State v. VanWinkle
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After a jury trial, Pete VanWinkle was found guilty of attempted murder and other offenses. VanWinkle appealed, arguing that the trial court violated his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination by admitting evidence of his post-custody, pre-Miranda silence, and the prosecutorial comment on it. The court of appeals affirmed, concluding that Miranda did not apply because there was no police interrogation. The Supreme Court vacated the court of appeals but affirmed VanWinkle's convictions and sentences, holding (1) the admission of post-custody, pre-Miranda silence and prosecutorial comment on such silence violates a defendant's constitutional right to remain silent; but (2) the error in this case was harmless.
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SUPREME COURT OF ARIZONA En Banc STATE OF ARIZONA, ) ) Appellee, ) ) v. ) ) PETE J. VANWINKLE, ) ) Appellant. ) ) ) ) ) __________________________________) Arizona Supreme Court No. CR-11-0083-PR Court of Appeals Division One No. 1 CA-CR 09-0903 Maricopa County Superior Court No. CR2008-113869-001 DT O P I N I O N Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County The Honorable Paul J. McMurdie, Judge AFFIRMED ________________________________________________________________ Memorandum Decision of the Court of Appeals, Division One Filed Mar. 24, 2011 VACATED ________________________________________________________________ THOMAS C. HORNE, ARIZONA ATTORNEY GENERAL By Kent E. Cattani, Chief Counsel Criminal Appeals/Capital Litigation Section Joseph T. Maziarz, Assistant Attorney General Attorneys for State of Arizona Phoenix MICHAEL J. DEW Phoenix Attorney for Pete J. VanWinkle ________________________________________________________________ H U R W I T Z, Vice Chief Justice ¶1 The question in this case is whether a defendant s post-custody, pre-Miranda silence may be used as evidence of guilt. I. ¶2 Petitioner Pete J. VanWinkle and four others Mike, Joel, Cory, and Gerry were in Joel s apartment.1 shot Mike in the head. VanWinkle Gerry saw the shooting from the kitchen, confronted VanWinkle, and disarmed him after a struggle. Cory, who was in the bathroom at the time of the shooting, detained VanWinkle while Joel called 911. restraining VanWinkle on the When police arrived, Cory was second-floor balcony of the The police ordered Cory to descend the stairs. He apartment building. ¶3 complied, but exclaimed that VanWinkle VanWinkle said nothing in response. was the shooter. The police then ordered VanWinkle down the stairs and handcuffed him. ¶4 At VanWinkle s trial for attempted murder and other offenses, the prosecution introduced evidence of his silence in the face of Cory s allegation and argued to the jury that this was a defense tacit admission objections prosecutorial of that comment on guilt. The admission it, 1 trial of violated this court overruled evidence, VanWinkle s and Fifth We view the facts in the light most favorable to upholding the verdicts. State v. Chappell, 225 Ariz. 229, 233 n.1 ¶ 2, 236 P.3d 1176, 1180 n.1 (2010). 2 Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The jury found VanWinkle guilty on all charged offenses. ¶5 The court of appeals affirmed. State v. VanWinkle, No. 1 CA-CR 09-0903, 2011 WL 1086602 (Ariz. App. March 24, 2011) (mem. decision). The court assumed that VanWinkle was in custody when Cory made his accusation, but held that Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444 (1966), did not apply because there was no police interrogation. ¶6 Id. at *2 ¶¶ 8-9. We granted review to resolve an issue of statewide importance. We have jurisdiction under Article 6, Section 5(3) of the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12-120.24 (2003). II. A. ¶7 When a statement adverse to a defendant s interests is made in his presence and he fails to respond, evidence of the statement and the defendant s subsequent silence may admissible as a tacit admission of the facts stated. be State v. Saiz, 103 Ariz. 567, 569, 447 P.2d 541, 543 (1968) (quoting Ruth v. Rhodes, 66 Ariz. 129, 135, 185 P.2d 304, 308 (1947)). The defendant must have been able to clearly hear the statement and the circumstances must have been such as naturally call for a reply if [the defendant] did not intend to admit such facts. improperly Id. VanWinkle does not contend that his silence was treated as a tacit 3 admission under the rules of evidence,2 but rather only that it should have been excluded under the Fifth Amendment. B. ¶8 In Doyle v. Ohio, the Supreme Court of the United States held that a defendant s silence after arrest and after being given Miranda warnings could not be used against him, even for impeachment purposes. Court found ambiguous silence and 426 U.S. 610, 617-20 (1976). under possibly such nothing exercise of these Miranda rights. later, could the be Court used held for that circumstances more if the Id. at 617. post-arrest, impeachment than the insolubly arrestee s Six years pre-Miranda defendant The silence testified. Fletcher v. Weir, 455 U.S. 603, 607 (1982) (per curiam); see also Wainwright v. Greenfield, 474 U.S. 284 (1986) (holding that a defendant s post-arrest, post-Miranda silence cannot be used in the prosecution s case-in-chief); Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 2 Some courts have held in circumstances similar to those here that silence is not admissible as an evidentiary matter. See, e.g., Weitzel v. State, 863 A.2d 999, 1004-05 (Md. 2004) (holding that in light of the depiction of Miranda warnings in popular culture and the widespread knowledge that statements made in the presence of police will be used against you in a court of law, silence in the presence of police is too ambiguous to be probative); People v. DeGeorge, 541 N.E.2d 11, 13 (N.Y. 1989) (holding that silence in police presence is inadmissible because it is a natural reaction); Ex parte Marek, 556 So. 2d 375, 381 (Ala. 1989) ( [T]he accused might well remain silent because he is angry, or frightened, or because he thinks he has the right to remain silent that the mass media have so well publicized. ). 4 U.S. 231 (1980) (concluding that the State may use a defendant s pre-arrest, pre-Miranda silence for impeachment). No Supreme Court case addresses, however, whether the State s use of postcustody, pre-Miranda silence in its case-in-chief violates the Fifth Amendment. ¶9 The State argues that this Court approved this practice in State v. Ramirez, 178 Ariz. 116, 125, 871 P.2d 237, 246 (1994). on a But Ramirez did not involve prosecutorial comment defendant s silence. Rather, that case considered prosecutorial comment on the defendant s actual statements and demeanor, and the opinion made plain that [t]he prosecutor did not comment on defendant s post-arrest failure to proclaim his innocence or on defendant s post-arrest silence. Id. Although Ramirez stated that [a] prosecutor may . . . comment on a defendant s pre-Miranda warnings silence, either before or after arrest, id., that language was dictum. Thus, the question before us is one of first impression in Arizona. C. ¶10 We assume arguendo, as did the court of appeals, that VanWinkle was shooter. We in custody agree with when the Cory court identified of appeals him that as the because VanWinkle s silence was not in response to police interrogation, its admission did not violate the Miranda rule. Miranda created a prophylactic means of safeguarding Fifth Amendment rights 5 during custodial interrogation. also Dickerson v. United Doyle, 426 U.S. at 617; see States, 530 underpinnings U.S. of 428, 432 Miranda). (2000) (noting constitutional But the Miranda rule is not violated when, as here, the defendant s silence was in response to an accusation made by a civilian unaffiliated with the police before a warning could be given, and there is no indication of any wrongdoing by the police. ¶11 But that does not end the analysis. The Fifth Amendment provides that [n]o person . . . shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. Amend. V. This privilege against U.S. Const. self-incrimination is incorporated into the Fourteenth Amendment s due process clause. Malloy v. Hogan, 378 U.S. 1, 6 (1964). [T]he right to remain silent derives from the Constitution and not from the Miranda warnings themselves. United States v. Velarde-Gomez, 269 F.3d 1023, 1029 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc); see also State v. Easter, 922 P.2d 1285, 1290 (Wash. 1996) ( An accused s right to silence derives, not from Miranda, but from the Fifth Amendment itself. ). ¶12 A defendant has the right to remain silent when it is evident from the implications of the question, in the setting in which it is asked, that a responsive answer to the question or an explanation of why it cannot be answered dangerous because injurious disclosure could result. 6 might be Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486-87 (1951). The prosecution may not comment on a defendant s exercise of his right to remain silent. ¶13 that Griffin v. California, 380 U.S. 609, 615 (1965). A majority of the federal appellate courts have held post-custody, pre-Miranda evidence of a defendant s guilt.3 silence be used as Most of these cases involve police questioning, and thus implicate rule. cannot Miranda s prophylactic Two federal courts of appeals, however, have squarely held that post-custody, pre-Miranda silence is not admissible in the prosecution s case-in-chief under the Fifth Amendment, even absent police interrogation. See United States v. Whitehead, 200 F.3d 634, 637-39 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Moore, 104 F.3d 377, 384-90 (D.C. Cir. 1997). In Moore, the court stated that neither Miranda nor any other case suggests that a defendant s protected right to remain silent attaches only upon 3 The Seventh, Ninth, and District of Columbia Circuits have found post-custody, pre-Miranda silence inadmissible. See United States v. Hernandez, 948 F.2d 316, 321-24 (7th Cir. 1991); United States v. Whitehead, 200 F.3d 634, 637-39 (9th Cir. 2000); United States v. Moore, 104 F.3d 377, 384-90 (D.C. Cir. 1997). Other circuits have extended that ban to pre-arrest silence. See Coppola v. Powell, 878 F.2d 1562, 1567-68 (1st Cir. 1989); Combs v. Coyle, 205 F.3d 269, 280-83 (6th Cir. 2000); United States v. Burson, 952 F.2d 1196, 1201 (10th Cir. 1991); but see United States v. Oplinger, 150 F.3d 1061 (9th Cir. 1998), overruled on other grounds by United States v. Contreras, 593 F.3d 1135 (9th Cir. 2010) (en banc) (per curiam). The Fourth, Eighth, and Eleventh Circuits have found postcustody, pre-Miranda silence admissible. United States v. Love, 767 F.2d 1052, 1063 (4th Cir. 1985); United States v. Frazier, 408 F.3d 1102, 1109-11 (8th Cir. 2005); United States v. Rivera, 944 F.2d 1563, 1567-68 (11th Cir. 1991). 7 the commencement of questioning as opposed to custody. F.3d at 385. The Ninth Circuit is in accord. 104 See Whitehead, 200 F.3d at 639 ( [W]hen the district court admitted evidence of Whitehead s post-arrest, pre-Miranda silence . . . it plainly infringed upon Whitehead s privilege against self incrimination. ). ¶14 We find persuasive the District of Columbia Circuits. person the right to remain reasoning F.3d at 1029 (noting the Ninth and The Fifth Amendment gives a silent once in Miranda warnings have not yet been given. 269 of that Miranda custody, even if See Velarde-Gomez, warnings are not the genesis of the right to remain silent); Ex parte Marek, 556 So. 2d 375, 382 (Ala. 1989) ( An individual with the right to remain silent has the right to remain silent without regard to whether an officer has told him of that right. ). ¶15 The State argues that VanWinkle had remain silent only if under police questioning. the right to But custody and not interrogation is the triggering mechanism for the right of pretrial silence. Moore, 104 F.3d at 385. And, the Fifth Amendment s protection does not vanish simply because a question is posed or statement made by a third party in the presence of police rather than by the police themselves. United States v. Yates, 524 F.2d 1282, 1285 n.8 (D.C. Cir. 1975). When a person is in custody, even if police have not given Miranda warnings or 8 begun interrogation, the prosecution s subsequent comment on the defendant s exercise of his right to silence violates the Fifth Amendment. Velarde-Gomez, 269 F.3d at 1029.4 The right to remain silent would mean little if the consequence of its exercise is evidence of guilt. See Mitchell v. United States, 526 U.S. 314, 330 (1999) ( [T]here can be little doubt that the rule prohibiting an inference of guilt from a defendant s rightful silence has become an essential feature of our legal tradition. ). The trial court thus erred in admitting evidence of VanWinkle s silence as evidence of his guilt and allowing the prosecution to comment on that silence. III. ¶16 The admission of evidence of a defendant s silence and a prosecutor s comment on that silence are subject to harmless error review. State v. Guerra, 161 Ariz. 289, 297, 778 P.2d 1185, 1193 (1989). Error is harmless if the state, in light of 4 The Fifth Amendment prohibits only compelled selfincrimination. U.S. Const. Amend. V (providing that no one shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself ). It is not intuitively obvious that comment on a defendant s silence amounts to compulsion. Indeed, in dissent in Griffin, Justice Stewart argued that the Court had stretche[d] the concept of compulsion beyond all reasonable bounds. 380 U.S. at 620 (Stewart, J., dissenting). Other justices have expressed similar views. See Mitchell v. United States, 526 U.S. 314, 331-40 (1999) (Scalia, J., dissenting); Jenkins, 447 U.S. at 241-45 (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment); Doyle, 426 U.S. at 620-36 (Stevens, J., dissenting). The Griffin majority, however, rejected Justice Stewart s position, 380 U.S. at 613-15, which has never commanded a majority of the Court. 9 all of the evidence, can establish beyond a reasonable doubt that the error did not contribute to or affect the verdict. State v. Valverde, 220 Ariz. 582, 585 ¶ 11, 208 P.3d 233, 236 (2009) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). ¶17 The State has met that burden here. The four other men at the scene, including the victim, gave consistent accounts of what testified happened, that each Cory was implicating in the VanWinkle. bathroom, Gerry All was in kitchen, and the other three men were in the living room.5 four the All gave consistent testimony regarding where VanWinkle, Mike, and Joel were sitting in the living room and what was happening just before the shooting. shoot the victim. Gerry testified that he saw VanWinkle Joel testified that he saw VanWinkle holding the gun immediately after he heard the gunshot. And police officers testified without objection that both Joel and Cory had identified VanWinkle as the shooter to police at the scene. When police arrived, VanWinkle s holster, which he was wearing, was empty and his gun was on the living room floor. Ballistics tests positively identified VanWinkle s gun as having fired the shot that wounded the victim. ¶18 While in jail, VanWinkle told an inmate that he had shot Mike because he wanted to kill somebody to see how it 5 Although Mike testified that he did not remember being shot, he recalled clearly the events leading up to the shooting. 10 fe[lt]. VanWinkle also called Cory from jail apologizing for the shooting and asked Cory not to testify against him. And, VanWinkle did not object at trial to the introduction of Cory s accusation at the scene that VanWinkle was the shooter, but only to the evidence of VanWinkle s subsequent silence. Cory testified at trial, and VanWinkle chose not to cross-examine him about his statement. ¶19 Under the facts of this case, we find beyond a reasonable doubt that the evidence of VanWinkle s silence in the face of Cory s accusation and the prosecutor s comment on that silence did not contribute to or affect the verdicts.6 IV. ¶20 For the reasons above, we hold that the admission of post-custody, pre-Miranda silence and prosecutorial comment on such silence violate remain silent. of appeals, a defendant s constitutional right to Accordingly, we vacate the decision of the court but affirm VanWinkle s convictions and sentences because we find the error in this case harmless. _____________________________________ Andrew D. Hurwitz, Vice Chief Justice 6 We therefore need not address the State s contention that VanWinkle was not in custody when Cory made his accusation. 11 CONCURRING: _____________________________________ Rebecca White Berch, Chief Justice _____________________________________ W. Scott Bales, Justice _____________________________________ A. John Pelander, Justice _____________________________________ Robert M. Brutinel, Justice 12
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