Proctor v. Sood, No. 16-1942 (7th Cir. 2017)

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Justia Opinion Summary

Proctor, an Illinois prisoner who was confined for seven years at Hill Correctional Center, suffers from chronic abdominal pain and spasms in his colon. He sued medical providers working at Hill for Wexford Health Sources, the contractor providing healthcare to Illinois prisoners, and corrections officials, claiming that they violated the Eighth Amendment by not ordering a colonoscopy and endoscopy to diagnose his persistent abdominal pain. The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants. The Seventh Circuit affirmed. A jury could not reasonably find that the defendants were deliberately indifferent to Proctor’s medical condition. Proctor’s abdominal pain and colon spasms were investigated thoroughly, and that investigation substantiated only a diagnosis of IBS. Over the course of treating him, the medical professionals routinely performed physical exams and ordered X‐rays, an ultrasound, bloodwork, stool cultures, and other tests, but the results were consistently normal. The decision whether further diagnostic testing— like a colonoscopy—was necessary is “a classic example of a matter for medical judgment.

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In the United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16 1942 DANIEL PROCTOR, Plaintiff Appellant, v. KUL SOOD, et al., Defendants Appellees. ____________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of Illinois. No. 14 1228 — Sue E. Myerscough, Judge. ____________________ SUBMITTED JULY 5, 2017 — DECIDED JULY 13, 2017 ____________________ Before POSNER, KANNE, and SYKES, Circuit Judges. PER CURIAM. Daniel Proctor, an Illinois prisoner who was confined for seven years at Hill Correctional Center, suffers from chronic abdominal pain and spasms in his colon. He sued a number of medical providers working at Hill for Wexford Health Sources—the contractor providing healthcare to Illinois prisoners—as well as several correc tions officials, claiming that they violated the Eighth Amendment by not ordering a colonoscopy and endoscopy 2 No. 16 1942 to diagnose his persistent abdominal pain. The district court granted summary judgment for the defendants. We affirm that decision. The pertinent facts are not in dispute, except where not ed, and we recount them in the light most favorable to Proc tor, as the opponent of summary judgment. See Dewitt v. Corizon, Inc., 760 F.3d 654, 655–56 (7th Cir. 2014). Proctor— who is now 55—was confined at Hill from 2007 until 2014, and during this time all of his medical care was provided by Wexford employees working at the prison. He had been ex periencing daily pain in his lower abdomen and occasional colon spasms since 1999, when he was confined at a different prison. The abdominal discomfort limited his participation in daily activities, including running and lifting weights, and his spasms were so sharp that they woke him at night. Ab dominal and upper and lower gastrointestinal X rays taken in 2000 had shown nothing remarkable. The discomfort in tensified beginning in 2007, progressively worsening to con stant, mild pain, day and night. The colon spasms also inten sified to the point of flaring for about fifteen minutes every other day and causing excruciating pain. Proctor first sought and began receiving ongoing medical care for his abdominal and colon pain in 2006. He initially took Metamucil, a fiber supplement, to treat the rectal pres sure from his colon spasms. After Proctor arrived at Hill, a nurse practitioner, Pamela Bloomfield, ordered more X rays and an ultrasound of his abdomen, but the results were un remarkable. Bloomfield then ordered further tests to deter mine if a bacterial infection might be causing the abdominal discomfort. Those tests also returned negative results. Proc tor started a regimen of Bentyl, an antispasmodic drug, to No. 16 1942 3 treat his abdominal pain and spasms. Shortly thereafter, in 2008, Proctor made a one time visit to Dr. Richard Shute, who diagnosed possible irritable bowel syndrome (common ly called IBS) and a spastic colon. At a routine examination in 2009, Proctor told Amy John, a physician assistant, that he was having abdominal tender ness but getting some relief with the Bentyl. John’s physical exam showed nothing, but nevertheless she ordered a bat tery of blood tests. The results were normal. John examined Proctor again a few months later because he still was com plaining of cramping and abdomen pain. As before, she found nothing noteworthy. She advised Proctor to avoid dairy products that worsened his symptoms, and she or dered a dozen tests for inflammation, thyroid function, pan creatic function, digestive and bacterial infections, parasites, and antibodies related to celiac disease. All of these tests re turned normal results. John switched Proctor from Bentyl to Levsin, another antispasmodic medication that provided additional relief. When Proctor reported increased spasms, John temporarily raised his Levsin dosage. Proctor last visit ed John in July 2011. Over time Proctor became increasingly insistent that he should see a gastroenterologist for a colonoscopy and en doscopy. Proctor complained of intense colon pain to Dr. Kul Sood in 2011. Dr. Sood reviewed Proctor’s medical history and performed a physical exam. He concluded that Proctor could be suffering from IBS or from diverticulitis (an infec tion of small pouches that develop on the intestines), and he prescribed a course of antibiotics to treat the possible infec tion. Dr. Sood also renewed the Levsin prescription. He gave the same probable diagnoses when he saw Proctor again in 4 No. 16 1942 late 2012. He ordered another battery of tests, switched Proc tor back to Bentyl (the Levsin had caused adverse side ef fects), and added an antigas medication. Once again the tests results were normal. Dr. Sood advised Proctor to avoid eat ing rice, milk, beans, and gluten if possible. In May 2013, Proctor reported to Bloomfield, the nurse practitioner, that he was suffering from ongoing abdominal pain, alternating constipation and multiple bowel move ments each day, and excessive gas. He also told Bloomfield that he was experiencing bloating and cramping, but not bloody or mucousy diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting. Bloom field continued the Bentyl, added a prescription medication to treat cramping and muscle pain, and prescribed a stool softener and a laxative to treat his bowel symptoms. Bloom field monitored Proctor’s condition during frequent visits throughout 2013 and 2014. Proctor had kept a journal de scribing his daily abdominal pain, which he consistently rat ed as a 1 out of 10 except for periods of excruciating pain due to his colon spasms. At one of his visits, Proctor insisted that his journal entries be added to his medical file, but Bloomfield declined. Like Dr. Sood, previously, she recom mended dietary changes, including eating fewer beans and soy products and drinking more water. Dr. Sood also saw Proctor multiple times in 2014 and prescribed fiber supple ments to address his irregular bowel movements. But he too declined to add Proctor’s journal entries to the medical file. Proctor filed numerous grievances, complaining that these Wexford employees had not eliminated his persistent pain or even definitely diagnosed its source. He insisted on having more diagnostic tests, including a colonoscopy, and said he could not abide the dietary advice to avoid beans, No. 16 1942 5 soy, and milk because the prison’s meal plan would not ac commodate him. All of these grievances were denied on the recommendation of Lois Lindorff, a Department of Correc tions employee serving as the administrator of Hill’s healthcare unit, who advised Proctor to research the appro priate diet to manage his symptoms and to address his con cerns with the healthcare providers. Lindorff stated that only a doctor could request additional testing. Hill’s warden and the director of the Illinois Department of Corrections ap proved the denials. Proctor sent a copy of one grievance to Dr. Louis Shicker, the medical director for the Department of Corrections, ask ing for a referral to an outside specialist. After reviewing Proctor’s medical file, Dr. Shicker replied that medical staff were monitoring his condition and advised Proctor to make better dietary choices at the prison commissary. Proctor also sent a copy to Wexford Health Sources, which replied that he should follow the grievance procedure at Hill. Proctor filed suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in June 2014. He claimed that nurse practitioner Bloomfield, physician assis tant John, Dr. Shute, Dr. Sood, and Wexford (the “Wexford defendants”) acted with deliberate indifference by not order ing a colonoscopy or endoscopy and not diagnosing his con dition with certainty. He contended that Wexford had a poli cy of denying referrals to outside specialists in order to save costs. Proctor also claimed deliberate indifference by healthcare administrator Lindorff, medical director Dr. Shicker, the warden, and the director of the Department of Corrections (the state defendants) because they processed his grievances yet never sent him to an outside specialist. Proctor asked the district court to recruit a lawyer to assist 6 No. 16 1942 him. The district court denied that motion without prejudice, reasoning that Proctor had some litigation experience and could testify about his symptoms. See Pruitt v. Mote, 503 F.3d 647, 654–55 (7th Cir. 2007). After that, in October 2014, Proctor was transferred to Big Muddy River Correctional Center, where he was approved to receive a colonoscopy and other tests. The colonoscopy, a CT scan of his abdomen and pelvic region, and an ultra sound of his kidney revealed minimal diverticula (the small pouches on the intestines), a lesion on the left kidney, and hernias in his groin and nave. Proctor viewed the results as abnormal and indicating a condition other than IBS, but his physician at Big Muddy River concluded that the tests had shown him to have a healthy colon. The diverticula were asymptomatic, the doctor opined, and clinically insignifi cant. Moreover, the doctor added, the hernias were not lo cated in the lower abdomen where Proctor was experiencing pain, and the kidney lesion did not show any significant problem. Following discovery all of the defendants moved for summary judgment. Dr. Shicker pointed out that he had re viewed the medical file and concluded that Proctor was re ceiving appropriate care. Lindorff said she had no authority to refer Proctor to an outside specialist. And the warden and director disclaimed personal knowledge of Proctor’s medical issues and insisted they had relied on medical personnel at Hill to make treatment decisions. The four Wexford defendants submitted affidavits insist ing that Proctor had been accurately diagnosed with IBS and appropriately treated. Dr. Sood averred that a definitive test isn’t available for IBS, which is characterized by gastrointes No. 16 1942 7 tinal complaints. In fact, he said, diagnostic tests might not show anything unusual despite symptoms like abdominal pain, disruption of bowel movements, gas, and bloating. The cause of IBS is unknown, Dr. Sood explained, so the condi tion is treated symptomatically with antispasmodic drugs like Bentyl and Levsin and with other medications to allevi ate diarrhea and constipation. He ruled out alternatives like Crohn’s disease and colitis because Proctor had never expe rienced bloody or mucousy diarrhea, his test results had been normal, and, in Dr. Sood’s opinion, he had not gotten significantly worse during the previous fifteen years. Dr. Shute likewise opined that Proctor’s complaints and history were consistent with IBS, as did nurse practitioner Bloom field and physician assistant John. Proctor responded to the Wexford defendants with medi cal literature that, in his view, establishes that a colonoscopy is essential to diagnose IBS and rule out Crohn’s disease, co litis, and stomach cancer. One of those submissions, an entry from the Merck Manual, simply explains that physical exam inations and tests on patients with IBS often produce normal results and, thus, other procedures—including colonosco pies—“sometimes” are used to rule out other causes. Anoth er of Proctor’s submissions, from the National Institutes of Health, recommends, but does not mandate, colonoscopies and endoscopies for persons over 40 who experience ab dominal pain and colon spasms. Proctor did not address the state defendants’ contentions. After submitting his response, Proctor renewed his request for assistance in obtaining counsel. The district court again declined to recruit counsel, rea soning that Proctor appeared capable of litigating the case 8 No. 16 1942 himself because he had described his medical condition ade quately and marshaled relevant facts and case law in sup port of his Eighth Amendment claim. The court then granted summary judgment for the defendants on the ground that, while Proctor’s condition is objectively serious, he lacked ev idence from which a jury could conclude that the defendants had been deliberately indifferent in declining to order fur ther diagnostic testing. Proctor had told the healthcare pro viders that various prescriptions helped alleviate his symp toms, and in his daily journal entries he had documented on ly mild pain. The court noted that Proctor had not described symptoms consistent with Crohn’s disease (e.g., bloody stool) or stomach cancer (e.g., nausea, vomiting, and unin tentional weight loss), thus undermining the contention that a colonoscopy should have been done sooner to rule out other conditions. The Constitution does not confer a right to see a specialist or undergo a colonoscopy, the court said, and, in any event, Proctor had received a colonoscopy after his transfer to Big Muddy River and the results were normal. A reasonable jury could not find that the healthcare provid ers were deliberately indifferent, the court concluded, and thus neither could Wexford be liable under § 1983. As for the state defendants, the court added, they were entitled to rely on the medical judgment of the healthcare professionals. On appeal Proctor argues that he raised genuine disputes of material fact about the severity and diagnosis of his condi tion. The district court erroneously relied on his daily obser vations of mild abdominal pain, he says, because those jour nals were incomplete—he had stopped logging his pain after Bloomfield and Dr. Sood refused to include the journals in his medical record. The severity of his pain warranted fur ther tests, Proctor says, and the defendants’ choice to pro No. 16 1942 9 vide “less efficacious” treatment amounted to deliberate in difference to his pain. Furthermore, Proctor contends, the results of the colonoscopy and CT scan demonstrate that IBS may be an incorrect diagnosis because the tests show mini mal diverticula, two hernias, and a kidney lesion. He sug gests a panoply of conditions he might be suffering from. We agree with the district court that a jury could not rea sonably find that the defendants were deliberately indiffer ent to Proctor’s medical condition. See Petties v. Carter, 836 F.3d 722, 727 (7th Cir. 2016) (en banc), cert. denied, 137 S. Ct. 1578 (2017). Proctor’s abdominal pain and colon spasms were investigated thoroughly, and that investigation sub stantiated only a diagnosis of IBS. Over the course of treating him, the medical professionals routinely performed physical exams and ordered X rays, an ultrasound, bloodwork, stool cultures, and other tests, but the results were consistently normal. See Duckworth v. Ahmad, 532 F.3d 675, 681–82 (7th Cir. 2008) (concluding that doctor was not subjectively indif ferent to risk of cancer when inmate showed no evidence doctor thought cancer was possible, doctor performed ad vanced testing, and inmate had no symptoms indicative of cancer). The decision whether further diagnostic testing— like a colonoscopy—was necessary is “a classic example of a matter for medical judgment.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 107 (1976); see Harper v. Santos, 847 F.3d 923, 928 (7th Cir. 2017). That the colonoscopy, once administered, showed a healthy colon reinforces our conclusion that Proctor’s disa greement with the course of treatment does not give rise to a constitutional claim. See Johnson v. Doughty, 433 F.3d 1001, 1013 (7th Cir. 2006); see also McGowan v. Hulick, 612 F.3d 636, 640 (7th Cir. 2010) (explaining that treatment delays which 10 No. 16 1942 exacerbate serious medical condition may constitute deliber ate indifference). Less efficacious treatment—chosen without the exercise of professional judgment—can constitute deliberate indiffer ence, see Petties, 836 F.3d at 730, but Proctor failed to present evidence that his treatment departed from accepted medical judgment, practice, or standards. See Pyles v. Fahim, 771 F.3d 403, 411 (7th Cir. 2014); Holloway v. Delaware Cty. Sheriff, 700 F.3d 1063, 1073 (7th Cir. 2012). In fact, Proctor’s medical literature was consistent with the doctors’ attestations that IBS is diagnosed by excluding other causes and that test re sults are usually normal. Proctor was treated with antispas modic drugs, antibiotics, a stool softener, fiber, and medica tions to relieve his cramping, all of which were adjusted in response to his complaints. See Greeno v. Daley, 414 F.3d 645, 654 (7th Cir. 2005) (noting that refusal to alter course of treatment despite worsening condition may establish delib erate indifference). No reasonable juror could conclude that the defendants’ actions were “such a substantial departure from accepted professional judgment, practice, or standards, as to demonstrate that [they] … did not base the decision[s] on such a judgment.” Burton v. Downey, 805 F.3d 776, 785 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting Jackson v. Kotter, 541 F.3d 688, 697 (7th Cir. 2008)). As for the state defendants, Proctor argues that they were not entitled to summary judgment because they failed to address his complaints of daily pain. Because no reasonable jury could find that the Wexford defendants violated Proc tor’s constitutional rights, the state defendants cannot be lia ble for relying on the medical providers’ exercise of judg ment. See Johnson, 433 F.3d at 1010 (holding that grievance No. 16 1942 11 counselor did not act with deliberate indifference when he ensured medical staff were monitoring and addressing situa tion and deferred to medical professionals’ opinion); see also Hayes v. Snyder, 546 F.3d 516, 527 (7th Cir. 2008). Proctor finally contends that the district court should not have denied his requests for counsel. But Proctor has given us no reason to conclude that recruited counsel would have affected this case’s outcome. See Tidwell v. Hicks, 791 F.3d 704, 709 (7th Cir. 2015). Accordingly, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Primary Holding

Seventh Circuit rejects inmate's civil rights action alleging deliberate indifference to chronic abdominal pain.


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