In Re: Daniel Fordu, Debtor.harold A. Corzin, Appellee, v. Julie A. Fordu, Appellant, 201 F.3d 693 (6th Cir. 1999)

This appeal, which arises from the bankruptcy court's disposition of an adversary proceeding initiated by a Chapter 7 trustee, comes to us by way of our circuit's Bankruptcy Appellate Panel ("BAP"). The appeal is brought by one of the defendants to the adversary proceeding, Julie A. Fordu, the former wife of the Debtor, Daniel Fordu. Ms. Fordu contends that the BAP erred by reversing two separate orders of the bankruptcy court: the first order granted partial summary judgment in her favor and the second order dismissed the trustee's complaint. We are urged by Ms. Fordu to reverse the decision of the BAP and affirm the bankruptcy court's orders. Ms. Fordu also seeks reversal of a third order of the bankruptcy court denying her motion for attorney fees and costs.¹ 

The issues before us are the same as those presented to the BAP: (1) whether the bankruptcy court erred by granting partial summary judgment in favor of Ms. Fordu after concluding that lottery proceeds won during her marriage to the Debtor constituted Ms. Fordu's separate property in which the Debtor had no interest; (2) whether the bankruptcy court erred by concluding that an agreed dissolution decree entered by an Ohio domestic relations court--which dissolved the Fordus' marriage and recited that the parties' Separation Agreement was fair, just and equitable--precluded a finding by the bankruptcy court that the transfers effected by the Separation Agreement were subject to avoidance as fraudulent and/orpreferential transfers; (3) whether the bankruptcy court erred in its dismissal of the trustee's third and fourth causes of action without specifically ruling thereon; and (4) whether the bankruptcy court erred by denying attorney fees and costs to Ms. Fordu. For the reasons that follow, we REVERSE the bankruptcy court's order granting Ms. Fordu's motion for summary judgment and its judgment entry dismissing the trustee's complaint. We AFFIRM the bankruptcy court's order denying Ms. Fordu's motion of allowance of bill of costs and attorney fees. We REMAND this case to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

In 1986, Ms. Fordu redeemed an Ohio lottery ticket entitling her to winnings of $388,888, payable in annual installments of $19,444.40 through the year 2011. In 1990, the Fordus filed a petition to dissolve their marriage in the Common Pleas Court, Division of Domestic Relations, Lake County, Ohio ("Domestic Relations Court").

On January 17, 1991, the Fordus executed a Separation Agreement that was incorporated into an agreed dissolution decree entered by the Domestic Relations Court on May 6, 1991 ("Dissolution Decree"). The Separation Agreement provided that: (1) the Debtor would convey his entire right, title and interest in the marital residence to Ms. Fordu; (2) neither spouse would be responsible for supporting the other after the marriage ended; (3) the Debtor would not be required to pay alimony to Ms. Fordu; (4) Ms. Fordu would waive any claim to an interest in a restaurant business venture that the Debtor was about to undertake; and (5) the Debtor would relinquish any and all rights he may have had in the lottery proceeds, except for one-half of the proceeds of the lottery installment received in 1990.

Approximately two years after the Dissolution Decree was entered, the Debtor's business failed and he filed a voluntary petition for relief under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. Harold A. Corzin, the duly appointed trustee for the Debtor's bankruptcy estate ("Trustee"), brought an action pursuant to § 544 of the Bankruptcy Code²  against Ms. Fordu seeking to avoid and recover transfers that she received pursuant to the Separation Agreement. Invoking the "strong-arm" powers afforded by § 544(a) of the Bankruptcy Code,³  the Trustee's complaint sought the avoidance of the Debtor's transfers of his interest in the marital residence and lottery proceeds as fraudulent and/or preferential transfers. Although the Trustee's complaint did not specifically reference the state statutes under which relief was sought,⁴  presumably the Trustee soughtavoidance of the transfers made pursuant to the Separation Agreement under Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 1336.04(A),⁵  1336.05,⁶  1313.56⁷  and 1313.57.⁸ 

While the Trustee's complaint pled four distinct causes of action arising under various Bankruptcy Code and Ohio statutory provisions, the claims stem from the following essential allegations: (1) that, pursuant to the Separation Agreement incorporated into the Dissolution Decree, the Debtor transferred to Ms. Fordu his interest in approximately $380,000 in future lottery proceeds and the parties' marital residence for less than reasonably equivalent value; (2) that the transfers effected by the Dissolution Decree were made with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors, or were made at a time when the Debtor knew or should have known that he was insolvent or was about to engage in a business for which he lacked sufficient assets; (3) that Ms. Fordu was aware of, or should have known, this information; (4) that the Debtor preferred payment of Ms. Fordu's claims over payment of the claims of other creditors; and (5) that, as a consequence of these transfers, Ms. Fordu held property of the Debtor's bankruptcy estate that should be turned over to the Trustee. The Trustee's complaint included the language necessary to support the state and federal causes of action asserted. Nevertheless, without affording the Trustee an opportunity to adduce evidence supporting his claims, the bankruptcy court entered the two separate orders described below that granted judgment in favor of Ms. Fordu as a matter of law.

First, the bankruptcy court entered partial summary judgment against the Trustee, holding that the lottery ticket and its proceeds were the separate property of Ms. Fordu rather than marital property. As such, the Debtor held no interest in the lottery winnings to which the Trustee could succeed, the bankruptcy court concluded. Second, following opening statements at the trial of the Trustee's remaining claims, the bankruptcy court entered a separate order granting Ms. Fordu's motion to dismiss the claims.⁹  Because the Dissolution Decree contained language reciting that the Separation Agreement constituted a fair, just and equitable division of the parties' marital property, the bankruptcy court determined that principles of collateral estoppel precluded the Trustee from litigating the issue of whether the Debtor received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer of his interest in the lottery proceeds and the marital residence.¹⁰ 

The bankruptcy court did not make a specific ruling on the Trustee's third and fourth claims for relief, i.e., the state-law preference claim and the claim for turnover of property of the Debtor's bankruptcy estate. Rather, the court simply entered a judgment dismissing these claims.Finally, the bankruptcy court denied Ms. Fordu's motion for recovery of attorney fees and costs. Ms. Fordu's motion asserted that the Trustee violated Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011 by continuing prosecution of the adversary proceeding after the bankruptcy court had granted partial summary judgment in Ms. Fordu's favor on the basis of its finding that the Debtor held no property interest in the lottery proceeds. Although the bankruptcy court ultimately rejected the Trustee's arguments, it ruled that imposition of Rule 9011 sanctions was not justified because the Trustee's claims were made after appropriate factual inquiry and warranted by existing law.

The Trustee appealed to the BAP the bankruptcy court's two orders that, collectively, resulted in dismissal of his complaint. Ms. Fordu cross-appealed the bankruptcy court's denial of her motion for attorney fees and costs. The BAP reversed the bankruptcy court's first order granting partial summary judgment, holding that the Debtor had an interest in the lottery proceeds at the time the parties' marriage was dissolved. The BAP also reversed the bankruptcy court's second order, which dismissed the Trustee's remaining claims for relief, determining that the recitation in the Dissolution Decree that the Separation Agreement constituted a fair, just and equitable property division did not preclude the Trustee from litigating the issue of whether the challenged transfers were made in exchange for reasonably equivalent value. Because the bankruptcy court failed to state its grounds for dismissing the Trustee's third and fourth causes of action, the BAP reversed the bankruptcy court's dismissal of these claims. Finally, the BAP affirmed the bankruptcy court's denial of Ms. Fordu's motion for attorney fees and costs. The BAP remanded the adversary proceeding to the bankruptcy court for proceedings consistent with its opinion. This timely appeal followed.

Although the issue of what property is properly included in the debtor's bankruptcy estate raises a federal question, it is well-settled that a debtor's property rights are created and defined by state law. See Demczyk v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. (In re Graham Square, Inc.), 126 F.3d 823, 827 (6th Cir. 1997) ("To determine the extent of an estate's interest in property, we must look to property rights defined under state law."); see also Nobleman v. American Savings Bank, 508 U.S. 324, 329 (1993) ("Congress has 'left the determination of property rights in the assets of a bankrupt's estate to state law,' since such 'property rights are created and defined by state law.'") (quoting Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 54-55 (1979)). We therefore must look to Ohio law to determine what interest, if any, the Debtor had in the lottery proceeds at the time his marriage was dissolved.

Under Ohio law, the Ohio Lottery Commission recognizes the claimant who submits a winning ticket as the only individual entitled to receive payment of lottery winnings. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3770.07(A) (Anderson 1997). Section 3770.07(A) provides that persons entitled to lottery winnings cannot voluntarily assign their rights to receive payment; nor, with limited exceptions, may a third party attach lottery proceeds. Based on this Ohio statutory provision governing payment of lottery winnings, the bankruptcy court determined that the lottery proceeds were the separate property of Ms. Fordu and that the Debtor had no interest in them. Because the Debtor had no property interest in the lottery proceeds, the bankruptcy court reasoned, the Trustee could not assert an entitlement to the proceeds.

Like the BAP, we conclude that the bankruptcy court's focus on the Ohio statute governing the payment of and restricting assignment or attachment of lottery winnings was misdirected. The fact that,under Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3770.07(A), only Ms. Fordu could claim the lottery winnings and such winnings were not subject to attachment by her creditors is simply not legally relevant. Rather, the pertinent question is whether the Debtor had a property interest in the lottery proceeds at the time they were transferred to Ms. Fordu pursuant to the Separation Agreement. As we explain below, the lottery proceeds unquestionably constituted marital property in which the Debtor had an interest at the time of the dissolution.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3105.171, which became effective January 1, 1991, contains definitions of the terms "marital property" and "separate property." Under this statute, property acquired during marriage is deemed to be marital property¹¹  and subject to division upon termination of the marriage unless such property falls within one of the specific categories of separate property enumerated in Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3105.171(A) (6) (a).¹²  Because the lottery proceeds were won during the Fordus' marriage and do not come within theambit of any of the separate property exceptions set forth in Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3105.171(A) (6) (a), the proceeds were a part of the Fordus' marital estate at the time of the dissolution.¹³  Ohio courts, applying the foregoing definitions of marital and separate property, consistently have determined that lottery proceeds won during marriage constitute marital rather than separate property. See Leis v. Leis, 96-CA-20, 1997 WL 335145, at *3 (Ohio Ct. App. June 20, 1997) (holding that spouse had interest in lottery proceeds even though not the official winning claimant because the lottery winnings constituted marital property); Burden v. Burden, No. 2-86-20, 1987 WL 18222, at *1 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 7, 1987) (same); Fraiser v. Fraiser, No. 1538, 1981 WL 6545, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Dec. 4, 1981) (same).

In sum, we conclude that the lottery proceeds were part of the Fordus' marital estate and the Debtor thus held a property interest in such proceeds that was transferred to Ms. Fordu under the Separation Agreement. This transfer was properly subject to challenge by the Trustee through the assertion of his avoidance claims. See Ernsberger v. Ernsberger, No. 2351, 1988 WL 107012, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. Oct. 12, 1988) (transfer made pursuant to divorce decree may be challenged as a fraudulent transfer). We therefore conclude that the BAP correctly reversed the bankruptcy court's order granting Ms. Fordu partial summary judgment.

Ms. Fordu argues that the BAP erred in reversing the bankruptcy court's dismissal of the Trustee's causes of action based on the principle of collateral estoppel. Specifically, the bankruptcy court concluded that: (1) the Trustee and the Debtor were in privity in the dissolution proceeding; (2) the issue of whether the Debtor received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer of his interest in the lottery proceeds had been determined by the Domestic Relations Court's Dissolution Decree, which recited that the parties' Separation Agreement was fair, just and equitable; and (3) principles of collateral estoppel barred relitigation of the reasonably equivalent value issue. These conclusions by the bankruptcy court were erroneous. We therefore hold, as did the BAP, that preclusion principles do not bar the Trustee's fraudulent transfer and preference claims.

"A fundamental precept of common-law adjudication, embodied in the related doctrines of collateral estoppel and res judicata, is that a 'right, question or fact distinctly put in issue and directly determined by a court of competent jurisdiction . . . cannot be disputed in a subsequent suit between the same parties or their privies . . . .'" Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. 147, 153 (1979) (quoting Southern Pac. R.R. Co. v. United States, 168 U.S. 1, 48-49 (1897)) (alterations in original). In Migra v. Warren City School District Board of Education,465 U.S. 75, 77 n.1. (1984), the United States Supreme Court expressed its preference for the use of the terms "issue preclusion" and "claim preclusion" to refer to the preclusive effect of a judgment in foreclosing future litigation rather than the more traditionally utilized terms "collateral estoppel" and "res judicata." "Claim preclusion generally refers to the effect of a judgment in foreclosing litigation of a matter that never has been litigated, because of a determination that it should have been advanced in an earlier suit." Migra, 465 U.S. at 77 n.1. Issue preclusion refers to the effect of a judgment in foreclosing relitigation of a matter that has been actually litigated and decided. Id. This effect also is referred to as direct or collateral estoppel.¹⁴  Id. Both issue and claim preclusion serve the necessary function of conserving judicial and litigant resources and minimize the possibility of inconsistent decisions. See Montana v. United States, 440 U.S. at 153-54.

The full faith and credit statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1738, requires a federal court to accord a state court judgment the same preclusive effect that the judgment would have in a state court.¹⁵  See Marrese v. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 470 U.S. 373, 384 (1985). When a federal court is asked to give preclusive effect to a state court judgment, the federal court must apply the law of the state in which the prior judgment was rendered in determining whether and to what extent the prior judgment should be given preclusive effect in a federal action. See 28 U.S.C. § 1738; Migra, 465 U.S. at 81; Bay Area Factors v. Calvert (In re Calvert), 105 F.3d 315, 317 (6th Cir. 1997); Hospital Underwriting Group, Inc. v. Summit Health Ltd. 63 F.3d 486, 494-95 (6th Cir. 1995). We thus look to Ohio preclusion principles to determine the effect of the Dissolution Decree. See Gargallo v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 918 F.2d 658, 661 (6th Cir. 1990).

In Grava v. Parkman Township, 73 Ohio St. 3d 379, 382, 653 N.E.2d 226, 229 (1995), the Ohio Supreme Court applied the principle of claim preclusion, holding that "a valid, final judgment rendered upon the merits bars all subsequent actions based upon any claim arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action." The court explained:

"When a valid and final judgment rendered in an action extinguishes the plaintiff's claim pursuant to the rules of merger or bar * * *, the claim extinguished includes all rights of the plaintiff to remedies against the defendant with respect to all or any part of the transaction, or series of transactions, out of which the action arose."

Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 24(1) (1982)) (alteration in original). The doctrine of claim preclusion encompasses "all claims which were or might have been litigated in the first lawsuit." Stuhlreyer v. Armco, Inc., 12 F.3d 75, 77 (6th Cir. 1993) (citing National Amusements, Inc. v. Springdale, 53 Ohio St. 3d 60, 62, 558 N.E.2d 1178, 1180 (1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1120 (1991)).

Claim preclusion has four elements in Ohio: (1) a prior final, valid decision on the merits by a court of competentjurisdiction; (2) a second action involving the same parties, or their privies, as the first; (3) a second action raising claims that were or could have been litigated in the first action; and (4) a second action arising out of the transaction or occurrence that was the subject matter of the previous action. Hapgood v. City of Warren, 127 F.3d 490, 493 (6th Cir. 1997) (citing Felder v. Community Mut. Ins. Co., No. 96-3320, 1997 WL 160373, at *3-*4 (6th Cir. Apr. 4, 1997) (unpublished)). Under Ohio law, claim-preclusive effect may be granted to a dissolution decree. See Gilbraith v. Hixon, 32 Ohio St. 3d 127, 129, 512 N.E.2d 956, 959 (1987).

"Issue preclusion precludes the relitigation of an issue that has been actually and necessarily litigated and determined in a prior action." Metrohealth Med. Ctr. v. Hoffmann-LaRoche, Inc., 80 Ohio St. 3d 212, 217, 685 N.E.2d 529, 533 (1997) (citation and internal quotations omitted). Issue preclusion applies when a fact or issue "(1) was actually and directly litigated in the prior action, (2) was passed upon and determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, and (3) when the party against whom [issue preclusion] is asserted was a party in privity with a party to the prior action." Thompson v. Wing, 70 Ohio St. 3d 176, 183, 637 N.E.2d 917, 923 (1994).

The bankruptcy court relied on the principle of collateral estoppel--i.e., issue preclusion--in holding that the Dissolution Decree barred litigation of the Trustee's preference and fraudulent transfer claims. Because issue preclusion applies only when a fact or issue has been actually and necessarily litigated in a prior action, see Metrohealth Med. Ctr., 80 Ohio St. 3d at 217, 685 N.E.2d at 533, the bankruptcy court's dismissal of the Trustee's claims based on issue preclusion principles was erroneous. Although the issue of the fairness of the property division between the Debtor and Ms. Fordu was the subject of a recitation contained in the Dissolution Decree, it was not actually litigated in the dissolution proceeding. Absent a judgment following actual litigation, the Dissolution Decree cannot be accorded issue-preclusive effect. See Gargallo, 918 F.2d at 663 n.6 (" [B]ecause . . . no substantive factual issues were adjudicated in the Ohio court, Ohio's issue preclusion principles are not relevant to this case.").

Because the bankruptcy court's dismissal of the Trustee's claims was based on issue, rather than claim, preclusion principles, it was not necessary for the BAP to reach the issue of the claim-preclusive effect of the Dissolution Decree. The BAP simply could have reversed the bankruptcy court's dismissal of the Trustee's claims on the ground that, because the parties did not actually litigate the question of the fairness of the property division in the Domestic Relations Court, the Dissolution Decree should not have been accorded issue-preclusive effect in the adversary proceeding. We recognize, however that considerable confusion has resulted from the "seemingly conflicting terminology . . . attributable to the evolution of preclusion concepts over the years." Migra, 465 U.S. at 77 n.1. Under the assumption that the bankruptcy court may have fallen prey to this confusion and used the term collateral estoppel when, in fact, it intended to apply res judicata, or claim preclusion, principles, we will analyze whether the Dissolution Decree was entitled to claim-preclusive effect.

Under Ohio law, a necessary prerequisite to application of the principle of claim preclusion is an identity of parties or their privies. See Hapgood, 127 F.3d at 493; Grava, 73 Ohio St. 3d at 381, 653 N.E.2d at 228. Although he was not a party to the Domestic Relations Court proceeding, the Trustee would be bound by the Dissolution Decree if found to be in privity with the Debtor. See Ameigh v. Baycliffs Corp., 81 Ohio St. 3d 247, 249, 690 N.E.2d 872, 874 (1998) (" [I]n order for res judicata [i.e., claim preclusion] to apply, a valid, final judgment must have been renderedupon the merits and an identity of parties or their privies must exist.") (citing Whitehead v. General Tel. Co., 20 Ohio St. 2d 108, 254 N.E.2d 10 (1969), overruled in part on other grounds by Grava v. Parkman Township, 73 Ohio St. 3d 379, 382, 653 N.E.2d 226, 229 (1995)); Hapgood, 127 F.3d at 493 (same).

The bankruptcy court determined that the Trustee and the Debtor stood in privity. On this basis, the court held that the Trustee was bound by the Dissolution Decree's recitation that the property division effected by the Separation Agreement was fair, just and equitable. The court therefore dismissed the Trustee's avoidance claims, concluding that the principle of collateral estoppel barred relitigation of the issue of whether the Debtor received reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfers effected by the Separation Agreement. For the reasons explained below, this conclusion was erroneous.

Ohio courts, in determining whether privity between parties exists, "'look behind the nominal parties to the substance of the cause to determine the real parties in interest.'" Fort Frye Teachers Ass'n v. State Employment Relations Bd., 81 Ohio St. 3d 392, 396, 692 N.E.2d 140, 144 (1998) (quoting Trautwein v. Sorgenfrei, 58 Ohio St. 2d 493, 501, 391 N.E.2d 326, 331 (1979)). "For purposes of res judicata [claim preclusion], a person is in privity with another if he is so identified in interest with such person that he represents the same legal right." Deaton v. Burney, 107 Ohio App. 3d 407, 413, 669 N.E.2d 1, 5 (1995) (citing Fightmaster v. Tauber, 43 Ohio App. 266, 268, 183 N.E. 116, 117 (1932)); see also Thompson, 70 Ohio St. 3d at 184, 637 N.E.2d at 923 ("As a general matter, privity 'is merely a word used to say that a relationship between the one who is a party on the record and another is close enough to include that other within the res judicata.'") (quoting Bruszewski v. United States, 181 F.2d 419, 423 (3rd Cir. 1950) (Goodrich, J., concurring)).

Application of the privity principles distilled from Ohio case law leads to the inescapable conclusion that the Trustee was not in privity with the Debtor in the dissolution proceeding. A bankruptcy trustee is the representative of all creditors of the bankruptcy estate. See Marlow v. Rollins Cotton Co. (In re The Julien Co.), 146 F.3d 420, 423 (6th Cir. 1998) (" [T]he trustee in bankruptcy. . . represents all creditors . . . .") (quoting Wells v. Dickinson, 403 F.2d 635, 636 (6th Cir. 1968)); Bauer v. Commerce Union Bank, 859 F.2d 438, 441 (6th Cir. 1988) ("It is . . . clear that the trustee in bankruptcy acts as representative of the estate."). As such, the Trustee is not simply the successor-in-interest to the Debtor: he represents the interest of all creditors of the Debtor's bankruptcy estate.

Plainly, the Debtor's creditors were not the "'real parties in interest'" in the dissolution proceeding.¹⁶  Fort Frye Teachers Ass'n, 81 Ohio St. 3d at 396, 692 N.E.2d at 144 (citation omitted). Nor was the Debtor "so identified in interest with [the creditors of his bankruptcy estate] that he represent [ed their] same legal right." Deaton, 107 Ohio St. 3d at 413, 669 N.E.2d at 5. Thus, the Trustee was not in privity with the Debtor in the dissolutionproceeding¹⁷ . See Dionne v. Keating (In re XYZ Options, Inc.), 154 F.3d 1262, 1269 (11th Cir. 1998) ("Trustee [is not in privity with debtor because he] represents the rights of the [debtor's] creditors . . . who were not parties to the . . . consent judgment and whose interests were not represented by [the debtor] . . . ."); Coleman v. Alcock, 272 F.2d 618, 621-22 (5th Cir. 1959) (Because the trustee is invested with "extraordinary rights . . . as a general representative of . . . creditors," he is "not bound, either on res judicata or judicial collateral estoppel [grounds] by the prior state proceedings."); Webster v. Hope (In re Hope), 231 B.R. 403, 422-23 (Bankr. D. Distr. Col. 1999) (" [T]here is no privity between the trustee in suing under § 548(a) (2) and the debtor as a party in the prior divorce proceeding which was resolved consensually."); Germain v. Colorado State Univ. (Matter of Windrush Assocs. II), 105 B.R. 195, 197 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1989) (because " [c]reditors of the debtors . . . were not necessary parties" to state court action, trustee held "not [to] be in privity with the debtor"); Stainer v. McCall (In re Nevada Natural, Inc.), 92 B.R. 934, 937 (Bankr. N.D. Okla. 1988) (Trustee, "who represents the interests of all creditors of the bankrupt estates [,]" was not in privity with the debtor since "rights and interests of the creditors . . . were not represented" in prior action.); Gray v. Fill (In re Fill), 82 B.R. 200, 217 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1987) (Trustee held not to stand in privity with the debtor, " [f]or it is plain that the rights of creditors are not considered in the pre-bankruptcy suit."); Boyajian v. DeFusco (In re Giorgio), 62 B.R. 853, 863 (Bankr. D.R.I. 1986) ("'Operation of res judicata requires identity of parties. Yet the creditors presently represented by the trustee were not parties to the original action, nor were their interests represented therein. Thus, they cannot be bound by the dismissal of the action.'") (citation omitted).¹⁸ 

The bankruptcy court, in determining that the Dissolution Decree was entitled to preclusive effect, relied on two decisions cited by Ms. Fordu in her brief: Falk v. Hecker (In re Falk), 98 B.R. 472 (D. Minn. 1989) and Hoyt v. Hoyt (In re Hoyt), 97 B.R. 730 (Bankr. D. Conn. 1989). Falk and Hoyt hold that a state court's approval of an agreed property division as fair and equitable in a domestic relations proceeding is tantamount to a determination by the court that the transfers made by the parties were supported by reasonably equivalent value. Accordingly, the Falk and Hoyt courts granted preclusive effect to the state court orders in subsequent fraudulent transfer litigation. See Falk, 98 B.R. at 474 ("The measure of reasonably equivalent value is the same measure called for in a fair and equitable [property] division . . . ."); Hoyt, 97 B.R. at 733 (" [U]nder the division of property scenario, the state court found that the value of releasing the plaintiff from the mortgage and loan obligations was reasonably equivalent to the transfer of whatever property interest he held in the real estate and the trust."). As we explain below, the standards for measuring the fairness of a property division in the domestic relations arena and reasonably equivalent value in a fraudulent transfer case are separate and distinct. We thus do not equate the Domestic Relations Court's approval of the Dissolution Decree with a determination by the court that the transfers made in connection with the parties' property division were supported by reasonably equivalent value.

A fundamental element of a constructive fraudulent transfer claim is a transfer made in exchange for less than reasonably equivalent value. See Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 1336.04(A) (2) and 1336.05(A). In assessing whether a challenged transfer is supported by reasonably equivalent value, courts generally compare the value of the property transferred with the value of that received in exchange for the transfer. See, e.g., Aristocrat Lakewood Nursing Home v. Mayne, No. 73328, 1999 WL 285386, at *8 (Ohio Ct. App. May 6, 1999) (where transferor "gave up a certain asset of $7,500" in return for "a highly contingent potential opportunity to rent a home" from the transferee, "record does not show that [transferor's] benefit was 'reasonably equivalent' to the value [he] surrendered . . . ."); Deitering v. Amann, No. 12864, 1992 WL 127654, at *2 (Ohio Ct. App. June 11, 1992) (measuring value of property transferred and comparing it to value received by transferor); see also Barber v. Golden Seed Co., Inc., 129 F.3d 382, 387 (7th Cir. 1997) ("The test used to determine reasonably equivalent value in the context of a fraudulent conveyance requires the court to determine the value of what was transferred and compare it to what was received.") (citing Matter of Vitreous Steel Prod. Co., 911 F.2d 1223, 1234-35 (7th Cir. 1990)); Harman v. First American Bank (In re Jeffrey Bigelow Design Group, Inc.), 956 F.2d 479, 484 (4th Cir. 1992) (" [P]roper focus is on the net effect of the transfers on the debtor's estate . . . .").

Ohio domestic relations courts, in making an equitable division of property in adivorce proceeding, apply a markedly different standard than the reasonably-equivalent-value test. All the following factors must be considered by a domestic relations court when a division of marital property is made:

(1) The duration of the marriage;

(2) The assets and liabilities of the spouses;

(3) The desirability of awarding the family home, or the right to reside in the family home for reasonable periods of time, to the spouse with custody of the children of the marriage;

(4) The liquidity of the property to be distributed;

(5) The economic desirability of retaining intact an asset or an interest in an asset;

(6) The tax consequences of the property division upon the respective awards to be made to each spouse;

(7) The costs of sale, if it is necessary that an asset be sold to effectuate an equitable distribution of property;

(8) Any division or disbursement of property made in a separation agreement that was voluntarily entered into by the spouses;

(9) Any other factor that the court expressly finds to be relevant and equitable.

Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3105.171(F) (Anderson 1996).

Thus, the test used to determine whether a transfer was supported by reasonably equivalent value focuses on whether there is a reasonable equivalence between the value of property surrendered and that which was received in exchange. Ohio domestic relations courts, in making a division of property, are not constrained by a reasonable equivalence standard. Rather, they may take into account a number of equitable factors that conceivably could produce a division of marital property that would satisfy the requirements of Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3105.171(F), yet not pass muster under the reasonable equivalence test. Given these divergent decisional standards, we believe that the Dissolution Decree cannot be accorded claim-preclusive effect. Raleigh v. Haskell (In re Haskell), No. 96B14602, 1998 WL 809520, at *8 (Bankr. N.D. Ill. Nov. 19, 1998) (declining to grant preclusive effect to agreed divorce decree in fraudulent transfer action because the "factors outlined in the Illinois statute are used to make a determination of a just distribution and are different from those used in [a] reasonably equivalent value determination"); Blackwell v. Wallace (In re Wallace), 66 B.R. 834, 843 (Bankr. E.D. Mo. 1986) (" [I]n view of the evidence before it, it is not surprising that [transferee] received a substantial portion of the marital property, and in that respect the court's disposition appears 'just' and 'fair'. [sic] Nevertheless, the Bankruptcy Code requires the disposition to be measured by different standards.").

Falk and Hoyt also are clearly factually distinguishable from the present situation. In each of those cases, it was the individual debtor (the Chapter 11 debtor in Falk and the Chapter 13 debtor in Hoyt) who actually had participated in the domestic relations proceedings, rather than a court-appointed trustee, who sought to set aside the earlier property division. See Falk, 98 B.R. at 473; Hoyt, 97 B.R. at 734. Under those circumstances, the equities weighed strongly against permitting the same individual who had negotiated the state court-approved property division to attempt to set aside the agreement wearing the mantle of a fiduciary at a later date.

Further, Falk and Hoyt rely on the rationale of Harman v. Sorlucco (In re Sorlucco), 68 B.R. 748, 752 (Bankr. D.N.H. 1986), wherein the bankruptcy court established the following standard to be applied when a property division approved by a state court is subsequently challenged as a constructive fraudulent transfer:

It must be shown that the property division was the result of arms-length bargaining in the light of the likely range of distribution that the divorce court mightorder if the matter went to a contested trial. Settlements reached in the shadow of an imminent bankruptcy filing would raise a clear factual question as to the bona fides of such bargaining.

Id. at 755. According to the Sorlucco court, only property divisions falling outside this "likely range of distribution" are subject to constructive fraudulent transfer attack. Id. In our view, Sorlucco is a policy-based decision that usurps the legislative prerogative. For if the Ohio legislature had seen fit to exempt court-approved property divisions from challenge as constructive fraudulent transfers, it could have expressly done so. Even if we were to follow the holding of Sorlucco, which we are not inclined to do, the Fordus' property division would not satisfy the Sorlucco standard. Certainly, the Debtor's transfer of his interest in the marital residence and a future stream of lottery proceeds valued at approximately $380,000 in return for Ms. Fordu's waiver of alimony and her interest in the Debtor's fledgling restaurant business does not appear to be a property division falling within "the likely range of distribution that [a] divorce court may order if the matter went to a contested trial." Id.¹⁹ 

Another fundamental requirement of claim preclusion is that the second action raises claims that were or could have been litigated in the first action. See Hapgood, 127 F.3d at 493. Here, it is readily apparent that the Trustee's actual fraudulent transfer claims could not have been litigated in the Domestic Relations Court proceeding. The Trustee's complaint alleged that the Debtor transferred his interest in the lottery proceeds with intent to hinder, delay and/or defraud his creditors. If, as the Trustee alleges, the Debtorexecuted the Separation Agreement as part of a scheme to hinder, delay or defraud his creditors, then, as a willing participant in this scheme, the Debtor certainly would not have acted to protect the interest of those same creditors in the dissolution proceeding. Accordingly, there clearly was not an opportunity to litigate the intentional fraudulent transfer claims in the Domestic Relations Court. See XYZ Options, 154 F.3d at 1269 (consent judgment not entitled to preclusive effect "where [it] was obtained as part of a collusive scheme on the part of [the debtor and its transferee] to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors"); In re Hope, 231 B.R. at 422 ("A bankruptcy trustee is not bound by a judgment to which he was not a party . . . if the judgment was a collusive effort to hinder, delay or defraud creditors.").

For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the Dissolution Decree was not entitled to claim-preclusive effect. The bankruptcy court's dismissal of the Trustee's avoidance claims based on preclusion principles therefore was erroneous.

The bankruptcy court dismissed the Trustee's third and fourth causes of action without making findings of fact or conclusions of law. Fed R. Civ. P. 52(a), which is made applicable in the adversary proceeding by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7052, states that " [i]n all actions tried upon the facts without a jury . . . the court shall find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law . . . ." See Orlett v. Cincinnati Microwave, Inc., 954 F.2d 414, 418 (6th Cir. 1992) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 52(a)). We have not interpreted Fed. R. Civ. P. 52 to require trials courts to explicitly treat each issue raised. See Grover Hill Grain Co. v. Baughman-Oster, Inc., 728 F.2d 784, 792-93 (6th Cir. 1984). Rather, findings are to be liberally construed in support of a judgment, even if the findings are not as explicit or detailed as might be desired. Id. at 793. "However, there must be findings, in such detail and exactness as the nature of the case permits, of subsidiary facts on which an ultimate conclusion can rationally be predicated." Orlett, 954 F.2d at 418. And there must be sufficient findings of fact and conclusions of law to give an appellate court a clear understanding of the basis of the trial court's decision and enable it to determine the grounds on which the trial court reached its decision. See id. Because the bankruptcy court failed to make findings of fact specific to the Trustee's third and fourth causes of action, we AFFIRM the BAP's reversal of the judgment dismissing these claims and agree that the adversary proceeding should be remanded to the bankruptcy court for further findings.

Ms. Fordu also appeals the bankruptcy court's denial of her "Motion for Allowance of Bill of Costs and Attorney's Fees" pursuant to Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(a)²⁰  and7054(b)²¹ . Bankruptcy courts' decisions regarding the imposition of sanctions are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Down, 103 F.3d at 478. Therefore, we will not disturb a lower court's findings with respect to sanctions unless a clear abuse of discretion is found. See id.

Here, there was no abuse of discretion by the bankruptcy court. With respect to Ms. Fordu's claim under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 7054(b), there is no evidence, as the bankruptcy court noted, that the Trustee acted other than in good faith in asserting a claim against her. Accordingly, an award of costs would not be warranted under that provision. With respect to her claim under Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9011(a), sanctions under this provision appropriately may be awarded when an attorney advances an argument that is "not well grounded in fact or warranted by existing law or a good faith argument for the extension or modification . . . or reversal of existing law." Downs, 103 F.3d at 481. The test for imposing sanctions is whether the individual's conduct was reasonable under the circumstances. Id.

In this case, the bankruptcy court concluded that the Trustee's conduct was reasonable under the circumstances. First, the Trustee made reasonable inquiry into the facts of the case before filing the complaint. Second, and most important, the Trustee's claim that the lottery proceeds were indeed marital property is supported by existing law. Considering these facts, we cannot conclude that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by finding that sanctions were unwarranted. We therefore affirm the bankruptcy court's denial of Ms. Fordu's motion for attorney fees and costs.

For the foregoing reasons, we REVERSE the bankruptcy court's "Order Granting Motion for Summary Judgment" and the judgment entry dismissing the Trustee's complaint. The bankruptcy court's order denying Ms. Fordu's motion of allowance of bill of costs and attorney fees is AFFIRMED. We REMAND this case to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.