Kevin Wayne Hodge v. Mary Hodge
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DIVISIONS IV & I
CA06-494
December 20, 2006
KEVIN WAYNE HODGE
APPELLANT
V.
APPEAL FROM THE CROSS
COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
[E-1997-196]
HON. BENTLEY EARL STORY,
CIRCUIT JUDGE
MARY HODGE
APPELLEE
REVERSED and REMANDED
L ARRY D. V AUGHT, Judge
This is a child-custody dispute where appellant Kevin Hodge appeals the trial court’s
decision to award custody of his daughter to appellee Mary Hodge. Kevin argues on appeal
that the trial court erred in failing to use the appropriate legal standard in changing custody,
erred in not considering the presumption in favor of Kevin’s relocation, and abused its
discretion in changing custody from Kevin to Mary. We reverse and remand.
Mary filed for divorce from Kevin on June 2, 1997. Mary was awarded temporary
custody of their daughter, B.J.H. (born on March 18, 1994), while the divorce was pending.
The final, uncontested divorce decree was entered on March 5, 1998, and Mary was awarded
primary custody of B.J.H. In November 1998, Kevin filed a petition for contempt alleging
that Mary had denied him visitation with B.J.H. On February 23, 1999, the court entered an
order admonishing Mary to comply with the court’s ordered visitation but refusing to find
her in contempt.
On June 1, 1999, Kevin filed a petition to change custody, and on January 14, 2000,
the court held a hearing on the petition. Testimony at the hearing established that Kevin had
remarried; that Kevin was not being allowed his court-ordered visitation; that the child had
suffered from severe emotional and psychological problems; that Mary had moved three
times in three years; that Mary had trouble controlling B.J.H’s behavior, including instances
where six-year-old B.J.H. had attacked her mother; that a psychiatrist had put B.J.H. on
prescription drugs for her condition; that Kevin had not been allowed to participate in his
child’s medical treatment; and that Mary was currently living in a HUD apartment. The court
granted Kevin’s petition, finding that due to a material change in circumstances, B.J.H.
needed to be placed in his custody. The court stated that the change was temporary and would
be reviewed during the summer of 2000. No such review was ever held.
Mary filed a petition in November 2002 for change of custody and specific visitation.
The parties filed an agreed visitation order on December 6, 2002, setting out Mary’s specific
visitation, and reaffirming all other provisions of the January 2000 order.
In February 2005 Kevin filed a motion to modify the visitation and for child support
based on the fact that he was being relocated from Little Rock Air Force Base in
Jacksonville, Arkansas, to Barksdale Air Force Base in Shreveport, Louisiana. Mary
responded by filing a petition for change of custody. Kevin argued that the January 2000
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custody order was a permanent order, requiring a material change in circumstances to
modify, while Mary argued that the order was temporary, therefore only requiring a bestinterests analysis. The court held that the order was temporary and that it was in the child’s
best interest for Mary to be granted custody.
In child-custody cases, the primary consideration is the welfare and best interest of
the child involved. Bernal v. Shirley, __ Ark. App. __, __ S.W.3d __ (Sept. 13, 2006).
Custody will not be modified unless it is shown that there are changed conditions
demonstrating that a modification is in the best interest of the child. Id. In cases involving
child custody and related matters, we review the case de novo, but we will not reverse a trial
judge’s findings in this regard unless they are clearly erroneous. Id. A finding is clearly
erroneous when, although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court is left with the
definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Id. Because the question of
whether the trial court’s findings are clearly erroneous turns largely on the credibility of the
witnesses, we give special deference to the superior position of the trial judge to evaluate the
witnesses, their testimony, and the child’s best interest. Id. However, a trial court’s
conclusion on a question of law is given no deference on appeal. Moiser v. Ark. Dep’t of
Human Servs., 95 Ark. App. 32, __ S.W.3d __ (2006).
For his first point on appeal, Kevin argues that the court used the wrong legal standard in
analyzing the custody determination.1 The trial judge determined that because the January 2000 order
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The dissent goes to great lengths in arguing that neither the permanent versus
temporary nature of the order nor the relocation presumption was preserved. We are
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awarding custody to Kevin was temporary, it was not necessary for Mary to prove a material change
in circumstances in order for the court to modify the custodial arrangement.
In Chancellor v. Chancellor, 282 Ark. 227, 667 S.W.2d 950 (1984)—a case involving
whether a custody order was a final, appealable order—our supreme court held that regardless of the
“label” attached to an order, where the parties have completed their proof and submitted their matter
to the court, the order is final. See also Walker v. Eldridge, 219 Ark. 594, 243 S.W.2d 638 (1951).
However, our supreme court has also stated that there is, in effect, no “final order” in a custody case,
until the children have reached the age of majority and that all custody orders are temporary by their
very nature. Purtle v. Comm. on Prof’l Conduct, 317 Ark. 278, 878 S.W.2d 714 (1994).
In Tipton v. Aaron, 87 Ark. App. 1, 185 S.W.3d 142 (2004), we reviewed a case where
maternal grandparents had temporary custody of the child because the unmarried parents were
minors. There, we stated that:
Usually, when we address cases involving change of custody, a child is being moved
from one parent to another. In those cases, the original decree is a final adjudication that one
parent or the other was the proper person to have care and custody of the children. Carver
v. May, 81 Ark. App. 292, 101 S.W.3d 256 (2003). Custody should not be changed unless
conditions have altered since the decree was rendered or material facts existed at the time of
the decree but were unknown to the court, and then only for the welfare of the child. White
v. Taylor, 19 Ark. App. 104, 717 S.W.2d 497 (1986). For a change of custody, the chancellor
must first determine that a material change in circumstances has occurred since the last order
of custody; if that threshold requirement is met, he must then determine who should have
custody with the sole consideration being the best interest of the children. Schwarz v. Moody,
55 Ark. App. 6, 928 S.W.2d 800 (1996). This court has further held that its reasons for
requiring more stringent standards for modifications than for initial custody determinations
satisfied that the record reflects that appellant argued that the order was permanent and
that the trial court ruled that it was temporary. However, the issue before us is whether the
court used the proper legal standard in making a custody determination. With regard to
the Hollandsworth presumption on relocation, we are not reversing on that issue, but
instructing the court to consider it on remand.
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are to promote stability and continuity in the life of the child, and to discourage the repeated
litigation of the same issues. Lloyd v. Butts, 343 Ark. 620, 37 S.W.3d 603 (2001). Of course,
whether an initial proceeding or a modification proceeding, the polestar remains the best
interest and welfare of the child. Id.
Tipton, 87 Ark. App. at 6, 185 S.W.3d at 145.
A temporary-custody order is often entered during a pending divorce or other action until a
time when the court can further review the issue and make a final custody decision. In this case, the
January 2000 order was not entered into during a pending action. Rather, an initial-custody
determination had already been made in May 1998 granting Mary custody. The 2000 order modified
the initial determination—relying on the material-change standard—and granted custody to Kevin.
Under the specific facts of this case the court erred by finding that the January 2000 order was still
a temporary order. The order on its face had a temporal limit to its temporary nature. Although the
court planned to review the 2000 order a few months later, it never did so, and Mary never asked the
court to review the order. Two years later, Mary petitioned for a change of custody, arguing that a
material change in circumstances warranted a change of custody. Although she argues that the 2000
order was and still is a temporary order, she nonetheless asserted the permanent-order standard in
her 2002 petition. Every change of custody after that initial determination in 1998—whether denoted
temporary or permanent—was a modification of custody and required a showing of material change
of circumstances. This determination fits with the public policy that provides the basis for the
material-change standard to begin with—consistency and stability in a child’s life and prevention
of re-litigation of issues before the court.
Because we hold that the January 2000 order was indeed a permanent order, we reverse and
remand this case to the trial court for it to determine if a material change in circumstances supported
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a change of custody from Kevin to Mary. In determining that issue, the trial court is charged with
analyzing the factors outlined in Hollandsworth v. Knyzewski, 353 Ark. 470, 109 S.W.3d 653 (2003),
on the relocation issue and determining what is in the child’s best interest.
Reversed and remanded.
ROBBINS, NEAL, and CRABTREE , JJ., agree.
HART and BAKER, JJ., dissent.
KAREN R. BAKER, Judge, dissenting. I dissent from the majority’s conclusion that the
temporary award of custody in this case somehow underwent a metamorphosis that changed it from
a temporary order into a permanent decree of custody. The trial judge accurately identified the
temporary nature of the pending order, accurately articulated the applicable legal standards, and
applied those standards appropriately to the specific facts of this case.
When the trial court temporarily placed custody of the child with the father, he withheld a
determination of the best interests of the child which was proper given the temporary nature of the
placement. See Smith v. McCracken, ___ Ark. App.___, ___ SW.3d ___ (Oct. 4, 2006) (holding that
dismissal of adoption petitions did not resolve the issue of the best interest of the child because the
prior custody order the circuit court had entered in case was a temporary order)(emphasis in
original). The trial court in this case explained that it had awarded the father temporary custody in
order to give the custodial mother the opportunity to improve her housing and financial situation.
This approach was entirely proper for the trial judge to employ and, in fact and practice, is in
compliance with our precedents wherein our appellate courts consistently refuse to modify custody
merely because one parent has more resources or income. Taylor v. Taylor, 353 Ark. 69, 110 S.W.3d
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731 (2003); Blair v. Blair, ___ Ark. App. ___, ___ S.W.3d ___ (May 17, 2006); Malone v. Malone,
4 Ark. App. 366, 631 S.W.2d 318 (1982).
The majority embraces the fact that a review hearing contemplated by the trial court did not occur
and uses that fact to support its conclusion that the temporary order became permanent. This court
specifically rejected the premise that the failure of a trial court to hold an anticipated hearing renders
the temporary order a permanent one. In Arkansas Dept. of Human Services v. McManus, 91 Ark.
App. 1, ___ S.W.3d ___ (2005) DHS asserted that the ex parte order granting temporary custody was
appealable, claiming that it was a mandatory injunction and that, when the trial court failed to have
a hearing on appellant's motion and did not set aside its order of temporary custody, the order
became permanent for all practical purposes. DHS maintained that this matter was somewhat similar
to the situation in Walker v. Eldridge, 219 Ark. 594, 243 S.W.2d 638 (1951), in that there was no
trial on the merits of the case that was pending. We disagreed and held that the ex parte order, as it
was entered in the original divorce action, was not a final appealable order.
The majority’s holding that the temporary custody order in this case at some undetermined point
became a permanent and appealable decree of custody conflicts with our supreme court’s rulings on
the appealability of temporary orders in custody cases. I recognize that historically, cases which
focused on the appealability of custody orders concerning children held that a decree awarding or
changing custody of children is a final decree from which an appeal may be taken. See Walker v.
Eldridge, 219 Ark. 35, 240 S.W.2d 43 (1951) and Wood v. Wood, 226 Ark. 52, 287 S.W.2d 902
(1956). However, beginning with the decision in Chancellor v. Chancellor, 282 Ark. 227, 667
S.W.2d 950 (1984), and later in Sandlin v. Sandlin, 290 Ark. 366, 719 S.W.2d 433 (1986), our
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supreme court modified that rule such that a temporary order of custody is not appealable if further
presentation of proof on the issue of custody is contemplated.
Not all jurisdictions follow the rule as set forth by our supreme court. The Connecticut supreme
court in Madigan v. Madigan, 620 A. 2d 1276 (Conn. 1993) rejected our supreme court’s approach
to the appealability of a temporary custody order. The Connecticut court held that temporary custody
orders are final judgments which are immediately appealable because an immediate appeal is the
only reasonable method of insuring that important rights surrounding the parent-child relationship
are adequately protected. The Connecticut court reasoned:
An inquiry into the law of other jurisdictions supports our conclusion that temporary custody
orders are immediately appealable. Although a number of jurisdictions have held that such
orders are not immediately appealable, emphasizing the broad rule that interlocutory orders
must await the end of an action to be appealed; see, e.g., Chancellor v. Chancellor, 282 Ark.
227, 230, 667 S.W.2d 950 (1984); In re Temporary Custody of Five Minors, 105 Nev. 441,
443, 777 P.2d 901 (1989); Craft v. Craft, 579 S.W.2d 506, 508 (Tex.Civ.App.1979); others
recognize that temporary orders may be appealed pursuant to local rules recognizing
interlocutory appeals. See, e.g., Sanchez v. Walker County Dept. of Family & Children
Services, 235 Ga. 817, 818, 221 S.E.2d 589 (1976); In re Marriage of Kitchen, 126 Ill.
App.3d 192, 194-95, 81 Ill.Dec. 644, 467 N.E.2d 344 (1984). Likewise, a limited number of
jurisdictions recognize temporary custody orders as final for the purpose of immediate
appeal. See, e.g., In re Interest of L.W., 241 Neb. 84, 486 N.W.2d 486, 495 (1992); In re
Murray, 52 Ohio St.3d 155, 159-61, 556 N.E.2d 1169 (1990). On balance, we find that the
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rationale for allowing immediate appeals adopted in the latter jurisdictions, in conjunction
with the practice in other jurisdictions that allow these appeals by special interlocutory
appeals rules, to be more persuasive than the traditional reasons of judicial economy
generally offered as a justification to adhere to a rule of nonappealability.
Magdan supra, at1279, fn.9.
While the supreme court of Connecticut is free to reject our supreme court’s precedent, we
are not. We have no authority to overrule our supreme court on this issue. Even if we did have the
authority, the majority’s decision raises due process concerns. Appellee could not have known at
what point the temporary order would ripen into a final decree of custody under the majority’s
analysis so her right to appeal was lost. In this case the trial court correctly found that the previous
custody order was temporary and the question before him was the best interest of the child. After
the proof was presented, the trial court set out detailed findings supporting his decision that it was
in the best interest of the child to place custody with appellee. We should affirm.
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