Chow v. State
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Todd Lin Chow v. State of Maryland No. 99, September Term, 2005 Headnote: The temporary gratuitous exchange or loan of a regulated handgun between two adult individuals, w ho are othe rwise perm itted to own and obtain a regulated handgun, does not constitute an illegal transfer of a firearm in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), A rt. 27, § 442, in particular, subsection (d). The plain language of § 442(d), when construed in harmo ny with the rest of the subhea ding, reveals that transfer refers to a gratuitou s perman ent exchange of title or possession and does not include temporary exchanges or loans. The inclusion of the word knowingly in Maryland Code (1957, 1 996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 449(f), p laced in con text with the statute as a whole, ind icates a spec ific intent mens rea. Therefo re, we find that a violation of § 442 (d) and im position of a penalty under § 449(f) requires that one have a specific intent and requires that a defendant know that the sale, rental, transfer, purchase, possession, or receipt of a regulated firearm of which they are a p articipan t in is illega l. Circuit Co urt for Prince George s County Case # CT 03-0929X IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 99 September Term, 2005 Todd Lin Chow v. State of Maryland Bell, C. J. Raker Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene, JJ. Opinion by Cathell, J. Raker, Wilner and Battaglia, JJ., Dissent Filed: July 27, 2006 This case concerns whether the temporary gratuitous exchange or loan of a regulated firearm 1 between two adult individuals, who were otherwise permitted to own and obtain a handgun, constitutes an illegal transfer of a firearm in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 442.2 The particular issue before us is the contextual meaning of the w ord transf er, as it is used in § 442(d), A person w ho is not a regulated firearms de aler may not se ll, rent, transfer, or purc hase an y regulate d firear m . . . . (Empha sis added). Thus, we must decide whether a temporary gratuitous exchange or loan of a regulated firearm constitutes a transfer under § 4 42(d). In addition, we will discuss 1 Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 441(r) defines Regulated Firearm : Regulated firearm. Regulated firearm means: (1) Any handgun as defined in this section; or (2) Any assault weapon as defined in this section. 2 Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, §§ 441 et seq. composes the Regulated Firearms subheading. Section 442 states in pertinent part: (d) Sale by other than regulated firearms dealer. (1) A person who is not a regulated firearms dealer may not sell, rent, transfer, or purchase any regulated firearm until after 7 days shall have elapsed from the time an application to purchase or transfer shall have been executed by the prospective purchaser or transferee, in triplicate, and the original copy is forwarded by a regulated firearms dealer to the Secretary. Pursuant to Chapter 5, Acts 2003, effective October 1, 2003, the Regulated Firearms subheading was repealed and re-enacted as Maryland Code (2003), §§ 5-101 et seq. of the Public Safety Article. Section 442 is currently codified (without substantial change) as § 5124 of the Public Safety Article. All events at issue in this case took place in April of 2003, therefore, we shall, unless otherwise indicated, refer to the version of the statute in effect at that time, Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, §§ 441 et seq. Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 449,3 which establishes the penalty for a violation of § 442 (d), to determine the proper mens rea for such v iolation . On July 31, 2003 , petitioner, To dd Lin C how, a D istrict of Colu mbia Metropolitan Police Department officer and non-dealer of firearms, was charged with illegally transferring a regulated f irearm purs uant to § 442. On November 25, 2003, a bench trial was held in the Circuit Court for Prince G eorge s C ounty. On D ecembe r 1, 2003, the court issued its ruling, finding petitioner guilty. The court sentenced petitioner to sixty (60) days, suspended the sentence and imposed a tw o hundred dollar ($2 00) fine. A timely appeal was made to the Court of Special Appeals and on June 2, 20 05, after he aring argum ents, the cou rt filed its decision affirming the decision of the Circuit Court. Chow v. State, 163 Md. App. 492, 881 A.2d 1148 (2005). Petitioner then time ly filed a Motion for Reconsideration, which was denied on October 4, 2005. On October 19, 2005, petitioner timely filed a petition for writ of certiorari to the Court of Appeals. We granted certiora ri on D ecemb er 19, 20 05. Chow 3 Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 449 states in pertinent part: (f) Knowing participants in sale, rental, etc. Except as otherwise provided in this section, any dealer or person who knowingly participates in the illegal sale, rental, transfer, purchase, possession, or receipt of a regulated firearm in violation of this subheading shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than 5 years, or both. Each violation shall be considered a separate offense. Section 449 is currently codified (without substantial change) as § 5-143 of the Public Safety Article. -2- v. State, 390 Md. 284 , 888 A.2d 341 (2005). Petitioner presented three questions in his Petition for Writ of C ertiorari4 which we rephrase to consolidate and clarify the issues: I. 4 Whether the te mpo rary gratuitous exchange or loan of a regulated firearm between two adult individuals, who were otherwise permitted to own and obtain a regulated firearm, constitutes an illegal transfer of a firearm in violation of Marylan d Cod e (1957 , 1996 R epl. Vo l., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 442, as transfer is utilized in subsection (d)(1), A person who is not a regula ted firearm s dealer ma y not sell, Petitioner s questions, as phrased in his Petition for Writ of Certiorari, were as follows: 1. Whether a temporary transfer or loan of a firearm constitutes a transfer under Art. 27 § 442 when; (1) transfer is not defined anywhere in the subheading, (2) the dictionary definition of transfer includes both a possessory transfer and legal (title or ownership) transfer, and (3) for greater than 60 years the legislature has consistently used the term transfer to apply to regulated firearm transactions, while also consistently prohibiting even the unrecorded loan of a machine gun since 1933 and there is no legislative history otherwise to indicate that transfers include loans? 2. Assuming arguendo that a temporary transfer can in certain circumstances be construed as a transfer under the law, do those circumstances include a short period of time of lending a gun between two adult individuals who are both eligible to own firearms, if the time period of the loan (as in this case) was for about a day? 3. Was there sufficient evidence for a rational fact finder to convict the Petitioner of knowingly violating Art. 27 § 442 when; (1) the State never introduced any evidence of an element of the crime, namely whether the transferee filed the paperwork with the State police, and (2) the facts as noted by the Court of Special Appeals themselves demonstrate that any temporary transfer was an unintentional accident that the Petitioner intended to immediately rectify? -3- rent, transfer, or purchase any regulated firearm . . .? (Emphasis added). II. Whether Maryland Cod e (1957, 1996 R epl. Vol., 2002 Supp .), Art. 27, § 449(f), which states, any dealer or person who knowing ly participates in the illeg al . . . transf er . . . of a regulated firea rm in violation of this subheading . . . , establishes a gen eral intent or specific inten t mens rea? (Em phasis a dded). In response to the first question we hold that the plain language and legislative history of the Regulated Firearms subheading indicates that the word transfer, as used in § 442(d ), is used in an ownership context and does not apply to the situation extant in the case sub judice that of a gratuitous temporary exchange or loan between two adults who are otherwise permitted to own and obtain regulated firearms. Although we need not reach the second question because of our disposition in regards to the first question, we will discuss the requisite mens rea required by § 449(f) because of the likelihood that the issue may come before the Court again. For the reasons that follow , we hold th at the word know ingly in § 449(f), in the particular circu mstance o f the applic able statutory scheme at issue here, indicates a sp ecific intent mens rea whic h we f ind the p etitioner not to h ave po ssessed . I. Facts We adopt, in part, the facts as stated by the Court of Special Appeals in its opinion below: [Petitioner s] friend, Man Ngu yen, was the State s main witness at trial. Nguyen testified that, while driving his car on April 1, 2003, he was stopped by the Prince George s County Police Department for a broken taillight. At that time, the police searched Nguyen s vehicle, and discovered a Glock semi-automatic pistol (not the weapon that is the subject o f this appeal). The pistol was properly registered in Nguyen s name, but he did not -4- have a permit to carry it. The police confiscated it in connec tion with the ir investigation of a recent murder of one of Nguyen s friends. The following day, Ng uyen con tacted [ petition er]. Nguyen explained to [petitioner] that this gun and other guns at his home had been confiscated by the police, and he was anxious to bu y another gun. He told [ petitioner] that he needed to pu rchase a gun for protection, by which he meant [h]ome security, [ s]o, [pe titioner] o ffered me his g un. The two men arran ged to me et later that day fo r lunch at a restaurant in Bowie, Maryland. S ometime during this meeting, [petitioner] gave Nguyen a nine millimeter, semi-automatic handgun that he had owned since 1996. Nguyen told [petitioner] that he wanted to test fire the weapon be fore purchasing it. The pair got into Nguyen s vehicle and headed to a firing range in Upper Marlboro. En route, Nguyen received a business call on his cellular telephone, requiring that he abort the trip to the firing range. Nguyen drove [petitioner] back to the restaurant where [petitioner s] car was parked and dropped him off. [Petitioner s] weapon remained in Nguyen s car. No money was exchang ed between N guyen and [petitioner]. Soon thereafter, Nguyen contacted [petitioner] by telephone. Nguyen testified: I was interested in buying it and I called him, and, you know, I to ld him I d give it back to him but he said, that s cool, just keep it in the house and he ll pick it up. Nguyen further testified that he anticipated the weap on wou ld be retur ned to a ppellan t as soo n as po ssible. Detective Donnie Judd testified as a State s w itness. He re ported that, on April 4, 2003, he and other members of the Prince George s County Police Department stopped N guyen on a w arrant to arrest h im for hav ing illegally carried the gun that was found in his car three days earlier. In the ensuing search of Nguyen s car, the police discovered [petitioner s] loaded handgun in the car s center console. Detective Judd ran an NCIC [5] check and determined that the handgun had not been reported stolen. The gun was test fired and determined to be operable. Nguyen was arrested and taken to the police station, where he gave a four-page statement. The first paragraph of the statement addressed how he had obtained [petitioner s] handgun, and that portion of the statement was admitted into evidence. It varied from Nguyen s trial testimony. Ngyuen wrote: 5 The acronym NCIC stands for the National Crime Information Center. Managed by the FBI, this nationwide system provides information to federal, state and local criminal justice agencies. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 498 n.3, 881 A.2d at 1152 n.3. -5- I know [sic] [petitioner] for 2-3 [years]. I was detain [sic] on 41-03 and PG PD took a ll my guns. Next [d]ay, I called [petitioner] and asked him if I could hold on to his gun until I can get my guns back in a week or two because I felt uncomf ortable without a g un[.] We then met a t Olive Ga rden att [sic] 4pm in Bowie and had lunch and after that he give [sic] me his 9m m, out o f a bag in the fr ont Pas senger s [sic] se at[.] Sergeant William S zimanski, of the State Police Licensing Division, Firearms Registration Section, performs background checks on persons purchasing regulated f irearms in Maryland and deals with records concerning firearms purchase s. He testified that the recor ds related to [ petitioner s] handgun reflect that [petitioner] bought the handgun in November 1996, and it was formally transferred to him on the 27th of that month, after completion of the weapon registration process. The records show no subsequent transfer of the handgun, and no application for a transfer of the gun f rom [petitioner] to Nguyen. Sergeant Guillermo Rivera, of the Office of Internal Affairs of the District of Colombia Metropolitan Police Department, also testified . He stated that appellant had not filed a stolen weapon report between November 17, 2001 and November 17, 2003. At the close of the State s case, [petitioner] made a motion for judgment of acquittal. [Petitioner] argued tha t § 442(d) d oes not co ver his conduct, which was simply a temporary exchange of the handgun. In the alternative, [petitioner] argued that he did not knowingly violate the statute, as required by § 449(f), because the State did not prove that he knew the transfe ree, Ng uyen, had not filed the app lication r equired by § 442 (d). The State countered that [petitioner s] leaving the gun with Nguyen was a transfer of it, an d the refo re w as co vere d by § 442(d). The State further argued that [petitioner] was aware of the requirements for transferring a handgun, because he had fulfilled those requirements himself when he purchased the gun in 1996. Th e State finally argued that the plain meaning of transfer does not necessarily include the conveyance of title, and encom passes a mere loan. After hearing from counsel on both issues, the [Circuit Court for Prince George s County] de nied the motion. [Petitioner] then rested without putting on any ev idence , and the court iss ued its ru ling. Chow, 163 Md. A pp. at 497-500, 881 A.2d at 1151-52 (some footnotes o mitted). The Circuit Court stated: -6- The Court having reviewed the statute [§ 442(d)] and now the burden is on the State to p rove beyon d a reason able doubt, the Court finds based upon the testimony of the State s witnesses th at there wa s in fact a tran sfer in this case. The Court also finds that based upon the facts that it was a temporary transfer. It is the Court s assessment of the testimony of the State s witness that it was in fact a loan, although he has testified to two totally opposite things; he testified that it was in fact an anticipated purchase, and on the other hand, there was testimony or at least yeah, there was testimony that it was in fact a loan. S o, we h ave tw o incon sistent sta temen ts by the S tate s w itness. And the State asks the Cou rt or states to the Court argues to the Court that under either theory, that there was an illegal transfer in this case. The court agrees tha t there was an illegal transfer. And [petitioner s counsel], I understand your argument with respect to temporary tran sfer, and I ll lea ve it to the higher courts to tell me that a temporary transfer is not a transf er unde r the law , I believe under the facts and circumstances of this case it is in fact a temporary transfer. And whether the legislature intended a transference to be a part of this statute, this Court finds it s not c lear, but I ll wait for direction from the higher court w ith that. [ Emph asis add ed.] The trial court judge then found petitioner gu ilty and sentence d him to six ty (60) days with the sentence suspended and a fine of two hundred dollars ($200). In doing so, the trial judge stated: And the reason why I m giving you the disposition is I believe that it was a temporary transfer, it was illegal, but, what the transferee did with it [the regulated firearm] was not within your control, and he clearly stated on the record that you told him to put it in the house, and he ch ose not to. [Emp hasis added]. Petitioner timely no ted an a ppeal to the Co urt of S pecial A ppeals . On June 2, 2005, The Court of Special A ppeals filed its opinion. The cou rt affirmed the decision of the Circ uit Court. Specifically, in reference to the interpretation of the word transfer, the court stated: -7- [W]e hold that pla inly included w ithin the meaning of transfer of a regulated firearm, in § 442(d ), is lending a f irearm. Th e plain construction of the term is confirmed by an examination of the general purpose of the regulated firearms [subhea ding], and b y the rule that the remedial portions of a statute are to b e liberally construed. Therefore, a person violates § 442(d) by lending a regulated firearm to another person without there first being compliance with the ap plication process and seve n-day waiting period set fo rth in that section. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 509-10, 881 A.2d at 1158 (footnote omitted). The c ourt, however, failed to address th e entire issue o f what would constitute a tran sfer: We need not d ecide in this case what other fac ts would suppo rt a transfer, for purposes of § 442(d). It is therefore unnecessary to address the scenario postulated by [petitioner], i.e., a mere momentary exchange of a regulated firearm between the lawful possessor and another person. Id. at 510 n.7, 881 A.2d at 1158 n.7. In addition, in respect to the mens rea requirement of § 449(f), the court held that knowingly participates in a violation of § 442(d) means participation with knowledge of the facts that make out a violation of that subsection and that [t]he State, th en, need o nly prove that the defendant participated in a transfer of a regulated firearm with the knowledge that a firearm (as opposed to some other item) was being intentionally (as op posed to a ccidentally) transferred. Id. at 513, 881 A.2d at 1160 (citing Dawk ins v. State, 313 M d. 638, 6 51, 547 A.2d 1 041 (1 988)). II. Standard of Review The case sub judice was tried in the circuit court without a jury, thus our standard of review is dictated by Maryland Rule 8-13 1(c). We re cently stated in Gray v. State, 388 Md. 366, 879 A.2d 1064 (2005): -8- According to Maryland Rule 8-131(c) when an action has been tried without a jury, the appellate court will review the case on both the law and the evidence. It will not set aside the judgment of the trial court on the evidence unless clearly erroneou s, and will giv e due rega rd to the opp ortunity of the trial court to judge the credibility of the witnesses. The clearly erroneou s standard does not apply to legal conclusio ns. Nesbit v. GEI CO, 382 Md. 65, 72, 854 A.2d 879, 883 (2004). When the trial court's order involves an interpretation and application of Maryland statutory and case law, our Court must determine whether the lower court's conclusions are legally correct under a de novo standard of review. Nesbit, 382 Md. at 72, 854 A.2d at 883 (quoting Walter v. Gunter, 367 M d. 386, 3 92, 788 A.2d 6 09, 612 (2002 )). Gray, 388 Md. at 374-75, 879 A.2d at 1068. Therefore, we shall review the legal questions presented as to the interpretation of transfer in § 442(d) and the mens rea element of § 449(f) de novo. III. Discussion A. The M eaning of T ransfer in the C ontext of § 442 (d). Section 442(d) of the Regulated Firearms subhead ing governs the sale or tran sfer of regulated firearms by an individual that is not a regulated firearms dealer. As stated supra, the statute states , in pertinent pa rt: (d) Sale by other than regulated firearms dealer. (1) A person w ho is not a regulate d firear ms dea ler may no t sell, rent, transfer, or purchase any regulated firearm until after 7 days shall have elapsed from the time an application to purchase or transfer shall have been executed by the prospective purchaser or tra nsfe ree, in trip licate, an d the original c opy is forw arde d by a regulate d firear ms dea ler to the Secreta ry. § 442( d)(1) (e mpha sis adde d). Petitioner contends that the legislative intent of using the term transfer, as found in § 442(d), was to mean a permanent exchange of title or possession of a regulated firearm, as -9- in a gift or beq ueathme nt, rather than a mere loan or temporary exchange of such firearm. The State, in opposition, argues that § 442(d) prohibits all exchanges of regulated firearms, temporary or permanent, whether by sale, rental, gift, loan, exchange or otherwise and no matter h ow tem porary. In order to divine the mea ning of transfer in § 4 42(d) we look to th e canons of statutory interpretation, which we recently expressed in Kushell v. Department of Natural Resources, 385 Md. 563 , 870 A.2d 186 (2005): The cardinal rule of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intent of the Legislature. See Collins v. State, 383 Md. 684, 688, 861 A.2d 727, 730 (2004). Statutory construction begins with the plain language of the statute, and ordinary, popular understanding of the English language dictates interpretation of its termin ology. Deville v. State, 383 Md. 217, 223, 858 A.2d 484, 487 (2004 ). In construing the plain language, [a] court may neither add nor delete language so as to reflect an intent not evidenced in the plain and unambiguous language of the statute; nor may it construe the statute with fo rced or sub tle interpretations that limit or extend its application. Price v. State , 378 Md. 378, 387, 835 A .2d 1221, 1226 (2 003); County Council v. Dutcher, 365 Md. 399, 416-417, 780 A.2d 1137, 1147 (2001). Statutory text should be read so that no word, clause, sentence or phrase is rendered superfluous or nugatory. Collins, 383 M d. at 691 , 861 A.2d at 732 (quoting James v. Butler, 378 Md. 683, 696, 838 A.2d 1180, 1187 (20 03)). The plain language of a provision is not inter preted in isola tion. Rat her, w e ana lyze th e statutory scheme as a whole and attem pt to harmonize provisions dealing with the same subject so that each may be given effect . Deville, 383 Md. at 223, 858 A.2d at 487; Navarro-Monzo v. Washington Adventist, 380 Md. 195, 204, 844 A.2d 406, 411 (2004). If statutory language is unambiguous when construed according to its ordinary and everyday meaning , then we g ive effect to the statute as it is written. Collins, 383 Md. at 688-89, 861 A.2d at 730. If there is no ambiguity in that language, either inherently or by reference to other relevant laws or circumstances, the inquiry as to legislative intent ends; we do not need to resort to the various, and sometimes inconsistent, external rules of -10- construction, for the Legislature is presume d to have meant what it said and said what it meant. Arunde l Corp. v. M arie, 383 Md. 489, 502, 860 A.2d 886, 894 (2004) (quoting Witte v. Azarian, 369 Md. 518, 525, 801 A.2d 160, 165 (2 002)). Kushell, 385 Md. at 576-77, 870 A.2d at 193-94. Furthermore, as we stated in Price v. State , 378 Md. 37 8, 835 A.2d 12 21 (2003): In some cases, the statutory text reveals ambiguity, and then the job of this Court is to resolve that ambiguity in light of the legisla tive intent, using all the resources and tools of statutory construction at our disp osal. Howeve r, before judges may look to other sources for interpretation, first there must exist an ambiguity within the statute, i.e., two or more reasonable alternative interpretations of the statute. Where the statutory language is free from such amb iguity, courts will neither look beyond the words of the statute itself to determine legislative intent nor add to or delete words from the statute. Only when faced with ambiguity will courts consider both the literal or usual meaning of the wo rds as we ll as their meaning in light of the objectives and purposes of the enactment. As our predecessors noted, We cannot assume authority to read into the Act what the Legislature apparently deliberately left out. Judicial con struction sho uld only be res orted to w hen an am biguity exists. Therefore, the strongly preferred norm of statutory interpretatio n is to effect uate the plain lan guage of the s tatutory tex t. Price, at 387-88, 835 A.2d at 1226 (citations om itted); Goff v. State , 387 Md. 327, 342, 875 A.2d 13 2, 141 (20 05); Pete v. State , 384 Md. 47, 57 -58, 862 A.2d 4 19, 425 (2004). 1. Plain L angua ge of § 4 42(d). First, it is necessary to look at the plain language of § 442(d) to determine whether there is any ambiguity in the term transfer as it is used in the context of the statute. The term itself is not def ined w ithin the subhe ading. See Chow, 163 Md. App. at 502, 881 A.2d at 1154 ( Neither § 442 nor any other section w ithin that subheading def ines the word transfer. ). Therefore, we look to the ordinary and popular understanding of the word -11- transf er to de termine its mean ing. Kushell, supra. There are a number of sources from which we can obtain definitions of the word transfer and it is prop er to consu lt a dictionary or dictionaries for a term s ordinary and popular meaning. State Dep t of Assessments and Taxation v. Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Co mm n, 348 Md. 2, 14, 702 A.2d 690, 696 (1997) ( [I]n deciding what a term s ordinary and natural meaning is, we may, and often do, consult the dictionary. ); Hackley v. State, 161 Md. App. 1, 14, 866 A.2d 906, 914 (2005). The Court of Special Appeals looked at two different sources for definitions: The first definition of the verb transfer in The Random House Dictionary of the English Language is to convey or remove from one place, person, etc., to another[.] The Random House Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged 2009 (2nd ed. 1987) ( Random Hous e ). A similar first definition of the verb transfer is found in Black s Law Dictionary: To convey or remove from one place or one person to another; to pass or hand over from one to anothe r, esp. to c hange over th e posse ssion o r contro l of. Black s Law Dictionary 1536 (8th ed. 2004) ( Black s ). These definitions are broad and both include a loan of the property at issue. To be sure, other subsequently listed dictionary definitions of the verb transfer are more in keeping w ith the constru ction given to it by [petitioner]. Random House includes as the third def inition of the v erb: Law. to make over the possession or control o f: to transfer a title to land. Rand om H ouse, supra, at 2009. And B lack s lists, as its second definition, To sell or give. Black s, supra, at 1536. Similarly, Random House defines the noun form of the w ord transfer as, inter alia, Law. a conveyance, by sale, gift, or otherwise of real or personal property, to another. Rand om H ouse, supra, at 2009. And conveyance is defin ed, inter alia, as Law. a. the transfer of property from one person to ano ther. Id. at 445. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 502-03, 881 A.2d at 1154. Utilizing these definitions and the context in which transfer ap pears in § 442(d), the Court of Special Appeals decided to decline -12- [petitioner s] invitation to ascribe to the verb transfer, in § 442(d), a definition suggestive only of a permanent exchange of title or possession. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 503, 881 A.2d at 1154. We, however, disagree with the Court of Special Appeals determina tion in this instance. As stated supra, there are different sources from which definitions of a word may be obtained.6 Petitioner points out a numbe r of definitions from diction aries which were available in the Maryland State Law Library prior to the initial 1941 enactment of the 6 Judge Harrell, writing for the Court in Harvey v. Marshall, 389 Md. 243, 884 A.2d 1171 (2005), expressed some concerns the Court has about singularly relying on recent dictionary editions to establish the meaning of words in a statutory scheme: Although appellate courts frequently consult and rely on dictionary definitions in their analysis of statutory language, often without explanation for why a particular dictionary was consulted, the question as to which edition of a particular dictionary is utilized in a given situation presents a more puzzling inquiry. Sometimes it seems that random chance is determinative, based on whatever edition is on a library shelf within reach of the author at the time of composition of the opinion. Because we are attempting to ascertain the intent of the Legislature in choosing certain language at a point in time, resort to a dictionary, legal or otherwise, should logically include consultation of those editions (in addition to current editions) of dictionaries that were extant at the time of the pertinent legislative enactments. See Rossville Vending Mach. Corp. v. Comptroller of Treasury, 97 Md. App. 305, 316-18, 629 A.2d 1283, 1289-90 (1993) (stating that [i]t seems logical, at least in a linear way, that a popular dictionary of [the time in which a statute was enacted] would be an informative resource in attempting to arrive at a determination . . . . ). Harvey, 389 Md. at 260-61 n. 11, 884 A.2d at 1181 n. 11 (emphasis added). -13- predecessor statute to the Regulated Firearms subheading. 7 All of the definitions define transfer as a permanent exchange of title or possession.8 From the time of its initial enactment in 1941, through its evolution to the present day, the statute has always contained a form of the term transfer. It is persuasive that the use of the term transfer has remained 7 The statute was initially enacted in 1941, pursuant to the Laws of Maryland, Chapter 622, and codified in the Crimes and Punishments title, under the subtitle Pistols, in Maryland Code (1939, 1943 Supp.), Art. 27, §§ 531A-531G. It states, in pertinent part: A true record shall be made by each dealer in a book kept for the purpose, the form of which shall be prescribed by the Secretary of State, of all pistols or revolvers sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of at wholesale or retail, which said record shall contain the date of sale, the caliber, make, model and manufacturer s number of the weapon, to which shall be added the name and address of the purchaser. . . . Chapter 622 § 1, 531B, of the Acts of 1941. The reference to wholesale or retail indicates a business transaction. 8 Adjudged Words and Phrases defines transfer as, The term transfer means to convey or pass over the right of one person to another and [t]he act by which the owner of a thing delivers it to another person, with the intent of passing the right he had in it to the latter. Charles H. Winfield, Adjudged Words and Phrases 611 (1882). Bouvier s Law Dictionary defines transfer as [t]he act by which the owner of a thing delivers it to another person, with the intent of passing the rights which he has in it to the latter. Bouvier s Law Dictionary 3308 (1914). The Collegiate Law Dictionary defines transfer, in pertinent part, as: 1. The act by which the owner of a thing delivers it to another person, with the intent of passing the rights he had in it to the latter. 2. Any act by which the owner of anything delivers or conveys it to another with the intent to pass his rights therein. . . . 4. To remove. 5. To change the location, place, or relation of. The Collegiate Law Dictionary 319 (1925) (citations omitted). The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary defines transfer as [t]he act by which the owner of a thing delivers it to another person, with the intent of passing the rights which he has in it to the latter. The Cyclopedic Law Dictionary 1115 (3rd ed. 1940). -14- consistent througho ut the evolu tion of the sta tute alwa ys in the contex t of a transfe r of all of the rights of the transferor to the transferee, either permanently or for an extended period of time if a gun is rented. Thus, the meaning and context of the term have not been altered over the course of the years, even though other definitions may have changed. The Court of Special Appea ls found that an interpretation of transfer as suggestive only of a permanent exchange of title or possession would run afoul of the rule that [o]rdinary and pop ular understanding of the English language dictates interpretation of terminology within legislation. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 503, 881 A.2d at 1154 (citing Deville, 383 Md. at 223, 858 A.2d 484). The court, however, provides n o support f or this conclusion other than what can be inferred from its discussio n of the two dictionary definitions it provid ed, supra, which arguably supported both the petitioner s and the State s arguments. Analyzing transfer in light of the definitions in effect at the time of the legislative enactment of § 442(d), we do not find pe titioner s interpre tation of tran sfer to run afo ul of the ordina ry and po pular u ndersta nding o f the E nglish la nguag e. Words can have multiple meanings and often do. And the numerous meanings of a particular word may each satisfy the ordinary and popular understanding of that word. In order to interpret a word s specific meaning in a particular s tatute we lo ok to the co ntext in which the word is used. As we stated supra, The plain language of a provision is not interpreted in isolation. Rather, we analyze the statutory sche me as a w hole and a ttempt to harmonize provisions dealing with the same subject so that eac h may be giv en effect. -15- Deville, 383 M d. at 223, 85 8 A.2d a t 487; Navarro-Monzo v. Washington Adventist, 380 Md. 195, 204, 844 A.2d 406, 411 (2004). Kushell, 385 M d. at 577 , 870 A .2d at 19 3. 2. Transfer in the Context of the Regulated Firearms Subheading. While the Regulated Firearm s subheading do es not specifically define the term transf er, it does use th e term several times throughout its various sections. Section 441 provides the definitions for the subh eading. In particular, § 441(f) states that: D ealer means any person who is engaged in the business of: (1) Selling, renting, or transferrin g firearms at wholesale or retail. (Emphasis added). Transfer, as used in this section, obviously concerns transfers fo r considera tion ( wh olesale an d retail are business terms). Section 441(t) states that: Rent means the temporary transfer of a regulated firearm for consideration where th e firearm is taken from the firearm owner s property. (Em phasis added). Finally, § 441(w) states that: Straw purchase means any sale of a regulated firearm where the individual uses another person (the straw purchaser) to complete the application to purchase a regulated firearm, take initial possession of that firearm, and subseque ntly transfer that firearm to the individual. (Em phasis added). This section also obviously conce rns trans fers fo r consid eration. In all of the above instances (except wh ere Rent is specifically defined and delineated as a temporary transfer for consideration) the word transfer is used in the sense o f a permanent ex change of title or possession o f the regulated firearm fo r considera tion. A dea ler is a person engaged in the business of permane ntly exchanging title or possession of a firearm. In the context of § 441(f), transfer -16- logically means a perm anent exchange . In the case of a straw purchase, there is a sale of a regulated firearm to the strawperson, who then transfers (permanently exchanging possession of) the firearm to another in dividual. The use of transfer in § 441(w) also contemplates permanent exchange of possession for consideration. Section 442, entitled S ale or transfe r of regulate d firearms, utilizes transf er in several instances, including subsection (d), the subject provision in the case sub judice. Subsection (b)(3)(i) states that [a]n application[9] to purchase or transfer a regulated firearm shall be completed by the recipient and forward ed to the Se cretary within 5 days of receipt of the regulated firearm . . . . Referen ce to the app lication form itself (MS P 77R-1 ) is reflectiv e of tra nsfer having a perm anent e xchan ge co nnotatio n. The form is en titled: MARYLAND STATE POLICE APPLICATION AND AFFIDA VIT TO PURCH ASE A REG ULATED F IREARM. The first section provides instructions, which begin: The transferee (purchaser) or voluntary registrant must complete Part 1 of this application prio r to completing P art 2. [Italics added for emph asis]. The rest of the page composes Part 1 of the application and, following the instruction block, fifteen questions are listed with yes or no (and sometime N/A) circles to be filled in by the applicant, along with a space for the applica nt to initia l for eac h ques tion s an swer. At the bottom of the p age the re is a sig nature b ox. The box is labeled Signature of Transferee/Voluntary Registrant and Transferor. [Em phasis a dded]. Two lines are provided 9 The form of the application is not contained in the statute. -17- for signatures: (1) labeled Transferee/Voluntary Registrant and (2) Dealer/Transferor. [Emp hasis ad ded]. The second page of the application composes Part 2. Located at the top of the page are four check boxes, respectively labeled: Dealer Sale, Secondary Sale, Gift, and Voluntary Registration. Below that is an instruction box which states: The transferee (purchaser) or voluntary registrant must complete Part 1 of this application prior to c ompleting Part 2. Licensed dealers or transferors (sellers) must visually inspect an official document provided by the transferee to verify that the transferee has either completed a certified firearms safety training course . . . or an official document that indicates that the transferee is a curren t law en forcem ent off icer . . . . [Ita lics add ed for e mpha sis.] Following the instruction box, the page is broken into six sections with section two composed of an A a nd B. E ach ind ividual s ection is entitled a s follow s: 1. TRANSFEREE (PURCHASER)/VOLUNTARY REGISTRANT INFORMATION, 2a. DEALER INFORMATION (**For Licensed D ealer Sales Only**), 2b . TRANSFEROR (SELLER) INFORMATION (For Secondary Sales, Gifts, and Volu ntary Registration Only), 3. (THIS SECTION FOR MARYLAND STATE POLICE USE ONLY), 4. GUN INFORMATION (Must Be C omp leted By Transferor), and s ignatur e block s 5. Sign upon Application or Voluntary Registration and 6. Sign upon Transfer of Firearm. [Italics added for emphasis]. It is evident that the application, referenced by § 442(b )(3)(i), to purchase or transfer -18- regulated firearms was only designed for permanent transfers of such firearms.10 In fact, the only options available, as indicated at the top of the second page of the application, are for Dealer Sale, Secondary Sale, Gift, and Vol unta ry Registration. With the exception of Voluntary Registration, each option evinces a permanent exchange of title or possession betwe en two individ uals. Voluntary Registration is indicative of an individual already in possession of a regulated firearm, not of any type of exchange. Section 442(d)(2) states: As an alternative to completing a secondary sale of a regulated firearm through a regulated firearms dealer, the prospective seller or transferor and the prospective purchaser or transfere e may com plete the transaction through a designated law enforcement agency. This section provides an alternative to § 442(d), the pertinent section in the case sub judice. The use o f transfer in § 442(d )(2) distinctly refers to a permanent exchange. This is evident through the introductory language of the section, As an alternative to com pleti ng a seco ndary sale . . . . § 442(d)(2) (emphasis add ed). Transferor (in conjunction with seller) and transferee (in conjunction w ith purchaser) in this context is concerned with com pleti ng a seco ndary sale (permanent exchange) of a regulated firearm through a designated law enforcement agency rather than through a regulated firearm s dealer . Section 443, entitled Regulated firearm dealer s license, states in subsection (a), that 10 It should also be noted that Black s Law Dictionary defines transferee as [o]ne to whom a property interest is conveyed and transferor is defined as [o]ne who conveys an interest in property. Id. at 1536. -19- [n]o person shall engage in the business of selling, renting, or transferring regulated firearms unless he lawfully possesses and conspicuously displays at his place of business, in addition to any other license require d by law , a regulated firearms dealer s license issued by the Secretary. (Em phasis add ed). Again , similar to § 441(f), the use of transfer in the context of a person engaging in the firearms business provides a connotation of permanent excha nge of title or po ssession genera lly for con sideratio n. The context in which the term transfer is used in the Regulated Firearms subheading s statutory scheme as a whole must be harmonized w ith its use in § 442(d). Kushell, 385 Md. at 577, 870 A.2d at 193 (citing Navarro-Monzo, 380 Md. at 204, 844 A.2d at 411; Deville, 383 M d. at 223, 85 8 A.2d a t 487). Sectio n 442(d) s tates, in pertinen t part: (d) Sale by other than regulated firearms dealer. (1) A person who is not a regulate d firear ms dea ler may no t sell, rent, transfer, or purchase any regulated firearm until after 7 days shall have elapsed from the time an application to purchase or transfer shall have been executed by the prospective purchaser or transfer ee, in tripli cate , and the o rigin al co py is forw arde d by a regulate d firear ms dea ler to the Secreta ry. (Emp hasis ad ded.) The Court of Special A ppeals fou nd that the context in which transfer appears does not comport with the narrow definition [that of permanent exchange of title or possession] [petitioner] would have us give the word. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 503, 881 A.2d at 1154. The court expounded upon this, stating: Section 442(d ) refers to three fo rms of firearm excha nge: se ll [or pu rchase ], rent, and transf er. Rent is defined in § 441(t) as the temporary transfer of a regulated firearm for consideration where the firearm is taken from the firearm owner s property. Sell an d purcha se are not defined in the subheading, but we assum e they carry their ordinary and popular meaning, and -20- contem plate a p erman ent trans fer for consid eration. Tran sfer, then, must contemplate something different from sell or rent ; otherwise, those terms wo uld be surp lusage. W e strive to read statutes so that no word, clause, sentence or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless, or nugatory. See State v. Pagano, 341 Md. 129, 134, 669 A.2d 1339 (1996) (quoting Montgomery County v. Buckman, 333 Md. 5 16, 524 , 636 A .2d 448 (1994 )). Chow, 163 Md. App. at 503, 881 A.2d at 1154-55. We agree with the Court of Special Appea ls that sell and purchase contemplate a permanent exchange for consideration.11 We have discussed the use of rent, which is specifically defined in § 441(t). We disagree, however, with the Court of Special Appeals analysis that transfer must be construed with a broad meaning to avoid being con sidered surplusage. To the contrary, it is when transfer is considered in its broad meaning that surplusage language is created. If transfer includes everythin g then th e word s sell, rent an d purc hase a re surplu s word s. The Court of Special Appeals apparent p resumptio n is that a gif t 12 is the only form that a permanent exchange of title or possession can ass ume. See Chow, 163 Md. App. at 504, 881 A.2d at 1155 ( [W]e cannot ascribe to the term, as it is used in § 442(d), a narrow meaning restricted essentially to gift . . . . ). The Court of Special Appeals argues that transfer cannot simply mean gift. The court stated: 11 Black s Law Dictionary defines sale, the noun form of the word, as: The transfer of property or title for a price. Id. at 1364 (emphasis added). Sell, the verb form of sale, is defined: To transfer (property) by sale. Id. at 1391 (emphasis added). Purchase is defined: The act or an instance of buying and Purchaser is defined: One who obtains property for money or other valuable consideration; a buyer. Id. at 1270. 12 Black s Law Dictionary defines Gift as, [t]he voluntary transfer of property to another without compensation. Id. at 709 (emphasis added). -21- Elsewhere in § 442 itself, the General Assemb ly used gift to exclude (w ith certain conditions) those form s of exch ange from the prohibitions against straw purcha ses. See § 442(b)(2), (3) (providing that [t]he prohibitions of this [straw purchase ] subsection do not apply to a person purchasing a regulated firearm as a gift, so lon g as there is co mpliance with the application requirement). Had the G eneral As sembly intend ed to limit its meaning of the verb transfer in § 442(d) to ma king a gift, we expe ct that the Legislature would have u sed tha t word . Chow, 163 M d. App . at 503- 04, 881 A.2d a t 1155. W e, however, disagree w ith this reasoning. Transfer, as defined a t the time of th e enactme nt of § 44 2(d) and re ad in harmony with the rest of the Regulated Firearms subheading, has the meaning of a permanent gratuitous transfer, rather than a temporary transfer. And we will no t construe th e statute with forced or subtle interp retations that lim it or extend its application. Kushell, 385 Md. at 576-77, 870 A.2d at 193 (quoting Price, 378 M d. at 387, 83 5 A.2d a t 1226); County Counc il v. Dutcher, 365 Md. 399, 416-417, 780 A.2d 1137, 1147 (2001). Transfer can be ascribed the meaning of a permanent exchange of title or possession and not be rendered surp lusage, superfluous, mea ning less, or nu gato ry. Each term in the litan y laid out in § 44 2(d) has its ow n meanin g. The term sell contemplates a permanent exchange for consideration from a seller or transferor of a regulated firearm to a buyer. Conversely, the term purchase contemplates a permanent exchange for consideration to a buyer or transferee of a regulated firearm from a seller. Ren t, as discussed above and defined in § 4 41(t), contemplates a temp orary transfer for consideration. None of these word s, sell, purchase, or rent can be defined to include the permanent gratuitous transfer of a firearm. That type of permanent exchange is covered -22- by the word transfer and that is its purpose in the statute, i.e., a permanent gratuitous transfer. Read in context w ith the rest of the Regulated F irearms subheading , the term transf er, as used in § 442(d), is distinguishable from the words sell, rent and purchase in that it means any other permanent exchange of title or poss ession of a firearm even if it is without consideration.13 This covers situations of permanent exchange that the other terms fail to ad dress, i.e., in the case of a gift or beque athme nt. The refore, transfe r, as used in § 442(d), is not surplusage, superfluou s, meaningless, or nugatory. It is the Court of Special Appeals interpretation that makes the other language of the relevant litany surplus age. While modern day definitions of transfer may, in some instances, attribute to the word a broad er mea ning, th ey also pro vide a m ore nar row d efinition . That narrow definition of permanent exchange of title or possession is more in harmony with the statutory scheme of the Regulated Firearms subheading, as a whole. Thus, we attribute that narrow meaning to trans fer as i t is used i n §§ 44 2(d) an d 449( f). 3. Even if Transfer Can Be Said to Be Am biguous, the Application of Statutory Construction and a Review of Legislative Intent Reflect that its Meaning in the Context of § 442(d) is One of Permanent Exchange of Title or Possession. While we find that transfer, as used in §§ 442(d) and 449(f), is unambiguous and 13 The Court of Special Appeals suggests that transfer has a broader meaning that includes (even if not limited to) both the permanent exchange of title of the property without consideration (gift), and the temporary exchange of possession without consideration (loan). Chow, 163 Md. App. at 504, 881 A.2d at 1155. -23- refers to a permanent gratuitous exchange of title or possession, it is useful for confirmatory reasons to look to the purpose of the Regulated Firearms subheading as intended by the Gen eral A ssem bly. 14 Prior to enacting the predecessor statute to the Regulated Firearms subheading, the General Assembly enacted the Uniform Machine Gun Act. The Uniform Machine Gun Act was initially enac ted by the Ge neral Asse mbly in 1933, pursuant to 1933 Md. Laws, Chap. 550 and is now codified in Maryland Code (2002), § 4-403 of the Criminal Law A rticle. The Uniform Machin e Gun A ct, utilizes the term loan in discussing the registration of machine guns. Sec tion 4-403 states, in pertinen t part: (a) Manufacturer registration. (1) A manufacturer of a machine gun shall keep a register of each machine gun manufactured or handled by the manu facture r. (2) The register shall contain: 14 As stated in Stanley v. State, 390 Md. 175, 887 A.2d 1078 (2005): We are aware that this Court has reviewed the legislative history of a statute which we have pronounced clear and unambiguous. In those circumstances, that is a confirmatory process, see [Design Kitchens & Baths v. ]Lagos, 388 Md. 718, 730, 882 A.2d 817, 824 [(2005)]; State v. Glass, 386 Md. 401, 411, 872 A.2d 729, 735 (2005); Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Chase, 360 Md. 121, 128, 756 A.2d 987, 991 (2000) (when the language of the statute is clear and unambiguous, the resort to legislative history is a confirmatory process; it is not undertaken to contradict the plain meaning of the statute ); Coleman v. State, 281 Md. 538, 546, 380 A.2d 49, 54 (1977) ( a court may not as a general rule surmise a legislative intention contrary to the plain language of a statute or insert exceptions not made by the legislature ), not a contradictory one. Stanley, 390 Md. at 185, 887 A.2d at 1084. -24- ... (ii) the date of ma nufac ture, sale , loan, gift, delivery, and receipt of the machine gun from the manufacturer; and (iii) the name, address, and occupation of the person to whom the machine gun w as sold, loaned, given or delivered, or from whom the machine gun was received, and the purpose for which the mach ine gun was ac quired . (Empha sis added). The original language of the pertin ent section h as remaine d largely unchanged over the years: Every manufacturer shall keep a register of all machine guns manufactured or handled b y him. This reg ister shall show the mode l and serial nu mber, date of manu facture , sale, loan, gift, delivery or receipt, of every machine gun, the name, address, and occupation of the person to whom the machine gun was sold, loaned, given or delivered, or from whom it was received; and the purpose for which it was acquired by the person to whom the machine gun was sold, loaned, given o r deliver ed, or fr om w hom re ceived . Md. C ode (19 31, 193 5 Sup p.), Art. 2 7, § 350 G (em phasis a dded). The Gene ral Ass embly did not ena ct regula tion inv olving regulate d firear ms, in respect to handguns, until 1941.15 The Legislature had previously utilized the term loan 15 The Court of Special Appeals provides a partial review of the legislative history of the Regulated Firearms subheading: We have traced the regulated firearms statute back to its origins, and have found th at the General Assembly never used the words loan or lend in the statute, and consistently used the word transfer. The General Assemb ly first regulated the sale of pistols and revolvers in 1941, providing: A true record shall be made by each dealer . . . of all pistols or revolvers sold, transferred or otherw ise disposed of at who lesale or retail[.] 1941 Md. Laws, ch. 622 (em phasis added); Md. Code (1939, 1943 Supp.), Article 27, §§ 531B, 531C. In 1957, that language was re-codified at Article 27, § 442, without substantive chang e. See Md. C ode (19 57), A rticle 27 , § 442. See generally (continued...) -25- in its regulation of machine guns, arguably a more dangerous instrument than regulated handguns. 16 Had the General Assembly wanted to restrict the exchange of firearms in terms of loaning it would have specifically done so in respect to situations such as those extant 15 (...continued) 1957 Md. Laws, ch. 23 ( legalizing the 1957 edition of the Maryland Cod e). In 1966, § 442 was repealed, and re-enacted, with substantial amendments, to change th e structure and requirements of the section. 1966 Md. Laws , ch. 502 . It was then that the section first resembled the version of § 442 in eff ect in 2003. Compare Md. C ode (195 7, 1967 R epl. Vol.), A rticle 27, § 442, with Md. Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol, 2002 Supp.), Article 27, § 442. The General Assembly continued to use the term transfer : (b) Application to purchase or transfer. No de aler shall sell or transfer any pistol or revolver until after seven days shall have elapsed from the time an application to purchas e or transfer shall have been executed by the prospective purchaser or transferee . . . . Md. Code (1957, 1967 Repl. Vol.), Article 27, § 442 (emph asis added). As we discuss , infra, the language contained in the subsection at issue in this case § 442(d) was not added until 1996 , as part of the Maryland Gun Violence Act. 1996 Md. Laws, chs. 561, 562. The General Assembly used transfer in § 442(d ), just as it had be en doing in reference to firearms transactions through d ealers. See Md. Code (1957, 1992 Repl. Vol., 1995 Supp.), Article 27, § 442. Despite amendments to other portions of § 442 between 1996 and 2002, section (d) has remained unchanged. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 505-06 n.5, 881 A.2d at 1156 n.5. 16 It should be noted that the Uniform Machine Gun Act provides that [a] person who acquires a machine gun shall register the machine gun with the Secretary of the State Police: (i) within 24 hours after acquiring the machine gun . . . . Md. Code (2002), § 4403(c)(1)(i) of the Criminal Law Article (emphasis added). Should we construe transfer in § 442(d) with the broad meaning the State requests, we would be making the Uniform Machine Gun Act less onerous (in terms of registration in some instances) than the Regulated Firearms subheading. -26- here, and, as is apparent from the machine gun statute, knew how to do so.17 17 The Court of Special Appeals came to the opposite conclusion, stating: To accept [petitioner s] proposed construction would mean that all regulated firearms could be freely lent by an owner to another person without complying with the strictures of regulation, but machine guns cannot. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 506, 881 A.2d at 1156. The Court of Special Appeals analysis is disingenuous of petitioner s proposed construction. All regulated firearms can be lent (on a temporary basis) by an owner to another person that is legally permitted to possess firearms subject to complying with the strictures of the regulations set out in the Regulated Firearms subheading. Where a statute dealing with the rights of citizens to possess property, in the context here present, specifically states what is prohibited it can normally be presumed that what is not specifically prohibited is permitted. Maryland follows the doctrine of expressio u nius est exclu sio alterius. As we s tated recently in Comptroller of Treasury v. Blanton, 390 Md. 528 , 890 A.2d 279 (2006): . . . Maryland has long accepted the doctrine of expressio (or inclusio) unius est exclusio alterius, or the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. Blac k's Law Dictionary 171 7 (8th e d. 2004 ). Baltim ore H arbor v . Ayd, 365 Md. 366, 385, 780 A.2d 303, 314 (2001 ) (holding that [w]e have long applied the principal of statutory constru ction, expressio unius est exclusio alterius . . . . ). Accord Biggus v. Ford Moto r Cred it Co., 328 Md. 188, 214, 613 A.2d 986, 999 (1992) (stating, [t]his is in keeping with the familiar maxim of statutory construction that expressio u nius est exclu sio alterius the expression of one thing is the exclusion of another. Maryland has long recogn ized this basic ru le ). Blanton, 390 Md. at 537-38, 890 A.2d at 285. Section 445 of the Regulated Firearms subheading enumerates restrictions on possession of a regulated firearm in subsection (d): (d) Restrictions on possession In general. A person may not possess a regulated firearm if the person: (1) Has been convicted of: (i) A crime of violence; (ii) Any violation classified as a felony in this State; (iii) Any violation classified as a misdemeanor in this State that carries a statutory penalty of more than 2 years; or (iv) Any violation classified as a common law offense where the person (continued...) -27- Subsection (d) of § 442 was added in 1996, pursuant to the Maryland Gun Violence Act of 1996 ( Act ). It is instructive to look at some of the documentation surrounding the Act. In 1996, then-Governor Parris N. Glendening proposed two Adm inistration bills, cross-filed as Senate Bill 215 and House Bill 297. The Act was a comprehensive proposal 17 (...continued) received a term of imprisonment of more than 2 years. (2) Is: (i) A fugitive from justice; (ii) A habitual drunkard; (iii) Addicted to or a habitual user of any controlled dangerous substances; (iv) Suffering from a mental disorder as defined in § 10-101(f)(2) of the Health-General Article and has a history of violent behavior against another person or self, or has been confined for more than 30 consecutive days to a facility as defined in § 10-101 of the Health-General Article, unless the person possesses a physician s certification that the person is capable of possessing a regulated firearm without undue danger to the person or to others; or (v) A respondent against whom a current non ex parte civil protective orderhas been entered under § 4-506 of the Family Law Article. (3) Is less than 30 years of age at the time of possession and has been adjudicated delinquent by a juvenile court for committing: (i) A crime of violence; (ii) Any violation classified as a felony in this State; or (iii) Any violation classified as a misdemeanor in this State that carries a statutory penalty of more than 2 years. In addition, as discussed supra, § 445(e) states that a person who is under 21 years of age may not possess a regulated firearm unless that minor meets certain exceptions for a temporary transfer of the regulated firearm i.e., with the permission of a legal guardian and under the supervision of an adult legally permitted to possess a regulated firearm or if the minor is participating in marksmanship training while under the supervision of a qualified instructor. None of these prohibitions would include a person in the status of the transferee in the present case. -28- aimed at reducing the epidemic of gun violence in Maryland. Briefing Statement Before the Senate Judicial Proceeding Committee and the House Judiciary Committee (1996) (statement of Bonnie A. Kirkland, Chief Legislative Officer, Governor s Legislative Office and Colonel David B. Mitchell, Superintendent, Department of State Police), at 2 ( Briefing Statemen t ). As the C ourt of Sp ecial App eals points o ut: The Briefing Statement explains: To help accomp lish this goal, the Maryland Gun Violence Act focu ses on redu cing the av ailability of hand guns and assault weapons, which are defined in the bill as regulated firearms, to prohibited persons by diminishing the proliferation of illegal sales and transfers of firearms. Id. ; see also Valentine v. On Target, Inc., 353 Md. 544, 564, 727 A.2d 947 (1999) (R aker, J., concurring) (recognizing that the regulated firearms provisions are part of an elaborate statu tory scheme [ ] designed to regulate the transfer of handguns[,] which, like the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act passed by Congress in 1968, has the purpose of contro l[ling] a nd, if po ssible, elim inat[ing ] gun v iolence ). Chow, 163 Md. App. at 507, 881 A.2d at 1157. As used in the Briefing Statement its purpose was to reduce the proliferation of illegal sales and illegal transfers. The Court of Special Appea ls refers to the Briefing Statement s analysis, stating: Section 442(d) in particular has the purpose o f disrupt[in g] established gun trafficking patterns by reducing the supply of regulated firearms to the illegal market. To read § 442(d) as exempting the loan of a regulated firearm would undermine the laudable purpose of the legislative scheme. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 508-09 , 881 A.2d at 1158 (cita tion omitted) . The Brief ing Statem ent, however, in no way alludes to the imposition of restrictions upon the temporary exchange or loan of regulate d firearms b etween tw o adults that are not legally prohibited from possessing such firearms. -29- The particular section from which the quote is taken in the Briefing Statement is more properly read when placed in its entire context. The paragraph reads: Key features of Senate Bill 215 and House Bill 297 ... II. Requires sales between individuals to go through the same scrutiny as initial purchases from a gun dealer: a background check and a sevenday waiting period. (Article 27 Sec. 442E). The required application/registration of secondary sales coupled with the prohibition of multiple purchase transactions will disrupt established gun trafficking patterns by reducing the supply of regulated firearms to the illegal market. Briefing Statement, at 5 [emphasis added]. The purpose of the legislative scheme is to regulate sales, secondary sales, and to prohibit multiple permanent purchase transactions of regulated firearms in order to disrupt gun trafficking in the illegal market, not temporary exchanges or loans of regulated firearms between adults legally permitted to possess regulated firearms. In fact, the Briefing Statement enumerates what the Act proposes to regulate: Among other things, the Act proposes to limit the purchase of re gula ted f irear ms to one in a th irtyday period; treat secondary sales of firearms like sales by dealers; prohibit straw purchases; and require a license to purchase a regulated firearm. B riefing State ment, at 2 [e mphasis added]. In addition, the Briefing Statement s Conclusion states: Maryland residents thro ughout th e state favo r stricter handgun regulation. These citize ns, and tho se testifying in sup port of this Legislation, represent a broad array of people throughout the State. Supporters include members of the medical, business and religious community. Supporters also include the increasing number of victims whose lives have been shattered by -30- gun violence , as w ell as their fam ily and frien ds. E ven man y of those traditionally thoug ht to be opposed to any gun control measures, such as gun owners and en thusiast s, suppo rt this legi slation. They understand that this Act imposes no restrictions on the use of firearms for lawful purposes such as hunting and sport shooting, and imposes reasonable regulations aimed at reducing the gun vio lence epidemic b y reducing the availab ility of guns to minors a nd crimin als. Briefing Statement, at 6 [emphasis added]. This is exactly what the Act and § 442(d) do if transfer is construed narrowly to mean a permanent exchange of title or possession. If we, however, adopt the broad meaning that the State requests and the Court of Special Appea ls adopted, then the Act and § 442(d) would be interpreted to impose additional restrictions upon the use of firearms for lawful purposes. 18 Our review of the legislative intent suggests th at this was not the intent of the Legislature. Furthermore, a look at the Fiscal Note to House Bill 297 (both the original and revised versions) suggests the scope of the bill. The Fisca l Note, in discussing s tate expend itures, states, U nder curre nt law, only a transaction in volving a lic ensed gu n dealer is su bject to a waiting period and approval by 18 Under the State s interpretation, any temporary exchange or loan of a regulated firearm would constitute a violation of § 442(d). For example, if an individual properly owned two regulated firearms and wanted to take a friend who also was permitted to own firearms to the shooting range in order to take some target practice, should that person hand their friend one of the firearms to use during the target practice, they would have violated § 442(d). If a spouse has a properly registered hand gun that is kept in the house for protection and permits the other spouse to use it to protect herself from a burglar/assailant, under the State s interpretation, a crime is committed by both spouses they become misdemeanants. This type of scenario can be repeated in numerous situations in which regulated firearms may be lawfully used. It would be unreasonable to require people to fill out an application, which, as discussed supra, doesn t even encompass such temporary exchanges, in triplicate, and then wait 7 days before being able to engage in the lawful use of a regulated firearm, i.e., wait seven days to confront the burglar in one s own house. -31- the State Police. This bil l extends that requirement to sales between individuals. Fiscal Note, at 2 [emph asis added]. Upon review of the legislative intent involving § 442(d) we find that transfer, in the context of the statute, is prope rly defined as a perman ent excha nge of title or possession without consideration. Pursuant to our determination of the contextual meaning of transfer in § 442(d), we hold that transfer does not apply to the temporary exchan ge or loan of a regu lated firearm between two adult individuals, without consideration passing between them, who are otherwise permitted to own, obtain, possess, and use a regulated f irearm. We give du e regard to the Circuit Court s fact finding in the case sub judice that the exchange in question was temporary in natur e, as in a lo an. The Circuit Cou rt stated that it found that based upon the facts that it was a temporary transfe r. [Em phasis a dded]. I n additio n, It [was] the [Circuit] Court s assessment of the testimony of the State s w itness that it was in fact a loan . . . . [Emph asis added]. The trial judge stated: I ll leave it to the higher courts to tell me that a tempo rary transf er is not a transfe r under the law . I believe under the facts and circumstances of this case it is in fact a temporary transfer. [Emphasis add ed]. As discussed supra, a temporary gratuitous19 exchange of a regulated firearm between persons legally permitted to possess firearms is not the type of transfer contemplated by 19 If a monetary charge was made, then it would be a rental of a handgun and that is expressly regulated by the statute. -32- the framers of § 442(d). Petitioner did not violate the provisions of the Regulated Firearms subheading, in particular § 4 42(d). B. The Requisite Mens Rea Required b y § 449(f). Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 449(f) states: (f) Know ing participa nts in sale, rental, etc . Except as otherwise provided in this section, any dealer or person who knowing ly participates in the illegal sale, rental, transfer, purchase, possession, or receipt of a regulated firearm in violation of this subheading shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imp risoned for not mo re than 5 years or b oth. Each v iolation shall be consid ered a s eparate offen se. (Emphasis add ed.) The State argues that, pursuant to § 449(f), a violation of § 442(d) requires only the general intent to knowingly and intention ally transfer a regulated firearm. The petitioner argues that the term knowingly in § 449(f) establishes a mens rea equivalen t to specific intent. Every crime is generally composed of two aspects; the actus reus (guilty act) and the mens rea (culpable mental state) accom panying a forbidden act. Harris v. S tate, 353 Md. 596, 600, 728 A.2d 18 0, 182-83 (1999); Garnett v . State, 332 Md. 571, 577-78, 632 A.2d 797, 800 (1993). The requirement that an accused have acted with a culp able men tal state is an axiom of criminal jurisprude nce. 20 Garnett, 332 Md. at 578, 632 A.2d at 800. 20 Justice Jackson, writing for the Supreme Court of the United States, stated: The contention that an injury can amount to a crime only when inflicted by intention is no provincial or transient notion. It is as universal and (continued...) -33- Maryland continues to recognize the distinction between general and specific intent crimes. Harris, 353 Md. at 602, 728 A.2d at 183; Shell v. State , 307 Md. 46, 65, 512 A.2d 358, 36667 (19 86). We discussed specific intent in Harris, stating: Specific inten t has been defi ned as no t simply the intent to do an immedia te act, but the additional deliberate and conscious purpose or design of accomplishing a ve ry specific and more remo te result. Shell, 307 Md. at 63, 512 A.2d at 366 (quoting Smith v. Sta te, 41 Md. App. 277, 305, 398 A.2d 426, 443 (197 9)); see also In re Taka C., 331 Md. 80, 84, 626 A.2d 366, 36869 (1993); Ford v. Sta te, 330 Md. 68 2, 702, 625 A.2d 98 4, 993 (19 93); State v. Gover, 267 Md. 602, 606, 298 A.2d 378, 381 (1973). In Shell, we quoted with approval the explanation of specific intent by Judge Moylan, writing for the Court of Special Appeals in Smith v . State, 41 Md. App. at 305-06, 398 A.2d at 442-43: A specific intent is not simply the intent to do the immediate act but embraces the requirement that the mind be conscious of a more rem ote purpo se or design which sh all eventuate from the doing of the im media te act. T hough assault implies only the general intent to strike the blow, assault with intent to murder, rob, rape, or maim requires a fully formed and conscious purpose that those further consequences shall flow from the doing of the immediate act. To break and enter requires a mere general intent but to commit burg lary requires the additional 20 (...continued) persistent in mature systems of law as belief in freedom of the human will and a consequent ability and duty of the normal individual to choose between good and evil. ... Crime as a compound concept, generally constituted only from concurrence of an evil-meaning mind with an evil-doing hand, was congenial to an intense individualism and took deep and early root in American soil. Morissette v. United States, 342 U.S. 246, 250-52, 72 S. Ct. 240, 243-44, 96 L. Ed. 288 (1952) (footnotes omitted); Garnett, 332 Md. at 578, 632 A.2d at 800. -34- specific intent of committing a felony after the entry has been made. A trespassory taking requires a mere general intent but larceny (or robbery) requires the specific animus furandi or deliberate purpose of depriving the owner permanently of the stolen goods . This is why even volu ntary intoxication may negate a specific intent though it will not negate a mere general intent. ******** The larger class sp ecific intent includes such other m embers as 1) assault w ith intent to murder, 2) assault with intent to rape, 3) assault with inte nt to rob, 4) as sault with inte nt to maim , 5) b u r g lary, 6 ) l a r c e n y, 7 ) r o b b e r y a n d 8 ) t h e specific-intent-to-inflict-grievous-bodily-harm variety of murder. [21] Each of these requires not simply the general intent to do the immediate act with no particular, clear or undifferentiated end in min d, but the ad ditional deliberate and conscious purpose or design of accomplishing a very specific and m ore rem ote resu lt. 307 Md. at 62-63, 512 A.2d at 366 (emphasis ad ded). Chief Justice Traynor, writing for the Supreme Court of California, explained the difference between specific intent and general intent crimes: When the definition of a crime con sists of only the description of a particular ac t, without ref erence to intent to do a further act or achieve a future consequence, we ask whether the defendant intended to do the proscribed act. This intention is deemed to be a general criminal intent. When the definition refers to defendant s intent to do so me furthe r act or achie ve some additional consequ ence, the crim e is deeme d to be one of specifi c intent. People v. Hood, 1 Cal. 3d 4 44, 82 Ca l. Rptr. 61 8, 462 P .2d 370 , 378 (1 969). Harris, 353 Md. at 603-04, 728 A.2d at 183-84. The Court of Special Appeals found that it is plain that, in the context of the phrase 21 Although the common law crimes of assault with intent to murder, rob, rape or maim, and burglary have been changed by statute, see Art. 27, §§ 12-12A-7 and Art. 27, §§ 28-35B, the analysis remains unchanged. . . . Harris, 353 Md. at 604 n.2, 728 A.2d at 183 n.2. -35- knowin gly participates in the violation of § 442(d), knowingly simply means that it must be shown that the defe ndant had knowle dge of the facts that con stitute the offen se. Chow, 163 Md. App. at 511, 881 A.2d at 1159; see Wayne R. LaFave, Substantive Criminal Law § 5.2(b) (2d e d. 2003) (f or the prop osition that such meaning is gene rally attributed to know ingly w hen us ed in this contex t in crimin al statute s). In support of th at co nclu sion , the c ourt first look ed to defi nitio ns of knowingly elsewhere in the Maryland Code, specifically in the Criminal Law Article: This meaning of knowingly, moreove r, comports with that given the same term elsewh ere in the Crimin al Law Article o f the M aryland C ode. See, e.g., Md. Code (2002), § 11-201(c) of the Criminal Law Article ( CL ) (defining kno win gly as meaning having knowledge of the character and content of the matter ); CL § 7-102(b) (defining knowing conduct in the theft statute, and stating that [a] person acts know ingly[,] inter alia, with respect to conduct or a circumstance as described by a statute that defines a crime, when the person is awar e of the condu ct or that the circu mstanc e exists . . . . ). Chow, 163 M d. App . at 511, 8 81 A.2 d at 115 9. The court then referred to two Supreme Court cases: Bryan v. United States, 524 U.S. 184, 118 S. Ct. 1939, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197 (1998) and United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 100 S. Ct. 624, 62 L. Ed. 2d 575 (1980), relying heavily on the Supreme Court s reasoning in Bryan. As discussed by the Court of Special Appeals, in its opinion below, in Bryan: the Court was presented with the task of construing what is meant by the term willfu lly, in the section that sets forth the penalty for vio lating certain provisions of the F irearms Own ers Pro tection A ct. Id. at 186-89[, 118 S. Ct. at 1942- 44, 141 L. Ed. 2 d at 197 ]. See gene rally 18 U.S .C. § 924(a)(1)(D). That act, incid enta lly, was enacted in part to prote ct law-abid ing citizens w ith respect to the acquisition, possession, or use of firearms for lawful purpo ses. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 187 [, 118 S. C t. at 1943, 14 1 L. Ed. 2d at 197]. By the act, -36- Congress amende d certain provisions of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 to add a scienter requirement as a condition to the imposition of penalties for most of the unlawfu l acts defined in § 922. Id. at 187-88[, 118 S. Ct. at 19 43, 141 L. Ed. 2 d at 197 ]. Cong ress ena cted, inter alia, § 924(a)(1), which at the time provided: Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, subsection (b), (c), or (f) of this section, or in section 929, whoever (A) knowing ly makes any false statement or representation with respect to the information required by this chapter to be kept in the records of a person licensed un der this chap ter or in applying for any license or exemption or relief from disability under the provisions of this chapter; (B) knowing ly violates subsection (a)(4), (f), (k), (r), (v), or (w) of section 922; (C) knowing ly imports or brings into the United States or an y possession th ereof any firearm or ammu nition in violatio n of sectio n 922(l); or (D) willfully violates any oth er provision of this chapter, shall be fined u nder this title, imprisoned not more than five years, or both. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 187, 188-89 n.6[, 118 S. Ct. at 1942-44 n.6, 141 L. Ed. 2d at 197] (quotin g 18 U .S.C. § 9 24(a)(1 )) (emp hasis ad ded). Chow, 163 M d. App . at 511- 12, 881 A.2d a t 1159- 60. The Bryan Court held that in order to establish a willful violation of a statute, the Government must prov e that the def endant ac ted with kn owledg e that his conduct was unlawful. 524 U .S. at 191-92, 118 S. Ct. at 1945, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197(quoting Ratzlaf v, United States, 510 U.S. 135, 137, 114 S. Ct. 655, 657, 126 L. Ed. 2d 615 (1994)). Bryan argued that willf ully when construed in contrast to knowingly, as the terms are used -37- within 18 U.S.C. § 924(a)(1), required a more particularized showing than simply showing that he acted with knowledge that his conduct was u nlawf ul. Id. at 192, 118 S. Ct. at 1945, 141 L . Ed. 2d 197. The Court found this argument to be unpersuasive because in that particular context the term knowingly does not necessarily have any reference to a culpable state of mind or to knowledg e of the law . As Justice Ja ckson co rrectly observed , the know ledge requ isite to knowing violation of a statute is factual knowledge as distinguished from knowledge of the law. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 192, 118 S. Ct. at 1945, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197 (footnote omitted) (quoting Boyce Motor Lines, Inc. v. United States, 342 U.S . 337, 345, 7 2 S. Ct. 329, 333, 96 L. Ed. 367 (1952 ) (Jackson, J., dissenting)); see also Staples v. United States, 511 U.S. 600, 602, 114 S. Ct. 1793, 179 5, 128 L. E d. 2d 608 (1994) (ho lding that a ch arge that the defendant s possession of an unregistered machinegun was unlawful required proof that he knew the weapon he possessed had the ch aracteristics that brought it within the statutory definition of a mac hinegun ); United States v. Bailey, 444 U.S. 394, 408, 100 S. Ct. 624, 634, 62 L. Ed. 2d 575 (1980) (holding that the prosecution fulfills its burden of proving a knowing violation of the escape statute if it d emonstra tes that an esc apee kne w his action s would result in his leaving physical conf inement without permission ). The C ourt, however, concluded: Thus, unless the text of the statute dictates a differen t result,[22] the term 22 Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 105 S. Ct. 2084, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434 (1985), was such a case. We there concluded that both the term knowing in 7 U.S.C. § 2024(c) (continued...) -38- kno win gly merely requires proof of knowledge of the facts that con stitute the offen se. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 193, 118 S. Ct. at 1946, 141 L . Ed. 2d 197 (em phasis added). In Liparota v. United States, 471 U.S. 419, 420, 105 S. Ct. 2084, 2085, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434 (1985), the Court reviewed a statute governing food stamp fraud [which] pro vide[d] that whoever knowing ly uses, transfers, acquires, alters, or possesses coupons or authorization cards in any manner not authorized by [the statute] or the regulations is subject to a fine and imprisonm ent. (Emp hasis adde d). The statu te here states knowin gly participates in the illegal sale . . . in violation of this subheading . . . . § 449(f). In Liparota the Court addressed whether a violation of the statute required that the defendant knew he was acting in a ma nner not authorized by the statute . Id. at 420-21, 105 S. Ct. at 2085-86, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434. The Court found: [a]bsent indication of contrary purpose in the language or legislative history of the statute, we believe that [the statute] requires a showing that the defendant knew h is conduct to be unauthorized by statute or regulations. Id. at 425, 105 S. Ct. at 2088, 85 L. Ed . 2d 434 (footnote o mitted). We hold that, similarly to Liparota , the text of the statute in the case sub judice, § 449, dictates a different result from that of Bryan. Section 449, in its entirety, states: 22 (...continued) and the term knowingly in § 2024(b)(1) literally referred to knowledge of the law as well as knowledge of the relevant facts. See id., at 428-430, 105 S. Ct., at 2089-2091. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 193 n.15, 118 S. Ct. at 1946 n.15, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197. -39- § 449. Penalties. (a) Penalties g enerally. Any person who violates any of the provisions of § 445(c) o f this subhe ading is guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more that $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than 1 year or both. (b) False information or material misstatement on application. Any person who knowing ly gives any false information or makes any material misstatement in an application to purchase a regulated firearm or an application for a regulated firearms dealer s license shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned for not more than 3 years, or both. (c) Violation of 30-day purchase period. Any person who violates any of the provisions of § 442A of this subheading is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall upon conviction be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned for not more than 3 years or both. (d) Knowing participants in straw purchase or trafficking. Any person or dealer who is a knowing participant in a straw purchase of a regulated firearm to a prohibite d person o r to a minor, or transports regulated firearms into this State for the purpose of illegal sale or trafficking of a regulated firearm shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction be fined not more than $25,000 or imprisoned for not more than 10 years, or both. Each violation shall be considered a separate offense. (e) Illegal possession of firearm with certain previous convictions. A person who was previously convicted of a crime of violence as defined in § 441(e) of this article or convicted of a violation of §§ 5-602 through 5-609 or §§ 5-612 through 5-614 of the Criminal Law Article, and who is in illegal possession of a firearm as defined in § 445(d)(1)( i) and (ii) of this a rticle, is guilty of a felony and upon conviction shall be imprisoned for not less than 5 years, no part of which may be suspended and the person may not be eligible for par ole. Eac h violati on sha ll be con sidered a separ ate off ense. (f) Knowing participants in sale, re ntal, etc. Except as otherwise provided in this section, any dealer or person who knowing ly [23] participates in the illegal sale, rental, transfer, purchase, possession, or receipt of a regulated firearm in violation o f this subheading shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not 23 The use of the word knowingly in this subsection is identical to the meaning attached to the word in the context of Liparota. -40- more than 5 years, or both. Each violation shall be considered a se parate offen se. (Em phasis a dded.) Subsections (a), (c) and (e) of § 449 do not specify any type of mens rea in enumerating the penalties for violations of § 445( c), § 442A and § 44 5(d)(1)(i) and (ii). In contrast, subsections (b), (d) and (f) of § 449 specifically include the terms knowingly or know ing. The sale of han dguns is not itse lf illegal. It is the mann er of the sale or rental, etc., that may ma ke it illega l. The phra se used he re know ingly participates in the illegal sale . . . contem plates th at the ac tor mus t know that he o r she is co mmittin g an ille gal sale. We find this to be indicative of a mens rea requirement of specific intent for violations of § 449(f ). As commented upon above, § 4 49 is further distinguishable from the statute addressed in Bryan. There are two types of contrasting provisions in § 449; subsections with no specific mens rea mentioned and those subsections with knowingly included in the language. The subsections that include knowingly, in particular § 449(f), provide a greater mens rea requirement than the subsections that do not mention mens rea. While the Supreme Court may have concluded in Bryan that, in some instances, the term knowingly does not necessarily have any ref erence to a culpable state of mind or to knowledge of the law, our interpretation of § 449(f) comports more with the Supreme Court s finding in Liparota . Though the Bryan Court decision is more recent than Liparota , it specifically provided an exception for such circumstances, specifically not overruling Liparota s holdin g. Bryan, 524 U.S. at 193 n.15, 118 S. Ct. at 1946 n.15, 141 L. Ed. 2d 197 (stating that unless the text -41- of the statute dictates a different result and footnoting Liparota as an example). Therefore, we find that a violation of § 442(d) and imposition of a penalty under § 449(f) requires that one have a specific intent and requires that a defendan t knows that the sale, rental, transfer, purchase, possession, or receipt of a r egulated f irearm of w hich they are a p articipant in is in a ma nner th at is illega l and no t a legal s ale. Even if it were the case that the mens rea element of § 449(f), as indicated by know ingly, could be construed to be ambiguous, pursuant to the rule of lenity, the statute must normally be construed in favor of the defendant. In Melton v . State, 379 Md. 471, 842 A.2d 743 (2004), we stated: In discussing w hat the rule o f lenity requires . . . , this Court has stated that: an enhance d penalty statute, is highly penal and must be stric tly construed so that the defendant is only subject to punishment contemplated by the statute. When doubt exists regarding the punishment imposed by a statute, the rule of lenity instructs that a court not interpret a . . . criminal statute so as to increase the penalty that it places on an individual when such an interpretation can be based on no more than a gue ss as to wh at [the legislature] intended. Melgar v. State, 355 M d. 339, 347, 734 A.2d 712, 716-17 (1999) (quoting White v. State, 318 Md. 740, 744, 569 A.2d 1271, 1273 (1990)) (citations omitted). See also W ebster v. State , 359 Md. 465, 481, 754 A.2d 1004, 1012 (2000) (stating that ambiguity in a criminal penal statute, in acco rdance w ith the rule of lenity, ordin arily is to be construed against the State and in favor of the defenda nt ); McG rath v. State, 356 Md. 20, 25, 736 A.2d 1067, 1069 (1999 ). Melton, 379 Md. at 489, 842 A.2d at 753. A person in violation of § 449(f) is guilty of a -42- misdemeanor and upo n convictio n can be f ined up to $10,000 or imprisoned for up to 5 years, or both. If there is any ambiguity in respect to the mens rea element o f the statute, in accordance with the rule of lenity, the statute must be construed against the State and in favor of the d efend ant. IV. Conclusion We find that the temporary gratuitous exchange or loan of a regulated handgun between two adu lt individuals, who are otherwise permitted to own and obtain a regulated handgun, does not constitute an illegal transfer of a firearm in violation of Maryland Code (1957, 1996 Repl. Vol., 2002 Supp.), Art. 27, § 442, in particular, su bsection (d ). The plain language of § 442(d), when construed in harmony with the rest of the subheading, reveals that transfer can only refer to a permanent exchange of title or possession and does not include gratuitous temporary exchanges or loans. Legislative history further supports our interpretation. We also conclude that the inclusion of the term knowingly in § 449(f) creates a specific intent mens rea for violation s of that sub section. Th us, in order to be in violation of § 449(f), a person m ust know that the activity they are engaging in is illegal. This ruling does not place any undue burden on the State. Rather, as in any other criminal prosecution requiring mens rea, the [State] may prove by reference to facts and circumstances surround ing the case that [the def endant] kn ew that his conduct was unauthorized or illegal. Liparota , 471 U.S. at 434, 105 S. Ct. at 2092-93, 85 L. Ed. 2d 434 (footnote omitted). -43- JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS REVER SED. CO STS IN TH IS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL A P P E A L S T O B E P A I D B Y T HE RESPONDENT. -44- In the Circu it Court for P rince Geo rge s Cou nty Case No. CT-03-0929X IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 99 September Term, 2005 ______________________________________ TODD LIN CHOW v. STATE OF MARYLAND ______________________________________ Bell, C.J. Raker Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene, JJ. ______________________________________ Dissen ting Op inion b y Wilner, J ., which Raker and Battaglia, JJ., join. ______________________________________ Filed: July 27, 2006 With respect, I dissent from the result reached by the Court because, on the facts of this case, I believe that there was a transfer of the gun from Chow to Nguyen in clear violation of what is now § 5-124 of the P ublic Safety Article (PS). I wou ld therefore affirm the judg ment o f the C ourt of Specia l Appe als. The Co urt defines th e word transfer as requiring a p ermanen t exchang e of title or possession of the firearm, but that would render the term essentially meaningless, and we do not read statutes, especially regulatory statutes of this kind, to render terms deliberately used by the Legislature meaningless. The Court goes through an analysis of dictionary definitions in an effort to determine what transfer means. Such definitions are often helpful, because words used in a statute are ordinarily given their plain meaning, but the ultimate issue is not how the lexicographers define the word but what the Legisla ture inte nded to achiev e. The provision in qu estion was added to the law as part of w hat the Legislature called the Maryland Gun Violence Act of 1996, which was a comprehensive law designed to place addition al limits o n the traf ficking in regu lated fire arms. P rior to tha t law, a dealer, who was then defined as a person engaged in the business of selling or repairing firearms, w as not perm itted to sell or tran sfer a regu lated firearm until seven days had elapsed from the time an application to purchase or transfer the weapon was fi led by the prospe ctive p urchas er or tran sferee with th e Secre tary of Sta te Police . See former Md . Code, art. 27, §§ 441, 44 2 (1987 Rep l. Vol. and 1995 Su pp.). The purpose of the waiting period was, and remains, to give the Secretary an opportun ity to make an in vestigation a nd determ ine wheth er the prosp ective transf eree is eligible to own a nd pos sess the weap on. See forme r § 442 ; curren t PS §§ 5-121 , 5-122 . Although the former law spoke in terms of the dealer not selling or transferring the firearm until the waiting period expires, (and the current law speaks in terms of the dealer not selling, renting, or transferring the firearm until that period has expired), both laws obviously w ere intende d to preclud e any actual delivery of the f irearm u ntil that tim e. See current PS § 5-123(b), (c), and (d), requiring the dealer to complete the sale, rental, or transfer within 90 days after notice that the application was not disapproved and to notify the Secretary of the completed transaction within seven days after delivery of the firearm; also former § 442(j). Read in a sensible way, the law prohibited a dealer from delivering a regulated firearm to another person, pursuant to a sale or transfer agreement (and currently a rental agreement as well), until the expiration of the waiting period. In limiting the waiting period to transactions with licensed dealers, the former law contained an obv ious and enorm ous loophole. Totally unregu lated were second ary transactions, in which any person, other than a dealer, who happened to be in possession of a regula ted firearm could trans fer it to some one else, inc luding a pe rson not leg ally eligible to own or possess the weapon. The 1996 law clearly was intended to close that loophole. Not only did the 1996 law (current PS § 5-123) preclude dealers from renting firearms pr ior to the exp iration of the waiting pe riod but, mo re significan tly, in what is now PS § 5-124, captioned Secondary Transactions, it applied the same seven-day -47- waiting period applicable to dealers to sales, rentals, and transfers by persons who are not dealers. That was certainly a major and important extension of the effort to control the traffick ing in th ese we apons . The terms sell and rent have a fairly clear and restrictive mean ing. The term transfer is o bviously a bro ader term, m eaning so mething b eyond a sale o r rental; otherwise, there would have been no reason for the General Assembly to place and leave it in the statute. Th e Court se ems to acc ept that trans fer wo uld include a gift, at least a permanent gift. The real question is whether it includes a loan. Keeping in mind that the prohibition a gainst transf erring a firea rm until exp iration of the waiting pe riod applies to both dealers and non-dealers, I cannot imagine that the Legislature, in its effort to close a loophole, intended to open one even larger than the one it closed, by allowing both dealers and non-dealers to lend regulated firearms to persons without complying with the seven-day waiting period, but that is precisely what the Court seems to be saying. Does the Court really mean to hold that a dealer and a non-dealer, through the fiction of a loan, can lawfully deliver possession and control of a regulated firearm to a person without regard to the waiting period? If so, the Court will have absolutely eviscerated the law, at least with respect to secondary transfers, and to what end for what purpose? I would hold that transfer includes a loan at least one in which possession and control of the firearm is relinquished for anything more than a momentary period. Like all statutory language, the word should be given a reasonable meaning. I agree with the -48- Court that the Legislature did not intend the word transfer to prohibit a firearm owner from allowing a p rospective purchaser, lessee, or transf eree to test fire the weapon before deciding whether to purchase, rent, or otherwise acquire possession or control of it, any more than it would prevent the owner from allowing the prospective customer to hold and examine the weapon in the owner s presence. Nor would it prohibit an owner from allowing another competent person, at a firing range, to shoot the weapon in the presence of the ow ner. Those kinds of c ircumstanc es do not c onstitute a tran sfer of the w eapon; to give that kin d of expa nsive mea ning to the te rm wou ld be wh olly unreason able and w ould extend the term well be yond w hat cou ld poss ibly have been in tended . But that is not what occurred in this case. If the original objective of the parties had been impleme nted test firin g of the w eapon at a range to see if Nguyen w as truly interested in buying it there would have been no violation of the statute. When Chow allowed Nguyen to retain the gun in his exclusive possession and control for some indefinite time, however, there was a transfer an unlawful one. Judge R aker and J udge B attaglia have authorized me to state th at they join in this dissent. -49-
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