Russell v. State
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Defendant pleaded guilty to multiple counts each of class C felony neglect of a dependent and class C felony criminal confinement. The plea agreement left sentencing to the discretion of the trial court but capped Defendant’s sentence at ten years pursuant to Ind. Code 35-50-1-2(c). This section, however, did not actually apply to Defendant. The trial court accepted the plea agreement and sentenced Defendant to ten years pursuant to the perceived statutory cap. Defendant appealed, challenging the trial court’s imposition of the aggregate sentence. The court of appeals reversed Defendant’s sentence, determining, sua sponte, that the erroneous application of section 35-50-1-2(c) rendered the plea agreement void as a matter of law. The Supreme Court granted transfer, thus vacating the decision below, and affirmed the trial court’s acceptance of Defendant’s plea agreement and its imposition of a ten-year sentence, holding that Defendant’s plea agreement was valid and enforceable despite the mistaken application of section 35-50-1-2(c).
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ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT Cara Schaefer Wieneke Wieneke Law Office, LLC Plainfield, Indiana ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Gregory F. Zoeller Attorney General of Indiana Stephen R. Creason Chief Counsel Larry D. Allen Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana In the Indiana Supreme Court Jun 29 2015, 10:43 am No. 84S01-1409-CR-000583 LARRY D. RUSSELL, JR., Appellant (Defendant below), v. STATE OF INDIANA, Appellee (Plaintiff below). Appeal from the Vigo Superior Court, No. 84D01-1212-FC-3871 The Honorable John T. Roach, Judge On Petition to Transfer from the Indiana Court of Appeals, No. 84A01-1312-CR-532 June 29, 2015 David, Justice. Larry D. Russell, Jr. pleaded guilty to five counts of class C felony neglect of a dependent and two counts of class C felony criminal confinement. The plea agreement left sentencing to the discretion of the trial court but capped Russell’s sentence at ten years “pursuant to Indiana Code 35-50-1-2(c).” (App. at 89.) This Section, however, did not actually apply to Russell. Nevertheless, the trial court accepted the plea agreement and sentenced Russell to ten years in accordance with the perceived statutory cap. When Russell appealed his aggregate sentence, the Court of Appeals sua sponte determined that the misapplication of Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c) rendered the plea agreement void as a matter of law. Russell petitioned this Court for transfer, and both Russell and the State argue that our precedent compels us to uphold the plea agreement. Upon review, it is clear that the ten-year cap in Russell’s plea agreement and the trial court’s imposition of a ten-year sentence were based on an erroneous application of Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c). Despite this mistake of law, we hold that Russell’s plea agreement is enforceable, because where a defendant like Russell pleads guilty knowingly, intentionally, and voluntarily, and where a defendant like Russell gets the benefit of the bargain with the State when the State errs, “there is no compeling reason to set aside the conviction on grounds that the sentence is later determined to be invalid.” Lee v. State, 816 N.E.2d 35, 39 (Ind. 2004). Facts and Procedural History The State charged Russell with five counts of class C felony neglect of a dependent, two counts of class C felony criminal confinement, three counts of class D felony criminal confinement, and class D felony neglect of a dependent. But the charges only begin to reflect the extreme abuse and neglect Russell inflicted over a three-month period upon three teenaged boys— P.G., B.J., and T.D.—he and his wife adopted. Russell padlocked the boys in one bedroom, where they suffered long periods without food, water, or bathroom access. With the help of his wife, Russell poured the boys’ own urine over their heads, rubbed Icy Hot on one boy’s genitals and rectum, duct taped diapers to the boys, tied the boys to their beds with duct tape and rope, placed rolled socks in the boys’ mouth secured by duct tape, and water boarded the boys. At one point, one of the boys burrowed through the walls and ceiling in order to reach the kitchen for food. And when seventeen-year-old P.G. escaped to a local hospital, by freeing himself from the rope and 2 duct tape Russell used to confine him to his bed and prying off plywood nailed to the window, he weighed only eighty-two pounds. On September 22, 2013, Russell pleaded guilty to five counts of class C felony neglect of a dependent 1 (counts 1–5) and two counts of class C felony criminal confinement resulting in bodily injury2 (counts 9–10); in exchange, the State dismissed the remaining counts. 3 The plea agreement left sentencing to the discretion of the trial court but capped Russell’s sentence at ten years “pursuant to Indiana Code 35-50-1-2(c).” (App. at 89.) This Section provides in relevant part that: [E]xcept for crimes of violence, 4 the total of the consecutive terms of imprisonment . . . to which the defendant is sentenced for felony convictions arising out of an episode of criminal conduct shall not exceed the advisory sentence for a felony which is one (1) class of felony higher than the most serious of the felonies for which the person has been convicted. (Emphasis added.) Ten years is the advisory sentence for a class B felony (one class of felony higher than class C felony neglect of a dependent) and thus apparently the source of the ten-year sentencing 1 Ind. Code § 35-46-1-4(a)(2),(b)(4)(A) and (C) (2008). 2 Ind. Code § 35-42-3-3(a), (b)(1)(C) (2008). 3 Under oath, Russell affirmed that he had consulted with his attorney about the plea agreement and that he was voluntarily entering into it. 4 Neither neglect of a dependent nor criminal confinement constitutes a “crime of violence” under Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(a). 3 cap in Russell’s plea agreement, as the following colloquy at Russell’s sentencing hearing demonstrates: Court: Mr. Russell, there is no agreement as to sentencing, you’re aware of that? Russell: Yes, Your Honor. Court: There is a provision however, in the statutes which requires that any imposition of a sentence that would include consecutive terms, could not exceed the advisory sentence for the B Felony, which is the next highest charge, which is ten (10) years. Did you talk to your attorney about that? Russell: Yes sir. Court: In other words by statute in this case, the maximum sentence you can get is ten (10) years. Russell: Yes, Your Honor. Court: And there is no other agreement as to the sentence, you’re aware of it? Russell: Yes, Your Honor. Court: In other words you are asking this court to take your plea today, and sentence you, and you could be facing up to ten (10) years in the DOC. Are you prepared to go forward based on that understanding? Russell: Yes, Your Honor. 4 (Tr. at 7–8.) All parties seemed to agree that pursuant to statute the trial court could not sentence Russell to more than ten years in prison. 5 The trial court accepted the plea agreement and sentenced Russell as follows: Each of the victims deserves justice. The court finds the following to be an appropriate sentence. On each of Counts 1, 4 and 9 involving P.G., the defendant is sentenced to the Department of Coorection for eight (8) years, concurrent with one another. On each of Counts 2, 5 and 10, involving B.J., the defendant is sentenced to the Department of Correction for eight (8) years, concurrent with each other, but consecutive to Counts 1, 4 and 9. On Count 3, involving T.D., the defendant is sentenced to the Department of Correction for eight (8) years, consecutive to Counts 1, 4 and 9 and Counts 2, 5 and 10. However, pursuant to the limitation imposed by I.C. § 35-50-1-2, defendant’s aggregate, consecutive sentence is limited to ten (10) years. . . . (Appellant’s App. at 97–98 (emphasis added).) On appeal, Russell challenged the trial court’s imposition of the aggregate twenty-fouryear sentence, which he claimed detrimentally affected his DOC classification, as contrary to his plea agreement. However, the Court of Appeals determined that “our resolution of this issue requires us to address a more fundamental issue sua sponte, namely, whether Russell’s plea agreement is void and unenforceable as a matter of law.” Russell v. State, 11 N.E.3d 938, 939 5 During closing argument, the prosecutor stated, “My regret about this case, Your Honor, is the fact that I don’t think the sentencing statute does it justice. The fact that we were limited to asking for ten (10) year maximum in this case. That’s the law we have to follow.” (Tr. at 85.) 5 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (footnote omitted). 6 The court turned its attention to Indiana Code § 35-501-2(c). As the court recognized and both parties acknowledge, the problem with applying the Section is that Russell’s felony convictions did not arise out of a single episode of criminal conduct. 7 Rather, “the factual basis for Russell’s guilty plea encompasses the evidence of multiple acts of neglect and confinement that occurred repeatedly over the course of three months. Russell’s crimes do not constitute an episode of criminal conduct. Therefore, the law does not require that Russell’s sentence be limited.” Id. at 941–42 (emphasis added). Certain that the plea agreement’s ten-year cap and the trial court’s imposition of a ten-year sentence were premised on an erroneous application of Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c), the Court of Appeals then analyzed whether Russell’s plea agreement was still enforceable. The court answered in the negative: Here, the parties attempt to treat the ten-year sentence as severable. But sentencing is a material element of every plea agreement, and we cannot say either that Russell would have pleaded guilty under the plea agreement without the ten-year cap on his sentence or that the State would have agreed to the terms of the plea agreement without its erroneous understanding of Indiana Code Section 35-501-2. Id. at 943 (footnote omitted). 6 To Russell’s original argument, the court agreed with the State that the sentencing order and abstract of judgment clearly showed that the trial court imposed an aggregate ten-year sentence. We summarily affirm the Court of Appeals in this regard. See Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A)(2). 7 “‘[E]pisode of criminal conduct’ means offenses or a connected series of offenses that are closely related in time, place, and circumstance.” Ind. Code § 35-50-1-2(b). 6 Determining that “the mistaken statutory reference cannot be severed because it was a material element of both the plea agreement and the sentence,” and that neither Russell, the State, nor the trial court would have agreed to or accepted the plea without the erroneous language, the court concluded that the misapplication of Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c) was “not harmless and, therefore, not severable” and lead to the imposition of a sentence that was contrary to law. Id. at 944. As a result, the court found Russell’s plea agreement void as a matter of law. It reversed his sentence and remanded to the trial court with instructions to give Russell the opportunity to ratify the plea agreement without the erroneous sentencing limitation (allowing the trial court complete discretion in sentencing) within thirty days. If not, Russell’s plea agreement would be vacated. Russell now petitions this Court for transfer and argues that, among other things, precedent from this Court dictates that his entire plea agreement is enforceable despite the provision that mistakenly caps his sentence. The State agrees that transfer should be granted on this issue and cites many of the same cases in support of its argument that Russell’s total plea agreement should stand. We granted transfer, thereby vacating the opinion below. Russell v. State, 16 N.E.3d 980 (table) (2014); Ind. Appellate Rule 58(A). Issue and Standard of Review The sole issue for our review is whether Russell’s plea agreement, which contains a misstatement of the law in its sentencing provision, is void. “Because this is a matter of law, we review it de novo.” Ghosh v. Indiana State Ethics Com’n, 930 N.E.2d 23, 26 (Ind. 2010). Discussion Both Russell and the State cite to Lee, 816 N.E.2d 35. In Lee, the defendant successfully challenged an illegal consecutive sentencing provision. Id. at 37. But in declining to sever the sentencing provision from the plea agreement, this Court held that “where a defendant enters a 7 plea of guilty knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily, there is no compelling reason to set aside the conviction on grounds that the sentence is later determined to be invalid.” Id. at 39. Accordingly, we rejected Lee’s argument that “‘[a]s with most plea agreements, the illegal sentencing provision was the material provision of his plea agreement’ and thus cannot be severed from the rest of the agreement, ‘because doing so would eviscerate the contract to the point where the contract ceased to exist altogether.’” Id. (citing Appellant’s Reply Br. at 3). Though the sentencing provision at issue here was mistakenly capped, rather than necessarily illegal, Lee’s directive is clear: where a defendant like Russell knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily enters a plea agreement, “there is no compelling reason to set aside the conviction on the grounds that the sentence is later determined to be invalid” or to have contained a mistake of law. Id. at 39 (emphasis added). Thus, Lee unequivocally compels Russell’s plea agreement to stand—provided that he knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily pleaded guilty—as the sentencing consequences of his guilty plea are secondary to the primacy of his plea’s validity. But our analysis of Lee cannot end here. Importantly, we explained in Lee that it would not be appropriate to sever the illegal sentencing provision from the plea agreement because the defendant benefitted from entering into the plea agreement. “A defendant ‘may not enter a plea agreement calling for an illegal sentence, benefit from that sentence, and then later complain that it was an illegal sentence.’” Id. at 40 (quoting Collins v. State, 509 N.E.2d 827, 833 (Ind. 1987)). Similarly, here Russell is the beneficiary of a favorable—though mistakenly capped—plea agreement with the State, for had he been sentenced to the maximum term for each count to which he pleaded guilty, he would have faced a total sentence of fifty-six years. “Our courts have long held that plea agreements are in the nature of contracts entered into between the defendant and the 8 State.” Lee, 816 N.E.2d at 38 (string citation omitted). 8 We construe contracts against the drafting party, “which, in the case of plea agreements, is the State.” Grider v. State, 976 N.E.2d 783, 786 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). Thus, construing Russell’s plea agreement against the State, Russell is entitled to the benefit of the mistake contained within his plea agreement. It is therefore not enough under Lee that Russell pleaded guilty knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily: he must also have received the benefit of his plea. 9 This is all true despite our previous statement that a trial court’s misunderstanding of the law constitutes an abuse of discretion. See Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490–91 (Ind. 2007), decision clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). In Anglemyer, we explained that a trial court abuses its discretion if it enters a sentencing statement giving reasons for imposing a sentence that are “improper as a matter of law.” Id. But to be clear, the trial court here did not impose Russell’s sentence for illegal reasons, it merely capped Russell’s sentence after misapplying Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c). The latter seems less troublesome for future similarly situated defendants. Moreover, unlike in Berry v. State, where the trial court impermissibly went outside of the plea agreement in sentencing the defendant, 10 N.E.3d 1243, 1249 (Ind. 2014), we think it significant that here the mistake was contained within the plea agreement, for although the reason 8 In Lee and other cases we have been careful to acknowledge that “[b]ecause important due process rights are involved, contract law principles although helpful are not necessarily determinative in cases involving plea agreements,” though “the principles of contract law can provide guidance in the consideration of the agreement.” Id. (citation omitted). See also Berry v. State, 10 N.E.3d 1243, 1246 (Ind. 2014). 9 This point also addresses our statement in Lee that “we would not enforce a sentence of death for jay walking simply because the sentence was the product of a plea agreement.” Lee, 816 N.E.2d at 38 (quoting Sinn v. State, 609 N.E.2d 434, 436 (Ind. Ct. App. 1993)). Implicit in this assertion is our determination that the defendant must get the benefit of his or her deal with the State. 9 for the sentencing cap was erroneous, the limitation was evidence of the parties’ intent to reduce Russell’s exposure in exchange for his agreement to plead guilty to a majority of the charges. The limitation was contemplated by the parties, and despite the misapplication of the law, there was no danger that the trial court punished Russell outside of the agreement. Similarly, although the trial court mistakenly applied the sentencing cap of Indiana Code § 35-50-1-2(c), its acceptance of the ten-year plea agreement indicated its willingness to accept a deal less than consecutive maximum sentences in order to spare the victims from the ordeal of trial, ensure some amount of imprisonment for Russell, save limited judicial resources, or other valid reasons. Because Lee requires us to uphold a sentencing provision that misstates the law, provided the defendant pleaded guilty knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily—as Russell indisputably did, and provided that the defendant benefit from the bargain when the State errs—as Russell unequivocally does, we affirm Russell’s plea agreement, notwithstanding the mistaken application of the statutory cap contained within it. Conclusion Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s acceptance of Russell’s plea agreement, and its imposition of a ten-year sentence, despite the mistaken application of Indiana Code § 35-50-12(c). Simply put, Russell’s plea agreement is valid and enforceable, as explained above. Additionally, we summarily affirm the Court of Appeals’ determination that the trial court imposed an aggregate ten-year sentence. We remand this case for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Dickson and Rucker, J.J., concur. Rush, C.J., concurs in result only. Massa, J., dissents with separate opinion. 10 Massa, J., dissenting. It would be one thing to tell the prosecution it must live with its mistaken understanding of our sentencing laws that led to its inappropriately lenient plea bargain for these monstrous crimes, particularly when the State joins the appellant in asking us to enforce its terms. A deal’s a deal, after all. But our prior holding in Lee does not compel that result—one that severely diminishes judicial review of those terms—and so, for the reasons stated below, I dissent. In 1988, Phillip Lee pleaded guilty to robbery in exchange for the State’s dismissal of a habitual offender allegation. Lee v. State, 816 N.E.2d 35, 37 (Ind. 2004). The plea agreement provided his eight-year robbery sentence would run consecutively to a three-year sentence he was already serving for an unrelated theft conviction. Id. He served both sentences and was discharged, but several years later, in 1996, he was convicted of another crime and was then adjudicated a habitual offender. Id. Seeking to have that subsequent habitual offender adjudication set aside, Lee challenged his prior robbery conviction by petitioning for post-conviction relief. Id. He pointed out—correctly—that the consecutive sentence provision in his plea agreement was illegal; at the time Lee committed the robbery, only those sentences imposed contemporaneously could be ordered to run consecutively. 10 Id. He argued that provision should render the entire agreement void, and his conviction and sentence should be vacated. Id. The post-conviction court rejected his argument, and we affirmed, finding “no compelling reason to set aside the [prior robbery] conviction on grounds that the sentence is later determined to be invalid.” Id. at 39. Such a result makes sense: Lee had already received the benefit of his bargain when the State dismissed the 1988 habitual offender charge, which reduced his penal exposure by thirty 10 In 1994, the General Assembly amended the statute governing consecutive and concurrent terms, “overturn[ing] the contemporaneity requirement.” Weaver v. State, 664 N.E.2d 1169, 1170 (Ind. 1996). Indiana Code section 35-50-1-2(c) now reads, in relevant part: “The court may order terms of imprisonment to be served consecutively even if the sentences are not imposed at the same time.” years. Id. at 39–40. And, in any event, he had already served his sentences, rendering the question of their validity moot. Id. at 40 n.2. In other words, in Lee, we rejected a defendant’s attempt to exploit a legal error in his plea agreement to obtain a vacated conviction so he could collaterally attack a subsequent habitual offender verdict. Here, Russell is exploiting a legal error in his plea agreement to obtain a vastly foreshortened sentence. He now complains of placement consequences in DOC and asks us to strictly enforce a particular provision of his plea agreement—as it happens, a provision that rests upon an incorrect statement of the law. But Lee warned that strict enforcement is not always warranted: “Under some circumstances, the appropriate remedy to address an illegal sentence like the one here is to sever the illegal sentencing provision from the plea agreement, and remand the cause to the trial court with instructions to enter an order running the sentences concurrently.” Id. at 40. I would find this to be one such circumstance, but not because the parties made a mistake of law; if the trial court had found Russell’s ten-year sentence to be appropriate notwithstanding the inapplicable statutory cap, this Court would not be involved. But that’s not all that happened here. Instead, remand is necessary under these circumstances because the trial court wholly relied upon and incorporated that mistake of law from the plea agreement in its sentencing order, and that amounts to an abuse of its discretion. We have said before that a trial court’s misunderstanding of the law constitutes an abuse of discretion. Anglemyer v. State, 868 N.E.2d 482, 490–91 (Ind. 2007) (stating a trial court abuses its discretion if it enters a sentencing statement that gives reasons for imposing a sentence that “are improper as a matter of law”), decision clarified on reh’g, 875 N.E.2d 218 (Ind. 2007). And our colleagues in other jurisdictions agree. See, e.g., United States v. Adame-Hernandez, 763 F.3d 818, 827 (7th Cir. 2014) (reversing the trial court’s rejection of a defendant’s plea agreement because that rejection was based on a misunderstanding of the law: “a district court by definition 2 abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law” (quoting United States v. Rea-Beltran, 457 F.3d 695, 702 (7th Cir. 2006))); see also United States v. Diaz-Correa, 287 F. App’x 899, 901 (1st Cir. 2008) (“Ordinarily, defendants are bound by their stipulations to guideline calculations in their plea agreements, United States v. Teeter, 257 F.3d 14, 28 (1st Cir. 2001), but not where those stipulations are based on errors of law, id.”); United States v. Whyte, 3 F.3d 129, 130–31 (5th Cir. 1993) (vacating sentence and remanding where both parties, the trial court, and the plea agreement mistakenly understated defendant’s mandatory minimum); State v. Presley, 1999-802 (La. App. 3 Cir. 3/1/00); 758 So. 2d 308, 310 (vacating plea because defendant had “entered a guilty plea to an offense which does not exist”). We presume the trial court knows the law, Dumas v. State, 803 N.E.2d 1113, 1121 (Ind. 2004), but when record evidence rebuts that presumption, we cannot be sure whether the trial court would have made the same decision had it actually known the law. Indeed, we just recently decided a case that raised a very similar issue. In Berry v. State, the defendant pleaded guilty to burglary and other offenses pursuant to an agreement that stated the trial court had discretion to determine the placement of his executed sentence, but which contained no provision regarding his placement during any potential suspended sentence. 10 N.E.3d 1243, 1244–45 (Ind. 2014). In addition to a ten-year executed sentence, the trial court imposed five years suspended, with two of those years to be served on probation and the first of those to be on work release. Id. at 1246. The defendant appealed, arguing the trial court lacked authority to order him to serve his probation in a restrictive placement. Id. at 1247. We reversed the trial court, stating: With no clear grant of such authority in the agreement itself, no indication that any of the parties understood the plea agreement to confer such discretion, and a specific provision that implies the absence of discretion over the placement of Defendant’s probation, we must conclude that the trial court lacked authority to impose a punitive placement for Defendant’s probation. Id. at 1249. But we rejected the defendant’s request to instruct the trial court to order the defendant to serve one year of his executed sentence in work release. Id. We noted there was no way to be sure “the trial court would have accepted the plea agreement in the first place, had it realized that it would lack authority to impose a restrictive placement on Defendant’s probation time.” Id. 3 Thus, we remanded the case and gave the trial court the opportunity to consider afresh whether to accept or reject the plea agreement as written. Id. That same reasoning holds true here; there is no way to be sure the trial court would have accepted Russell’s plea agreement had it known the ten-year cap was not statutorily required. Indeed, we have substantial evidence it would not have done so. The court described Russell’s horrific crimes in great detail, expressing the pressing need for justice: The nature and circumstances of the crimes are extreme and aggravate the sentence. These were not single, isolated incidents of simply going too far with discipline, or bad parenting skills. The victims in this case were foster children needing a safe, loving, nurturing home. What they got, after being adopted by defendant, was a prison cell, without the amenities, and an existence involving torture, starvation, padlocks, deadbolts, and escape. Defendant’s actions were deliberate and time consuming. While the rest of defendant’s home contained reasonably clean and safe living quarters, including a kitchen with enough food for the family, this was not the case for the victims, whose room can only be described as cold, dark, sparse and depressing. It is evident the defendant planned and executed his crimes over a significant period of time. He spent a considerable amount of time turning part of his home into a penal facility for the three victims. One entrance to their room was boarded, with nails, by a large piece of plywood. Defendant affixed to the outside of the other door a series of latches and padlocks, and an elaborate, homemade, “deadbolt” locking bar passing through the door jamb. There were holes in the ceiling tiles, both upstairs and down, where one of the victims attempted to tunnel through the walls, out of his cell, and into the kitchen to obtain food. At night, the children were restrained to their beds with duct tape and rope. It is apparent the prison-like accommodations were the norm for the victims. They endured inhumane conditions when what they needed, what they wanted, was parents to love and care for them after they had been taken away from their biological parents. Each of the victims deserve justice. 4 Sentencing Order at 2 (emphasis added). The court then imposed the maximum sentence for every count to which Russell pleaded guilty, resulting in an aggregate sentence of twenty-four years.11 But the trial judge capped that sentence, clearly believing his hands were tied: “However, pursuant to the limitation imposed by I.C. 35-50-1-2, defendant’s aggregate consecutive sentence is limited to ten (10) years.” Sentencing Order at 3. And so it follows that the remedy of Berry is appropriate here: I would reverse and remand to the trial court to reconsider its approval of Russell’s plea agreement, this time based on a correct application of our sentencing laws. Any other outcome begs the question: why even have our trial judges—presumed to know the law and impartially further the interest of justice—approve such agreements? Plea agreements can be immensely beneficial; they accelerate the wheels of justice and relieve the defendant, the victims, and their families of the harsh anxiety of a criminal trial. Dube v. State, 257 Ind. 398, 402, 275 N.E.2d 7, 9 (1971). But there are “accompanying dangers inherent in the practice,” id., including a potential sentence that is too light for the crime. E.g., Daniels v. State, 453 N.E.2d 160, 165 (Ind. 1983) (affirming trial court’s rejection of defendant’s plea agreement that took death penalty off the table, concluding the court is not just concerned with the defendant’s voluntariness, but it “must also protect the interests of other members of our society in living in a peaceful, orderly atmosphere where an individual does not have to live in fear of being shot while shoveling snow in his own driveway”). For this reason, we trust our trial courts to exercise their sound discretion in accepting or rejecting plea agreements. Badger v. State, 637 N.E.2d 800, 803 (Ind. 1994). That discretion, 11 More specifically, although Russell was sentenced to eight years for each of the seven counts, those involving the same individual victim were to run concurrently to each other but consecutive to those involving different victims. The twenty-four-year sentence represents eight years for each victim. Sentencing Order at 3. 5 however, is not unfettered, and it should not stretch so far as to allow acceptance of an agreement that incorrectly states the law. Likewise, our review of the trial court’s acceptance of a plea agreement is deferential, but it is not a rubber stamp, and we should not affirm a decision based upon a trial court’s legal error. See Rea-Beltran, 457 F.3d at 702 (“In light of the court’s misunderstanding of the law, we have no choice but to find an abuse of discretion in the court’s refusal to accept [the defendant’s] guilty plea.”). All this is not to say the State couldn’t ultimately plead Russell to ten years, a grossly lenient yet perfectly legal sentence. But if such an agreement is reached and accepted by the trial court, it should be the product of an informed and honest bargaining process, and not a mistake of law. Because the outcome here was dependent upon such a mistaken understanding, apparently shared by all in the room, I respectfully dissent. 6
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