People v. Patrick

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Defendant, convicted of reckless homicide (720 ILCS 5/9-3(a), and failing to report an accident involving death or injury (625 ILCS 5/11-401(b) after a collision resulting in one death and injuries to three people, filed a pro se motion for appointment of counsel other than the county public defender and other motions, based on ineffective assistance. The trial court declined to consider the untimely motions. The appellate court reduced the failing to report conviction, held that the trial court erred in ordering defendant to serve 85% of his reckless homicide sentence, and remanded the pro se motions. The Supreme Court affirmed. The trial court erred in failing to conduct a preliminary examination into the factual basis of motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. While a motion for a new trial must be filed within 30 days of the entry of a finding or return of a verdict, an exception exists if a defendant is seeking a new trial based on claims of ineffective assistance and the claim is raised before a notice of appeal is filed.

Court Description:

On May 20, 2007, a fatal accident occurred in North Chicago. At an intersection, a speeding car killed the driver of a vehicle and injured her three passengers. On February 27, 2008, a Lake County jury found this defendant guilty of reckless homicide. He was sentenced on May 16, 2008, to nine years for this offense, and this conviction survived his appeal to the appellate court, which vacated or reduced other lesser charges of which he also had been found guilty. Those matters are not at issue here.

This appeal requires a determination of whether a trial court may refuse to conduct any inquiry into the factual basis of pro se posttrial motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel based on a finding that those motions are untimely. In this case, a motion to reconsider sentence had been filed on June 10, 2008, and, while it was pending, on June 24, 2008, Patrick filed a pro se motion for appointment of counsel outside the office of the public defender and also a pro se amended motion for a new trial. This was 118 days after the guilty verdict. Various claims of ineffective assistance by the appointed trial attorney were made. When the circuit court subsequently took up the issue of sentence reconsideration, it said that the pro se motions were untimely because not filed within 30 days of the verdict as required by the Code of Criminal Procedure on new trial motions. It made no inquiry into the allegations of ineffective assistance. The defendant appealed.

On November 23, 2010, the appellate court ruled that the circuit court should not have dismissed Patrick’s pro se requests as untimely, but was required to inquire into his pro se allegations of ineffective assistance by holding a hearing pursuant to the principles announced in People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984). A remand was ordered for this purpose, and the State appealed.

Krankel principles provide a common law remedy that has been developed by Illinois jurisprudence for circumstances where pro se claims show possible neglect by counsel. The remedy may include a new trial, but is not limited to this. The State contended that the issue here is governed by the statute providing for the timing of when a motion for a new trial is to be filed, but the supreme court held here that this statute should not apply. Here, the pro se motions preceded the notices of appeal which were filed. A preliminary inquiry should be conducted on remand into the facts underlying the defendant’s allegations. The appellate court’s judgment was affirmed.

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2011 IL 111666 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS (Docket No. 111666) THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. TYRON L. PATRICK, Appellee. Opinion filed December 30, 2011. CHIEF JUSTICE KILBRIDE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. Justices Freeman, Thomas, Garman, Karmeier, Burke, and Theis concurred in the judgment and opinion. OPINION ¶1 The issue in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in refusing to consider the defendant s pro se posttrial motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel because those motions were not timely filed under section 116-1(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/116-1(b) (West 2006)). We hold that the trial court was required to conduct a preliminary inquiry into the factual basis of the defendant s ineffective assistance allegations. Accordingly, we affirm the appellate court s judgment remanding this matter to the trial court for a preliminary examination of the defendant s allegations. ¶2 ¶3 I. BACKGROUND Defendant Tyron L. Patrick was charged by indictment in the circuit court of Lake County with reckless homicide (720 ILCS 5/93(a) (West 2006)) and four counts of failing to report an accident ¶4 ¶5 ¶6 ¶7 involving death or injury (625 ILCS 5/11-401(b) (West 2006)). The charges arose from a collision between two vehicles resulting in the death of one person and injuries to three others. The evidence at trial established that Holly Graham was driving her vehicle with Tiara Langston in the front passenger seat. Gary Nixon and Jauqtel Foster were in the backseat of the car. Graham s car was struck by another vehicle while traveling through an intersection. Graham died as a result of the collision and her three passengers suffered severe injuries. Lieutenant Richard Theis of the North Chicago police department testified that he was on patrol shortly after midnight when he saw a black car traveling at a high rate of speed. The vehicle failed to stop at an intersection. Theis turned around and accelerated to follow the vehicle, but he could not catch up to the black car. Theis estimated that the car was traveling approximately 80 miles per hour in a 30miles-per-hour zone. Theis lost sight of the vehicle and called for backup. One to two minutes after he lost sight of the vehicle, the officers approached a collision between two vehicles at an intersection. Theis observed the black car stopped in the southbound lanes of the street and a white car against a tree. There were no occupants in the black car. Officer Donald Florance testified that he responded to Lieutenant Theis s call for backup. When they arrived at the scene, he observed a black Monte Carlo with no occupants and a white Mercury with three people inside. Another passenger had been thrown from the Mercury. Florance further testified that approximately two weeks prior to this incident, he observed defendant standing by a gray Cadillac. When defendant got into the Cadillac and drove away, Officer Florance followed and activated his emergency lights to make a traffic stop. Defendant began traveling 50 to 60 miles per hour in a 25-miles-per-hour zone. Florance eventually ended his pursuit when defendant accelerated to about 90 miles per hour. Officer Morris Wade testified that two days after the crash, defendant called and asked what charges would be filed if he surrendered. Wade told defendant that the investigation had not been completed and he was unsure of potential charges. When Wade asked defendant if he had received medical treatment for any injuries, defendant responded that he was not injured. Defendant stated he would turn himself in, but did not identify himself as the driver of the black vehicle. -2- ¶8 ¶9 ¶ 10 ¶ 11 ¶ 12 Sergeant Salvatore Cecala testified that he recovered blood samples from the driver-side air bag and the driver-side floor of the black Monte Carlo. Cecala opined that the blood on the air bag could have come only from the driver. Cecala found a purse on the front passenger-side floor of the vehicle containing the identification of Tarielle Walls. He also found three cell phones in the car, one on each floorboard in the front and one plugged into the back console. One of the cell phones was marked with the name Monique. Based on his investigation, Cecala estimated that the vehicle was traveling approximately 95 miles per hour. Cecala further testified that while taking a DNA sample from defendant, he noticed injuries above defendant s eyebrow, above his nose, on his shoulder, and on his back. The State presented testimony that the DNA profiles from the air bag and floorboard of the car matched defendant s DNA profile. After the State rested, defendant called Tarielle Walls. Walls testified that she was at a club with her sisters, Marielle and Monique, and her cousin when she met defendant and a man named D. She had known defendant for approximately two years, but met D for the first time that night. Walls testified that D was driving the black Monte Carlo that night, she was in the front passenger seat, and defendant was in the backseat. A white car pulled out from a stop sign and the cars collided. D and defendant both left the vehicle. A woman helped Walls get out of the car and she sat on the curb until police officers arrived. Walls testified that the car was traveling at the speed limit, not 90 miles per hour. On February 27, 2008, the jury found defendant guilty of reckless homicide, failing to report an accident involving a death, and three counts of failing to report an accident involving an injury. Defendant filed a motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, for a new trial. On May 16, 2008, the trial court denied that motion and sentenced defendant to consecutive nine-year terms for reckless homicide and failing to report an accident involving a death. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment for each count of failing to report an accident involving an injury, to be served concurrently. On June 10, 2008, defendant filed a motion to reconsider his sentence. While that motion was pending, defendant filed a pro se Motion for Appointment of Counsel Outside the Office of the Lake County Public Defender. In that motion filed on June 24, 2008, -3- ¶ 13 ¶ 14 ¶ 15 ¶ 16 defendant alleged his trial counsel: (1) was not licensed to practice law and failed to inform him of that fact; (2) colluded with an assistant State s Attorney to secure his conviction by warning defendant that additional charges could be filed if he did not cooperate; (3) forgot to bring several exhibits crucial to his defense on the second day of trial; (4) failed or refused to challenge the imposition of consecutive sentences; (5) did not file posttrial motions challenging the police department s investigation and its failure to fingerprint the black Monte Carlo; (6) deprived him of his right to a speedy trial; (7) did not challenge in a posttrial motion the trial court s decision to allow a juror to remain on the jury after he fell asleep during trial; (8) failed to argue that defendant had no duty to report the accident because police officers were already present; and (9) failed to present an expert witness at trial. Defendant s motion for appointment of counsel was accompanied by a pro se motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, alternatively, for a new trial, repeating the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant sought an evidentiary hearing with appointed counsel outside the public defender s office. The hearing on defendant s motion to reconsider his sentence was set for the following day. At that hearing, the trial court stated the pro se motions were filed outside of the time period. I admonished the Defendant, so that will not be considered by the Court. It is untimely. The trial court did not conduct any inquiry into the ineffective assistance allegations. The hearing on defendant s motion to reconsider his sentence was continued. Subsequently, on August 1, 2008, the trial court denied defendant s motion to reconsider his sentence. On appeal, the appellate court vacated defendant s three convictions for failing to report an accident involving an injury based on the one-act, one-crime rule. The appellate court also held that the evidence was insufficient to sustain defendant s conviction of failing to report an accident involving a death and reduced that conviction to the lesser-included offense of leaving the scene of an accident (625 ILCS 5/11-401(a) (West 2006)). The appellate court further held that the trial court erred in ordering defendant to serve 85% of his reckless homicide sentence and that the trial court s violation of Supreme Court Rule 431(b) was not reversible error under the plain-error rule. As for the trial court s refusal to consider defendant s pro se motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel, the appellate court -4- ¶ 17 ¶ 18 ¶ 19 ¶ 20 ¶ 21 ¶ 22 held that the trial court was required to examine the factual basis of those allegations. The appellate court observed that the trial court still had jurisdiction over the matter when the pro se motions were filed, and held that the trial court erred in failing to inquire into the allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel. Accordingly, the cause was remanded to the trial court for a preliminary examination of the defendant s pro se allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel and for resentencing. 406 Ill. App. 3d 548. We allowed the State s petition for leave to appeal (Ill. S. Ct. R. 315 (eff. Feb. 26, 2010)). II. ANALYSIS Initially, the State contends that the appellate court did not have jurisdiction to review the trial court s decision on defendant s pro se posttrial motions. According to the State, the two notices of appeal filed by defendant do not identify the trial court s order on the pro se motions or the date of that order. The appellate court, therefore, lacked jurisdiction because the notices of appeal do not adequately identify the challenged judgment. The timely filing of a notice of appeal is the only jurisdictional step for initiating appellate review. People v. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d 32, 37 (2009). If there is no properly filed notice of appeal, the reviewing court lacks jurisdiction and must dismiss the appeal. People v. Smith, 228 Ill. 2d 95, 104 (2008). The purpose of a notice of appeal is to notify the prevailing party that the other party seeks review of the circuit court s judgment. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 37. A notice of appeal confers jurisdiction on the reviewing court to consider only the judgments or pertinent parts specified in the notice. General Motors Corp. v. Pappas, 242 Ill. 2d 163, 176 (2011). A notice of appeal should be considered as a whole and will be deemed sufficient to confer jurisdiction on an appellate court when it fairly and adequately sets out the judgment complained of and the relief sought, thus advising the successful litigant of the nature of the appeal. Smith, 228 Ill. 2d at 105 (quoting Lang v. Consumers Insurance Service, Inc., 222 Ill. App. 3d 226, 229 (1991)). Two notices of appeal were filed in this case. One of the notices, signed by defendant s trial counsel, identifies the offenses and sentences imposed. The Date of Judgment Order is listed as August -5- ¶ 23 ¶ 24 ¶ 25 1, 2008, the date the trial court denied defendant s motion to reconsider his sentence. The other notice of appeal, signed by the circuit court clerk, also lists the offenses and sentences. That notice lists the Date of Judgment Order as May 16, 2008, the date of sentencing, and is left blank under the heading, If appeal is not from a conviction, nature of Order appealed from. The State argues that the notices of appeal are insufficient to confer appellate jurisdiction because they do not adequately identify the trial court s order on defendant s pro se motions. We addressed a similar argument on appellate jurisdiction in Lewis. In that case, the State contended that the notice of appeal did not confer jurisdiction over the defendant s challenge to a street-value fine because it only listed an order denying a motion to suppress evidence. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 36-37. In rejecting that argument, we observed that the defendant s notice of appeal accurately identified the offense and sentence. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 38. By leaving blank the part of the notice stating Nature of order appealed from, other than conviction, the defendant indicated he was appealing from his conviction. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 38. Although the notice of appeal listed the date of the order or judgment as 4/3/06- Order denying motion to suppress, the notice clearly indicated defendant was appealing from no orders other than his conviction. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 38. We concluded that the notice of appeal was sufficient to confer appellate jurisdiction over defendant s challenge to his street-value fine because, considered as a whole and construed liberally, the notice adequately identified the challenged judgment and informed the State of the nature of the appeal. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 39. In this case, the notice of appeal signed by the circuit court clerk accurately identifies the offenses and sentences. The notice was left blank under the heading, If appeal is not from a conviction, nature of Order appealed from. As in Lewis, by leaving that part of the notice blank, the defendant indicated he was appealing from his conviction. The notice of appeal signed by defense counsel also accurately identifies the offenses and sentences. The date of the judgment order is listed as August 1, 2008, the date the trial court denied defendant s final motion directed against the judgment. We conclude that both notices of appeal indicate defendant was appealing from the judgment of conviction. -6- ¶ 26 ¶ 27 ¶ 28 ¶ 29 To the extent that the conflicting dates listed in the notices of appeal could have caused any confusion, we note that the purpose of a notice of appeal is to inform the prevailing party in the trial court that the unsuccessful party seeks review. Lewis, 234 Ill. 2d at 37. Briefs, not the notice of appeal, specify the precise points relied upon for reversal. Butrell v. First Charter Service Corp., 76 Ill. 2d 427, 433 (1979). In this case, the notices of appeal served the purpose of informing the State that defendant sought review of the judgment of conviction. Further, a failure to comply strictly with the form of notice is not fatal if the deficiency is one of form rather than substance and the appellee is not prejudiced. General Motors Corp., 242 Ill. 2d at 176. The State does not argue it was prejudiced in any way by the notices of appeal and it does not appear that there was any prejudice. Accordingly, we conclude that the appellate court had jurisdiction to review the trial court s decision on defendant s pro se posttrial motions. On the merits, the State contends that section 116-1(b) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (725 ILCS 5/116-1(b) (West 2006)) requires defendants to file a written motion for a new trial within 30 days after the entry of a guilty verdict. Defendant s pro se motions sought a new trial and that is the relief available for any successful ineffective assistance of counsel claim. Defendant s pro se motions are, therefore, governed by the plain language of section 116-1(b). Defendant filed his pro se motions 118 days after the guilty verdict in this case. Accordingly, the State maintains that the pro se motions were not timely filed under section 116-1(b) and the trial court properly refused to consider those motions. Defendant responds that a pro se motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is not a motion for a new trial within the meaning of section 116-1(b). A pro se motion alleging ineffective assistance is governed by the common law procedure developed by this court in People v. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d 181 (1984), and refined in subsequent cases. Under the common law procedure, a pro se defendant is not required to file a written motion, but must only bring the claim to the trial court s attention. Additionally, pro se motions alleging ineffective assistance are not limited to counsel s performance at trial, but may also arise from guilty plea or probation revocation proceedings. Defendant, therefore, contends that section -7- ¶ 30 ¶ 31 ¶ 32 ¶ 33 116-1(b), requiring a written motion for a new trial filed within 30 days of a guilty verdict, cannot be applied to the Krankel procedure. We agree with defendant that the State s attempt to graft the statutory requirement in section 116-1(b) onto a common law remedy is fundamentally flawed. A pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is not a new trial motion as outlined in section 116-1. Rather, it is part of a separate common law procedure developed in a line of cases beginning with Krankel. In Krankel, the defendant filed a pro se posttrial motion alleging his trial counsel was ineffective for refusing to investigate or present an alibi defense. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 187. The trial court denied the motion without appointing new counsel to assist the defendant. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 189. This court remanded the matter for a new hearing on the defendant s pro se motion with appointed counsel other than his originally appointed trial counsel. Krankel, 102 Ill. 2d at 189. Following Krankel, this court clarified that newly appointed counsel is not automatically required in every case when a defendant presents a pro se posttrial motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. People v. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d 68, 77 (2003). Rather, when a defendant presents a pro se posttrial claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, the trial court should first examine the factual basis of the defendant s claim. If the trial court determines that the claim lacks merit or pertains only to matters of trial strategy, then the court need not appoint new counsel and may deny the pro se motion. However, if the allegations show possible neglect of the case, new counsel should be appointed. Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 77-78. This appeal requires a determination of whether the trial court may refuse to conduct any inquiry into the factual basis of defendant s pro se posttrial motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel based on a finding that those motions are untimely under section 1161(b). Section 116-1 provides: Motion for New Trial. (a) Following a verdict or finding of guilty the court may grant the defendant a new trial. (b) A written motion for a new trial shall be filed by the defendant within 30 days following the entry of a finding or the return of a verdict. Reasonable notice of the motion shall be served upon the State. -8- ¶ 34 ¶ 35 ¶ 36 ¶ 37 (c) The motion for a new trial shall specify the grounds therefor. 725 ILCS 5/116-1 (West 2006). The plain language of section 116-1(b), therefore, requires a motion for a new trial to be written and filed within 30 days after entry of a guilty finding or verdict. The parties dispute whether a pro se motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is a motion for a new trial within the meaning of section 116-1(b). Generally, the character of a motion is determined by its content or substance, not by the label placed on it by the movant. People v. Shellstrom, 216 Ill. 2d 45, 51 (2005). We must examine the relief sought to determine a motion s character. The character of a motion alleging ineffective assistance of counsel is, therefore, determined by the relief sought in the ineffective assistance claim. The remedy for a valid claim of ineffective assistance of counsel should be tailored to the injury from the constitutional violation and should not unnecessarily infringe on competing interests. People v. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d 509, 537 (1997) (citing United States v. Morrison, 449 U.S. 361, 364 (1981)). Accordingly, in Curry this court ordered a new trial including the resumption of the plea negotiation process because the constitutional deprivation occurred during plea negotiations. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d at 536-37. This court concluded that simply ordering a new trial would not cure the injury from the constitutional violation during plea negotiations. Curry, 178 Ill. 2d at 536. Here, defendant s pro se motions allege several instances of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. Defendant sought a new trial on some of those allegations. Others, however, would entitle defendant to other relief if they were successful. For instance, defendant alleges that his trial counsel deprived him of his right to a speedy trial. If defendant were successful on that claim, he would be entitled to reversal of his convictions. See People v. Williams, 204 Ill. 2d 191, 208 (2003) (violation of speedy-trial act required reversal of conviction); People v. Mayo, 198 Ill. 2d 530, 536 (2002) (a defendant not tried within the statutory speedy-trial period must be discharged from custody and the charges must be dismissed). Defendant also claimed ineffective assistance of counsel during sentencing, alleging that his trial counsel failed to challenge the imposition of consecutive sentences. Defendant would not be entitled to a new trial as a remedy on that claim because it could not have -9- ¶ 38 ¶ 39 ¶ 40 ¶ 41 ¶ 42 impacted his trial. He would only be entitled to resentencing if successful on that claim. Thus, portions of defendant s pro se motions do not seek a new trial. Defendant s pro se motions cannot be characterized simply as motions for a new trial subject to the filing requirements of section 116-1(b). The application of section 116-1(b) would preclude defendant from raising any pro se ineffective assistance claim based on his sentencing because those claims could not be filed within the 30-day statutory time period. The Krankel procedure is intended to include pro se ineffective assistance claims arising from sentencing, however. See People v. Sims, 167 Ill. 2d 483, 517-20 (1995) (applying Krankel to claim that trial counsel provided ineffective assistance during sentencing). We note that once a notice of appeal has been filed, the trial court loses jurisdiction of the case and may not entertain a Krankel motion raising a pro se claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. Further, a Krankel motion is not a substitute for a postconviction petition. Krankel serves the narrow purpose of allowing the trial court to decide whether to appoint independent counsel to argue a defendant s pro se posttrial ineffective assistance claims. We emphasize that section 116-1(b) still controls written motions for a new trial filed by defendants within 30 days following entry of a finding or the return of a verdict. To be clear, the holding in this case applies only to alleged deficient performance of trial counsel and not to any other errors. The common law procedure developed in Krankel and subsequent cases is intended to promote consideration of pro se ineffective assistance claims in the trial court and to limit issues on appeal. See People v. Jocko, 239 Ill. 2d 87, 91 (2010) (Krankel procedure encourages trial courts to fully address pro se claims of ineffective assistance and thereby narrow issues on appeal). The procedure is not intended to be constrained by section 116-1(b). The trial court erred in refusing to consider defendant s pro se posttrial motions after finding they were untimely under section 116-1(b). It is true that section 116-1(b) says a defendant must file a written motion for a new trial within 30 days of the entry of a finding or the return of a verdict. However, an exception to that rule is if a defendant is seeking a new trial based on claims of ineffective assistance of counsel and the claim is raised before a notice of appeal is filed. In that case, the defendant may have a Krankel hearing to -10- ¶ 43 ¶ 44 ¶ 45 ¶ 46 determine if his claims have any merit and warrant the appointment of separate counsel. For all other claims seeking a new trial, a defendant must comply with section 116-1(b) s requirements. Here, the trial court did not conduct any inquiry into defendant s pro se ineffective assistance of counsel allegations. The trial court was required to conduct a preliminary inquiry into the factual basis of defendant s allegations. See Moore, 207 Ill. 2d at 79. Accordingly, this matter must be remanded to the trial court to conduct the required preliminary examination of defendant s claims. III. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, we hold that the trial court erred in failing to conduct a preliminary examination into the factual basis of defendant s pro se posttrial motions alleging ineffective assistance of counsel. This cause must be remanded for a preliminary inquiry into the defendant s allegations. Accordingly, we affirm the appellate court s judgment. Affirmed. -11-

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