Anthony Maxfield v. State of Arkansas

Anthony MAXFIELD v. STATE of Arkansas

CA CR 00-28 ___ S.W.3d ___

Court of Appeals of Arkansas

Division III

Opinion delivered October 4, 2000

1. Criminal procedure -- custodial statements -- defendant not required to point out that material witness was not called. -- When challenging a statement as involuntary, a defendant is not required to point out, in precise words, that a material witness was not called.

2. Criminal procedure -- custodial statements -- State's burden to prove voluntary. -- A custodial statement is presumptively involuntary; it is the State's burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that a custodial statement was given voluntarily and was knowingly and intelligently made; as a part of its burden, the State must produce at a Denno hearing all of the persons who were witnesses to the taking of a statement or must explain their absence; when the necessary witnesses are not produced and no satisfactory explanation of their absence is forthcoming, evidence of the accused that his statement was involuntarily given stands uncontradicted.

3. Criminal procedure -- custodial statements -- State failed to meet burden. -- By failing to produce or explain the absence from the Dennohearing of an officer who was a witness to the taking of appellant's custodial statement, the State failed to meet its burden of proving that appellant's statement was given voluntarily.

4. Criminal procedure -- involuntary confession -- harmless-error analysis. --The admission of an "involuntary" confession is subject to a harmless-error analysis.

5. Criminal procedure -- custodial statements -- erroneously admitted confession excised. -- Under Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967), the appellate court was required to excise appellant's erroneously admitted confession and to determine whether the remaining evidence showed beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict.

6. Criminal procedure -- custodial statements -- appellate court unable to say erroneously admitted confession did not contribute to guilty verdict. --Although the evidence before the jury, aside from the excised confession, consisted of the victim's testimony, DNA evidence, and testimony that a mask similar to the one used in the crimes was accessible to appellant, the appellate court didnot review it to determine whether it was sufficient to sustain the convictions against appellant; rather, the appellate court determined that it was unable to say, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the erroneously admitted confession and its description of the manner in which appellant committed the crimes did not contribute to the jury's verdict of guilty.

7. Criminal procedure -- remanded for Denno hearing. -- Concluding that the trial court's failure to suppress appellant's statement did not in and of itself entitle appellant to a new trial, the appellate court, employing a limited-remand procedure, remanded the matter to the trial court with instructions to hold a Denno hearing and to rule on the issue of the voluntariness of appellant's confession. [wbj]

Appeal from Hempstead Circuit Court; Duncan McRae Culpepper, Judge; remanded.

Ben Seay, for appellant.

Mark Pryor, Att'y Gen., by: Jeffrey A. Weber, Ass't Att'y Gen., for appellee.

John F. Stroud, Jr., Judge. Anthony Maxfield was found guilty by a jury of rape, kidnapping, aggravated robbery, and breaking or entering. He was sentenced for these convictions to a total of forty-two years in the Arkansas Department of Correction. His sole point of appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his custodial statement because it was not given voluntarily. The basis of his appeal is that at his Denno hearing, the State did not produce as a witness or explain the absence of an officer who promised leniency to him. Appellant asks that the judgment and conviction be reversed and that his cause be remanded for a new trial. The State responds that this point is not preserved for appeal, or, in the alternative, that the trial court's denial of appellant's motion to suppress was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We find that the point was preserved for appeal, but we are unable to say that the denial of the motion to suppress was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. We find further that this case must be remanded to the trial court for a new hearing on determining the voluntariness of appellant's confession, but that a new trial is not required at this point.

Appellant was questioned at the Hope Police Department byOfficers Morris Irving and Hays McWharter on January 5, 1999. He was then nineteen years old, had experienced problems in school and been put back in ninth grade courses, and had quit school in the tenth grade to get his GED. He initialed and signed a Miranda form, and he then signed a statement of confession written by McWharter. In the statement, appellant admitted entering an unlocked van, lying down in the back until a young woman left a restaurant and started the vehicle, grabbing the woman's throat and holding a knife to it after she began driving, grabbing her pony tail, and directing her where to drive. He described his rape of the woman, committed while he wore a white mask and kept the knife in his hand. He stated that when he was finished, he told her that he was sorry and that she would never see him again, and he took $10 from her apron.

Appellant filed a motion to suppress the statement on the grounds that the statement was not voluntarily and freely made without hope of reward. At the Denno hearing on his motion, he testified to the following circumstances regarding thegiving of his statement. Before the interrogating officers brought out the Miranda form, they tried to get him to cooperate. This lasted thirty minutes, at most. Irving, and definitely not McWharter, told appellant that they already had enough evidence to convict him without a confession, and that if he cooperated they would talk to the judge and the prosecuting attorney to see if they could get him twenty years with his sentences running concurrently. Based on what Irving told him about the twenty years, appellant decided to cooperate about confessing; he signed the waiver of rights form at 11:15 p.m. and signed the statement at 12:16 a.m. There were no breaks in the hour-and-thirty-to-forty minutes of questioning, and McWharter was present the entire time except for stepping out for two or three minutes to get a soda. Appellant had not wanted the statement tape-recorded, so McWharter wrote out the statement that he signed.

McWharter testified at the Denno hearing that he was with appellant for the entire interview and was not aware of any time that appellant was alone with Irving. McWharter statedthat he was certain that no indication was made to appellant that a specific sentence would be discussed with the prosecutor.

After the hearing and denial of the motion to suppress, appellant filed a motion for reconsideration. Appellant stated in his motion that Irving, a material witness to the taking of the statement, was not present at the hearing; that Irving had promised leniency to appellant; and that the promise had induced appellant to confess. No hearing was held on the motion, but a docket entry indicates that the motion was denied.

The State contends that this appeal is barred because appellant did not object at the Denno hearing to Irving's absence. Appellant notes in his reply brief that the State's position is contrary to case law. When challenging a statement as involuntary, a defendant is not required to point out, in precise words, that a material witness was not called. Smith v. State, 254 Ark. 538, 494 S.W.2d 489 (1973). In Smith v. State, 256 Ark. 67, 68, 505 S.W.2d 504, 506 (1974),our supreme court explained:

The burden of proving that a confession is voluntary is one which the State must assume when the admissibility of a confession is questioned on the grounds that it was coerced. Only by producing all material witnesses connected with the controverted confession can the State discharge this burden.

(quoting People v. Armstrong, 282 N.E.2d 712 (Ill. 1972)). A custodial statement is presumptively involuntary; it is the State's burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that a custodial statement was given voluntarily and was knowingly and intelligently made. Knight v. State, 62 Ark. App. 230, 971 S.W.2d 272 (1998). As a part of its burden, the State must produce at a Denno hearing all of the persons who were witnesses to the taking of a statement or must explain their absence. Foreman v. State, 328 Ark. 583, 945 S.W.2d 926 (1997). When the necessary witnesses are not produced and no satisfactory explanation of their absence is forthcoming, evidence of the accused that his statement was involuntarily given stands uncontradicted. Id.

Here, we determine that by failing to produce or explain the absence from the Denno hearing of Officer Irving, who wasa witness to the taking of appellant's custodial statement, the State failed to meet its burden of proving that appellant's statement was given voluntarily. This does not, however, end our review, for the admission of an "involuntary confession" is subject to a harmless-error analysis. Riggs v. State, 339 Ark. 111, 3 S.W.3d 305 (1999).

The Supreme Court has directed the reviewing court to use extreme caution in subjecting an involuntary confession to the harmless-error analysis:

A confession is like no other evidence. Indeed, "the defendant's own confession is probably the most probative and damaging evidence that can be admitted against him. ... [T]he admissions of a defendant come from the actor himself, the most knowledgeable and unimpeachable source of information about his past conduct. Certainly, confessions have profound impact on the jury, so much so that we may justifiably doubt its ability to put them out of mind even if told to do so." Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S., at 139-140 (White, J., dissenting). See also Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S., at 195 (White, J., dissenting) (citing Bruton). While some statements by a defendant may concern isolated aspects of the crime or may be incriminating only when linked to other evidence, a full confession in which the defendant discloses the motive for and means of the crime may tempt the jury to rely upon that evidence alone in reaching its decision. In the case of a coerced confession..., the risk that the confession is unreliable, coupled with the profound impact that the confession has upon the jury,requires a reviewing court to exercise extreme caution before determining that the admission of the confession at trial was harmless.

Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 296 (1991). In addition to following the analysis of Fulminate, under Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18 (1967), we are required to excise the confession and determine whether the remaining evidence shows beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to the verdict. See Criddle v. State, 338 Ark. 744, 1 S.W.3d 436 (1999).

Once appellant's confession is excised from the evidence in the present case, there remains other evidence introduced by the State at trial. The victim testified that her attacker ordered her to drive to a certain location and to perform sexual acts, that he inserted his penis into her anal area, and that she gave her money to him after he ordered her to do so; she also stated that he held a knife to her throat during these acts. She testified that he wore a mask similar to a "Jason" Halloween mask, never exposing his face to her. Forensic scientists from the state crime laboratory testifiedconcerning a vaginal smear slide and swabs, and a rectal smear slide and swabs, which were among the contents of a rape assault kit in this case; and a piece of upholstery with a spot on it, taken from the victim's van. They testified that no semen or blood was detected on the slides or swabs, but that semen was found on the upholstery. In the opinion of the supervisor of the laboratory's DNA testing, the DNA sample from the upholstery came from appellant. Officer Steve Gulik, who had responded to a call about the alleged incident shortly after it occurred, testified that the victim reported that she had felt a sharp pain but, because she had never had sex before, was uncertain whether penetration actually occurred. Officer Irvin testified that six days after the reported crime, he found a Jason mask on the same block where appellant lived and about three blocks from the restaurant where the van had been parked. Appellant's girlfriend testified that a Jason mask belonging to her son had been in the home she shared with appellant, but that she could not remember seeing it since the date when the officer had found a mask; she alsotestified that she had found in appellant's clothing a medical card bearing the victim's name.

Thus, the evidence before the jury aside from the excised confession was the victim's testimony, DNA evidence, and testimony that a mask similar to the one used in the crimes was accessible to appellant. We do not review this evidence to determine whether it was sufficient to sustain the convictions against appellant; rather, the determination we must make is whether, beyond a reasonable doubt, the erroneously admitted confession and its description of the manner in which he committed these crimes did not contribute to the jury's verdict of guilty. We are unable to say that it did not so contribute.

The trial court's failure to suppress appellant's statement, however, does not in and of itself entitle appellant to a new trial. Instead, we employ only the "limited-remand procedure" to the trial court with instructions to hold a hearing and rule on the issue of the voluntariness of appellant's confession. See Rankin v. State,329 Ark. 379, 948 S.W.2d 397 (1997); Guinn v. State, 27 Ark. App. 260, 771 S.W.2d 290 (1989) (citing Jackson v. Denno, 378 U.S. 368 (1964)). At this hearing, the State must produce Officer Irving or must explain his absence. A new trial should be ordered only if the trial court finds the confession to have been involuntary. Guinn, supra.

Remanded for a new Denno hearing.

Pittman and Neal, JJ., agree.