Hall v. State
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Cite as 2010 Ark. App. 717
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION I
No. CACR10-91
RODNEY RAY HALL
Opinion Delivered
APPELLANT
V.
STATE OF ARKANSAS
APPELLEE
OCTOBER 27, 2010
APPEAL FROM THE RANDOLPH
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. CR2009-84]
HONORABLE HAROLD S. ERWIN,
JUDGE
AFFIRMED
KAREN R. BAKER, Judge
A Randolph County jury found appellant Rodney Ray Hall guilty of delivery of
methamphetamine, a Class Y felony, and sentenced him as a habitual offender to forty years
in the Arkansas Department of Correction. Appellant’s only argument on appeal is that the
State failed to provide sufficient evidence to support his conviction. He claims that the State
failed to corroborate the testimony of Steven Mitchell, which linked appellant to the charged
crime. We find no error and affirm.
On March 26, 2009, Officer Randy Mulligan of the Pocahontas Police Department
observed a man standing and talking to another man in a parked car located in an apartment
complex parking lot. Officer Mulligan pulled closer and recognized the driver as Steven
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Cite as 2010 Ark. App. 717
Mitchell. Officer Mulligan observed the other man walking toward a unit at the apartment
complex. Mitchell pulled out and led Officer Mulligan down a number of streets before
pulling into a residence. At the residence, Mitchell consented to a search of his car, which
produced no evidence. However, after searching the vehicle, Officer Mulligan noticed and
confiscated a small white baggie with a white, powdery substance in it on the ground near
Mitchell’s foot. Officer Mulligan handcuffed Mitchell and asked him whom he had gone to
see at the apartment complex. Mitchell replied that he had seen his friend, appellant, who
lived in the complex; at that time, Mitchell did not reveal where he obtained the baggie,
which was later identified as containing methamphetamine. Officer Mulligan transported
Mitchell to the Randolph County jail.
The following morning, Mitchell was questioned by Detective Arvin Volner. During
the course of the interview, Mitchell told Detective Volner that he procured the
methamphetamine from “Rod,” and Detective Volner asked if he meant “Rod Hall” to
which Mitchell replied “yes.” Mitchell gave a written statement that he contacted appellant
and asked to trade one box of 24-hour Sudafed in exchange for one-half gram of
methamphetamine and that appellant agreed to and then effected the trade at the apartment
complex where Officer Mulligan first spotted Mitchell. Mitchell was charged with possession
of methamphetamine.
Detective Volner then contacted appellant. He read appellant his Miranda rights and
interviewed him. Detective Volner informed appellant that Mitchell had been arrested and
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had reported that he obtained methamphetamine from appellant. Detective Volner testified
that appellant admitted exchanging Sudafed for the methamphetamine, but he did not obtain
a written statement from appellant or otherwise record or memorialize the conversation.
Afterward, appellant denied confessing to the charges. Detective Volner testified that a box
of Sudafed was found in appellant’s apartment; on cross-examination, he stated that he did not
know what type of Sudafed it was, and the confiscated Sudafed was not entered into evidence
at trial.
Appellant was charged with delivery of methamphetamine. A trial was held on
September 17, 2009. At trial, appellant moved for a directed verdict at the close of the State’s
case and at the close of all of the evidence, both of which were denied. The jury found
appellant guilty of delivery of methamphetamine pursuant to Arkansas Code Annotated
section 5-64-101 (Supp. 2009). Appellant brought this timely appeal.
We treat a motion for a directed verdict as a challenge to the sufficiency of the
evidence. Coggin v. State, 356 Ark. 424, 156 S.W.3d 712 (2004). The test for determining the
sufficiency of the evidence is whether the verdict is supported by substantial evidence, direct
or circumstantial. Id. Evidence is substantial if it is of sufficient force and character to compel
reasonable minds to reach a conclusion and pass beyond suspicion and conjecture. Id. On
appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, considering only that
evidence that supports the verdict. Id. We do not weigh witness credibility. See Baughman v.
State, 353 Ark. 1, 110 S.W.3d 740 (2003). The jury is free to believe all or part of any
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witness’s testimony and may resolve questions of conflicting testimony and inconsistent
evidence. Phillips v. State, 344 Ark. 453, 40 S.W.3d 778 (2001). Likewise, the reliability of
an eyewitness is a question for the jury. Id. After a jury gives credence to a witness’s
testimony, it will not be disregarded unless it is so inherently improbable, or clearly
unbelievable that reasonable minds could not differ. Williams v. State, 351 Ark. 215, 91
S.W.3d 54 (2002).
At issue in this appeal is whether the testimony of Mitchell is sufficient to prove that
appellant delivered the methamphetamine that Mitchell admitted to possessing. The relevant
section of the Code defines delivery as “the actual, constructive, or attempted transfer from
one (1) person to another of a controlled substance . . . in exchange for money or anything
of value, whether or not there is an agency relationship.” Ark. Code Ann. § 5-64-101(7).
Appellant asserts that Mitchell was an “informer-addict” and not an accomplice to the
charged offense. Appellant urges that because Mitchell, as a self-admitted methamphetamine
cook and user, was an informer-addict, his testimony was inherently unreliable, and the court
should have required corroboration. Appellant cites to People v. Mickelson, 336 N.E.2d 806
(Ill. App. Ct. 1975), in support of this argument. We need not address this argument because
the jury was properly instructed that Mitchell’s testimony must be corroborated.
In the instant case, the jury was instructed to consider Mitchell an accomplice. The
jury instruction, AMI Crim. 2d 402, included a directive that Mitchell’s testimony must be
“corroborated by other evidence tending to connect [appellant] with the commission of the
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offense.” Accordingly, this court must determine whether there was sufficient evidence to
corroborate Mitchell’s testimony as an accomplice under Arkansas law without the necessity
of looking to other jurisdictions for guidance on issues not presented at trial.
It is well settled in Arkansas law that the testimony of an accomplice must be
corroborated in a felony case. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-89-111(e)(1)(A) (Repl. 2005).
Additionally, subsection (B) states that the corroboration is not sufficient if it merely shows
that the offense was committed and the circumstances thereof. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-89111(e)(1)(B). It must be evidence of a substantive nature since it must be directed toward
proving the connection of the accused with a crime and not toward corroborating the
accomplice testimony. Stephenson v. State, 373 Ark. 134, 282 S.W.3d 772 (2008). The
corroborating evidence need not be sufficient standing alone to sustain the conviction, but
it must, independent from that of the accomplice, tend to connect to a substantial degree the
accused with the commission of the crime. Id. The test is whether, if the testimony of the
accomplice were completely eliminated from the case, the other evidence independently
establishes the crime and tends to connect the accused with its commission. Id. The
corroborating evidence may be circumstantial, so long as it is substantial; evidence that merely
raises a suspicion of guilt is insufficient to corroborate an accomplice’s testimony. Id. The
presence of an accused in the proximity of a crime, opportunity, and association with a person
involved in the crime in a manner suggestive of joint participation are relevant facts in
determining the connection of an accomplice with the crime. Passley v. State, 323 Ark. 301,
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915 S.W.2d 248 (1996). When circumstantial evidence is used to support accomplice
testimony, all facts in evidence may be considered to constitute a chain sufficient to present
a question for resolution by the trier of fact as to the adequacy of corroboration. Tate v. State,
357 Ark. 369, 167 S.W.3d 655 (2004).
Here, Officer Mulligan testified that he observed appellant meeting with Mitchell at
the apartment complex parking lot, after which Mitchell evaded Officer Mulligan. Officer
Mulligan found methamphetamine at Mitchell’s feet. Detective Volner testified that appellant
admitted delivering the methamphetamine to Mitchell in exchange for Sudafed. We hold that
the testimonies of Officer Mulligan and Detective Volner were sufficient to connect appellant
to the crime. See, e.g., Williams v. State, 290 Ark. 449, 720 S.W.2d 305 (1986) (holding that
the testimony of a law-enforcement officer was sufficient evidence to corroborate the
appellant’s connection to the crime).
Appellant also argues that his oral confession to Detective Volner was unreliable
testimony because it is not sufficiently corroborated and asserts that the failure to admit the
box of Sudafed into evidence is an evidentiary shortfall, leaving no direct evidence to support
Detective Volner’s testimony. Under Arkansas law, a confession of a defendant, unless made
in open court, is insufficient to warrant a conviction, unless it is accompanied with other
proof that the offense was committed. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-89-111(d) (Repl. 2005). The
supreme court has interpreted this statute as follows:
This requirement for other proof, sometimes referred to as the corpus delicti rule,
mandates only proof that the offense occurred and nothing more. In other words,
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under the corpus delicti rule, the State must prove (1) the existence of an injury or harm
constituting a crime and (2) that the injury or harm was caused by someone’s criminal
activity. It is not necessary to establish any further connection between the crime and
the particular defendant. Accordingly, we must determine whether, setting aside
appellant’s confession, the evidence demonstrates that the crime . . . was committed
by someone.
Tinsley v. State, 338 Ark. 342, 345, 993 S.W.2d 898, 900 (1999) (internal citations omitted);
see also Lewis v. State, 74 Ark. App. 61, 48 S.W.3d 535 (2001).
Here, Officer Mulligan and Mitchell both testified that the crime of delivery of
methamphetamine occurred. Officer Mulligan observed a male standing by the passenger side
of Mitchell’s car, who then walked toward the door of what was later identified as appellant’s
apartment. Mitchell testified that he exchanged a box of Sudafed for the methamphetamine
from appellant. Mitchell then evaded contact with Officer Mulligan, and when he was pulled
over, the baggie containing methamphetamine fell out of his underwear onto the ground by
his feet where Officer Mulligan confiscated it. The evidence proves that the delivery of
methamphetamine occurred as a result of someone’s criminal activity, which is sufficient to
meet the requirements of the statute.
The evidence supporting appellant’s conviction is substantial, and we affirm the circuit
court’s decision.
Affirmed.
VAUGHT, C.J., and GLOVER, J., agree.
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