Ruffin v. State

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 86 September Term, 2005 _________________________________________ JAMES ALLEN RUFFIN v. STATE OF MARYLAND __________________________________________ Bell, C.J., Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene Eldridge, John C. (Retired, Specially Assigned) JJ. __________________________________________ Opinion by Eldridge, J. Harrell, Battaglia and Greene, JJ., dissent. _________________________________________ Filed: August 31, 2006 In every criminal jury trial, the trial court is required to instruct the jury that the defendant is presumed innocent, that in order to convict the defendant of the charged crime the State must prove the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonab le doubt, and that the jury has a duty to acquit in the absence of such proof. Merzbacher v. State, 346 Md. 391, 398, 697 A.2d 432, 436 (1997). The sole issue in this case is whether the trial court s jury instruction on the presumption of innocence and proof beyond a reasonab le doubt was erroneous because it deviated from the M aryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction (MPJI-CR) 2:02. 1 We shall hold that the trial court must closely adhere to the approved pattern instruction on the presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt, MPJI-C R 2:02. Because we hold that the trial court is required to instruct the jury 1 MPJI-CR 2:02, states as follows: The defendant is presumed to be innocent of the charges. This presumption remains with the defendant throughout every stage of the trial and is not overcome unless you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant is guilty. The State has the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. This burden remains on the State throughout the trial. The defendant is not required to prove [his] [her] innocence. However, the State is not required to prove guilt beyond all possible doubt or to a mathematical certainty. Nor is the State required to negate every conceivable circumstance of innocence. A reasonable doubt is a doubt founded upon reason. Proof beyond a reasonable doubt requires such proof as would convince you of the truth of a fact to the extent that you would be willing to act upon such belief without reservation in an important matter in your own business or personal affairs. However, if you are not satisfied of the defendant s guilt to that extent, then reasonable doubt exists and the defendant must be found not guilty. -2closely following MPJI-CR 2:02, we shall hold that the specific instruction given by the trial court in this case constituted reversible error. I. Petitioner, James Allen Ruffin, was charged with several counts of robbery with a deadly weapon and related offenses stemming from an incident in which Ruffin allegedly held William Gosnell and others at gunpoint in the Gosnell home and removed property from that home and from M r. Gosnell s person. Ruffin was tried, along with a co-defen dant, before a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore Cou nty. The main issue at trial was the disputed identifications of Ruffin and his co-defendant by one of the alleged victims. Following the evidentiary portion of the trial, the judge instructed the jury on the presumption of innocence and the reasonab le doubt standard of proof. The court s instructions were in pertinent part as follows: The defenda nts in this case are presumed innocent, just as every defendant who is tried in every courtroom in the United States of America in a criminal charge is. And the presumption remains with the defenda nts throughout the trial until you believe it has been overcome and are convinced beyond a reasonab le doubt that a defendant is guil ty. The State has the burden of proving the guilt of the defenda nts beyond a reasonab le doubt. The burden remains on the State throughout the trial. The defenda nts are not required to prove their innocence; however, the State is not required to prove guilt beyond all possible doubt or a mathem atical certain ty, nor is the State required to negate every conceiva ble circumstance of innocence. A reasonab le doubt is a doubt founded upon reason. It s not a fanciful doubt, a whimsical doubt or a capricious doubt. Proof -3beyond a reasonab le doubt requires such proof as would convince you of the truth of a fact to the extent that you would be willing to act upon such belief without reservation in an important matter in your own business or personal affairs . Defense counsel took exception to the trial court s instruction because it deviated from MPJI-CR 2:02 sign ifica ntly. Defense counsel argued that the court erred in leaving out the last sentence of that instruction, which would have informed the jury of its duty to acquit if it was not satisfied of the defendant s guilt beyond a reasonab le doubt. Defense counsel stated: [DEFENSE COU NSEL :] Well actu ally, Your Honor, I don t think Your Honor did it inten tion ally, but in the reasonab le doubt instruction Your Honor left off the last sentence from the reasonab le doubt instruction as it s written in the book. T H E COURT: Gave the reasonab le doubt instruction I have been giving for 18 years. I don t read the one out of the book. [DEFENSE COU NSEL :] Oka y. Well, I didn t bring that one with me, if I can have a second to go . . . THE COURT: Yeah, go ahead. [DEFENSE COU NSEL :] This is in instruction 2:02 of the model instructions. The last sentence says, quote, however, if you are not satisfied of the defendant s guilt to that extent then reasonab le doubt exist [sic] and the defendant must be found not guil ty. The Court overruled the objection, stating: THE COURT: And the reason I don t give that is because it seems only fair to me that you would then continue, if you are convinced of the defendant s guilt beyond a reasonab le doubt then you should -4find the defendant guil ty. And I say that throughout the whole thing. So I don t give that intentionall y because I think it s only one sided. Haven t done it in 18 years, never had a case reversed. What s next. [DEFE NSE COU NSEL :] Thank you. I would proffer that additional sentence as to instruction 2:02. Following the trial court s instructions, the jury left the courtroom to deliberate. After twice announcing to the court that they were deadlocked, the jurors were given a modified Allen charge.2 Three hours later, the jury returned its verdict. Ruffin was acquitted on three charges, including two counts of robbery with a deadly weapon and one count of kidnapping. He was convicted on one count of robbery with a deadly weapon and of using a handgun during the commission of a felo ny. He w as subseque ntly sentenced to 15 years imprisonment for the robbery conviction, and he received a five year concurrent sentence, without parole, for the handgun conviction. Ruffin s appeal to the Court of Special Appea ls presented two issues. Ruffin argued that the trial court erred in both denying his motion to suppress an out-of-court photogra phic identification of him and in failing to properly instruct the jury. 2 The term "Allen charge" is derived from the instruction given to a deadlocked jury which was considered by the Supreme Court in Allen v. United States, 164 U.S. 492, 17 S.Ct. 154, 41 L.Ed. 528 (1896). The instruction is intended to stress to jurors the necessity of unanimity in their decision, as well as to encourage a juror to listen to the viewpoints of the other jurors. The term "modified Allen charge" or Allen-type charge is used to distinguish the jury instruction sanctioned by this Court in Kelly v. State, 270 Md. 139, 140, n.1, 310 A.2d. 538, 539, n.1 (1973), and its progeny, and the Maryland State Bar Association, from the specific instruction given in Allen v. United States. That sanctioned instruction is now contained in Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 2:01, and this Court has required that MPJI-CR 2:01 be given to the jury, without deviation, in every instance where such an instruction is necessary. See Thompson v. State, 371 Md. 473, 484-485, 810 A.2d 435, 442-443 (2002), citing Graham v. State, 325 Md. 398, 409 n.4, 601 A.2d 131, 136 n.4 (1992), and cases there cited. -5Spe cific ally, he argued that the judge failed to inform the jury of its duty to acquit in the absence of proof beyond a reasonab le doubt. The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, affirmed. On the issue of the jury instruction, the Court of Special Appeals held that the jury instruction adequa tely conveyed the State s burden of proving appella nt s guilt beyond a reasonab le doubt and that the trial court had no further duty to supplement its instruction as requested. Ruffin then filed in this Court a petition for a writ of certiorari, contending that the trial court erred in modifying the pattern jury instruction on reasonab le doubt and the presumption of innocence, and erred in refusing to give that portion of the instruction regarding the jury s duty to acquit in the absence of proof beyond a reasonab le doubt. We granted the petition. Ruffin v. State, 389 Md. 398, 885 A.2d 823 (2005). II. Ruffin argues that the jury instruction given by the trial judge violated his procedural rights because key portions of the pattern jury instruction, necessary for the jury to understand its duties, were omitted. In making this argumen t, Ruffin points to the three deviations from MPJI-CR 2:02 given by the trial court. Ruffin s principal contention is that the trial court erred in omitting the last sentence of MPJI-CR 2:02, which states: Howev er, if you are not satisfied of the defendant s guilt to that extent, then reasonab le doubt exists and the defendant must be found not guilty. Ruffin argues, as he did at trial, that instructing the jury regarding its duty to acquit in the -6absence of proof beyond a reasonab le doubt is critical to safeguarding his constitutional right to due process. Ruffin maintains that the trial court s justification for leaving out the last sentence of the pattern jury instruction on reasonab le doubt, nam ely, because I think it s only one-sid ed, was an attempt to level the playing field which lowered the State s burden of proof. Ruffin also complains of the trial court s statement that the presumption of innocence remains until you believe it has been overcome and are convinced beyond a reasonab le doubt that a defendant is guilty. He points out that the pattern jury instruction uses the word unless and not until. Ruffin argues that the use of the word until, instead of the approved term unles s, implies the inevitability of the burden being overcome by the State. According to Ruffin, such implication does not arise from the pattern jury instruction. Ruffin insists that the trial judge s instruction improper ly characterizes the State s burden. Las tly, Ruffin argues that the trial court erred in addin g a sentence from an outdated version of the pattern jury instructions which stated: It s not a fanciful doubt, a whimsical doubt or a capricious doubt. Ruffin points out that the Maryland State Bar Association s Standing Committee on Pattern Jury Instructions deleted that sentence in 1999 after receiving numerous complain ts that the language was confusing to jurors. Thus, Ruffin argues that the use of it in the trial court s instruction confused and misled the jury to believe that a higher degree of doubt was necessary to acquit Ruffin of the charges. -7The trial court s instruction involved an additional deviation from MPJI-CR 2:02, when the court added the phrase just as every defendant who is tried in every courtroom in the United States of America in a criminal charge is to the description of the presumption of innocence in the first paragraph. Taken together, Ruffin argues that the additions and omissions of the trial judge in his instruction to the jury on the presumption of innocence and reasonab le doubt lowered the burden of proof necessary to convict him. Ruffin relies upon several opinio ns from the United States Supreme Court and from this Court which define the concept of reasonab le doubt and the presumption of innocence.3 Those opinions point out that due process mandates that the standard of proof beyond a reasonab le doubt be applied in every criminal case and limits the discretion of the trial court in instructing the jury on that standard. Ruffin argues that the trial court s deviation from the pattern jury instruction failed to properly convey the meaning of the reasonable doubt standard to the jury. He relies primarily on Wills v. State, 329 Md. 370, 376, 620 A.2d 295, 298 (1993), in arguing that such a failure is never harmless error. The State responds to Ruffin s argumen ts by pointin g out that this Court has never held that a defendant s due process rights require that specific language be used 3 See Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S . 1, 114 S.C t. 1239, 127 L.Ed.2d 5 83 (1994 ); Cage v. Louisiana, 498 U .S. 39, 1 11 S.C t. 328, 1 12 L.Ed.2d 339 (1 990); In Re W inship, 397 U.S. 358, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 25 L. Ed.2d 368 (1 970); Merzbacher v. State, 346 Md. 391, 697 A.2d 432 (1997); Wills v. State, 329 Md. 370, 620 A.2d 295 (1993); Williams v. State , 322 Md. 35, 585 A.2d 2 09 (1991). -8when instructing a jury on the standard of proof of beyond a reasonab le doubt and the presumption of innocence. In making this argumen t, the State cites several cases from this Court where we have not required that a specific instruction on reasonab le doubt be given.4 The State takes the position that the trial court sufficiently informed the jury as to the proper standard of proof in this case. The State maintains that the deviations from the pattern jury instruction on reasonab le doubt and the presumption of innocence in the instant case were insufficient to render the instruction legally deficient. The State argues that the trial judge followed the pattern instruction clos ely, gave a clear definition of the necessary terms, and properly conveyed the reasonab le doubt principle to the jury. W e shall not in this case rest our decision upon the particular instruction given by the trial court. Instead, we shall hold that, as a matter of non-constitutional Maryland criminal law, in every criminal jury trial, the trial court shall instruct the jury utilizing the Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction on the presump tion of innocence and proof beyond a reasonab le doubt, MPJI-CR 2:02. Thus, we now adopt the position set forth in the concurring opinion in Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. at 388392, 620 A.2d at 304-305. Acc ordi ngly, we shall reverse the decisions below and remand this case to the Circuit Court for a new trial. 4 See Miller v State, 380 Md. 1, 30, 843 A.2d 803, 819 (200 4); Hunt v State, 345 Md. 122, 151-152, 691 A.2d 1 255, 12 69-12 70 (19 97), cert denied, 521 U S. 113 1 (1997), Merzbacher v State, supra, 346 M d. at 399-40 0, 697 A .2d at 436-4 37; Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md at 382, 620 A.2d at 30 1; Montgomery v. State, 292 Md. 84 , 95, 437 A.2d 65 4, 659 (1981). -9III. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteen th Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights guarantee that a criminal defendant shall only be convicted upon proof beyond a reasonab le doubt. In Re Winship , 397 U.S. 358, 361-364, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 1071-1073, 25 L. Ed.2d 368 (1970); Stevenson v. State, 289 Md. 167, 183, 423 A.2d 558, 567 (1980); State v. Grady, 276 Md. 178, 181-182, 345 A.2d 436, 438 (1975); Lambert v. State, 193 M d. 551, 558, 69 A.2d 461, 464 (1949). The reasonab le doubt standard of proof is an essential component in every criminal proceeding. Merzbacher v. State, supra, 346 Md. at 398, 697 A.2d at 436; Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. at 375-376, 620 A.2d at 297-298, citing In Re Winship , supra, 397 U.S. at 361-364, 90 S. Ct. at 1071-1073, 25 L. Ed.2d 368; Lambert v. State, supra, 193 Md. at 558, 69 A.2d at 464. Thus, in Maryland it is mandatory for the trial judge to give an instruction to the jury explaining reasonab le doubt. 5 See Merzbacher v. State, supra, 346 Md. at 398, 697 A.2d at 436. As we stated in Merzbacher, supra, 346 Md. at 398, 697 A.2d at 436, [t]he reasonab le doubt standard is such an indispensa ble and necessary part of any criminal proceeding that, with respect to a case tried before a jury, the trial court s failure to inform the jury 5 Courts in several jurisdictions have also held that it is mandatory to give a jury instruction explaining the term "reasonable doubt in criminal cases. See e.g., United States v. Pepe, 501 F.2d 1142, 1143 (10th Cir. 1974); Friedman v. United States, 381 F.2d 155, 160-61 (8th Cir. 1967); Smith v. U.S., 709 A.2d 78, 79 (D.C. 1998); State v. Holm, 93 Idaho 904, 908, 478 P.2d 284, 288 (1970); People v. Giamanco, 67 App. Div.2d 1008, 1009, 413 N.Y.S.2d 746, 747 (1979); Commonwealth v. Young, 456 Pa. 102, 111-112, 317 A.2d 258, 262-263 (1974); State v. Desrosiers, 559 A.2d 641, 645 (R.I. 1989). -10of that standard constitutes reversible error. In Wills v. State, supra, 329 M d. 370, 620 A.2d 295, this Court examined extensively the reasonab le doubt standard of proof and the necessity for a trial judge to properly instruct a jury on the meaning of a reasonab le doubt in criminal cases. W e stated in Wills (329 Md. at 376, 620 A.2d at 298): Its inclusion in the cou rt's charge is so indispensable that the Supreme Court has indicated that failure to instruct the jury of the requirement of the reasonable doubt standard is never harmless error. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 320, n. 14, 99 S. Ct. 2781 [2790 n. 14], 61 L. Ed.2d 560, reh. denied, 444 U.S. 890, 100 S. Ct. 195, 62 L. Ed.2d 126 (1979). Montgomery v. State, 292 Md. 84, 93, 437 A.2d 654 (1981). See Williams, 322 Md. at 42, 585 A.2d 209. W e held in Wills that the trial court s jury instruction on reasonab le doubt was erroneous because it failed to articulate clearly the meaning of the reasonab le doubt standard. There, the trial court s instruction explained the standard in terms of weighing options, stating: if you weigh all of the factors, if you weigh the things that say, I should do it, and the things that say, I shouldn t do it, and you decide to go forward, then you don t have a reasonab le doubt. 329 Md. at 387, 620 A.2d at 303. The trial court in Wills further substituted, among other things, nagging doubt for the term without reservation found in MPJI-CR 2:02. Ibid. Looking at the instruction as a whole, this Court held that the standard , as explained, was more like the preponderance of the evidence standard and did not measure up to an acceptable explanation of the reasonab le doubt standard because it lowered the State s burden of -11proof. 329 Md. at 388, 620 A.2d at 303. Although the majority in Wills did not depart from the previous holdings that a trial judge could fashion his or her own reasonab le doubt instruction so long as it did not confuse or mislead the jury, or prejudice the accused, the Court did endorse the reasonab le doubt pattern jury instruction adopted by the Committee for the Maryland State Bar Association which fashioned the Maryland Pattern Jury Instructions, stating (329 Md. at 383, 620 A.2d at 301): The fourteen members of the Committee which fashioned the Maryland Pattern Jury Instructions-Criminal 1991 (MPJI-CR) consisted of judges at the trial and appellate level, prosecutors and former prosecutors, defense attorneys, law professors and other distinguished members of the Maryland bar. * * * We are content to accept the wisdom of such learned and experienced men and women, active in the arena, sitting on the bench and on opposite sides of the trial table. . . . Moreover, the concurring opinion in Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. at 388-389, 620 A.2d at 304, would have required trial judges to use MPJI-CR 2:02 when instructing a jury on the presumption of innocence and the reasonab le doubt standard of proof. In Merzbacher v. State, supra, 346 Md. at 399-400, 697 A.2d at 436, this Court again examined the sufficiency of the trial court s instruction on the reasonab le doubt standard of proof and the presumption of innocence. W e again endorsed the pattern jury instruction drafted by the Committee. W e recommended that the pattern jury -12instruction on reasonab le doubt be followed in order to ensure that the jury understands the instruction and the defendant is not prejudiced. This Court cautioned (346 Md. at 404, 697A.2d at 438-439): [W]e strongly recommend that trial courts closely adhere to the reasonab le doubt instruction endorsed by Wills and articulated in MPJI-CR 2:02. Human experience has shown that language is, at best, an imperfect form of communication. Reason able doubt is a vague and difficult concept that must be utilized by jurors in the demanding intellectual process of interpreting evidence presented to them in the course of a criminal proceeding. The concept evades formalistic precision and does not lend itself to quantification by the mechanical laws of the physical world. To suggest that reasonab le doubt is best defined by a particular set of words strung in a specific order pretends a mathematic al rectitude which, even in the best of circumstances, does not exist in the deliberative process. In defining reasonab le doubt for jurors, a trial court must use its best legal judgment and explain the term in light of the principles we articulated in Wills, see 329 Md. at 382-83, 620 A.2d at 301, and avoid explanations and examples which undermine the State's burden proof and the defe nda nt's presumption of innoce nce. M any judges, attor neys and legal scholars in Maryland, as well as in other jurisdictions, have endorsed the use of an approved pattern jury instruction on reasonable doubt and the presumption of innocence to ensure that a criminal defendant s due process rights are protected and to create uniformity in criminal jury trials. See Miller v. State, 380 Md. 1, 30, 843 A.2d 803, 819 (2004) (stating that the concurring opinion in Wills wisely suggested that trial judges closely adhere to Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 2:02 when attempting to define reasonab le doubt ); Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. at 388-392, 620 A.2d at 304-305 (concurring -13opinion); Himple v. State, 101 Md. App. 579, 584-585, 647 A.2d 1240, 1243 (1994). See also Arizona v. Portillo , 182 Ariz. 592, 596, 898 P.2d 970, 974 (Ariz. 1995) (holding that in every criminal case trial courts shall give the reasonab le doubt instruction set forth by the court); Winegeart v. State, 665 N.E.2d 893, 902 (Ind. 1996) (authorizing and recommending the use of a specific pattern jury instruction on reasonab le doubt without supplementation or embellishment); State v. Caffey, 365 S.W.2d 607, 612 (Mo. 1965) (admonishing the trial court for its failure to adhere to the approved instructio n on reasonab le doubt and the presumption of innocence in a criminal trial and directing that it is better to adhere to instructions that have received the approval of this court and not to attempt definitions which add nothing to the meaning of well-understood terms ), and cases there cited; City of Minot v. Rubbelke, 456 N.W.2d 511, 515 (N.D. 1999) (strongly recommending that the trial courts adhere to the pattern jury instruction on reasonab le doubt ). See also Missouri Revised Statute §546.070(4) and Missouri Rule of Criminal Procedure 28.02 (directing that [i]n every trial for a criminal offense the court shall instruct the jury in writing . . . which instructions shall include a definition of the term reasonab le doubt in accordance with the pattern instruction); Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated §175.211 (providing a definition of reasonab le doubt and directing that [n]o other definition of reasonab le doubt may be given by the court to juries in criminal actions in this state ); Ohio Revised Code Annotated § 2901.05 (providing that [a]s part of its charge to the jury in a criminal case, the court shall read the definitions of reasonab le doubt and -14 proof beyond a reasonab le doubt, contained in [this statute] ). For further discussion of the statutes and case law requiring that a specific reasonab le doubt instruction be given to the jury in a criminal trial, see Barbara E. Bergman and Nancy Hollander, Wharton s Criminal Evidence §2:4, Definition of Reason able Doubt (2005); and Henry A. Diamond, Reason able Doubt: To Define, Or Not To Define, 90 Colum. L. Rev. 1716, 1718 (1990). The reasoning in State v. Portillo , supra, 182 Ariz. at 595-596, 898 P.2d at 973974, is particularly instructive. In Portillo , the Supreme Court of Arizona examined whether the trial courts should be required to give a specific definition of reasonab le doubt in all criminal jury trials. The Arizona Supreme Court, after discussing the various views of legal scholars and decisions from courts across the country on whether a definition of reasonab le doubt should be given in criminal trials and, if so, what format such a definition should follow, held that in every criminal case trial courts shall give the [approved pattern jury instruction] on reasonab le doubt . . . . 182 Ariz. at 595, 898 P.2d at 973. In so holding, the Court reasoned (Portillo , 182 Ariz. at 595596, 898 P.2d at 973-974) (emphas is added, footnotes omitted): Proof beyond a reasonab le doubt has traditionally been regarded as the decisive difference between criminal culpability and civil liability. Jackson v. Virginia , 443 U.S. 307, 315, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2787, 61 L. Ed.2d 560 (1979). It follows natu rally, we think, that the meaning of such a fundamental concept should not be left either to chance or the random, ad hoc interpretation of different trial courts and counsel. Studies show that jurors in fact often misunderstand instructions in general and the meaning of reasonable doubt in particular. See, e.g., Walter W . Steele & Elizabeth G. Thornburg, Jury Instructions: A Persistent Failure to -15Communicate, 67 N.C.L.Rev. 77, 88-94 (1988); David U. Strawn & Raymond W. Buchanan, Jury Confusion: A Threat to Justice,59 Judicature 478, 480-82 (1976). Significan tly also, regularly defining reasonab le doubt reduces the number of mistrials, saving scarce judicial and public resources. Norbert L. Kerr & Robert S. Atkin, Guilt Beyond a Reason able Doubt: Effects of Concept Definition and Assigned Decision Rule on the Judgm ents of Mock Jurors, 34 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 282, 285-286 (1976) (finding that fewer hung juries result when reasonab le doubt is defined). Thus, in line with what we believe is the majority and sounder view, we conclude that the issue is simply too important to mention and not to explain . John S. Siffert, Instructing on the Burden of Reasonable Doubt, 8 U. Bridgeport L. Rev. 365, 367 (1987). Those w ho would not define reasonab le doubt . . . argue that attempts to do so may only further confuse jurors or even lower the state 's standard of proof. See Portillo, 179 Ariz. at 121, 876 P.2d at 1156. Those assertions, however, appear to rely too heavily on undocumented observations that attempts to define beyond a reasonab le doubt do not usually . . . mak[e] it clearer. Siffert, supra, at 366. Oppon ents also assume, erroneously in our view, that no definition can accurately clarify the meaning of reasonab le doubt. See Portillo, 179 Ariz. at 121, 876 P.2d at 1156. Concededly, courts and commentators have struggled to agree on a single clarifying definition. That fact, however, cuts in favor of defining the term, not against it. If judges and legal scholars struggle to define reasonab le doubt, it is unrealistic to expect a lay jury to properly grasp and apply the stark words. As one distinguished jurist and advocate of defining reasonab le doubt recently said, it [is] rather unsettling [to think] that we are using a formulation that we believe will become less clear the more we explain it. Jon O. Newman, Beyond Reaso nable Doubt , 68 N.Y.U.L.Rev. 979, 984 (1993). Like many others, we are confident that reasonab le doubt can be defined in simple terms that will neither confuse nor mislead the jury. E.g., Victor, 511 U.S. at [28], 114 S. Ct. at 1254 (Blackmun and Souter, JJ., concurring). Much of the confusion about defining reasonab le doubt likely stems from the multiple and varying definitions courts have developed over the years, some of which justify the criticism that definitions can distort its meaning. E.g., Cage, 498 U.S. at 40, 111 -16S. Ct. at 329 (doubt must be founded upon a real tangible substantial basis and such as would give rise to a grave uncertainty ). See generally Irene M . & Yale L. Rosenberg, Perhaps What Ye Say Is Based Only on Conjecture Circumstantial Evidence, Then and Now, 31 Hous.L.R ev. 1371, 1408-10 (1995) (summarizing various definitions). Lacking clear guidance from this court, Arizona courts that have defined reasonable doubt have typically but not uniformly used the [Arizona pattern jury instruction on reasonable doubt] formulation. Compare State v. West, 176 Ariz. 432, 444 n. 3, 862 P.2d 192, 204 n. 3 (1993) (RAJI 5) and State v. Mays, 105 Ariz. 47, 49, 459 P.2d 307, 309 (1969) ( doubt that would cause a reasonab le man to pause or hesitate when called upon to act upon the most important affairs of life ). Allowing varying definitions, however, detracts from the goal of a uniform and equal system of justice. Use of a standard definition thus will elimina te confusion and foster fairness for defendants, the state, and jurors alike. As noted above, the fact that some errors involving reasonab le doubt definitions are structural and cannot be deemed harmless also favors requiring Arizona courts to use a single, uniform instructio n. The principle of requiring a uniform pattern jury instruction on an important and recurring matter in every criminal jury trial is not a new one in Maryland. As previously mentioned, the concurring opinion in Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. at 388389, 620 A.2d at 304, would have required that trial judges . . . instruct on the issue of reasonab le doubt in the form suggested by Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 2:02, and cautioned that trial judges should resist the temptation to stray from, or embellish upon, that instructio n. The concurring opinion went on to point out that the Court should adopt the approach taken by the Court in Kelly v. State, 270 Md. -17139, 144, 310 A .2d 538 (1973), dealing with the giving of a modified Allen charge,6 and instruct trial judges that they should closely adhere to the approved instruction . . . . 329 Md. at 391, 620 A.2d at 305. One year later, Judge Cathell, writing for the Court of Special Appea ls in Himple v. State, supra, 101 Md.App. at 584-585, 647 A.2d at 1244, endorsed the approach of the concurring opinion in Wills. The Court of Special Appea ls stated in Himple (Ibid.): We agree. Those of us who have served on the trial courts are well aware of the temptation to embellish upon the instruction. Many trial judges, including some who are now on this Court, and many members of the Bar, have considered the concept of reasonab le doubt to be a vague, almost wraith-like, concept that needs to be further explained (beyond the pattern instruction). Nevertheless, the appellate cases of this State are replete with reversals of convictions because of the attempts of those of us who have tried. Rare indeed is the veteran embellishing trial judge who has not been reversed by reason of the embellishm ent. None of our many trial court embellishments, if objectively analyzed, better explain the concept than the pattern instruction whose stark simplic ity was created by the bench and the bar in order to avoid the problems of embellishm ent. While we cannot go further than the Court of Appea ls decision in Wills, we note for the benefit of the trial courts that it is our view that the risk of reversal arises when an instruction departs from the pattern instruction and the risk of reversal increases with the degree of departure from that pattern instructio n. As we have noted on several occasions in the past, this Court and the Court of Special Appea ls have regularly faced the issue of whether a trial court s particular instruction on reasonable doubt and the presumption of innocence is misleading or 6 See n.2, supra. -18otherwise erroneous. See, e.g., Miller v. State, supra, 380 Md. 1, 843 A.2d 803; Merzbacher v. State, supra, 346 Md. 391, 697 A.2d 432; Wills v. State, supra, 329 Md. 370, 620 A.2d 295; Williams v. State, 322 Md. 35, 585 A.2d 209 (1991); Robertson v. State, 295 M d 688, 457 A.2d 826 (1983); State v. McClellan, ___ Md.App. ___, ___ A.2d ___ (2006); Graham v. State, 151 Md.App. 466, 827 A.2d 874 (2003); Himple v. State, supra, 101 Md.App. 579, 647 A.2d 1240; Joyner-P itts v. State, 101 Md.App. 429, 647 A.2d 116 (1994). Those cases caution against rambli ng instructions, which deviate substantially from the pattern jury instruction and which change the State s substantial burden of proof. Still, we have been faced, time and time again, with instructions which incorrectly set forth the burden of proof on the State, or which are inconsistent with the basic constitutional rights of the criminal defenda nt. Conseq uently, w e now take the same approach delineated in Kelly v. State, supra, 270 Md. 139, 310 A.2d 538, and its prog eny, addressing the modified Allen charge, now MPJI-CR 2:01, and apply that approach to the jury instruction on the presumption of innocence and reasonab le doubt found in MPJI-CR 2:02. See Thompson v. State, 371 Md. 473, 810 A.2d 435 (2002); Goodmuth v. State, 302 Md. 613, 490 A.2d 682 (1985); Burnette v. State, 280 Md. 88, 371 A.2d 663 (1977). In Burnette v. State, supra, this Court addressed the propriety of an Allen charge given to a deadlocked jury in a criminal trial. W e disavowed the use of the old Allen charge instruction because we found the language contained in that instruction to be coercive in its suggestion that minority members of a jury should give deference to the view of -19the majo rity. 280 Md. at 100, 371 A.2d. at 669. W e stated that "the instruction might tend to unduly strengthen the majo rity's convictions, perhaps making the majority less willing to seriously engage in further delibera tions." Ibid. W e went on to hold that the particula r instruction given in Burnette constituted reversible error. In so doing, we emphasized in Burnette , as we had in Kelly, that if a trial court gives a modified Allen instruction it must "closely adhere" to the ABA Standards. Burnette , 280 Md. at 99100, 371 A.2d at 668. We held that "deviations in substance will not meet with our approv al." 280 Md. at 101, 371 A.2d at 669. W e later specifically endorsed the use of MPJI-CR 2:01, which incorporated the ABA Standards for the duty to deliberate espoused in Kelly and affirmed in Burnette and Goodmuth. See Thompson v. State, supra, 371 Md. at 484-485, 810 A.2d at 442-443, citing Graham v. State, supra, 325 Md. at 409 n.4, 601 A.2d 136 n.4. Much like the instruction on the jury s duty to deliberate found in MPJI-CR 2:01, the presumption of innocence and the reasonab le doubt principles do not change from case to case. The identical principles are applicable in every criminal jury trial, regardless of the issues in that particular trial. Moreover, the necessity of uniformity in the trial court s instructions to the jury on the presumption of innocence and the reasonab le doubt standard of proof goes further than the need for such uniformity in giving the modified Allen charge because the presumption of innocence and reasonab le doubt standard are present in every criminal case. Every defendant in every criminal jury trial is entitled to the same presumption of innocence and reasonable doubt -20standard of proof. Uniform ity in defining those terms for the jury, by giving the pattern jury instruction, ensures that all defenda nts will equally receive an appropriate definition of the presumption of innocence and reasonab le doubt standard of proof. W e hold that in every criminal jury trial, the trial court is required to instruct the jury on the presumption of innocence and the reasonab le doubt standard of proof which closely adheres to MPJI-CR 2:02. Deviations in substance will not be tolerated.7 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIA L APPEALS R E V E R S E D , AND CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT WITH I N S T RU C T I O N S T O R E V E R S E T H E JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCU IT COURT FOR BALTIMORE COUNTY AND REMAND THE CASE TO THE CIRCU IT COURT FOR A NEW TRIAL. COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS TO BE PAID BY BALTIMORE COUNTY. 7 Our holding in this case represents a change in a Maryland common law principle and not an overruling of prior cases on the ground that they were erroneously decided. Consequently, the defendant Ruffin is entitled to the benefit of our holding, but, otherwise, the holding shall be applied only prospectively. In other words, today s holding applies to the instant case[] . . . and to all [criminal] trials commencing and trials in progress on or after the date this opinion is filed. OwensIllinois v. Zenobia, 325 Md. 420, 469-470, 601 A.2d 633, 657-658 (1992). See, e.g., the discussions in Polakoff v. Turner, 385 Md. 467, 485-489, 869 A.2d 837, 848-851 (2005); State v. Hawkins, 326 Md. 270, 291-295, 604 A.2d 489, 500-502 (1992); Julian v. Christopher, 320 Md. 1, 10-13, 575 A.2d 735, 739-741 (1990); American Trucking Associations v. Goldstein, 312 Md. 583, 592 n.7, 541 A.2d 955, 959 n.7 (1988); Kelley v. R. G. Industries, Inc., 304 Md. 124, 162, 497 A.2d 1143, 1162 (1985); Boblitz v. Boblitz, 296 Md. 242, 275, 462 A.2d 506, 522 (1983); Williams v. State, 292 Md. 201, 217-220, 438 A.2d 1301, 1308-1310 (1981). IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 86 September Term, 2005 JAMES ALLEN RUFFIN v. STATE OF MARYLAND Bell, C.J. Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene Eldridge, John Assigned), C. (Retired, Specially JJ. Dissenting Opinion by Battaglia, J. which Harrell and Greene, JJ., join Filed: August 31, 2006 I respectfully dissent. This Court has never required that a trial judge give a verbatim recitation of the Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction defining reasonab le doubt for the trial court s instruction to be deemed an accurate statement of the law. Moreover, it is inconceiv able that this Court could issue a holding requiring that trial judges provide the Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction explanation of reasonab le doubt without first addressing whether the instruction at issue in the present case was defective under our established caselaw. The majority is essentially overruling our precedent regarding this issue in favor of the reasoning explicated in the concurrence in Wills v. State, 329 Md. 370, 620 A.2d 295 (1993), which advocated the strict adherence to the language of the pattern jury instruction. W e consistently have stated that [o]ur opinions have refrained from adopting a boiler plate explanation of reasonab le doubt. Wills, 329 Md. at 382, 620 A.2d at 301; see also Merzbacher v. State, 346 Md. 391, 399, 697 A.2d 432, 436 (1997) ( While we agree that [Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction] 2:02 provides an adequate, if not preferable, explanation of the reasonab le doubt standard, we in no way intimated in Wills that 2:02 is the definitive statement of the concept. ); Hunt v. State, 345 Md. 122, 151-52, 691 A.2d 1255, 1269 (1997) (stating that there are no magic words that must be included in a reasonab le doubt instruction for it to be acceptable); Montgomery v. State, 292 Md. 84, 95, 437 A.2d 654, 659-60 (1981) ( [W]e hasten to add that this is not the only satisfactory explanation of reasonab le doubt and we decline to prescribe an instruction that will apply in every case. ). Moreover, our jurisprudence is congruent with the United States Supreme Court s admonition in Victor v. Nebraska, 511 U.S. 1, 114 S.Ct. 1239, 127 L.Ed.2d 583 (1994), that [S]o long as the court instructs the jury on the necessity that the defendant s guilt be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, . . . the Constitution does not require that any particular form of words be used in advising the jury of the government s burden of proof. Id. at 5, 114 S.Ct. at 1243, 127 L.Ed.2d at 590. The instruction in the present case provided the jury with an adequate alternative definition of the concept of reasonab le doubt. The trial judge informed that jury that the defendant was presumed innocent, that the State bears the burden of proving the guilt of the defendant beyond a reasonab le doubt, which he defined as proof as would convince you of the truth of a fact to the extent that you would be willing to act upon such belief without reservation in an important matter in your own business or personal affairs , and that the defendant is not required to prove his innocence. The definition of reasonab le doubt as given is accurate. The deviations from the pattern jury instruction did not result in an erroneous description of the term. The jury was not led to believe that the State bore a lesser burden of proof, nor was the jury misinformed as to the defendant s burden of proof. Mr. Ruffin asserts that the trial judge s omission of the final sentence of the pattern jury instruction renders the instruction constitutiona lly deficient. I would disagree. The final sentence, which states, Howev er, if you are not satisfied of the defendant s guilt to that extent, then reasonab le doubt exists and the defendant must be found not guilty, merely iterates the logical conclusion should the jurors determine that the State has not carried its burden of proof regarding the defendant s guilt. The sentence is not required for a juror to adequate ly understand the meaning of reasonab le doubt, nor does its omission result in the instruction being skewed in favor of the State. The substance -2- of the instruction given to the jury ensures that the jury knew that it should return a verdict of guilty only upon the State proving the defendant s guilt beyond a reasonab le doubt, and that converse ly it is required to return a verdict of not guilty if a reasonab le doubt existed. Therefore, I would conclude that the absence of the final sentence of the pattern jury instruction did not deprive Mr. Ruffin of a substantive part of the instruction as he asserts and that the instruction passed constitutional muster. Mr. Ruffin s two other contentions, specifically that the trial judge substituted until for unles s, and that he added to the definition of reasonab le doubt that it is not a fanciful doubt, a whimsical doubt or a capricious doubt, were not raised at trial, and as such are only reviewab le under the plain error doctrine. W e previously have noted that our discretion under the plain error doctrine should only be brought to bear when the error raised is compelling, extr aord inar y, exception al, or fundamental to assure the defendant a fair trial. Richmond v. State, 330 Md. 223, 236, 623 A.2d 630, 636 (1993). I would conclude that, if we were to address the remaining issues raised by Mr. Ruffin, there was no error. Mr. Ruffin s assertion that the substitution of until for unless is error is not supported by our jurisprudence. In our decision in Williams v. State, 322 Md. 35, 585 A.2d 209 (1991), we noted that a presumption of innocence instruction should include the heart of the princip le, which is that the accused stands innocent until the jury is convinced that he is guilty upon evidence placed before it which is legally suffic ient to sustain its verdict. Id. at 48, 585 A.2 d at 215. Because we have previously approved of the use of until in delineating the heart of the princip le, the trial judge -3- cannot have erred in complying with our prior iteration. Moreover, because the rest of the trial judge s instruction was nearly identical to the pattern jury instruction, I would find that the change of the single word was not error. Furthermore, I would find that Mr. Ruffin s final contention also is without merit. He argues that the description of reasonab le doubt as not a fanciful doubt, a whimsical doubt or a capricious doubt results in a higher degree of doubt required. This phrase was part of the Maryland Pattern Jury Instruction until 1999, when it was omitted in the course of the revision of the pattern instructions. The Supreme Court in Victor v. Nebraska, supra, described reasonab le doubt as not bein g [a] fanciful doubt. 511 U.S. at 17, 114 S.Ct. at 1248, 127 L.Ed.2d at 597. Even assuming that such language was error, the instruction as a whole still clearly and properly conveyed the principles underlying reasonab le doubt to the jury. Therefore, I would conclude that the instruction given in the case sub judice is consistent with the principles explicated in our prior caselaw regarding jury instructions on reasonab le doubt. Although the majority purports to be urging merely that the trial courts closely adhere to the reasonab le doubt instruction delineated in the Maryland Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction, as this Court has done throughout its preceden t, it is in fact rejecting our prior assertion that [t]o suggest that reasonab le doubt is best defined by a particular set of words strung in a specific order pretends a mathematical rectitude which, even in the best of circumstances, does not exist in the deliberative process. Merzbacher, 346 Md. at 404, 697 A.2 d at 438. I would continue to entrust the formulation of jury instructions about reasonab le doubt to the trial court s best legal -4- judgmen t within the principles delineated in Wills: It is better that the explanation begin with a statement of the principle of presumption of innocence which places the burden of proof on the State, where it remains throughout the trial. The State is not required to prove guilt beyond all possible doubt or to a mathematical certa inty, but it is not enough if the evidence shows that the defendant is probably guil ty. Nor is it sufficient that reasonab le doubt is defined only by its own terms. The explanation should focus on the term reasonab le doubt, so as to bring home to the jury clearly that the corpus delicti of the crim e and the criminal agency of the accused must be proved beyond a reasonab le doubt. Wills, 329 Md. at 382-83, 620 A.2d at 301. In the present case, the instruction did not expand upon the pattern instruction; rather, it adhered to the simple austerity of the suggested pattern instruction. In light of our established preceden t, I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appea ls and Judges Harrell and Greene authorize me to state that they join in this dissent. -5-

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