Jackson v. Jackson
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ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION III
No. CA08-848
WESLEY JACKSON,
Opinion Delivered
APRIL 1, 2009
APPELLANT
APPEAL FROM THE LOGAN
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT,
[NO. CR2006-49]
V.
SUSAN JACKSON,
APPELLEE
HONORABLE DAVID H.
MCCORMICK, JUDGE,
AFFIRMED
KAREN R. BAKER, Judge
Appellant, Wesley Jackson, appeals from a divorce decree entered in Logan County Circuit
Court. Appellant presents three arguments for our review. First, appellant contends that the trial
court abused its discretion in failing to consider appellee’s earning capacity, education, experience
and employability in awarding alimony to appellee. Second, appellant contends that the trial court
abused its discretion in that the amount of alimony was excessive and the trial court failed to consult
the support chart under Administrative Order No. 10. Third, appellant contends that the trial court
erred in ordering the division of appellant’s civil service retirement benefits, in not taking into
account the amount appellant might have drawn if participating in the social security retirement
system, and in not making in effect an equal division in favor of appellee without specific findings
and factors. Finding no error, we affirm.
The parties were married on January 15, 1971, and separated on July 14, 2005.1 Appellant
filed a complaint for divorce on May 31, 2006, alleging general indignities as grounds for divorce.
Appellee filed a counter-claim for divorce on grounds of adultery, general indignities, and physical
abuse. In the counter-claim, appellee also sought alimony and division of marital property.
Testimony showed that appellee and appellant owned a home on thirty-eight and one-half
acres of land. Appellee continued to live in the marital home after the parties separated. Upon
separation, appellant opened a checking account in his name into which he began depositing his pay
check. Appellee testified that she lived on the approximately $11,000 remaining in the parties’ joint
account until February 2006, when appellant closed the account because the funds in the account had
been depleted. Appellee then began to use credit cards as a means of covering basic living costs,
even as a means by which to pay her personal property taxes in October 2006. During the separation,
appellant continued to make the mortgage payment on the home; however, he made the payments
from the funds in the parties’ joint account. Appellee’s estimated monthly expenses, which totaled
approximately $989, were reflected on defendant’s exhibit one.
As for appellee’s employment history, she testified that she had many occupations
throughout her married life. Her jobs included managing an apartment complex, working as a lab
technician, working retail sales in a department store, and working in a bank. Appellee held various
positions in the banking field, including a loan originator for American Heritage Bank. However,
the parties agreed that she would not work after 1992. She testified that she had a history of back
problems and that her back continued to worsen after she stopped working. Her back condition
1
At the time of the parties’ separation, the parties’ children had reached the age of
majority.
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became debilitating in 1994, causing her to be completely unable to work. Appellee has undergone
two surgeries during the time of the parties’ separation. On March 8, 2006, she underwent lumbar
surgery at which time she had a total decompression, a laminectomy, a diskectomy, a
foramenectomy, and two titanium rods placed on each side of her spine, attached by a brace-bar, and
pedicle screws to hold the rods in place. Post-surgery, she walked with a cane and wore a back brace
and bone stimulator around the core of her body. She continued to have back pain, which caused
her to undergo a second back surgery on December 22, 2006. She explained that she was on
medication for depression and for esophageal reflux. She understood that after the divorce she
would be without health insurance, and therefore, would need spousal support to help cover living
and medical expenses. Appellee testified that the only way she would be able to work again was if
she were allowed constant breaks from her work routine. Despite this fact, she was trying to find
part-time employment.
Appellant testified that he was employed with USDA Agricultural Research Service, Dale
Bumpers Small Family Farm Research Center in Booneville, Arkansas. He had been employed there
for twenty-seven years. Defendant’s exhibit two, appellant’s 2006 Federal and State Income Tax
Return, showed an adjusted gross income of $59,392. Appellant testified that his projected gross
earnings for 2007 was $67,023. While employed at the USDA, he did not have social security
withheld from his paycheck; rather, he was required to contribute to a separate fund—the Federal
Employees Retirement, Civil Service Retirement System—in lieu of social security.
Appellant also testified that he had previously worked part-time for the County Line Sale
Barn and that he had bought, sold, and traded livestock and farm equipment. The cattle he raised
and sold were kept on the land surrounding the parties’ home. He last sold cows in 2005, and he
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deposited the money in the joint checking account. He testified that upon separation, he took $2000
from the joint checking account and opened an account in his name. From that point on, his
paychecks went into the account titled in his name only. The remainder of the balance of the joint
checking account was used for appellee or on her behalf. He stated that during the separation, he
paid the mortgage out of the joint account.
On July 11, 2007, the circuit court issued a letter opinion. The letter opinion contained the
court’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. The court’s letter began generally with the
determination of grounds for divorce, the division of post-separation debt, and the division of
personal property. The court determined that the parties’ real property and marital home would be
sold. The court then turned to the disputed area of appellant’s civil service retirement benefits; the
court found that appellee was entitled to one-half of appellant’s benefits including any amounts
attributable to sick leave and/or medical leave through the entry of the divorce decree. The court
then addressed the contested issue of alimony. The court found that appellant’s yearly income was
substantial in nature and that appellee currently had no income other than the temporary support
previously awarded by the court. The court also took into consideration appellee’s deteriorating
health conditions impacting her ability to work and determined that in light of her health conditions,
she would be unlikely to obtain suitable employment in the future. The court also considered that
appellant appeared to be in good health, appellant was expected to earn $67,023 in 2007, and the
reasonable cost of medical insurance available to appellant through this employment. Based upon
these findings, the court awarded appellee alimony of $1500 a month. Appellee was also awarded
attorney’s fees of $750 plus costs. This appeal followed.
As his first point on appeal, appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in
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failing to consider appellee’s earning capacity, education, experience and employability in awarding
alimony to appellee. We review equity cases de novo and will not reverse a finding of fact by the
trial judge unless it is clearly erroneous or clearly against the preponderance of the evidence, and
because the question of the preponderance of the evidence turns largely on the credibility of the
witnesses, the appellate court will defer to the trial judge’s superior opportunity to assess credibility.
Jones v. Jones, 43 Ark. App. 7, 12, 858 S.W.2d 130, 134 (1993); Appollos v. Int'l Paper Co., 34 Ark.
App. 205, 206, 808 S.W.2d 786, 787 (1991); Ark. R. Civ. P. 52(a). A finding is clearly erroneous
when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with
a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Sanford v. Sanford, 355 Ark. 274,
137 S.W.3d 391 (2003). The burden is on appellant to show that the findings are erroneous. Leathers
v. W.S. Compton Co., 316 Ark. 10, 14, 870 S.W.2d 710, 712 (1994).
The award of alimony is not mandatory, but is instead discretionary, and the trial court’s
decision regarding any such award will not be reversed absent an abuse of discretion. Powell v.
Powell, 82 Ark. App. 17, 110 S.W.3d 290 (2003). The purpose of alimony is to rectify, insofar as
is reasonably possible, the frequent economic imbalance in the earning power and standard of living
of the divorced parties in light of the particular facts of each case. Holaway v. Holaway, 70 Ark.
App. 240, 16 S.W.3d 302 (2000). The primary factors to be considered in awarding alimony are the
need of one spouse and the other spouse’s ability to pay; secondary factors that may also be
considered in setting alimony include (1) the financial circumstances of both parties, (2) the amount
and nature of the income, and (3) the extent and nature of the resources and assets of each of the
parties. Id. As this court explained in Mitchell v. Mitchell, 61 Ark. App. 88, 964 S.W.2d 411
(1998), neither this court, nor the supreme court, has ever attempted to reduce the amount of alimony
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to a mathematical formula. Presumably, it has been thought that the need for flexibility outweighs
the corresponding need for relative certainty. Id. In setting the amount of alimony, the trial court may
consider a range of acceptable alternatives. Id.
The trial judge in this case found that appellant’s yearly income was “substantial in nature.”
The court found that appellee currently had no income—other than the temporary support previously
awarded by the court—due to her inability to work from continuous health issues. Although appellee
testified as to her minimum monthly expenses, appellant provided no evidence of his monthly
expenses, outside his testimony of the debt owed on his vehicle and the $4000 he borrowed to hold
off family debts during the pending divorce. The testimony also revealed that appellee was a fiftyfour-year-old woman with a high school education. Although she had worked outside the home for
many years, the parties agreed that she would no longer remain in the work force after 1992. The
trial court found appellee’s testimony as to her pain and need for medication to be credible in light
of the fact that her back condition worsened since 1992, causing her to have to undergo two back
surgeries. With this testimony, the trial court found that appellee’s employability was “extremely
limited at best.” Appellant, on the other hand, was in good health and had been employed with the
USDA since 1980. There was no indication in the testimony that appellant’s employment would
cease before the date of his retirement. Here, appellee had virtually no means of support other than
the temporary support awarded by the court, and she was likely to be unable to earn an income due
to her back condition. Meanwhile, appellant retained the ability to earn a substantial income. Under
these circumstances, we cannot find that the trial court failed to consider appellee’s earning capacity,
education, experience, and employability in awarding alimony to appellee.
Second, appellant asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in that the amount of
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alimony was excessive and the trial court failed to consult the support chart under Administrative
Order No. 10. This argument is without merit. Appellant directs this court to the language in
Supreme Court Administrative Order Number 10 and presents no case law in support of his
argument.
The Family Support Chart, set forth in Administrative Order No. 10, is intended as a set of
guidelines in awarding child support. While we are mindful that section III(e) does deal with
“Spousal support,” that section is only relevant in situations where child support is at issue and
spousal support is appropriate for the custodial parent. In the case before us, the record indicates that
the parties’ children had reached the age of majority, and therefore, child support was not an issue.
Moreover, section III(e) is for purposes of “temporary support only.” Administrative Order No. 10
§ III(3) states that, “For the purposes of temporary support only, a dependent custodian may be
awarded 20% of the net take-home pay for his or her support in addition to any child support
awarded.” Section III(3) further states that, “For final hearings, the court should consider all relevant
factors, including the chart, in determining the amount of any spousal support to be paid.”
Accordingly, we are not compelled to accept appellant’s interpretation, which we hold is contrary
to the plainly stated wording of Administrative Order Number 10.
We turn now to appellant’s subpoint, concerning his assertion that the award of alimony was
in excess of the guidelines and in excess of the needs of appellee. As discussed above, the trial court
is not required to reference the Family Support Chart set forth in Administrative Order Number 10
in determining an award of only alimony. We note, however, that in the trial court’s oral ruling at
the temporary hearing, the trial court specifically referenced the Family Support Chart in his
determination of temporary alimony.
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Moreover, as this court explained in Mitchell, supra, our courts have never attempted to
reduce the amount of alimony to a mathematical formula; rather, in setting the amount of alimony,
the trial court may consider a range of acceptable alternatives. Id. The primary factors to be
considered in awarding alimony are the need of one spouse and the other spouse’s ability to pay.
Cole v. Cole, 89 Ark. App. 134, 201 S.W.3d 21 (2005). Cole also lists other, non-exhaustive factors
for the circuit court's consideration, including the parties’ financial circumstances, the amount and
nature of the parties’ income, both current and anticipated, the extent and nature of the parties’
resources and assets, and the parties’ earning ability and capacity.
We cannot say that the circuit court clearly erred in determining the amount of alimony
awarded to appellee in this case. While appellant argues that the amount of alimony exceeded
appellee’s needs, the trial court’s order indicated that it considered the proper factors, including
appellee’s significant health problems impacting her ability to earn an income; appellee’s two
separate spinal surgeries during 2006 and the need for constant control of her pain with medication;
appellee’s very limited prospects of obtaining any suitable employment; appellee’s exhibit one
showing her monthly expenses totaling $989; and the fact the amount of estimated monthly expenses
did not reflect any amount for rent and was based on her monthly medical and prescription expenses
being covered by plaintiff’s insurance, which would no longer be the case after the divorce decree
was entered. The trial court also considered appellant’s good health and the likelihood that he could
be able to continue working until retirement age, and appellant’s 2007 projected gross earnings of
$67,023. In sum, the trial court determined that appellee was entitled to alimony of $1,500 per
month and that appellant had the substantial ability to pay. Under these facts, the trial court did not
abuse its discretion in evaluating the needs of appellee and determining the proper amount of
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alimony.
For his final argument, appellant asserts that the trial court erred in ordering the division of
appellant’s civil service retirement benefits, in not taking into account the amount appellant might
have drawn if participating in the social security retirement system, and in making what amounted
to an unequal division in favor of appellee without specific findings and factors. Appellant concedes
that our supreme court has previously held that retirement plans of a party are marital property and
subject to division, even if participation in such plans is mandated by law or chosen by the party, and
is in lieu of social security benefits. See Gray v. Gray, 352 Ark. 443, 101 S.W.3d 816 (2003);
Skelton v. Skelton, 339 Ark. 227, 5 S.W.3d 2 (1999); Gentry v. Gentry, 282 Ark. 413, 668 S.W.2d
947 (1984); Day v. Day, 281 Ark. 261, 663 S.W.2d 719 (1984). The rationale behind the holding
in these cases is that “[S]ocial security benefits are a type of public welfare, or social insurance.
Social security benefits provide revenue or income; however, social security is not contractual in
nature and does not become a property interest. It is subject to change by congressional act at any
time.” Skelton, 339 Ark. at 233, 5 S.W.3d at 5.
Appellant, however, urges us to distinguish this case from the cases cited above, stating “the
distinction here is that in none of the cited cases did the appellant produce evidence of how much
his social security benefits would have been had he been in that system.” Appellant cites no
authority for this proposition. Here, appellant accessed the social security website and personally
calculated that the amount of his benefits would have been $1704 a month. Appellant then argued
that the $1704 should be excluded from the division. Appellant’s calculation as to what his potential
social security benefits might have been is of no moment. Under our supreme court’s wellestablished precedent, appellant’s civil service retirement was marital property and subject to
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division, and the trial court was not required to consider the amount appellant might have drawn if
participating in the social security system.
Based on the foregoing, we affirm on all points.
ROBBINS and KINARD , JJ., agree.
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