Foster v. Foster
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Cite as 2010 Ark. App. 594
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION IV
No. CA09-1310
Opinion Delivered
DEIRDRE FOSTER
APPELLANT
V.
September 15, 2010
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[NO. PTR 2007-1510]
HONORABLE MARY MCGOWAN,
JUDGE
WINIFRED FOSTER
APPELLEE
AFFIRMED
M. MICHAEL KINARD, Judge
Appellee Winifred Foster filed this action to declare the validity of her will and
Restatement to the Winifred L. Foster Living Trust dated June 26, 2007. The circuit court,
sitting in the probate division, upheld the validity of the documents, and her granddaughter,
appellant Deirdre Foster, appealed. We affirm.
Facts
Winifred Foster, who was born in 1916, has four grandchildren: Deirdre Foster,
Peyton Foster, Louisa Foster, and Nayla Foster. Winifred’s now-deceased son, Bryant, married
twice. Louisa and Nayla are the daughters of Judith Foster, Bryant’s first wife; Deirdre and
Peyton were born during his second marriage. Judith and all of the grandchildren live out of
state, and Winifred received care at home from an agency called Home Instead. Winifred
owns a substantial amount of real and personal property. In 2006, Nayla, Deirdre, and Judith
became convinced that Peyton had taken financial advantage of Winifred. According to the
Cite as 2010 Ark. App. 594
evidence introduced at the hearing, Peyton managed to obtain around $1,000,000 from
Winifred through coercion.
On November 6, 2006, attorney William Haught drafted a will and trust for Winifred.
In those documents, Deirdre was named as a beneficiary. After the creation of the trust,
Nayla, Judith, and Deirdre worked together to complete the paperwork necessary for the
transfer of Winifred’s property to the trust. Winifred also gave her power of attorney to Nayla.
In December 2006, Nayla filed a petition on behalf of Winifred for an order of protection
from Peyton. On the petition, she checked the blank adjacent to the phrase “an adjudicated
incompetent person” and wrote: “We are filing for guardianship of my grandmother because
she has severe memory loss/dementia.” Nayla took Winifred to the geriatric specialists at
UAMS several times over the next year.
Around the time Winifred’s property was transferred to the trust, an adult protectiveservices proceeding was initiated against Nayla. After the Arkansas Department of Human
Services (“DHS”) held a hearing concerning allegations of financial abuse in April 2007, Nayla
was exonerated of the charges. Although Deirdre and Nayla had originally cooperated in
attempting to protect their grandmother’s assets from what they claimed was overreaching by
Peyton, they had a falling-out. Deirdre did not attend Nayla’s DHS hearing, allegedly because
she could not leave work. Nayla, however, took offense at Deirdre’s apparent lack of support,
as did Winifred.
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On May 25, 2007, Winifred wrote a codicil to her will significantly reducing Deirdre’s
portion of her estate and providing that Nayla would receive almost all of her estate. After
meeting with Winifred in a private appointment arranged by attorney Randy Looney, another
attorney, Dennis Wilson, used Winifred’s handwritten codicil to prepare a new will and
restatement of trust. Winifred signed the new documents on June 26, 2007. These documents
eliminated all beneficiaries except Nayla. Winifred’s longtime friend and neighbor, Frank
Aiello, along with Judith Foster witnessed the execution, of which Nayla made a video
recording. Winifred also signed another document giving Nayla her power of attorney.
Winifred gave the following explanation for the changes:
My primary interest in restating my former trust agreement is to insure that my
granddaughter Nayla Foster be made the sole beneficiary of my estate. I intentionally
have not named Louisa Foster, Deirdre Foster, and Peyton Foster as beneficiaries in this
agreement due to the fact they have either already taken from me their share of my
estate or have never been a part of my life in the first place.
Nayla Foster has been and continues to be a person I deeply love and trust, and it is my
desire that she inherit all of my remaining estate upon my death.
At Mr. Wilson’s suggestion, Nayla took Winifred for an evaluation at St. Vincent
Infirmary’s Senior Health Clinic on June 27, 2007. Dr. Jennifer Co noted that Winifred had
been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease in January 2007. She had problems with short-term
memory loss and relied on a home-care service to provide meals and administer medication.
However, she was able to handle activities of daily living.
In August 2007, Louisa convinced Winifred to sign a document prepared by attorney
Rick Sellars revoking Nayla’s power of attorney. When Mr. Wilson learned of the attempted
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revocation, he and Mr. Sellars confronted Winifred about the document. Winifred’s confusion
at that time led Mr. Wilson to doubt her mental competence, and he filed an emergency
petition for appointment of a guardianship on August 20, 2007. The next month, Winifred
filed a petition to declare the validity of her June 2007 restatement of trust. She later amended
her petition to request that the court also declare her June 26, 2007 will valid. Deirdre and
Louisa responded that Winifred lacked testamentary capacity to sign the June 2007 documents.
At trial, the videotape of Winifred’s execution of the documents was admitted into
evidence. The video showed Mr. Wilson explaining the will to Winifred, who expressed her
love for Nayla and desire for Nayla to have all of her property. Winifred signed the
documents and then handed her pen to Mr. Aiello, who then signed as a witness. Mr. Aiello
was sitting next to Winifred during the explanation and signing. He testified at trial that he
remembered going to Winifred’s house to sign some papers, but he didn’t know what the
papers were and didn’t see Winifred sign them. Judith Foster testified that she witnessed
Winifred sign the documents in June 2007 and that she signed the will as a witness.
Mr. Wilson testified that Winifred was his only source of information when he prepared
the will and that he saw Winifred, Mr. Aiello, and Judith sign the will, which Mr. Wilson
notarized. He said that Mr. Aiello saw Winifred sign the will. He testified at length about
Winifred’s testamentary capacity and the circumstances surrounding the execution of the will,
indicating that he found her to be competent on the day in question. Mr. Wilson also testified
that Winifred paid him directly for his services.
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At the conclusion of the trial, Deirdre’s motion to conform her pleadings to the proof
was granted. The circuit court entered a declaratory judgment in which it found that Winifred
possessed testamentary capacity at the time that she signed the May 25, 2007 and the June 26,
2007 documents. Dierdre filed a motion for reconsideration and new trial, which was deemed
denied, and then pursued this appeal.
Standard of Review
We review probate matters de novo but will not reverse the circuit court’s findings of
fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Fischer v. Kinzalow, 88 Ark. App. 307, 198 S.W.3d 555
(2004). We defer to the superior position of the lower court sitting in a probate matter to
weigh the credibility of the witnesses. Id.
Discussion
For her appeal, Deirdre argues that the circuit court erred in entering the declaratory
judgment for Winifred and in denying her motion for reconsideration for several reasons.
First, she argues that Winifred failed to prove that she properly executed the will. Second, she
argues that Nayla procured the will by exerting undue influence. Third, Deirdre argues that
collateral estoppel prevented Winifred and Nayla from claiming that Winifred was competent
when she executed her will. Fourth, she claims that Winifred and Nayla failed to introduce
certain medical records. And finally, she asserts that the circuit court ignored evidence of
incompetence and lack of testamentary capacity.
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I. Execution
Deirdre first argues that Winifred failed to prove that she executed her will in
accordance with the requirements of Arkansas Code Annotated section 28-25-103 (Repl.
2004), which, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed.
Specifically, she asserts that Winifred did not declare the will to be hers or ask the witnesses
to witness her signature. She further contends that the circuit court was mistaken as to who
bore the burden of proof.
Winifred responds that Deirdre did not raise this argument at trial or obtain a ruling on
it. We agree that Deirdre did not develop this argument until she filed her motion for
reconsideration. On appeal, Deirdre contends that simply amending her pleadings to conform
to the proof at the conclusion of her case was sufficient to preserve this issue for appeal. We
disagree. It was not apparent from the record that execution was contested at trial, and the
circuit court did not rule on it. We will not consider arguments that were not raised before
and ruled upon by the circuit court. Taylor v. Taylor, 369 Ark. 31, 250 S.W.3d 232 (2007).
Even if this argument had been raised below, the argument would fail because the
evidence demonstrated that the will was properly executed. The execution of a will, other
than a holographic will, must be by the signature of the testatrix and of at least two witnesses.
Ark. Code Ann. § 28-25-103(a) (Repl. 2004). The testatrix must declare to the attesting
witnesses that the instrument is her will and sign the will, and the attesting witnesses must sign
at the request and in the presence of the testatrix. Id. § 28-25-103(b), (c).
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The requirement that the testatrix declare the instrument to be a will is called
publication. Faith v. Singleton, 286 Ark. 403, 692 S.W.2d 239 (1985). No particular form of
words is necessary in order to publish a will. Id. The fact of publication is to be inferred from
all of the circumstances attending the execution of the will. Id. Although the preferred
practice is for a testator or testatrix to recite the words “this is my will,” it is not required. Id.
Nor is strict construction of the statute required; where there is no indication of fraud,
deception, undue influence, or imposition, the appellate court avoids strict technical
construction of statutory requirements in order to give effect to the testatrix’s wishes. Id. The
same is true regarding the statutory requirement that the attesting witnesses must sign at the
request and in the presence of the testatrix. Hanel v. Springle, 237 Ark. 356, 372 S.W.2d 822
(1963). Depending upon the circumstances, substantial compliance can be sufficient. Id.;
Fischer, supra. If a will appears to be duly executed and the attestation is established by the
witnesses to its execution, although they do not remember the transaction, it will be presumed,
in the absence of evidence to the contrary, that the will was executed in compliance with the
requirements of the law. Upton v. Upton, 26 Ark. App. 78, 759 S.W.2d 811 (1988); Green v.
Holland, 9 Ark. App. 233, 657 S.W.2d 572 (1983).
Here, all of the elements of proper execution have been met. Winifred’s will was
signed by Winifred, Mr. Aiello, and Judith Foster. As the video of the execution shows, Mr.
Aiello signed in Winifred’s presence, after hearing Mr. Wilson explain the will and Winifred
express her desire for the will. According to her testimony, Judith Foster was also present
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when this occurred. Although Winifred did not state specifically, “this is my will,” publication
can be inferred from her previous explanation—in the presence of the witnesses—that she
wanted Nayla to have all of her property.
Without citation to authority, Deirdre also asserts that the video of the execution by
Winifred lacked foundation. She did not, however, challenge the video’s foundation at trial.
A timely, specific objection at trial is essential in order to afford the trial court the opportunity
to rule. Bohannan v. Underwood, 300 Ark. 110, 776 S.W.2d 827 (1989). Error may not be
predicated upon a ruling admitting evidence unless there is such a timely, specific objection.
Id.
II. Procurement
Deirdre next argues that Nayla procured the will and trust and had the burden of
proving that there was no undue influence. She stresses that Nayla had been Winifred’s
financial advisor; that the date on Winifred’s handwritten codicil was in Nayla’s handwriting;
that Nayla accompanied Winifred to the meetings to draft and sign the documents; that Nayla’s
mother, Judith, was present at the execution; and that Winifred’s feeble condition made her
susceptible to undue influence. Deirdre, however, did not raise the issue of procurement at
trial or obtain a ruling on it. She first made this argument in her motion for reconsideration.
This issue, therefore, is not preserved for appeal. See Taylor, supra.
Even so, the evidence did not establish that Nayla procured the will. In a typical will
contest, the party contesting the validity of the will has the burden of proving by a
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preponderance of the evidence that the testatrix lacked mental capacity at the time the will was
executed or that the testator acted under undue influence. Bell v. Hutchins, 100 Ark. App. 308,
268 S.W.3d 358 (2007). However, where a beneficiary under the will actually drafts or
procures the will, Arkansas law applies a higher burden of proof. Id. The proponent of a will
who is a beneficiary and who procured the will has the burden of proving beyond a reasonable
doubt that the will was not the result of undue influence and that the testatrix had the mental
capacity to make the will. Id.
The record reflects that it was attorney Randy Looney who contacted Mr. Wilson
about preparing the June 2007 documents and made the appointment for Winifred to meet
with attorney Wilson. Winifred was Mr. Wilson’s only source of information about her
wishes, and Mr. Wilson talked with her privately and at length about her new will. Also,
Winifred paid Mr. Wilson directly. Furthermore, Winifred clearly stated in the video that she
intended Nayla to be her sole beneficiary. Winifred’s distribution was understandable,
considering her closeness with Nayla as opposed to her other grandchildren. Therefore,
Deirdre did not prove that Winifred’s will was executed with undue influence.
III. Collateral Estoppel
For her third point, Deirdre argues that Winifred and Nayla were collaterally estopped
from asserting that Winifred was competent to sign the June 2007 documents because Nayla
had filed a pleading asserting that Winifred was incompetent in December 2006 and because
Mr. Wilson filed a proceeding for guardianship of Winifred in August 2007. Winifred
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correctly points out that Deirdre failed to raise this issue below or obtain a ruling on it. As we
previously stated, we will not consider arguments raised for the first time on appeal. Taylor,
supra.
Regardless of whether Deirdre preserved this issue, there has been no judicial finding
that Winifred was incompetent. Collateral estoppel, also known as issue preclusion, bars
relitigation of issues of law or fact previously litigated, provided that the party against whom
the earlier decision is being asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in
question and that the issue was essential to the judgment. Morgan v. Turner, 2010 Ark. 245,
__ S.W.3d __. To apply collateral estoppel, the following elements must be present: (1) the
issue sought to be precluded must be the same as that involved in the prior litigation; (2) the
issue must have been actually litigated; (3) the issue must have been determined by a valid and
final judgment; and (4) the determination must have been essential to the judgment. Id.
Although collateral estoppel may be asserted by a stranger to the first judgment, the party
against whom it is asserted must have been a party to the earlier action and must have had a
full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the first proceeding. Id.
In this case, there had been no prior valid and final judgment concerning Winifred’s
testamentary capacity on June 26, 2007, nor had Winifred been adjudicated incompetent.
Although there may have been plans to seek an adjudication of incompetence for Winifred,
at no time was the issue actually litigated. Therefore, collateral estoppel could not be applied
in this case. Deirdre’s third argument is completely without merit.
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IV. Failure to Introduce Records
Deirdre argues in her fourth point that Winifred and Nayla failed to introduce into
evidence records of Winifred’s competency evaluation at St. Vincent Infirmary in June 2007.
Therefore, she argues, there arose a legal presumption that the evidence would be unfavorable
to Winifred’s case. Winifred correctly responds that Deirdre failed to raise this argument
below. Again, we will not entertain arguments on appeal that were not raised before the trial
court. Taylor, supra. Also, Deirdre does not assert any authority to support her contention that
a circuit court’s failure to recognize such a presumption constitutes reversible error. We will
not consider an argument that is not supported by citation to authority or convincing
argument. Weatherford v. State, 352 Ark. 324, 334, 101 S.W.3d 227, 235 (2003). Therefore,
this argument is also without merit.
V. Testamentary Capacity
Deirdre concludes her brief by arguing that the circuit court arbitrarily ignored medical
evidence showing that Winifred lacked testamentary capacity. Generally, testamentary capacity
means that the testatrix must be able to retain in her mind, without prompting, the extent and
condition of her property, to comprehend to whom she is giving it, the relation of those
entitled to her bounty, and the deserts of those whom she excludes from her will. Fischer v.
Kinzalow, 88 Ark. App. 307, 198 S.W.3d 555 (2004). Complete sanity in a medical sense at
all times is not essential to testamentary capacity, provided that capacity exists at the time the
will is executed and that it is executed during a lucid interval. Id. Evidence of the testatrix’s
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mental condition, both before and after execution of the will at issue, is relevant to show her
mental condition at the time she executed the will. Id. The test is whether, at the time the
will was executed, the testatrix had a fair comprehension of the nature and extent of her
property and to whom she was giving it. Id.
In this case, the circuit court had sufficient evidence to conclude that Winifred had the
requisite testamentary capacity on the date in question. The circuit court had before it Mr.
Wilson’s testimony, in which he described Winifred as “coherent, consistent and very mobile”
when she signed the documents in June 2007. It also had the benefit of the video recording
of the execution, which showed Mr. Wilson explaining the will to Winifred and Winifred
explaining her desires for distribution of her property. Furthermore, the circuit court had the
benefit of the testimony of Frank Aiello and Judith Foster, who witnessed Winifred execute
the documents. Although there was also evidence presented that Winifred suffered from some
degree of dementia, it was within the circuit court’s discretion to weigh the evidence and
credibility of witnesses. The record contains no indication that the circuit court refused to
consider such evidence, nor was there any evidence presented that Winifred suffered from a
bout of dementia on the day the documents were executed. Therefore, we find no error in
the circuit court’s ruling that Winifred had testamentary capacity.
Affirmed.
PITTMAN and GLOVER, JJ., agree.
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