Fuller v. Odom

Fuller v. Odom
1987 OK 64
741 P.2d 449
58 OBJ 2057
Case Number: 65918
Decided: 07/14/1987
Supreme Court of Oklahoma

 
JUDY ANN FULLER, APPELLEE,
v.
STEVEN PAUL ODOM AND THE CITY OF TULSA, APPELLANTS.

Appeal from the District Court of Tulsa County; Jane P. Wiseman, Trial Judge.

¶0 This is an appeal from a judgment based on a jury verdict awarding $35,00.00 to a fault-free passenger who was injured while riding in her husband's car. The trial court ordered the appellant, the City of Tulsa, which was found to be 51% negligent, to pay 100% of the award. The appellant appeals the award, alleging that the Oklahoma Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act, 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 154 (E), requires reduction of the award in an amount proportionate to the City's percentage of negligence.

REVERSED.

Neal E. McNeill, City Atty., and Martha Rupp Carter, Asst. City Atty., for appellants.

Donald E. Smolen, Tulsa, for appellee.

Diane Pedicord, Oklahoma City, for amicus curiae.

KAUGER, Justice.

[741 P.2d 450]

¶1 The only issue presented is whether the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act (Act), 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 154 (E), which limits the liability of a political subdivision to the percentage of total damages corresponding to its percentage of negligence, supersedes the general common law rule governing joint and several liability. We find that the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act abrogated the common law rule governing joint and several liability insofar as it relates to political subdivisions; that entities covered by the Act are severally liable in tort for the percentage of total damages corresponding to their percentage of total negligence; and that recovery under the Act is limited to the percentage of negligence attributable to a governmental tortfeasor.

¶2 The appellee, Judy Ann Fuller, was a passenger in a car driven by her husband, Kenneth L. Boyce, Jr. The Boyce car was struck by a police vehicle driven by an on-duty officer, an employee of the appellant, City of Tulsa. Ms. Fuller and Mr. Boyce filed separate suits against the City of Tulsa for personal injuries, which were consolidated for jury trial on January 8, 1986. The jury found the City of Tulsa 51% negligent and Boyce 49% negligent, and awarded damages of $10,000.00 to Boyce and $35,000.00 to Fuller. The trial judge entered judgment for Boyce in the sum of $5,100.00

I

THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS TORT CLAIMS ACT IS THE EXCLUSIVE REMEDY BY WHICH AN INJURED PLAINTIFF MAY RECOVER AGAINST A GOVERNMENTAL ENTITY FOR ITS NEGLIGENCE

¶3 Although this Court abrogated the judicially created doctrine of governmental immunity, in Vanderpool v. State, 672 P.2d 1153, 1157 (Okla. 1983), we acknowledged the Legislature's right to enact sovereign immunity by statute.

¶4 In determining what remedy is available to an injured plaintiff where the defendant is a governmental tortfeasor,

"The liability of a political subdivision under this Act shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of a political subdivision or employee at common law or otherwise."

Additionally, 51 O.S. 1981 § 170

II

A POLITICAL SUBDIVISION MAY BE HELD LIABLE ONLY FOR THAT PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL DAMAGES CORRESPONDING TO ITS PERCENTAGE OF NEGLIGENCE

¶5 The question of whether the City must pay only the amount of award proportionate to its percentage of negligence is governed by 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 154 (E). Section 154(E)

"The liability of a political subdivision under this Act shall be severable from that of any other person or entity, and the political subdivision shall only be liable for that percentage of total damages which corresponds to its percentage of total negligence."

It is presumed that the Legislature has expressed its intent in a statute and that it intended what is so expressed.

¶6 The statute specifically provides that the liability of any political subdivision "shall be severable." The use of "shall" by the Legislature is normally considered as a legislative mandate equivalent to the term "must", requiring interpretation as a command.

¶7 Apparently, the fault-free passenger would agree with our conclusion were it limited to situations where a plaintiff is found to have contributed to the injury by some degree of negligence. In Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas, 619 P.2d 613, 616 (Okla. 1980), we held that several liability is inapplicable if the plaintiff is found to be without fault. The passenger contends that Boyles is dispositive of the problem presented here. We agree that the common law rule of joint and several liability continues in force outside the purview of the comparative negligence statute.

¶8 In Boyles, we distinguished a prior opinion, Laubach v. Morgan, 588 P.2d 1071, 1073-74 (Okla. 1978), which applied the comparative negligence statute to a plaintiff found to be one of several negligent co-actors. In so doing, we stated:

"There is absolutely nothing in Laubach to negate the continued force of the common law rule of joint and several liability in those negligent torts which fall completely outside the purview of our comparative negligence legislation."

Here, the element necessary to supersede the common law rule, which was missing in Laubach,

¶9 We are not free to read in exceptions not made by the Legislature.

¶10 REVERSED.

¶11 All Justices concur.

Footnotes:

1 The $5,100.00 figure was arrived at by reducing Mr. Boyce's award by 49%, his percentage of negligence, leaving the appellant, City of Tulsa, to pay only the percentage of the total award relating to its percentage of negligence. This award has not been appealed.

2 Although the Legislature had not expressly adopted the doctrine of sovereign immunity at the time this cause of action arose, it has subsequently done so. Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1985 § 152.1 became effective October 1, 1985 and provides:

"A. The State of Oklahoma does hereby adopt the doctrine of sovereign immunity. The state, its political subdivisions, and all of their employees acting within the scope of their employment, whether performing governmental or proprietary functions, shall be immune from liability for torts.

B. The state, only to the extent and in the manner provided in this act, waives its immunity and that of its political subdivisions. In so waiving immunity, it is not the intent of the state to waive any rights under the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution."

3 Hamilton v. Vaden, 721 P.2d 412, 419 (Okla. 1986); Conway v. Ohio Casualty Ins. Co., 669 P.2d 766, 768 (Okla. 1983); Johns v. Wynnewood School Bd. of Educ., 656 P.2d 248, 248-50 (Okla. 1982); Graves v. Rose, 663 P.2d 733, 735 (Okla. 1983); McCracken v. City of Lawton, 648 P.2d 18, 20 (Okla. 1982).

4 Title 23 O.S. 1981 §§ 13 and 14 provide, respectively:

"In all actions hereafter brought, whether arising before or after the effective date of this act, for negligence resulting in personal injuries or wrongful death, or injury to property, contributory negligence shall not bar a recovery, unless any negligence of the person so injured, damaged or killed, is of greater degree than any negligence of the person, firm or corporation causing such damage, or unless any negligence of the person so injured, damaged or killed, is of a greater degree than the combined negligence of any persons, firms or corporations causing such damage."

"Where such contributory negligence is shown on the part of the person injured, damaged or killed, the amount of the recovery shall be diminished in proportion to such person's contributory negligence."

5 See, Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., 619 P.2d 613, 616 (Okla. 1980) and Laubach v. Morgan, 588 P.2d 1071, 1074 (Okla. 1978).

6 We are not unmindful of the fact that the Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act results in the establishment of two classifications of tortfeasor victims - those injured by a private tortfeasor and those injured by a governmental tortfeasor. However, in Black v. Ball Janitorial Servs, Inc., 730 P.2d 510, 515 (Okla. 1986), we held that by creating a separate class of public tortfeasors, the Act did not violate the prohibition against special legislation contained in the Okla. Const. art. 5, § 59 ; because the classification is reasonable for the attainment of a legitimate objective and operates uniformly on all members of the class. See also, Jarvis v. City of Stillwater, 732 P.2d 470, 473 (Okla. 1987).

7 Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 153 (A) provides:

"Each political subdivision of this state shall be liable for loss resulting from its torts or the torts of its employees acting within the scope of their employment subject to the limitations and exceptions specified in this act and only where the political subdivision, if a private person or entity, would be liable for money damages under the laws of this state. A political subdivision shall not be liable under the provisions of this act for any act or omission of an employee acting outside the scope of his employment."

8 Title 12 O.S. 1981 § 2 provides:

"The common law, as modified by constitutional and statutory law, judicial decisions and the condition and wants of the people, shall remain in force in aid of the general statutes of Oklahoma; but the rule of the common law, that statutes in derogation thereof, shall be strictly construed, shall not be applicable to any general statute of Oklahoma; but all such statutes shall be liberally construed to promote their object."

Title 25 O.S. 1981 § 29 provides:

"The rule of the common law, that statutes in derogation thereof are to be strictly construed, has no application to the laws of this state, which are to be liberally construed with a view to effect their objects and to promote justice."

9 Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 153 (B). This subsection, although amended in 1984 and effective October 1, 1985, remains substantively unchanged. In any case, the amendment does not affect the present action because § 171 of the new Act specifically provides that the Act will not apply to any claim arising before October 1, 1985. Section 153 provides in its entirety:

"A. Each political subdivision of this state shall be liable for loss resulting from its torts or the torts of its employees acting within the scope of their employment subject to the limitations and exceptions specified in this act and only where the political subdivision, if a private person or entity, would be liable for money damages under the laws of this state. A political subdivision shall not be liable under the provisions of this act for any act or omission of an employee acting outside the scope of his employment.

B. The liability of a political subdivision under this act shall be exclusive and in place of all other liability of a political subdivision or employee at common law or otherwise."

10 Title 51 O.S. 1981 § 170 provides:

"This act is exclusive and supersedes all home rule charter provisions and special laws on the same subject heretofore, and all acts or parts of acts in conflict herewith are repealed."

11 We have previously recognized by implication that a legislative enactment may immunize a party from recovery under the comparative negligence statute, 23 O.S. 1981 §§ 13 and 14 , see note 4, supra. However, Bode v. Clark Equip. Co., 719 P.2d 824, 827 (Okla. 1986), also requires that all defendants found negligent have their percentages of negligence combined to determine if the degree of fault charged to the plaintiff is greater than that owing to all persons. If the plaintiff is entitled to recovery he/she may recover from each tortfeasor that portion of his damages attributable to each of those other persons. Here, the City of Tulsa admits that the plaintiff is entitled to recover all damages attributable to the political subdivision.

12 Matter of Phillips Petroleum Co., 652 P.2d 283, 285 (Okla. 1982); Becknell v. State Indus. Court, 512 P.2d 1180, 1183 (Okla. 1973); Territory v. Clark, 2 Okla. 82, 35 P. 882-83 (1894).

13 Northwest Datsun v. Oklahoma Motor Vehicle Comm'n, 736 P.2d 516 (Okla. 1987); Duesterhaus v. City of Edmond, 634 P.2d 720, 722 (Okla. 1981); Julien v. Gardner, 628 P.2d 1165, 1167 (Okla. 1981); Estate of Kasishke v. Oklahoma Tax Comm'n 541 P.2d 848, 851 (Okla. 1975); Becknell v. State Indus. Court, see note 12, supra; In re: Assessment of Champlin Refining Co., 186 Okla. 625, 99 P.2d 880, 882 (1940).

14 State ex rel. Cartwright v. Oklahoma Natural Gas, 640 P.2d 1341, 1345 (Okla. 1982).

15 Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 154 provides:

"A. The total liability of political subdivisions on claims within the scope of this act arising out of an accident or occurrence happening after the effective date of this act shall not exceed:

1. Twenty-five Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00) for any claim or to any claimant who has more than one claim for loss of property arising out of a single accident or occurrence;

2. One Hundred Thousand Dollars ($100,000.00) to any claimant for his claim for any other loss arising out of a single accident or occurrence; or

3. One Million Dollars ($1,000,000.00) for any number of claims arising out of a single occurrence or accident.

B. No award for damages in an action or any claim against a political subdivision shall include punitive or exemplary damages.

C. When the amount awarded to or settled upon multiple claimants exceeds the limitations of this section, any party may apply to the district court which has jurisdiction of the cause to apportion to each claimant his proper share of the total amount limited herein. The share apportioned to each claimant shall be in the proportion that the ratio of the award or settlement made to him bears to the aggregate awards and settlements for all claims arising out of the occurrence. When the amount of the aggregate losses presented by a single claimant exceeds the limit of paragraphs 1 and 2 of subsection A of this section, each person suffering a loss shall be entitled to his proportionate share.

D. A political subdivision may petition the court that all parties and actions arising out of a single accident or occurrence shall be joined as provided by law, and upon order of the court the proceedings upon good cause shown shall be continued for a reasonable time or until such joinder has been completed. A political subdivision shall be allowed to interplead in any action which may impose on it any duty or liability pursuant to this act.

E. The liability of a political subdivision under this act shall be several from that of any other person or entity, and the political subdivision shall only be liable for that percentage of total damages which corresponds to its percentage of total negligence. Nothing in this section shall be construed as increasing the limits imposed on a political subdivision's liability under this act."

16 Darnell v. Chrysler Corp., 687 P.2d 132, 134 (Okla. 1984); Indep. School Dist. No. 89 of Oklahoma County v. Oklahoma Fed'n of Teachers, 612 P.2d 719, 723 (Okla. 1980); Rath v. LaFon, 431 P.2d 312, 314 (Okla. 1967).

17 McDonald's v. Groves, 652 P.2d 281, 281-82 (Okla. 1982); TIB Corp. v. Edmondson, 630 P.2d 1296, 1296-97 (Okla. 1981); Sneed v. Sneed, 585 P.2d 1363, 1363-64 (Okla. 1978); Oklahoma Alcoholic Beverage Control Bd. v. Moss, 509 P.2d 666, 668 (Okla. 1973); State v. Hunt, 286 P.2d 1088, 1090 (Okla. 1955).

18 Anderson v. O'Donoghue, 677 P.2d 648, 653 (Okla. 1983); Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., see note 5, supra at 616-17; See also, 23 O.S. 1981 § 13 , note 4, supra.

19 Boyles v. Oklahoma Natural Gas Co., see note 5, supra.

20 Laubach v. Morgan, see note 5, supra.

21 Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 153 (B), see note 9, supra.

22 Title 51 O.S.Supp. 1984 § 154 (E), see note 15, supra.

23 City of Bethany v. Dist. Court of Oklahoma County, 200 Okla. 49, 191 P.2d 187, 189 (1948); City of Bristow v. Groom, 194 Okla. 384, 151 P.2d 936, 941 (1944).

24 Okla. Const. art. 10, § 28 provides:

"Counties, townships, school districts, cities, and towns shall levy sufficient additional revenue to create a sinking fund to be used, first, for the payment of interest coupons as they fall due; second, for the payment of bonds as they fall due; third, for the payments of such parts of judgments as such municipality may, by law, be required to pay."

See also, 62 O.S. 1981 § 361 , et seq.