Stouffer v. Pearson

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J. Michael Stouffer, Warden v. James L. Pearson, No. 1, September Term, 2005 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE SENTENCING STATUTORY INTERPRETATION COMMON LAW: Petitioner, inmate Pearson, sought review of a judgment of the Court of Special Appeals affirming the Circuit Court s judgment that he was entitled to an immediate release from incarceration because the sentence he received for crimes committed while on parole commenced on the date of imposition of sentence. The Court of Appeals held that, for sentencing purposes, parole is not synonymous with incarceration. In addition, the Court held that the appropriate commencement date of a sentence, prior to 1994, for crimes committed while on parole and parole has not been revoked, begins prior to the unexpired term of parole. In the Circuit Court for Washington County Case No. 21-C-04-019856 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF MARYLAND No. 1 September Term, 2005 _________________________________ J. MICHAEL STOUFFER, WARDEN v. JAMES L. PEARSON _________________________________ Bell, C.J. Raker Wilner Cathell Harrell Battaglia Greene, JJ. _________________________________ Opinion by Greene, J. _________________________________ Filed: December 8, 2005 Inmate, James L. Pearson, respondent, filed a petition for habeas corpus relief in the Circuit Court for Washington County. 1 After a hearing in the Circuit Court (Wright, J. presiding) the court found that Mr. Pearson was entitled to an immediate release and ordered him to be released from the custody of the Division of Corrections (DOC)2 after recalculation of diminution of confinement credits and verification of the expiration dates of his terms of confinement. 3 The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, affirmed the trial court s judgment that Mr. Pearson was entitled to an immediate release. In holding that Mr. Pearson s consecutive sentence for crimes he committed while on parole did not commence at the termination of his parole, the intermediate appellate court explained that if parole is not revoked prior to the imposition of a new consecutive sentence, parole cannot be considered a term of confinement. In other words, parole is not a sentence 1 In the consolidated habeas corpus case, Judge Wright also ordered inmate Jonathan C. Hamlette s release after a recalculation of credits. Mr. Hamlette s recalculation, however, resulted in a lengthier confinement. Mr. Hamlette s order was vacated and his petition voluntarily dismissed with prejudice. 2 The DOC is a division of the Maryland Department of Safety and Correctional Services. See Md. Code (1999 Repl.Vol.), §§ 1-101(g), 3-201 of the Correctional Services Article. 3 The case as captioned indicates that the petitioner is J. Michael Stouffer, Warden of the Maryland Correctional Training Center (MCTC). In a footnote in Mr. Pearson s Brief to the Court, he also stated that on July 1, 2005, he was transferred from MCTC to Metropolitan Transition Center (MTC) and requests that this Court, under Md. Rule 2-241, subsititute as petitioner, Mr. Gary Hornbaker, Warden of MTC. MTC (and MCTC, for that matter) is a division of DOC. The DOC, therefore, is the real party in interest. See Md. Rule 2-201. in esse.4 The DOC sought certiorari. We granted the DOC s petition for writ of certiorari filed March 10, 2005. Stouffer v. Pearson, 386 Md. 180, 872 A.2d 46 (2005). In our review of the recalculation of Mr. Pearson s release date, we must determine what the proper commencement date of a consecutive sentence would have been, prior to June 1, 1994, while an offender was on parole and parole had not yet been revoked. In our resolution of this question, we hold that for sentencing purposes parole is not synonymous with incarceration or a sentence being served. Further, we hold that Mr. Pearson s sentencing in 1979, for crimes committed while on parole, cannot run consecutively to his term of parole because his parole was not revoked until after he was sentenced. Therefore, we conclude that Mr. Pearson is entitled to an immediate release. Facts On February 1, 1972, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City sentenced Mr. Pearson to twenty-years imprisonment, to commence on August 3, 1971, for robbery with a deadly weapon.5 On June 1, 1977, the Maryland Parole Commission (MPC) paroled Mr. Pearson. On March 29, 1978, the MPC issued a retake warrant for Mr. Pearson. Mr. Pearson was arrested and incarcerated in Baltimore City. On February 27, 1979, Mr. Pearson was sentenced in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City (Ross, J.) to a twenty-year term of incarceration for second-degree murder, to run 4 In esse means [i]n actual existence. Black s Law Dictionary 792 (8th ed. 2004). 5 But for Mr. Pearson s parole violation, his twenty-year sentence would have terminated, at the latest, on August 3, 1991. 2 consecutive with any sentence on violation of parole [sic] and a ten-year term for use of a handgun during the commission of a felony, consecutive to the second-degree murder sentence. Mr. Pearson was also sentenced to three years imprisonment for unlawfully carrying a handgun, to be served concurrently. On April 10, 1979, the MPC revoked Mr. Pearson s parole, ordering him to serve the balance of the original 1972 sentence, less eight months (or 245 days) street time credit. The DOC s adjusted maximum expiration date on Mr. Pearson s original 1972 sentence was August 28, 1992; his 1979 sentence would commence on August 28, 1992, and expire on November 24, 2021.6 Mr. Pearson filed a writ of habeas corpus on July 15, 2004, requesting an immediate release from incarceration, alleging that at common law, a sentence imposed consecutively 6 On September 30, 2004, Judge Wright s order that directed Mr. Pearson s release from the DOC, stated that if Mr. Pearson s new sentence ran consecutively to the original parole term, the mandatory supervision release date, as calculated by the DOC, would have been August 24, 2007, after consideration of diminution of confinement credits. Further, the order stated that if the original term and the new term ran concurrently, as Mr. Pearson theorizes, the maximum expiration date would be May 20, 1996, adjusted for various pretrial, diminution of confinement and parole credits. Mandatory supervision means a conditional release from confinement that is granted to an inmate under § 7-501 of this title . . . includes a conditional release granted before July 1, 1989 that was referred to as mandatory release. Md. Code (1999, 2005 Supp.), § 7101(g)(1) of the Correctional Services Article. See Md. Code (1999, 2005 Supp.), § 7-501 of the Correctional Services Article; Frost v. State, 336 Md. 125, 647 A.2d 106 (1994). The maximum expiration date is, the date that the term of confinement expires. Wilson v. Simms, 157 Md. App. 82, 87, 849 A.2d 88, 91 (2004). See also, Md. Code (1999, 2005 Supp.), § 3- 701(2) of the Correctional Services Article (stating that for multiple sentences, the period from the first day of the sentence that begins first through the last day of the sentence that ends last . . . ). 3 to a parole violation term commences on the date of imposition if, at the time of sentencing, parole has not yet been revoked. Mr. Pearson s habeas corpus hearing was held in the Circuit Court for Washington County on September 23, 2004.7 On September 30, 2004, Judge Wright ordered Mr. Pearson released from custody and found that, at common law, a sentence imposed consecutively to a parole violation term commences on the date of imposition if, at the time of sentencing, parole has not yet been revoked. In so far as the Division of Correction has stipulated that the petitioner[] would be entitled to immediate release if that were the case, the petitioner[] [is] ordered to be released from the custody of the Division of Correction upon recalculation of the[] individual diminution of confinement credits and verification of the maximum expiration dates of the[] terms of confinement. Discussion The DOC contends that Md. Code (1999, 2005 Supp.), § 9-202(c) of the Correctional Services Article, provides that the imposition of a parolee s consecutive sentence commences at the expiration of the parole period and not on the date of imposition.8 The 7 On October 12, 2004, the DOC s Motion to Stay Judge Wright s Order for Mr. Pearson s mandatory release was granted and stayed pending resolution on appeal. 8 The Maryland legislature enacted Acts 1994, Ch. 295, (effective June 1, 1994) codified at Md. Code (1990, 1994 Cum. Supp), Art. 27 § 690C(c) provided: § 690C. Commencement of consecutive sentences in multiple jurisdictions. (c) Sentence consecutive to parole. A sentence imposed consecutive to a term for which the defendant is on parole shall commence: (1) Upon expiration of the original term if parole is revoked; or (continued...) 4 DOC further maintains that Mr. Pearson s thirty-year consecutive sentence imposed in 1979 commenced in 1992, after Mr. Pearson served parole on his original 1972 twenty-year sentence. According to the DOC, when Mr. Pearson s new consecutive sentence was imposed, and no revocation of parole occurred, the new sentence would commence when his parole term was completed. 8 (...continued) (2) On the date the consecutive sentence was imposed if parole is not revoked. In 1999, Art. 27 § 690C was repealed and recodified without substantive change as Md. Code § 9-202(c), Acts 1999, ch. 54, § 1, effective October 1, 1999. The statute was enacted to resolve two specific intermediate appellate court cases, Gantt v. State, 81 Md. App. 653, 569 A.2d 220 (1990) and State v. Parker, 93 Md. App. 597, 613 A.2d 1020 (1992). In both cases the court held that parole was analogous to serving a sentence while incarcerated because parole allowed the prison walls to extend beyond its borders for sentencing purposes. On May 11, 1994, this Court in State v. Parker, 334 Md. 576, 640 A.2d 1104 (1994), reversed the intermediate appellate court and held that parole was not a term of confinement when considering a new consecutive or concurrent sentence. The passage of the statute occurred before our decision in Parker and before the present case. Section 9-202(c)(1)-(2) states: § 9-202 Consecutive and concurrent sentences--multiple jurisdictions (c) Sentence consecutive to parole. A sentence imposed consecutive to a term of confinement for which the defendant is on parole shall begin: (1) if, at the time of sentencing, parole is revoked, on expiration of the original term of confinement; or (2) if parole is not revoked, on the date that the consecutive sentence was imposed. Md. Code (1999 Repl.Vol., 2005 Supp.), § 9-202(c) of the Correctional Services Article. 5 Mr. Pearson contends, however, that the date on which the sentencing judge imposed the thirty-year sentence was the date the sentence began. Mr. Pearson asserts that the Court of Special Appeals was correct when it affirmed the trial court and concluded that Maryland common law prohibits the imposition of a sentence that is consecutive to a term of confinement that is not yet in existence . . . . Furthermore, Mr. Pearson maintains that § 9-202(c) should be applied retroactively. Thus, his release would have been effective after he served his original term of confinement, and his new sentence would have commenced on the date it was imposed and not after the original term was completed. On the other hand, the DOC contends that § 9-202(c) may not be applied retroactively to sentences imposed prior to the statute s 1994 effective date. We agree on this point and conclude that if the Legislature intended for the statute to apply retroactively, the language of the statute would have clearly expressed that intent. A review of the applicable statutory and common law in 1979 is required to determine the effect of the sentencing judge ordering Mr. Pearson s new sentence to run consecutively to his original parole term. Statutory Law9 In 1999, the Legislature recodified Article 27 § 690C as Maryland Code § 9-202 of 9 The parties both raise the issue of the applicability of § 9-202(c) to Mr. Pearson s situation. As discussed infra, we find that neither § 9-202(c) of the Correctional Services, nor its predecessor, Art. 27 § 690C(c), applies to the instant case because neither statute was in effect when Mr. Pearson was sentenced and, as we have determined, the statute may not be applied retroactively. 6 the Correctional Services Article. Section 9-202(c) states that a sentence imposed for a crime committed by a parolee commences if parole was revoked before sentencing, after the original term expired, or on the date of sentencing, if parole was not revoked. The enactment of § 9-202 was the first time the issue of sentencing before revocation of parole was specifically addressed by the Legislature.10 Section 9-202(c) did not exist in 1979 when Mr. Pearson was sentenced. Md. Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1970 Cum. Supp.), Art. 41 § 123, however, was in effect and provided that if a parolee was convicted of a crime committed while on parole and was sentenced to an additional term of imprisonment, the new sentence would run consecutively to the unexpired portion of the original sentence unless otherwise indicated by the sentencing judge. The statute provided:11 10 See supra note 8. 11 Section 123 has been revised several times. Md. Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1970 Cum. Supp.), Art. 41 § 123 ( § 123 ). In 1986, § 123 became Md. Code (1957, 1986 Repl. Vol.), Art. 41 § 4-608 ( § 4-608 ). In 1988 (1957, 1987 Repl. Vol., 1988 Cum. Supp.), Art. 41 § 4-517 ( § 4-517 ) replaced § 4-608. In 1999, § 4-517 was replaced by Md. Code (1999), § 7-403 of the Correctional Services Article. Although the section designations and locations have changed since 1969, the pertinent language of the statute remains essentially the same. In 2004, however, § 7-403 of the Correctional Services Article repealed the requirement that a new sentence run consecutive to the original term if a parolee was convicted for a new crime committed while on parole. Md. Code (1999, 2005 Supp.), § 7403 of the Correctional Services Article, amended by Chapter 316, Acts 2004, effective Oct. 1, 2004. Section 7-403(a)(1), as amended, added new language stating that the court shall determine if the new sentence is to run concurrently or consecutively . . . . 7 § 123. Effect of violation of parole. Whenever any paroled prisoner shall be convicted of any crime committed while on parole, and shall be sentenced as a penalty therefor, to an additional period of incarceration in any institution within this State, such new sentence shall run consecutive to the time to be served on the original term, unless expressly ordered to the contrary by the judge imposing such new sentence. Md. Code (1978 Repl. Vol.), Art. 41 § 123 (emphasis added). Although § 123 created a presumption that a sentence imposed for a new crime ran consecutively to the unexpired term of parole, the statute did not expressly state that formal revocation of parole was a condition precedent to the statute s applicability. Our task and focus is to interpret § 123, keeping in mind that the chief goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature. Comptroller of Treasury v. Citicorp Int l Commc ns, Inc., __ Md. ___ 2005 (No. 147 September Term, 2004) (filed October 25, 2005 (slip op. at 7)) (quoting Rockwood Cas. Ins. Co. v. Uninsured Employers Fund, 385 Md. 99, 108, 867 A.2d 1026, 1031 (2005)). See also Motor Vehicle Admin. v. Jones, 380 Md. 164, 175-76, 844 A.2d. 388, 394-95 (2004); Kaczorowski v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 309 Md. 505, 513-16, 525 A.2d 628, 632-33 (1987). In determining the meaning of a statute, we consider the statute s structure, including the title, and how the statute relates to other laws. Witte v. Azarian, 369 Md. 518, 525-26, 801 A.2d 160, 165 (2002). We look first to the plain meaning of the language chosen by the Legislature. If the plain language of the statute is ambiguous, we analyze the 8 case law, legislative history, and statutory function. Comptroller v. Phillips, 384 Md. 583, 591, 865 A.2d 590, 594 (2005) (citing Deville v. State, 383 Md. 217, 223, 858 A.2d 484, 487 (2004)). In our examination of § 123 and its predecessors, we must determine whether the Legislature intended for the statute to apply in situations where parole had not yet been revoked when a sentencing judge imposed a new sentence for a crime committed while on parole. Several earlier cases which discuss the applicability and meaning of Art. 41, § 101, the predecessor to § 123, highlight the ambiguity created by the statutory language. The operative language of § 101 was similar to § 123, in that the time to be served on the original term shall run consecutive to such new sentence, and be served in confinement prior to the beginning of such new sentence, unless expressly ordered to the contrary by the judge imposing such new sentence. 12 See Burkett v. Warden, 214 Md. 603, 605, 134 A.2d 77, 78 12 Section 123 went into effect January 1, 1969, and replaced Md. Code (1957, 1968 Repl. Vol., 1970 C um. Supp.), Art. 41 § 125 ((1968 Md. Laws, Ch. 457) (effective Jan. 1, 1969)) ( § 125 ). Section 123 was equivalent to §125. We find that the statutory meaning and the manner in which the statute was applied by this Court was essentially the same. Section 125 required that, the original term shall run consecutive to such new sentence . . . unless expressly ordered to the contrary by the judge imposing such new sentence, and be served in confinement prior to the beginning of such new sentence, unless expressly ordered to the contrary by the [sentencing] judge . . . . Md. Code (1957, 1965 Repl. Vol.), Art. 41, § 125. Section 125 replaced § 101. Section 101 was revised in 1953, and provided, in pertinent part, that: Whenever any paroled prisoner shall be convicted of any crime (continued...) 9 (1957) (interpreting the sentencing judge s pronouncement that [§ 101] should not apply and that the sentence imposed for the new offense committed while on parole ran concurrently with the sentence that [Mr. Burkett] was then serving [for violation of parole] ); State ex rel. Justice v. Warden, 203 Md. 651, 652, 97 A.2d 906 (1953) (holding that the paroled prisoner s sentence ran consecutively pursuant to § 101 because the sentencing judge did not specify whether the sentence of five years was to run consecutively or concurrently with the unserved portion of the sentence of eighteen years ).13 But see State v. Ewell, 234 Md. 56, 58, 198 A.2d 275, 276 (1964) (noting that the new sentencing order did not specify when th[e] sentence should begin, and the prison authorities correctly calculated that it should begin at the end of the original five year term even though parole had not been revoked at the time of imposition of the new sentence). In the context of imposing a sentence for a crime committed while on parole, in no 12 (...continued) committed while on parole, and shall be sentenced . . . to an additional period of incarceration in any institution within this State, the time to be served on the original term shall run consecutive to such new sentence, and be served in confinement prior to the beginning of such new sentence, unless expressly ordered to the contrary by the judge imposing such new sentence. Md. Code (1951, Cum. Supp. 1957), Art. 41 § 101(1953 Md. Laws, Ch. 625). In 1957, § 101 was recodified as Md. Code (1957), Art. 41 § 125 with no substantive change. 13 The Justice opinion did not reveal whether Mr. Justice s parole had been revoked prior to imposition of the new sentence. This Court held that the paroled prisoner s sentence ran consecutively in accordance with § 101. 10 case has this Court held that § 123 was intended to apply if parole had not been revoked. If the sentencing judge failed to elaborate concerning the commencement date, under § 123, the new sentence was construed to run consecutively. On one hand, if the sentencing judge specified that the sentence began on the date of imposition, under § 123, the new sentence was construed to run concurrently. On the other hand, if the sentencing judge specified that the new sentence was consecutive to a violation of parole, as in the present case, the sentence was construed to commence after expiration of the term of parole. In summary, § 123 and its predecessors failed to indicate whether the statutes were intended to be applied prior to or after parole revocation when a sentencing judge imposed a new or subsequent sentence. The ambiguity within the statute and its application led to varying results. In 1990, it appears that the Legislature sought to correct the problems created by this omission when it enacted Art. 27, § 690(c). Mr. Pearson, however, was sentenced in 1979 and, therefore, could not have been aided by the new statute. Moreover, a parolee is not in violation of parole until after a hearing and a determination has been made that the parolee has violated the terms of parole. Due process requires that a parolee be given notice and a hearing before parole can be revoked.14 See 14 Further, in Bergstein v. State, 322 Md. 506, 519-20, 588 A.2d 779, 785-86 (1991), we held: Procedural due process, perhaps in a somewhat truncated form, is obligatory before an individual's parole or probation may be revoked. Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 92 (continued...) 11 Sec y, Dept. of Pub. Safety and Corr. Servs. v. Henderson, 351 Md. 438, 448-49, 718 A.2d 1150, 1156 (1998); Swan v. State, 200 Md. 420, 425, 90 A.2d 690, 692 (1952). Thus, in order for a parolee s new sentence to run consecutively to the time to be served on the original term, parole must have been revoked. Therefore, arguably, if parole had not yet been revoked when a new sentence was imposed, the presumption contained in § 123 would not have been applicable because the statute omitted necessary qualifying language. Similarly, in situations where an individual was merely charged with violation of parole or served with a parole retake warrant, the presumption would not have been applicable because of the same omission. Common Law We have stated that, generally, the imposition and commencement date of a sentence are matters within the discretion of the sentencing judge, subject to constitutional and 14 (...continued) S.Ct. 2593, 33 L.Ed.2d 484 (1972). Once a State has granted prisoners a liberty interest, . . . due process protections are necessary to insure that the state-created right is not arbitrarily abrogated. Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 488-89, 100 S.Ct. 1254, 1261, 63 L.Ed.2d 552, 562 (1980)(quoting Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 557, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 2975, 41 L.Ed.2d 935, 951 (1974)). In Morrissey, the Supreme Court stated that the full panoply of rights due a defendant in [a criminal prosecution] does not apply to parole revocations. Morrissey, 408 U.S. at 480, 92 S.Ct. at 2600, 33 L.Ed.2d at 494. The Court explained, [r]evocation deprives an individual, not of the absolute liberty to which every citizen is entitled, but only of the conditional liberty properly dependent on observance of special parole restrictions. Id. 12 statutory limits. Kaylor v. State, 285 Md. 66, 68, 400 A.2d 419, 421 (1979). In Kaylor, the issue presented was whether a suspended sentence could be served consecutive to a new sentence for an offense committed while on probation.15 The State argued that a judge has the power to designate the time at which a sentence will commence and has the discretion to run a sentence consecutively to another sentence. Id. at 68, 400 A.2d at 421. This Court stated that the imposition of sentence in a criminal case is a matter within the discretion of the judge and a judge s power to direct when a sentence is to be served . . . [or] when a sentence shall commence . . . merely implements that punishment. Id. at 69-70, 400 A.2d at 421-22. In discussing the judicial power and discretion to impose consecutive sentences we said: The authority of the court to sentence a convicted defendant derives from the court s power to try an accused person for a crime committed within its jurisdiction. * * * * This judicial power includes the determination of whether a sentence will be consecutive or concurrent . . . . * * * * [T]he power of a judge to impose consecutive sentences ensures that a person who commits separate and distinct violations of the law receives separate and distinct punishments. Otherwise a person would escape the full impact of punishment for one 15 See infra note 19. 13 offense. Id. at 69-70, 400 A.2d at 421-422 (citations omitted). Several jurisdictions have directly addressed the issue of the commencement date of a new sentence for a crime committed by a parolee, when parole had not yet been revoked. The United States Supreme Court has held that when a parolee is sentenced for a crime committed while on parole, and parole was not revoked prior to the new sentence, the parolee should serve the remainder of the original sentence after revocation of parole. Moody v. Daggett, 429 U.S. 78, 85, 97 S.Ct. 274, 278, 50 L.Ed.2d 236, 243 (1976) (noting that the original term of a parolee convicted of [a] crime is to run consecutively to the sentence imposed for the subsequent offense ). See also Stockton v. Massey, 34 F.2d 96, 97 (4th Cir. 1929) (stating that once the intervening sentence was completed, the parole violator would be returned to prison to complete his original sentence and the parole board had the arbitrary power . . . to delay the hearing and revocation of parole ); Santa v. Tippy, 14 F.3d 157, 159 (2nd Cir. 1994) (stating that when a parolee committed a crime while on parole, and parole was not revoked until after imposition and commencement of the new sentence, once parole was revoked the unexpired portion of the original sentence would begin to run concurrently). In State v. Parker, 334 Md 576, 640 A.2d 1104 (1994), we indirectly addressed the commencement date for sentences involving parolees for crimes committed while on parole when we reviewed and overruled Gantt v. State, 81 Md. App. 653, 569 A.2d 220 (1990). 14 In Maryland, the confusion in the law had its genesis with the intermediate appellate court s analysis in Gantt. Notwithstanding our decision in Parker, the DOC maintains, sub judice, that the holding in Gantt remains intact today as a valid statement of the law in accordance with the rule of stare decisis. See Livesay v. Baltimore County, 384 Md. 1, 14, 862 A.2d 33, 41-42 (2004) (noting that stare decisis means to stand by the thing decided ) (internal citation omitted). In the Gantt case, Mr. Gantt was convicted by a jury in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City for possession with intent to distribute a controlled dangerous substance while on parole from a federal sentence. Gantt, 81 Md. App. at 655, 569 A.2d at 221. The court imposed a fifteen-year consecutive sentence to follow his federal sentence. Id. Eventually, Mr. Gantt was paroled from the federal sentence. Id. His federal parole was not revoked before the Baltimore City sentencing judge imposed the new consecutive sentence. Id. The issue presented in Gantt was whether parole was considered a sentence in esse. The intermediate appellate court subsequently held: [A] person who is on parole is actually serving a sentence outside the prison walls. Thus, a judge sentencing a parolee on a subsequent offense may make that subsequent sentence consecutive to the sentence the parolee is serving, i.e., the sentence from which he is on parole. Id. at 660-61, 569 A.2d at 223. Unless parole was revoked, Gantt permitted parolees to 15 serve the rest of their parole on the outside, stating that, 16 [s]entencing judges should be cognizant of the possibility that if the parole authorities (especially in foreign jurisdictions) do not revoke his parole or until they do such a defendant given a consecutive sentence to be served upon the termination of an earlier sentence may well remain free from physical restraint until the conclusion of that prior sentence or until a retake warrant is issued by the Department of Parole and Probation. Id. at 661, 569 A.2d at 224. The import of Gantt is that when a parolee s parole term is completed, conceivably years later, a parolee would need to contact authorities. The parolee would then be incarcerated and, at that point, begin to serve the balance of the sentence imposed at the time of the parole violation.17 16 Further, Gantt held that when a court sentences a parolee for a new offense, that sentence is presumed to be consecutive unless otherwise directed by the sentencing judge. Gantt, 81 Md. App. at 660-61, 569 A.2d at 223-24. 17 In Parker, we disavowed the reasoning in Gantt as illogical, using the following as an illustration of a prisoner who is given a life sentence in one jurisdiction (Jurisdiction A) and 20 year-sentence for armed robbery in another jurisdiction (Jurisdiction B): We will suppose that the prisoner serves 25 years in prison and is granted parole on the life sentence in Jurisdiction A. The literal language of Gantt would prohibit the robbery sentence in Jurisdiction B from beginning until the termination of the life sentence in Jurisdiction A, since the prisoner is effectively serving his term of life imprisonment in Jurisdiction A on the outside. Only when that term is complete (i.e., when he dies) would Jurisdiction B be able assert its jurisdiction over the prisoner. Thus, the language in Gantt effectively deprives Jurisdiction B of its ability to punish one who has broken its (continued...) 16 In State v. Parker, 334 Md. 576, 591, 640 A.2d 1104, 1111 (1994), we disapproved Gantt, to the extent that [it] treats time spent on parole and time spent in prison identically in the context of multiple sentences. We agreed in Parker that Gantt was correct in its statement that parole constitutes service of the sentence beyond the prison walls . . . . Id. at 587, 640 A.2d at 1109. On November 10, 1983, in Baltimore County, as part of a plea agreement, Mr. Parker pled guilty to second-degree murder, but was not sentenced on the murder conviction until 1984. Id. at 581, 640 A.2d 1106. On December 1, 1983, he pled guilty in Federal court to 17 (...continued) law. We will assume further that this same prisoner, while on parole from his life senten ce in Jurisdictio n A, com mits an additional crime in Jurisdiction C for wh ich the punishmen t is ten years imprisonm ent. Such a crime may well constitute a parole violation in Jurisdiction A, and we m ay expect the p arole authorities in Jurisdiction A to revoke the prisoner's parole, but they cannot be compelled to do so. If the parole authorities do not act, the prisoner continues to serve his life sentence from Jurisdiction A on the outside, and regardless of whether the sentencing judge from Jurisdiction C deems his sentence concurrent or consecutive to the previous sentences, the prisoner is effectively be yond the reac h of the co rrectional au thorities in Jurisdiction C. Like Jurisdiction B, Jurisdiction C is deprived of its ability to punish o ne who has broke n its law. This result violates the principle of dual sovereignty, a fundamental element of the structure of our government. 334 Md. at 589, 640 A.2d 1110. 17 robbery and was sentenced to twenty years in the Federal correctional system. Id. at 581 n.1, 640 A.2d at 1106 n.1. As part of the plea agreement, the Circuit Court for Baltimore County sentenced him for the second-degree murder conviction to a term of twenty years to run concurrently with his federal sentence. Id. at 582, 640 A.2d at 1107. On April 1, 1991, Mr. Parker was paroled on his federal sentence and remanded to the custody of the Maryland Division of Corrections to complete the balance of his Maryland sentence. Id . Mr. Parker filed for post-conviction relief, objecting to serving the Maryland sentence behind prison walls. Id. At Mr. Parker s post-conviction hearing, he argued that the Maryland sentencing judge intended that when Parker was paroled upon his federal sentence he would thereby be paroled from his Maryland sentence. Id. at 583, 640 A.2d at 1107. The post-conviction judge granted Mr. Parker s petition and released him from State custody. Id. The State appealed. Id. The intermediate appellate court, on the basis of Gantt, agreed with the post-conviction court and concluded that, because [Parker s] term of parole from his federal sentence is twenty years and his Maryland sentence was to run concurrently to his federal term, serving the balance of his twenty years on parole will satisfy his Maryland sentence. Id. at 584, 640 A.2d at 1107 (alteration in original). The State then sought review in this Court. Id. We granted the State s petition and reversed the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals. Id. at 584, 640 A.2d at 1108. In Parker, we held that although a parolee is considered to be in custody, parole is fundamentally different in nature from actual service within the prison walls. Id. at 587, 18 640 A.2d at 1109. A parolee has freedom that a confined prisoner lacks, such as the ability to return to society and function as a responsible, self-reliant person . . . [to] be gainfully employed[,] . . . be with family and friends and to form the other enduring attachments of normal life. Though the State properly subjects him to many restrictions not applicable to other citizens, his condition is very different from that of confinement in a prison. Id. (quoting Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 482, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2600-01, 33 L.Ed.2d 484, 495 (1972)).18 18 The DOC argues that Mr. Pearson s case and the Parker case differ because Mr. Pearson involved a single jurisdiction while Parker was a dual sovereignty case or involved multiple jurisdictions. Id. at 591, 640 A.2d at 1111. We agree with Parker to the extent that it disapproved Gantt but disagree as to the precedential value of Parker. Moreover, the distinction raised by the State, in its argument in this Court, is immaterial for purposes of sentencing. If an individual is sentenced in two jurisdictions, both sentences remain independent, and . . . must be satisfied independently. The Maryland sentence. . . may be satisfied either by imprisonment in federal custody or in Maryland, or by parole by Maryland authorities. Id. at 596, 640 A.2d at 1114. This Court in Parker disavowed the sentencing judge s sentencing authority and held, that the sentencing judge had no authority to designate the institution in which Parker would serve his sentence, particularly when the desired institution falls under the jurisdiction of the federal government, an independent, co-equal sovereign. Id. at 592, 640 A.2d at 1112. A sovereign, whether state or federal, retains independent authority to decide whether a parolee who committed a crime in its jurisdiction is released on parole or incarcerated. Id. at 594, 640 A.2d at 1113. A sentencing judge, therefore, should focus on the status quo or conditions existing at the time of sentencing, recognizing that parole is different from incarceration, regardless of whether single or multiple jurisdictions are at issue and make a determination on how to relate the subsequent sentence to the affairs at hand. Similarly, in the case sub judice, the focus should be on the authority of the sentencing judge and not whether the sentences are limited to one jurisdiction or multiple jurisdictions. In this case, only one jurisdiction was involved, Mr. Pearson was paroled from (continued...) 19 In our view, in Parker, this Court effectively overruled Gantt s holding that a sentencing judge could run a sentence consecutively to a term of parole. In reaching that result, in effect, we determined that a prisoner on parole is not serving a sentence in esse because our holding in Parker was that parole is fundamentally different in nature from actual service within the prison walls. Id. Furthermore, we held that the consecutive sentence imposed in Gantt, frustrate[d] the punitive purposes of the criminal justice system. Id. at 588, 640 A.2d at 1110. Part of the rationale for that holding was that parole is not a term of confinement to which a subsequent consecutive sentence could possibly relate. See DiPietrantonio v. State, 61 Md. App. 528, 487 A.2d 676 (1985). Accordingly, we reaffirm that Gantt was not a correct statement of Maryland law. Gantt misconstrued the common law regarding the commencement date of a new sentence as it relates to a parolee. The implications of Gantt and Parker were addressed later in Geddings v. Filbert, 144 Md. App. 95, 106-07, 796 A.2d 834, 842 (2002). Geddings involved a single jurisdiction. Mr. Geddings was sentenced, incarcerated, and placed on parole in Maryland. Id. at 96-98, 796 A.2d at 835-37. Subsequently, Mr. Geddings was convicted of committing 18 (...continued) an earlier Maryland sentence when the sentencing judge considered the status quo in imposing Mr. Pearson s sentence. If Mr. Pearson s parole had been revoked before he was sentenced, the original term would become a term of confinement; hence the new sentence could have been imposed consecutive to his original term. The result in this case, however, was that at the time of sentencing, Mr. Pearson was not serving a term of confinement because he was still on parole, thus the sentencing judge had no term of confinement to which he could relate the new sentence. 20 a Maryland crime and a new sentence was imposed. Id. Mr. Geddings, petitioned the court for writ of habeas corpus, alleging that he was entitled to immediate release due to his accumulation of diminution of confinement credits for multiple sentence terms. Id. at 95, 796 A.2d at 834. Mr. Geddings argued that under Gantt, his time on parole should be calculated as time spent in confinement and, as such, there was no break in the term of his confinement. Id. at 106, 796 A.2d at 842. In Geddings, the intermediate appellate court disavowed Gantt and drew upon our reasoning in Parker. Id. at 106-07, 796 A.2d at 842. The court noted that the foundational distinction was clear between imprisonment and parole, and concluded: Although a sentence continues to be served whether within prison walls or without, it is clear that parole is different in nature from, and serves a purpose different from that of, incarceration. Id. at 107, 796 A.2d at 842 (quoting Parker, 334 Md. at 588, 640 A.2d at 1110). Incarceration and parole play divergent roles and should be considered differently at the time of sentencing. An incarcerated prisoner is owed and given credit for each day of detention. See Parker, 334 Md. 588, 640 A.2d at 1109. A parolee, if parole is revoked, may be denied credit for time spent on the outside, i.e., street time. Parole is unique in nature and should not be treated analogously, in the context of multiple sentences, [to do so] is overly simplistic. Id. at 588-89, 640 A.2d at 1110; Geddings, 144 Md. App. at 107, 796 A.2d at 842. The Court of Special Appeals in DiPietrantonio expounded on the difference 21 between probation and a term of confinement. The court stated that probation constituted a suspension of sentence and not a term of confinement19 and concluded that, no incarceration was actually being served or was unequivocally scheduled to be served . . . when [the presiding judge] sentenced [DiPietrantonio] to 50 years, that sentence . . . was not, and could not have been, concurrent with or consecutive to anything. As of that moment, there was no other sentence of incarceration in esse. The earlier suspended execution of sentence a sentence the execution of which was merely in posse simply did not count as a then concrete reality to which [the presiding judge] could have related his sentencing . . . . If he had attempted to make th[e] . . . sentenc[e] either concurrent 19 Probation and parole are distinguishable. Probation is a court-imposed criminal sentence that, subject to stated conditions, releases a convicted person into the community instead of sending the criminal to jail or prison. Black s Law Dictionary 1240 (8th ed. 2004). Probation is not an entitlement, it is a matter of grace. Kaylor, 285 Md. at 75, 400 A.2d a t 424. Parole, however, is [t]he release of a prisoner from imprisonment before the full sentence has been served. Black s Law Dictionary 1149 (8th ed. 2004); Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. at 477, 92 S.Ct. 2593, 2598, 33 L.Ed.2d 484, 492 (stating, [t]he essence of parole is the release from prison, before the completion of sentence, on the condition that the prisoner abide by certain rules during the balance of the sentence. The MPC is purely an executive agency that has the exclusive power to authorize, administer and revoke parole. See Md. Code (Md. Code (1999 Repl.Vol., 2005 Supp.), § 7205 of the Correctional Services Article. Probation differs in that a court administers, monitors, and revokes probation. Although we recognize the differences between probation and parole, we believe that the two terms are analogous for the limited purpose of imposition of a consecutive or concurrent sentence upon revocation. The U.S. Supreme Court held that [d]espite the undoubted minor differences between probation and parole, the commentators have agreed that revocation of probation where the sentence has been imposed previously is constitutionally indistinguishable from the revocation of parole. Gagnon, 41 U.S. 778, 782, n.3, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 1759, 36 L.Ed.2d 656, 661-62 (1973). 22 or consecutive to the earlier sentence, the execution of which was in suspension, it would have been empty verbiage, signifying absolutely nothing. 61 Md. App. at 534-35, 487 A.2d at 679. Judge Moylan, writing for a panel of the court, continued that a sentencing judge may make his sentence concurrent with or consecutive to whatever other sentence then exists, [] actually being served []. He may not, however, presume to bind the future. To do so would be, ipso facto, to usurp the sentencing prerogative of some other judge operating in a near or distant time yet to be. Id. at 532, 487 A.2d at 678. We find Judge Moylan s analysis in DiPietrantonio persuasive. A sentencing judge, at the time of sentencing, should determine what other unsuspended sentences of confinement or actual sentences of confinement exist, in order to relate the current sentence to any previous sentence. See id. at 533, 487 A.2d at 679. Further, because [t]he sentencing sequence is controlling[,] [a] judge must relate the sentence he imposes to the status quo at the moment of sentencing. He may deal with the present or the past as concrete reality. Id. at 532, 487 A.2d at 678 (quoting White, 41 Md. App. 514, 515, 397 A.2d 299, 300-01). When a parolee is sentenced for a new crime before revocation of parole, a sentencing judge may not treat parole as an existing term of confinement and, as such, a new sentence may not be served consecutive to a parole term because a sentence may not be consecutive . . . with a term of confinement which is not then in esse. Id. at 533, 487 A.2d 23 at 679; Robinson v. Lee, 317 Md. 371, 372, 564 A.2d 395 (1989) (stating that [s]ubsequent sentences imposed upon defendant to be served consecutive with any sentence now serving only ran consecutive to sentence defendant was actually serving rather than consecutively to aggregate of all preexisting unserved sentences ); Stanton v. State, 45 Md. App. 662, 663, 415 A.2d 305, 306 (1980) (noting that the imposition of a sentence to be consecutive to . . . [a] non-existent . . . sentence would be illegal, or, more accurately, an empty gesture ). Thus, when imposing a consecutive sentence for a new offense, a sentencing judge should not consider parole as an existing sentence being served. When a new sentence is imposed before parole is revoked, the new sentence commences on the date of imposition. Conclusion In the present case we point to the statutory and the common law practice prior to the misinterpretation of the common law in Gantt. The sentencing judge erred when he imposed a sentence to commence in the future. We hold that M r. Pearson s thirty-year sentence commenced on February 27, 1979, the date his sentence was imposed. Parole is no t a sentence in esse, nor is it analogous to incarceration for sentencing purposes. If a parolee commits an offense and the sentencing judge imposes a new sentence before revocation of parole, the new sentence commences on the date of imposition.20 20 This holding applies only to sentences imposed before the enactment of § 9-202 of the Corr. Serv. Article. In all other respects, Section 9-202 would be controlling. 24 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED, WITH COS TS. 25

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