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to revise costs under Article 103.008 and also argued that the costs were legitimate. The surety took the position that the trial court had jurisdiction to address the costs and that it should have to pay only some of the court costs, which the surety believed totaled $94. The trial court ruled that it had jurisdiction to address the issue of court costs, but it denied the surety’s motion to revise the costs. The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals held that a surety can be liable—and is generally liable—for civil filing fees as court costs in a bond-forfeiture action when the State prevails. "But the surety is not liable for a filing fee that the State is entirely exempt from paying unless a statute nevertheless requires a civil defendant to pay the fee if the State prevails. The surety also cannot be required to pay a fee that improperly duplicates a fee already charged." The Court vacated the judgment of the court of appeals and remanded the case for further proceedings.
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS NO. PD-0018-23 CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY, AGENT PAT KINNARD, D/B/A PAT KINNARD BAIL BONDS, Appellant v. THE STATE OF TEXAS ON APPELLANT’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE FIFTH COURT OF APPEALS DALLAS COUNTY KELLER, P.J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which HERVEY, RICHARDSON, YEARY, KEEL, WALKER, SLAUGHTER and MCCLURE, JJ., joined. NEWELL, J., concurred. Are civil filing fees part of the court costs that a bonding company1 must pay if a bond is forfeited? The answer to that question is complicated. It is “yes,” except when a statute exempts the State from liability for a particular filing fee, unless another provision requires a civil defendant to pay the fee if the State prevails. 1 Or in some cases, a criminal defendant. CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 2 I. BACKGROUND A. Bond Forfeiture and Costs Darrell David was indicted for unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon. David failed to appear at a trial setting, and a judgment nisi was entered for the forfeiture of a $10,000 bond. On October 9, 2020, a final judgment of forfeiture was signed, forfeiting the bond and requiring the payment of $100 interest, $396 in court costs, and any reasonable and necessary costs incurred by the county for the return of the criminal defendant. The clerk’s bill of costs, issued the same day, itemized the following: JUDICIAL SALARY FEE CLERK’S FEE COURT REP SERV FEE LAW LIBRARY BAILIFF’S FEE APPELLATE FUND STATE JUDICIAL FEE DISPUTE MEDIATION RECORDS PRESERVATION DC ARCHIVE FEE COURT HOUSE SEC FEE RECORDS MGT & PRES STATE INDIGENCY FEE RECORDS MANAGEMENT CIVIL COURTS BLDG IM ST ELECTRONIC FILING INTEREST ON BONF CLERK’S FEE - MISC CERTIFIED MAIL COURT PERS. TRAINING 42.00 50.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 5.00 50.00 15.00 10.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 15.00 30.00 100.00 8.00 76.00 5.00 This list of items totaled $496. On October 26, 2020, the surety (Continental Heritage) filed a motion to correct costs. The motion contended that the collection of civil filing fees was not authorized in bond forfeiture CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 3 proceedings. It identified specific fees it claimed it should not have to pay, which were most of the fees in the bill of costs. The motion contended that authority to dispute costs was conferred by Code of Criminal Procedure article 103.008.2 The parties litigated the issue before the trial court. The State took the position that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to revise costs under Article 103.008 and also argued that the costs were legitimate. The surety took the position that the trial court had jurisdiction to address the costs and that it should have to pay only some of the court costs, which the surety believed totaled $94. The trial court ruled that it had jurisdiction to address the issue of court costs, but it denied the surety’s motion to revise the costs. On November 10, 2020, the surety filed a notice of appeal. B. Appeal The court of appeals concluded that civil filing fees were court costs that could be assessed in a bond forfeiture proceeding.3 In arriving at this conclusion, the court relied on our decisions in Dees v. State4 and Safety Nat’l Cas. Corp. v. State5 and on its own earlier decision in Ranger v. 2 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 103.008(a) (“On the filing of a motion by a defendant not later than one year after the date of the final disposition of a case in which costs were imposed, the court in which the case is pending or was last pending shall correct any error in the costs.”). 3 Continental Heritage Ins. Co. v. State, Nos. 05-20-00928-CV, 05-20-00929-CV, 05-20-00930-CV, 05-20-01005-CV, 05-20-01006-CV, 2022 WL 17038175, *2-3 (Tex. App.—Dallas November 17, 2022) (not designated for publication). 4 865 S.W.2d 461 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). 5 305 S.W.3d 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 4 State.6 II. ANALYSIS A. Construction of Statutes and Rules A court must construe a statute in accordance with the plain meaning of its text unless the text is ambiguous or the plain meaning leads to absurd results that the legislature could not possibly have intended.7 In determining plain meaning, we may resort to standard dictionaries, and we apply the cannons of construction.8 If called upon to look beyond the plain meaning of the text, we look initially to statutory history, which narrowly involves looking at prior versions of the statute.9 If we need to look further in an extratextual analysis, a variety of other factors can be considered, including the object sought to be attained by the statute, the legislative history, and the consequences of a particular construction.10 When construing a court rule, we can consider extratextual factors even if the text of the rule is not ambiguous or does not lead to absurd results, but we nevertheless attempt to effectuate the plain language of a rule unless there are important countervailing considerations.11 6 Continental Heritage, 2022 WL 17038175, at *2-3 (citing Dees, Safety Nat’l, and Ranger v. State, 312 S.W.3d 266 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2010, pet. dism’d, untimely filed)). 7 In re Smith, 665 S.W.3d 449, 460 (Tex. Crim. App. 2022); Boykin v. State, 818 S.W.2d 782, 785 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). 8 Dunham v. State, 666 S.W.3d 477, 484 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023). 9 Ex parte Moon, 667 S.W.3d 796, 803 (Tex. Crim. App. 2023). We need not address whether TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 1.026 would affect our analysis since that provision became effective only on January 1, 2021, after the judgment, imposition of court costs, and notice of appeal in this case. See Acts 2019, 86th Leg., R.S., Ch. 469 (H.B. 4173), Sec. 1.01, eff. January 1, 2021. 10 Franklin v. State, 579 S.W.3d 382, 386 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). 11 Williams v. State, 603 S.W.3d 439, 445 (Tex. Crim. App. 2020). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 5 B. Jurisdiction The State continues to maintain that a surety cannot use Article 103.008 to challenge court costs. We need not address the applicability of Article 103.008 because the record otherwise shows jurisdiction and authority to address the surety’s court-costs challenge. Except as otherwise provided by Chapter 22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, bond-forfeiture proceedings “shall be governed by the same rules governing other civil suits.”12 And appeals in bond forfeiture proceedings are likewise “regulated by the same rules that govern civil actions where an appeal is taken.”13 In civil cases, a trial court retains plenary power to modify a judgment within 30 days after it is signed.14 The surety filed its motion to correct costs within the trial court’s period of plenary power, so the trial court was empowered to address it. Moreover, if a motion to modify the judgment is timely filed, the losing party in a civil case has 90 days from the date the judgment is signed to file a notice of appeal.15 The notice of appeal was filed well within the 90 day period. Both the trial court and the court of appeals had jurisdiction to address the surety’s court-costs complaint. C. Merits 1. Filing-Fee Liability in Civil Cases Many of the court costs in a civil case are fees due upon filing.16 Because the civil plaintiff 12 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 22.10. 13 Id. art. 44.44. 14 TEX. R. CIV. P. 329b(d); Mitschke v. Borromeo, 645 S.W.3d 251, 265 (Tex. 2022). 15 TEX. R. APP. P. 26.1(a)(2). 16 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 145(a) (“‘Costs’ mean any fee charged . . . including, but not limited to, filing fees . . .”). See also e.g., TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 51.317, 51.708, 51.851 (2020); TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE §§ 133.151, 133.152, 133.154, 291.008 (2020). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 6 files the lawsuit, he pays the filing fee at the time the lawsuit is filed unless an exemption applies.17 If the plaintiff wins, then he can recover those costs from the civil defendant.18 But certain governmental-entity plaintiffs are exempt from having to pay filing fees up-front. Civil Practices and Remedies Code § 6.001 says that a listed governmental entity “may not be required to file a bond for court costs incident to a suit filed by” it.19 An Attorney General Opinion construing this provision has explained that “the term ‘bond’ for court costs is synonymous with ‘security’ for court costs”20 and that “filing fees are merely security for costs, so that advance payment of such may not be required” of a listed governmental-entity.21 One of the listed governmental entities is “a county of this state.”22 The statute does not define specifically who can act for the “county,” but there is, in another section of the same statute, an exclusion from the upfront exemption rule for extraordinary writs filed by district and county attorneys.23 The fact that 17 See supra at n.16. See also TEX. R. CIV. P. 142 (“The clerk shall require from the plaintiff fees for services rendered before issuing any process unless filing is requested pursuant to Rule 145 of these rules.”). 18 TEX. R. CIV. P. 131 (“The successful party to a suit shall recover of his adversary all costs incurred therein, except where otherwise provided.”). 19 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 6.001(a). 20 Tex. Atty Gen. Op. DM-459, 1997 Tex. AG LEXIS 160, *6 (1997) (quoting Tex. Atty Gen. Op. MW-447A, 1982 Tex. AG LEXIS 163 (1982)). 21 Id., 1997 Tex. AG LEXIS 160, at *3 (quoting Tex. Atty Gen. Op. MW-447A (construing prior version of statute using the word “security”)). 22 23 TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 6.001(b)(4). See id. § 6.001(c) (“Notwithstanding Subsection (a), a county or district attorney is not exempted from filing a bond to take out an extraordinary writ unless the commissioners court of the county approves the exemption in an action brought in behalf of the county or unless the attorney general approves the exemption in an action brought in behalf of the state.”). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 7 district and county attorneys are explicitly excepted in one section suggests that in other lawsuits, district or county attorneys qualify as being “the county” under the statute. And the attorney general opinions construing § 6.001were in response to inquiries by a district attorney and a county attorney, where clerks, sheriffs, or constables were insisting on the payment of fees in advance.24 Importantly, § 6.001 “only exempts the state from advance payment of filing fees and other court costs” and “does not exempt it from ultimately paying such costs.”25 So if the State loses, it ordinarily has to pay the filing fees, unless some other statutory exemption applies. Some court-cost statutes exempt the “county” or a “state agency” from paying certain filing fees.26 But others do not.27 In one statute codifying multiple filing fees, the State was exempted from only one filing fee—which shows that the Legislature knows how to speak its mind on whether the State is to be exempt from paying a filing fee.28 If the State files a lawsuit and wins, the defendant can be required to pay any filing fees the State would have had to pay if it had lost.29 But can the defendant be required to pay a fee the State was entirely exempt from paying? We conclude that the answer is “no,” except where a statute 24 See DM-459, 1997 Tex. AG LEXIS 160, at *1 (County Attorney); MW-447A, 1982 Tex. AG LEXIS 163, at *1 (District Attorney). 25 DM-459, 1997 Tex. AG LEXIS 160, at *8. 26 See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE § 152.004(b) (2020); TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 51.317(b2), 22.2061(c) (2020); TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE §§ 291.008(a), 323.023(a) (2020). 27 See TEX. GOV’T CODE §§ 51.317, 51.601, 51.708, 51.851 (2020); TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE §§ 133.151, 133.152, 133.154 (2020). 28 See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 51.317(b)(1)-(5) (codifying five different filing fees), (b-2) (“The fee imposed under Subsection (b)(5) does not apply to a filing by a state agency.”) (2020). 29 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 131. CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 8 provides otherwise. Under the Rules of Civil Procedure “costs” mean “any fee charged by the court or an officer of the court, including, but not limited to, filing fees . . .”30 When the State’s liability for the fee is deferred, it still makes sense to say it is “charged” for the fee—it is just not required to pay it yet. But if the State is exempt entirely from the fee, then it was not charged the fee, and so it is not a “cost”in the case—unless, of course, the legislature otherwise makes it a cost. One filingfee statute provides that, if the State prevails in a lawsuit it files, the non-prevailing parties are liable for a certain filing fee the State is exempt from ever having to pay.31 This shows that the legislature knows how to impose a filing fee the State is exempt from on a defendant if the State wins. Other filing-fee statutes that exempt the State from paying the fee do not include such a provision. The implication is that the legislature did not intend to impose the exempt fee on a losing defendant. To summarize: The State does not have to pay a filing fee up-front when it files a civil lawsuit (filing fees are deferred), but it is still liable for most filing fees if it loses. The State is exempt from paying some filing fees in a civil case even if it loses. Because those exempt filing fees are never “charged” in the case, a losing civil defendant does not have to pay them—unless a statute specifically says the defendant has to pay them anyway. 2. Application to Bond-Forfeiture Proceedings A bond forfeiture proceeding originating from a criminal prosecution is a criminal matter, 30 31 TEX. R. CIV. PROC. 154(a) (emphasis added). TEX. LOCAL GOV’T CODE §§ 291.008(a) (“The county is not liable for the costs”), (b) (“In any civil case brought by the state or a political subdivision of the state in a county court, county court at law, or district court in a county in which the commissioners court has adopted a fee under Subsection (a) of this section in which the state or political subdivision is the prevailing party, the amount of that fee shall be taxed and collected as a cost of court against each nonprevailing party.”) (2020). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 9 over which this Court ultimately has appellate jurisdiction.32 But by statute, rules governing civil actions apply: When a forfeiture has been declared upon a bond, the court or clerk shall docket the case upon the scire facias or upon the civil docket, in the name of the State of Texas, as plaintiff, and the principal and his sureties, if any, as defendants; and, except as otherwise provided by this chapter, the proceedings had therein shall be governed by the same rules governing other civil suits.33 Construing this statute in Dees v. State, this Court held that civil court costs may be assessed in a bail bond forfeiture proceeding after entry of the judgment nisi.34 But in Safety Nat’l Cas. Corp. v. State, we held that appellate filing fees could not be collected in bond-forfeiture appeals because our predecessor court would have been precluded from assessing such fees due to an 1879 statute restricting that court’s collection of civil fees to civil cases.35 We found Dees to be distinguishable because the trial-level civil fee statutes in effect in 1879 included no provision “restricting their application to civil cases.”36 The surety suggests that it should not pay civil filing fees because the bond forfeiture proceeding is not “filed” but is simply docketed on the scire facias docket. Relying specifically on the “scire facias” language in Article 22.10, the surety argues that the bond-forfeiture proceeding is merely a continuation of the criminal prosecution and not a separate case at all. An amicus brief likewise says that a bond forfeiture proceeding is a “scire facias” proceeding and a mere continuation 32 Int’l Fidelity Ins. Co. v. State, 586 S.W.3d 9, 11 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2019). 33 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 22.10 (emphasis added). 34 865 S.W.2d 461, 462 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). 35 305 S.W.3d 586, 590 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). 36 Id. CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 10 of the criminal prosecution. The surety also seeks to draw a distinction between court costs and “filing fees.” The surety further relies on language in the various filing fee statutes saying that the fee applies only in a “civil case.” And the surety says that the word “rules” in Article 22.10 indicates that only the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure, and not civil statutes that might also govern civil suits, apply to bond-forfeiture proceedings. After deducting the filing fees, the surety concludes that it should have to pay only $84 of the $396 in billed court costs.37 We reject the surety’s and amicus’s contention that the bond-forfeiture proceeding is a mere continuation of the criminal prosecution. It is true that a “scire facias” writ is considered a continuation of a proceeding and not a new proceeding.38 In bond-forfeiture proceedings, the “scire facias writ serves two purposes, one as a citation to the sureties, the other, as the State’s pleading.”39 But as we will demonstrate shortly, the “scire facias” writ in a bond-forfeiture proceeding is not a continuation of the criminal prosecution; it is a continuation of the bond-forfeiture proceedings initiated by the judgment nisi that provisionally forfeits the bond. A “scire facias” writ is defined as “[a] writ requiring the person against whom it is issued to appear and show cause why some matter of record should not be enforced, annulled, or vacated, or why a dormant judgment against that person should not be revived.”40 In Texas civil law, a “scire 37 The surety concedes it must also pay the $100 in interest. 38 Berly v. Sias, 152 Tex. 176, 179-81, 255 S.W.2d 505, 507-08 (1953). 39 O’Clarke v. State, 138 Tex. Crim. 32, 33, 133 S.W.2d 779, 780 (1939). 40 Scire Facias, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (11th ed. 2019). See also Kubosh v. State, 241 S.W.3d 60, 62 n.3 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007) (“‘Scire facias’ means a judicial writ, founded on some matter of record, such as a judgment or recognizance and requiring the person against whom it is issued to appear and show cause why the party bringing it should not have the advantage of such a record.”). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 11 facias” writ has been used to revive a dormant civil judgment,41 to require further proceedings after the issuance of a judgment nisi for contempt,42 and to require the heirs of a deceased plaintiff to appear and prosecute a previously filed civil suit.43 The definition of “scire facias” and its use in Texas civil cases shows why the “scire facias” writ is not a continuation of the criminal prosecution but is a continuation of a separate (though related) bond-forfeiture proceeding. In a bond forfeiture case, a “scire facias” writ is not used to revive, enforce, annul, or vacate a criminal prosecution or a judgment of conviction in a criminal prosecution. In fact, a bond can be forfeited before a criminal defendant is ever convicted of the offense for which he has been indicted.44 And even if bond is forfeited after conviction, the “scire facias” writ in the bond-forfeiture proceedings would have no effect on the conviction.45 What “scire facias” is used for is to enforce the judgment nisi in a bondforfeiture proceeding. It satisfies the same function as it does in certain contempt proceedings, where a judgment nisi is issued for contempt. A “scire facias” writ continues the contempt proceeding, not whatever proceeding the contempt arose from. The “scire facias” procedure is resorted to because any bond-forfeiture proceedings prior to and including the judgment nisi are ex parte.46 “Scire facias” is a mechanism for bringing the 41 Berly, 152 Tex. at 179, 255 S.W.2d at 507. See also Estate of Stonecipher v. Estate of Butts, 591 S.W.2d 806, 809 n.3 (Tex. 1979). 42 Ex parte Pyle, 134 Tex. 148, 150, 133 S.W.2d 565, 566 (1939). 43 Kallam v. Boyd, 232 S.W.3d 774, 776 n.5 (Tex. 2007) (quoting from then TEX. R. CIV. P. 151). 44 See infra at n.51. 45 See id. 46 Hester v. State, 15 Tex. Ct. App. 418, 420 (1884). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 12 sureties into the proceedings in order to enforce the judgment nisi by turning it into a final judgment forfeiting the bond. And although a bond-forfeiture proceeding can be docketed on the “scire facias” docket, Article 22.10 also allows it to be docketed on the civil docket.47 The discretion to use either docket suggests that how the bond-forfeiture case is docketed is simply a matter of convenience and that, in substance, it is a separate case from the criminal prosecution. This conclusion is further supported by the statutory language making the State the “plaintiff” and the criminal defendant and his sureties the defendants.48 Furthermore, the Code of Criminal Procedure allows the sureties (or the criminal defendant) to file an answer—something a civil defendant would do after the filing of a civil action.49 If an answer is not filed, a default judgment can be taken, just as would happen in a civil suit if no answer is made.50 Also, regardless of what happens in the criminal prosecution, the bond-forfeiture judgment becomes “final” after the trial of the bond-forfeiture issues (or a default judgment), and execution can be had on that judgment as in civil actions.51 A bond-forfeiture judgment is separately appealable,52 and there is a separate “bill of review” proceeding that can be used to attack the judgment as late as two years after it is entered.53 There is even a limitations period for bringing a 47 Supra at n.33. 48 See id. 49 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 22.11. 50 See id. art. 22.15. 51 Id. arts. 22.14, 22.15. 52 Id. art. 44.42. 53 Id. art. 22.17. CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 13 bond-forfeiture proceeding—four years.54 The fact that the bond-forfeiture proceeding is related to the criminal prosecution does not mean it is not separate. Habeas corpus provides a ready analogy. A habeas corpus action is related to a criminal proceeding being attacked but is nevertheless considered to be a separate action.55 The remainder of the surety’s contentions turn upon what Article 22.10 means by “rules.” Do “rules governing other civil suits” mean only formal, court-promulgated rules such as the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure? Or does “rules” have a more generic meaning that could encompass civil statutes? In Safety Nat’l, Judge Meyers wrote in a concurring opinion that “it is only the Rules of Civil Procedure that apply” and that “the Rules of Civil Procedure do not impose filing fees.”56 Under that view, the filing fees are not part of the rules that govern civil suits under Article 22.10 because those fees derive only from statute. But if “rules governing other civil suits” has a broader meaning that includes statutes, then the civil filing fees apply to bond-forfeiture proceedings. A “rule” can be “an established and authoritative standard or principle; a general norm mandating or guiding conduct or action in a given type of situation.”57 Or a “rule” can be “[a] regulation governing a court’s or an agency’s internal procedures.”58 A modern definition of “rule” in the legal context is “a regulation or guide established by a court governing court practice and 54 55 Id. art. 22.18 Ex parte Sheffield, PD-1102-20, 2023 WL 4092747, *11 (Tex. Crim. App. June 21, 2023). 56 305 S.W.3d at 592 (Meyers, J., concurring). 57 Rule, BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004) (definition 1). 58 Id. (definition 2). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 14 procedure.”59 So the word “rule” can have a broad or a relatively narrow definition. What “rule” means will depend on the context. The legislature could have explicitly referred to the Rules of Civil Procedure to make it clear that was its intent, but it did not. Several other Code of Criminal Procedure provisions explicitly refer to the Rules of Civil Procedure as a whole60 or to a particular Rule of Civil Procedure.61 A look at the statutory history of Article 22.10 makes it clear that its use of the word “rule” includes statutory requirements. The relevant language, “governed by the same rules governing other civil suits,” has been part of Article 22.10 since its enactment in 1965.62 And nearly identical language (substituting only “suits” for “actions”) has been in a predecessor version of the statute since as early as 1879.63 The Rules of Civil Procedure were adopted in 1941.64 Before that point, any “rules governing civil suits” would have been prescribed by statute or by the common law. So in 1879, the legislature understood that the “rules” included statutory requirements. As we have previously explained, we have already held in Dees that civil court costs can be collected in bond-forfeiture proceedings. The Rules of Civil Procedure regulate when court costs are paid, whether security is given for costs, who must pay the costs, and how payment of costs may 59 Rule, WEBSTER’S NEW WORLD COLLEGE DICTIONARY (4th ed. 2000) (definition 8a). 60 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. arts. 17.11, § 3; 39.025(e); 39.026(g); 59.022(c), (d); 59.023(b); 59.04(I). 61 See id. arts. 11.072, § 5(a)(3); 17.19(a); 59.04(k); 102.017(b)(6). 62 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 22.10 (Vernon’s 1966). 63 See Safety Nat’l, 305 S.W.3d at 590 n.31 (quoting from TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 449 (1879) (“governed by the same rules governing other civil actions”)). 64 USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 511 (Tex. 2018). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 15 be enforced.65 A couple of these rules allow for additional costs to be charged,66 but in general, the Rules of Civil Procedure do not prescribe costs.67 So statutory fees are necessarily the source of a large part of court costs. We conclude that trial-level filing fees are part of the court costs that the surety who loses a bond-forfeiture case will have to pay. 3. Liability for Only Some Costs But as we alluded to earlier, the surety is not liable for every possible filing fee. The surety has to pay only the filing fees the State would have paid if it had lost, except where a statute nevertheless requires the defendant to pay the filing fee when the State wins. By statute, there are exactly five ways that the State can lose a bond forfeiture case.68 Under the fifth—subsequent incarceration—there is a statutory requirement that the surety pay the court costs, even though it has “won” and does not have to forfeit the bond.69 But under the first four ways that the State can lose, the State would be liable for the filing fees that it is not exempt from paying. Because liability for those filing fees is simply deferred, the fees are still owed if the State prevails, but because the State prevails, those costs can be taxed to the criminal defendant or his sureties.70 As we explained earlier, when the State-plaintiff is exempt altogether from paying the fee, 65 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 125, 127, 129, 130, 131, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149. 66 Id. 126 (service in a county other than the one in which the constable or sheriff is an officer), 133 (permitting a court to charge costs on motions). 67 See supra at n.65. 68 TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. art. 22.13(a). 69 Id. art. 22.13(b). 70 See TEX. R. CIV. P. 131. CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 16 then there is no fee in the case to tax to the defendant, absent a provision saying otherwise. The surety has outlined the various fees and the statutory sections upon which it thinks those fees are based. If the surety’s assessment of which fees are derived from which statutes is correct, then the items “law library fee,” “appellate fund,” “dispute mediation,” and “DC archive fee” all appear to be fees that the State is exempt from paying and that the losing defendant is not otherwise required to pay.71 The State also appears to be exempt from paying the “courthouse security fee,” but it appears that the authorizing statute requires the defendant to pay the fee anyway if the State prevails.72 We make no final determination regarding these fees, but leave the issue to the court of appeals to decide in the first instance. We also see two fees that might improperly duplicate another fee assessed. The surety has pointed out that the “records preservation” fee of $10.00 derives from Government Code § 51.317(b)(4), which would be a proper fee.73 But it notes two subsequent fees in the bill of costs—“records mgt & pres” for $5.00 and “records management” for $5.00—deriving from § 51.317(c)(1) and (2).74 Subsection (c) does not impose filing fees.75 Instead, it says where the fee imposed in (b)(4) should be sent, with half going to a county records management and preservation 71 See supra at n.26. 72 See supra at n.31. 73 See TEX. GOV’T CODE § 51.317(b)(4). 74 See id. § 51.317(c)(1), (2). 75 See id. § 51.317(c) (“The district clerk, after collecting a fee under Subsection (4), shall pay the fee to the county treasurer, or to an official who discharges the duties commonly delegated to the county treasurer, for deposit as follows . . .”). CONTINENTAL HERITAGE INSURANCE COMPANY — 17 fund and half going to a district-clerk records management and preservation fund.76 If the three fees are as described, then the two $5 fees duplicate the earlier $10 fee. We leave it to the court of appeals to decide in the first instance if that is in fact the case. III. DISPOSITION We hold that a surety can be liable—and is generally liable—for civil filing fees as court costs in a bond-forfeiture action when the State prevails. But the surety is not liable for a filing fee that the State is entirely exempt from paying unless a statute nevertheless requires a civil defendant to pay the fee if the State prevails. The surety also cannot be required to pay a fee that improperly duplicates a fee already charged. We vacate the judgment of the court of appeals and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Delivered: September 20, 2023 Publish 76 Id. § 51.317(c)(1), (2).
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