Cockrell v. State
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Cite as 2009 Ark. App. 700
ARKANSAS COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISIONS III & IV
No. CACR09-222
Opinion Delivered
COLTEN COCKRELL
APPELLANT
October 28, 2009
APPEAL FROM THE PULASKI
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[No. CR 2008-1292]
V.
STATE OF ARKANSAS
HONORABLE CHRISTOPHER
CHARLES PIAZZA, JUDGE
APPELLEE
REVERSED and REMANDED
LARRY D. VAUGHT, Chief Judge
Appellant Colten Cockrell was convicted by the Pulaski County Circuit Court of
possession of a controlled substance (two counts), possession of drug paraphernalia, and
carrying a weapon. He was sentenced to five years’ probation. On appeal he argues that the trial
court erred in (1) denying his motions for directed verdict because there was insufficient
evidence to support the conviction for carrying a weapon, and (2) denying his motion to
suppress evidence obtained in violation of Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure 2.2 and 3.1.
Because we find merit in Cockrell’s motion-to-suppress argument, we reverse and remand for
further proceedings.
At approximately 6:12 p.m. on January 25, 2008, Officer Ryan Baker of the Sherwood
Police Department was patrolling a two-to-three mile area where twelve armed robberies had
occurred within the last two weeks. Officer Baker, who was normally assigned to the training
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division, had been assigned to robbery detail because of the high number of recent robberies.
While on patrol, the officer observed a lone white truck properly backed into a parking space
in the side lot of Kohl’s department store, near the loading dock. The officer, unable to see the
driver (later identified as Cockrell) due to darkness, pulled his patrol car directly in front of the
truck, turned on his bright headlights, his spot light, and his take-down lights, and then called
for assistance. The officer then approached the passenger-side window with his flashlight in one
hand and his gun in the other. As he approached the truck, Officer Baker observed Cockrell
reaching down. While unable to see Cockrell’s hands, the officer was able to see what he thought
was a small club1 lying in the front seat floorboard and a baseball bat behind the seat of
Cockrell’s truck.
When Officer Chris Madison arrived, Officer Baker walked to the driver’s side of the
truck and asked Cockrell to step out of the vehicle. Officer Baker asked Cockrell if he played
baseball or if he had any other baseball equipment in the vehicle, and Cockrell answered no.
Officer Baker also asked Cockrell why he had a baseball bat, and Cockrell answered that he
“traveled through Rose City, and you never know when you might need one.” Still standing
outside Cockrell’s vehicle, the officer observed in plain view a straw with a band-aid wrapped
around it lying on the floorboard and a razorblade. The straw and razorblade had cocaine residue
on them. Officer Baker placed Cockrell under arrest. During a search of the truck incident to
the arrest, the officer found a small plastic bag containing cocaine. A subsequent search of
The object was later identified as a landscaping tool.
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Cockrell revealed fifteen hydrocodone pills in his pocket.
Prior to trial, Cockrell moved to suppress all of the evidence obtained as a result of
Officer Baker’s stop and subsequent searches of Cockrell and his vehicle. At the suppression
hearing, Cockrell argued that the stop was unlawful pursuant to Rules 2.2 and 3.1 of the
Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure and a violation of his right to be free from unreasonable
searches and seizures under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
Constitution. The trial court denied the motion to suppress, and a bench trial immediately
followed. Cockrell was found guilty of all charges.
Cockrell raises two points on appeal. The first is that the trial court erred in denying his
motions for directed verdict because there was insufficient evidence to support the conviction
for carrying a weapon. Cockrell’s second argument on appeal is that the trial court erred in
denying his motion to suppress evidence obtained in violation of Arkansas Rules of Criminal
Procedure 2.2 and 3.1 and his constitutional rights to be free from unreasonable searches and
seizures.
1. Sufficiency of the Evidence
For double jeopardy reasons, we first consider Cockrell’s claim that there was insufficient
evidence to support his conviction for carrying a weapon. Stone v. State, 348 Ark. 661, 666, 74
S.W.3d 591, 594 (2002). We treat a motion for a directed verdict as a challenge to the sufficiency
of the evidence. Stone, 348 Ark. at 666, 74 S.W.3d at 594. It has been repeatedly held that in
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we view the evidence in the light most
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favorable to the State and consider only the evidence that supports the verdict. Id., 74 S.W.3d
at 594. We affirm a conviction if substantial evidence exists to support it. Id., 74 S.W.3d at 594.
Substantial evidence is that which is of sufficient force and character that it will, with reasonable
certainty, compel a conclusion one way or the other, without having to resort to speculation or
conjecture. Id. at 667, 74 S.W.3d at 594. Further, we will not second-guess credibility
determinations made by the fact finder. Id., 74 S.W.3d at 594.
At trial when moving for directed verdict on the carrying-a-weapon charge, Cockrell’s
counsel argued “there’s been no evidence that Mr. Cockrell intended to use [the bat and
landscape tool] as a weapon or that he in fact used them as a weapon.” However, on appeal
Cockrell has changed his argument, focusing on the language of Arkansas Code Annotated
section 5-73-120(a), (b)(1) (Repl. 2005),2 arguing:
[T]here was no evidence in the record that the [bat and landscaping tool] had been
adapted for the purpose of inflicting serious physical injury or death by striking. Officer
Baker testified that he did not observe any changes or alterations to the alleged weapons
found in Mr. Cockrell’s truck.
Because Cockrell’s argument on appeal is made for the first time,3 we will not address it. Stone,
Section 5-73-120(a) provides that a person commits the offense of carrying a weapon
if he possesses a handgun, knife, or club on or about his or her person, in a vehicle occupied
by him, or otherwise readily available for use with a purpose to employ the handgun, knife,
or club as a weapon against a person. Ark. Code Ann. § 5-73-120(a). In this section, “club” is
defined as “any instrument that is specially designed, made, or adapted for the purpose of
inflicting serious physical injury or death by striking . . . .” Ark. Code Ann. § 5-73-120(b)(1).
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While Cockrell asserts that he did argue below that the bat and landscaping tool did
not meet the definition of a club under Arkansas Code Annotated section 5-73-120, that
argument was made at the conclusion of the suppression hearing, which was prior to the
close of the State’s case-in-chief—a violation of Arkansas Rule of Criminal Procedure
33.1(b).
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348 Ark. at 668, 74 S.W.3d at 595. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court on the sufficiency point.
2. Motion to Suppress
Cockrell’s central contention on appeal is that Officer Baker’s stop was illegal, and thus,
any items seized from him and his vehicle should be suppressed. We review suppression
challenges de novo based on the totality of the circumstances, reviewing findings of historical
facts for clear error and determining whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion or
probable cause, giving due weight to inferences drawn by the trial court. Davis v. State, 351 Ark.
406, 411, 94 S.W.3d 892, 894 (2003). We reverse only if the trial court’s ruling is clearly against
the preponderance of the evidence. Boldin v. State, 373 Ark. 295, 302, 283 S.W.3d 565, 570 (2008).
Additionally, we defer to the circuit court’s superior position to judge the credibility of witnesses.
Id., 283 S.W.3d at 570.
A. Rule 2.2
Cockrell contends that Officer Baker’s stop was unlawful pursuant to Rule 2.2 of the
Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 2.2 allows officers to request any person to furnish
information or otherwise cooperate in the investigation or prevention of crime and provides:
A law enforcement officer may request any person to furnish information or otherwise
cooperate in the investigation or prevention of crime. The officer may request the person
to respond to questions, to appear at a police station, or to comply with any other
reasonable request.
Ark. R. Crim. P. 2.2 (a). This occurs when an officer merely approaches an individual on a street
and asks if he is willing to answer some questions. Thompson v. State, 303 Ark. 407, 409, 797
S.W.2d 450, 451 (1990). Because the encounter is in a public place and is consensual, it does not
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constitute a “seizure” within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.4 Id., 797 S.W.2d at 451.
The initially consensual encounter is transformed into a seizure when, considering all the
circumstances, a reasonable person would believe that he is not free to leave. Id., 797 S.W.2d at
451–52. A seizure occurs when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has
in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen. Id., 797 S.W.2d at 451.
We agree with Cockrell that Officer Baker’s stop was not lawful under Rule 2.2 because
it was not a consensual encounter. According to the testimony of the officer, he pulled his patrol
car in front of Cockrell’s truck in such a position that Cockrell was blocked in and could not
drive away. Also, the officer testified that he had his bright headlights, his spot light, and takedown lights shining on Cockrell and a gun in hand when he approached Cockrell. We believe
that reasonable persons under these same circumstances would not have felt free to leave the
encounter based upon the officer’s show of force and authority, and we further hold that this
evidence establishes that this stop was a seizure within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment.
See State v. McFadden, 327 Ark. 16, 938 S.W.2d 797 (1997) (affirming trial court’s grant of motion
to suppress, holding that officer’s pursuit, with blue lights flashing, and stop of defendant’s
vehicle and request for defendant to accompany the officer to another’s home “went far beyond
the sort of encounter authorized by Rule 2.2 and became a seizure such that a reasonable person
in that situation would not have believed he was free to leave”; “this was not a situation where
the officer merely approached two men on a public street and asked if they would provide
The Fourth Amendment guarantees that “the right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be
violated. . . . ” U.S. Const. amend. 4.
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information”). Compare Thompson, 303 Ark. at 410, 797 S.W.2d at 452 (affirming trial court’s
denial of suppression motion under Rule 2.2 because no seizure took place where the
officer—who approached defendant’s vehicle at 1:40 a.m.—did not restrain the liberty of the
driver or show authority by exhibiting a weapon or ordering the driver out of the vehicle).
B. Rule 3.1
The next question is whether Officer Baker’s seizure of Cockrell was authorized pursuant
to Rule 3.1 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal Procedure. Rule 3.1 governs investigatory stops
and provides that an officer may justifiably restrain an individual for a short period of time if
they have an “articulable suspicion” that the person has committed or is about to commit a
crime. Thompson, 303 Ark. at 409, 797 S.W.2d at 451. Rule 3.1 states in pertinent part:
A law enforcement officer lawfully present in any place may, in the performance of his
duties, stop and detain any person who he reasonably suspects is committing, has
committed, or is about to commit (1) a felony, or (2) a misdemeanor involving danger
of forcible injury to persons or of appropriation of or damage to property, if such action
is reasonably necessary either to obtain or verify the identification of the person or to
determine the lawfulness of his conduct.
Ark. R. Crim. P. 3.1. Reasonable suspicion is defined by our rules as:
[A] suspicion based on facts or circumstances which of themselves do not give rise to the
probable cause requisite to justify a lawful arrest, but which give rise to more than a bare
suspicion; that is, a suspicion that is reasonable as opposed to an imaginary or purely
conjectural suspicion.
Ark. R. Crim. P. 2.1. Arkansas Code Annotated section 16-81-203 (Repl. 2005) also provides that
an officer must have reasonable grounds to detain a suspect under Rule 3.1. This statute
includes, but is not limited to, the following grounds:
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(1) The demeanor of the suspect;
(2) The gait and manner of the suspect;
(3) Any knowledge the officer may have of the suspect’s background or character;
(4) Whether the suspect is carrying anything, and what he or she is carrying;
(5) The manner in which the suspect is dressed, including bulges in clothing, when
considered in light of all of the other factors;
(6) The time of the day or night the suspect is observed;
(7) Any overheard conversation of the suspect;
(8) The particular streets and areas involved,
(9) Any information received from third persons, whether they are known or unknown;
(10) Whether the suspect is consorting with others whose conduct is reasonably
suspected;
(11) The suspect’s proximity to known criminal conduct;
(12) Incidence of crime in the immediate neighborhood;
(13) The suspect’s apparent effort to conceal an article; and
(14) The apparent effort of the suspect to avoid identification or confrontation by a law
enforcement officer.
Ark. Code Ann. § 16-81-203. The justification for the investigatory stop depends upon whether,
under the totality of the circumstances, the police have specific, particularized, and articulable
reasons indicating the person may be involved in criminal activity. Davis, 351 Ark. at 415, 94
S.W.3d at 897 (citing Hill v. State, 275 Ark. 71, 628 S.W.2d 284 (1982)). Under that test, the facts
articulated by the officer are not viewed in isolation, but are taken together. Davis, 351 Ark. at
415, 94 S.W.3d at 897.
Cockrell contends that Officer Baker’s investigatory stop was unlawful under Rule 3.1.
Based upon the totality of the circumstances, we agree and hold that Officer Baker did not have
justification for an investigatory stop under Rule 3.1 because he did not have specific,
particularized, and articulable reasons indicating that Cockrell may have been involved in the
recent armed robberies.
According to Officer Baker, based on his training, he had reason to suspect Cockrell was
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involved in the recent armed robberies because Cockrell was within the area where twelve
robberies had occurred in the past two weeks, it was dark outside, and Cockrell’s truck was
backed into a parking spot away from other vehicles in a side lot. The officer added that because
the robbers were getting away so quickly that it was suspected that a get-away car was nearby
or the robbers lived in the area. This is the only evidence identified by Officer Baker that he
claimed supported his decision to stop and seize Cockrell.
We hold that this evidence fails to establish reasonable articulable suspicion that Cockrell
was involved in the armed robberies. All this evidence demonstrates is that Cockrell was legally
and properly parked in a business parking lot during regular business hours. Because he was
backed into the parking space or because he was alone in the side parking lot are not bases for
reasonable suspicion that he was involved in the armed robberies. This is nothing more than an
innocuous set of circumstances that could encompass the everyday common activities of lawabiding citizens. Granted, Cockrell was within the two-to-three mile “armed-robbery zone”;
however, merely being present in a high-crime area does not rise to reasonable suspicion
sufficient to authorize an investigatory stop. See Stewart v. State, 332 Ark. 138, 147, 964 S.W.2d
793, 798 (1998); Jennings v. State, 69 Ark. App. 50, 54, 10 S.W.3d 105, 108 (2000).
Moreover, Officer Baker testified that he did not witness Cockrell commit any felony or
misdemeanor offenses. The officer also admitted during his testimony that he had not received
any information from any third party that Cockrell and/or his vehicle had been involved in any
of the recent armed robberies. Finally, there was evidence that a black truck, and white passenger
vehicle, and a black man were involved in the armed robberies, none of which match Cockrell
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or his vehicle’s description.
The State argues that of the fourteen statutory grounds that support the detention of a
suspect under Rule 3.1, it presented evidence of six. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-81-203(4), (6), (8),
(11), (12), (13). At most the State presented evidence that five grounds existed on the day in
question. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-81-203(4), (8), (11), (12), (13). We do not consider factor six to
be significant—it may have been dark outside, but it was only 6:12 p.m. We further note that
three of the grounds argued by the State involve Cockrell being within a two-to-three mile area
that had recently experienced multiple armed robberies. Ark. Code Ann. § 16-81-203 (8), (11),
(12). The only other factors that existed were that Cockrell had a bat and landscaping tool in his
vehicle and that he tried to conceal something when the officer approached. Ark. Code Ann. §
16-81-203 (4), (13).
Therefore, the State only established that Cockrell was parked in the recent armedrobbery zone, that he had a bat and landscaping tool in his vehicle, and that he tried to conceal
something upon Officer Baker’s approach. Again, just being present in a high-crime area does
not rise to reasonable suspicion sufficient to authorize an investigatory stop. Stewart, 332 Ark.
at 147, 964 S.W.2d at 798; Jennings, 69 Ark. App. at 54, 10 S.W.3d at 108 (2000). We attach little
significance to the presence of the bat and landscaping tool in Cockrell’s vehicle because these
items were not considered by Officer Baker when he decided to stop Cockrell. This is because
the officer did not see these items until after he seized Cockrell by blocking his vehicle and
approaching him with lights and a weapon. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record that
bats or landscaping tools were used in the any of the recent armed robberies. As such, these
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factors considered alone or together do not give rise to reasonable suspicion that Cockrell was
involved in the armed robberies or any other crime.
The State relies upon Jefferson v. State, 349 Ark. 236, 76 S.W.3d 850 (2002). There, our
supreme court held that the officer had reasonable articulable suspicion to stop the defendant
where the evidence demonstrated that he, at 2:00 a.m., was found walking between two trailers
that were parked in an area where drugs and prostitution were prevalent. When the defendant
saw the officers, he appeared startled, changed the direction in which he was walking, and
quickened his pace. When the defendant finally responded to officers calling to him, he slipped
his right hand into his pocket, pulled something out, and dropped it on the ground. Jefferson, 349
Ark. at 240, 76 S.W.3d at 852.
The case at bar is distinguishable. Cockrell was legally and properly parked in a
department store’s parking lot during business hours. It was 6:12 p.m.—not 2:00 a.m. Cockrell
was parked within the two-to-three mile zone that had been victim to recent armed robberies,
but there was no evidence that any of the recent criminal activity had taken place at Kohl’s or
any other large department store. Finally, Cockrell did not try to evade or avoid Officer Baker
upon his approach.
In sum, when making an independent determination based upon the totality of the
circumstances, we hold that Officer Baker’s stop violated both Rules 2.2 and 3.1 of the Arkansas
Rules of Criminal Procedure. There was clearly a “seizure” under the Fourth Amendment and
based on the facts in this case the officer did not have reasonable suspicion that Cockrell had
committed or was about to commit robbery at the time of the “seizure.” Accordingly, the items
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seized as a result of the illegal stop and subsequent search of Cockrell and his vehicle must be
suppressed.
Reversed and remanded.
HART, GLADWIN, and GLOVER, JJ., agree.
GRUBER and HENRY, JJ., dissent.
GRUBER, J., dissenting. I agree with the majority that Mr. Cockrell’s sufficiency claim
was not preserved for appeal. I disagree, however, that Officer Baker’s seizure of Mr.
Cockrell was conducted in violation of Rules 2.2 and 3.1 of the Arkansas Rules of Criminal
Procedure and therefore dissent from the court’s decision reversing on that point. While I
agree with the majority that pulling his patrol car in front of Mr. Cockrell’s truck blocking
him in; turning on his bright headlights, spot light, and take-down lights; and approaching
Mr. Cockrell’s truck with a gun in his hand constituted a seizure by Officer Baker, I believe
the seizure was supported by reasonable suspicion and therefore I would affirm.
On appeal from reasonable-suspicion determinations, we conduct a de novo review
based on the totality of the circumstances, reviewing findings of historical facts for clear error
and determining whether those facts give rise to reasonable suspicion, giving due weight to
inferences drawn by the trial court. Davis v. State, 351 Ark. 406, 413, 94 S.W.3d 892, 896
(2003). The process of looking at the totality of the circumstances, rather than at each
isolated act, allows officers to draw on their own experience and specialized training to make
inferences from and deductions about the cumulative information available to them that
“might well elude an untrained person.” United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 273 (2002).
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While each act or factor taken in isolation might not provide a sufficient basis for reasonable
suspicion, under a totality-of-the-circumstances analysis, we look at all of the facts and
circumstances together. See id. Further, although an officer’s reliance on a mere hunch is
insufficient to justify a stop, the likelihood of criminal activity need not rise to the level
required for probable cause, and it falls considerably short of satisfying a preponderance of the
evidence standard. Id. at 274 (citations omitted).
In my view, this case is similar to Jefferson v. State, 349 Ark. 236, 76 S.W.3d 850 (2002)
(reversing court of appeals’ decision holding no reasonable suspicion to support detention).
In Jefferson, the supreme court affirmed the trial court’s denial of Jefferson’s motion to
suppress, holding the police officers had reasonable suspicion to detain him. At 2:00 a.m. the
officers were patrolling a trailer park in an area known for drug trafficking and prostitution.
The officers testified that they had been receiving complaints about the area, apparently from
residents. Jefferson emerged from between two trailers, saw the officers, appeared startled,
changed directions, and quickened his pace. He then ignored the officers’ first request to
come to the police car but did come over on the second request. When Jefferson put his
hand in his pocket while walking toward the officers, one of the officers drew his weapon.
Holding that there was reasonable suspicion to justify the detention, the court reasoned as
follows:
Finding appellant apparently coming out from between two residential trailers at 2:00
a.m. certainly should give rise to suspicion that something illegal was afoot. This is
especially so when the area is considered, the history of the area is considered, and
complaints of persons who likely had good reason to fear for the safety of their
neighborhood is considered. Also, as Jefferson was walking toward the police officers
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he put his hand in his right front pocket, which gave the police officers good reason
to be concerned about their safety. There was reasonable suspicion that a crime had
been or was about to be committed.
Jefferson, 349 Ark. at 247, 76 S.W.3d at 857.
Similarly, in this case, Officer Baker testified that there had been twelve armed
robberies of businesses during business hours in the surrounding two-to-three mile area (six
in the immediate area) within the previous two-week period. He testified that Kohl’s was
open for business when he spotted Mr. Cockrell’s truck in the back side of the parking lot,
it was dark outside, the truck was backed into a parking space near the loading dock away
from other vehicles, and it was very unusual for someone to be parked at that location. Due
to a hill, the license plate was not visible. The officer did not see anyone in the truck until
he turned on his spotlight, take-down lights, and bright headlights. Officer Baker also
testified that, based on his training and experience as a law-enforcement officer, the way in
which Mr. Cockrell was parked indicated that some type of criminal activity may be taking
place. He was specifically concerned about a robbery.
Officer Madison testified that the robberies in the area were occurring and the people
committing the offenses were disappearing. His opinion about the robberies was that, “either
it had to be a secondary vehicle that someone was in waiting, ready to go, or they lived
nearby.”
In my view, particularly in light of Officer Baker’s knowledge about robberies in the
area and his specialized training, reasonable suspicion existed to support Officer Baker’s
seizure and therefore I would affirm the convictions.
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HENRY, J., joins.
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