Antwaun Vance v. James J. Sukup

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PUBLISHED OPINION 95-2851 Case No.:   Petition for Review filed. Complete Title of Case: Antwaun Vance, a minor, by his g/a/l Jacqueline Boynton, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. James J. Sukup, First Financial Bank, Royal Insurance, d/b/a Globe Indemnity Company, and Wisconsin Health Organization, Defendants-Respondents, American Family Insurance Group, Defendant-Appellant.   Oral Argument: December COURT 4, 1996 COURT OF APPEALS OF WISCONSIN Opinion Released: Opinion Filed: December 23, 1996 December 23, 1996 Source of APPEAL Full Name JUDGE Lower Court. (If Special , so indicate) Appeal from an order COURT: Circuit COUNTY: Milwaukee JUDGE: LAURENCE C. GRAM, JUDGES: Wedemeyer, Concurred: Dissented: Appellant ATTORNEYSOn JR. P.J., Fine and Curley, JJ. behalf of the defendant-appellant, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Barrett J. Corneille, David J. Pliner, and Jeanne M. Armstrong of Bell, Metzner, Gierhart & Moore, S.C., of Madison. There was oral argument by Barrett J. Corneille. Respondent ATTORNEYSOn behalf of the plaintiff-respondent, the cause was submitted on the briefs of Peter Guyon Earle of Boynton & Earle, of Milwaukee. There was oral argument by Peter Guyon Earle. On behalf of the defendant-respondent James J. Sukup, the cause was submitted on the briefs of James E. Culhane and James M. Jorissen of Davis & Kuelthau, S.C., of Milwaukee. There was oral argument by James E. Culhane. On behalf of the defendant-respondent First Bank, the cause was submitted on the Charles H. Bohl, James G. Allison, and McLeRoy of Whyte Hirschboeck Dudek Milwaukee. Financial briefs of Laurie J. S.C., of AMICUS CURIAEAmicus Curiae brief was filed by Robert F. Johnson and Heidi L. Vogt of Cook & Franke, S.C., of Milwaukee, for Wisconsin Insurance Alliance and Civil Trial Counsel of Wisconsin. Amicus Curiae brief was filed by Paul J. Munson of McDonald & Munson, of LaCrosse, Wisconsin, for Wisconsin Apartment Association. Amicus Curiae brief was filed by Heiner Giese of Milwaukee for Apartment Association of Southeastern Wisconsin, Inc. COURT OF APPEALS DECISION DATED AND RELEASED NOTICE December 23, 1996 A party may file with the Supreme Court a petition to review an adverse decision by the Court of Appeals. See § 808.10 and RULE 809.62, STATS. This opinion is subject to further editing. If published, the official version will appear in the bound volume of the Official Reports. No. 95-2851 STATE OF WISCONSIN IN COURT OF APPEALS Antwaun Vance, a minor, by his g/a/l Jacqueline Boynton, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. James J. Sukup, First Financial Bank, Royal Insurance, d/b/a Globe Indemnity Company, and Wisconsin Health Organization, Defendants-Respondents, American Family Insurance Group, Defendant-Appellant. APPEAL from an order of the circuit court for Milwaukee County: LAURENCE C. GRAM, JR., Judge. Affirmed. Before Wedemeyer, P.J., Fine and Curley, JJ. No. 95-2851 FINE, J. This action against, among others, James J. Sukup and his insurer, American Family Insurance Group, alleges that Antwaun Vance, a minor, was injured by lead-based paint in premises where he lived and which his family rented from Sukup. American Family denied coverage, and sought summary judgment dismissing it from this action. The trial court denied American Family's motion.1 We affirm.2 I. Vance's complaint alleges that from November of 1991, Vance and his family lived in premises owned by Sukup. It also alleged: That prior to April 27, 1993, [Vance] sustained lead poisoning by ingesting lead derived from intact accessible painted surfaces, paint chips, paint flakes and dust that was contaminated with lead derived from lead based paint at the premises [rented from Sukup]. American Family concedes that it had a Business Key policy of insurance in force on Sukup during the relevant time. The commercial-general-liability portion of the insurance policy obligated American Family to pay those sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages because of `bodily injury' ... to which this insurance applies, and to defend any `suit' seeking those damages. This obligation was modified by the following exclusion: This insurance does not apply to: .... 1 We granted American Family's petition for leave to appeal from the non-final order denying American Family's motion for summary judgment. See § 808.03(2), STATS. Antwaun Vance, the plaintiff, did not oppose American Family's petition. 2 Amicus Curiae briefs have been filed by the Apartment Association of Southeastern Wisconsin, Inc., the Wisconsin Apartment Association, and, in a joint brief, the Wisconsin Insurance Alliance and the Civil Trial Counsel of Wisconsin. -2- No. 95-2851 f. (1)"Bodily injury" ... arising out of the actual, alleged or threatened discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of pollutants: (a)At or from any premises, site or location which is or was at any time owned ... by ... any insured[.] .... Pollutants means any solid, liquid, gaseous or thermal irritant or contaminant, including smoke, vapor, soot, fumes, acids, alkalis, chemicals and waste. Waste includes materials to be recycled, reconditioned or reclaimed. The trial court ruled that the lead was properly in the paint and that the paint was properly applied, and, therefore, the lead cannot be viewed as a contaminant. -3- No. 95-2851 II. Our review of a trial court's grant or denial of a motion for summary judgment is de novo. See Green Spring Farms v. Kersten, 136 Wis.2d 304, 315, 401 N.W.2d 816, 820 (1987). Moreover, the interpretation of an insurance contract is also a question of law that we review de novo. United States Fire Ins. Co. v. Ace Baking Co., 164 Wis.2d 499, 502, 476 N.W.2d 280, 282 (Ct. App. 1991). Insurance policies, like other contracts, are construed to ascertain and effectuate the parties' intent. Thus, a clear contractual provision must be construed as it stands. Ambiguities, however, are construed against the party who drafted the contract. Id., 164 Wis.2d at 502 503, 476 N.W.2d at 282. (Internal citations omitted.) The only issue on this appeal is whether the American Family policy issued to Sukup obligates American Family to defend Sukup against Vance's lawsuit. An insurance company's duty to defend an insured sued by a third party is determined solely by the allegations in that third party's complaint. Any doubt as to whether or not the insurance company has a duty to defend is `resolved in favor of the insured.' Production Stamping v. Maryland Casualty Co., 199 Wis.2d 322, 326 327, 544 N.W.2d 584, 586 (Ct. App. 1996). (Internal citations omitted.) Significantly, the insurance company must defend the entire action against its insured if any of the complaint's allegations fall within the policy coverage even though some allegations may fall outside the scope of that coverage. Grube v. Daun, 173 Wis.2d 30, 73, 496 N.W.2d 106, 122 (Ct. App. 1992). Our decision here is guided by our earlier decision in Ace Baking. Ace Baking concerned a dispute between Ace Baking Company and its insurer over the contamination of ice-cream cones manufactured by Ace Baking that were stored in the same warehouse as was a fabric softener. Ace Baking, 164 Wis.2d at 500 501, 476 N.W.2d at 281. Linalool, an otherwise harmless ingredient in the fabric softener, had migrated from the softener to the ice-cream cones and its packaging material, making the cones smell and taste of soap. Id., 164 Wis.2d at 501, 476 N.W.2d at 281. The insurance company rejected Ace Baking's claim, contending that there was no coverage because of a policy provision that excluded losses `caused by or resulting from ... [r]elease, discharge or dispersal of _pollutants._' Ibid. We agreed, pointing out that although linalool is a valued ingredient for some uses, it fouled Ace Baking's -4- No. 95-2851 products, and was, therefore, a `pollutant' in relation to those products. Id., 164 Wis.2d at 505, 476 N.W.2d at 283. We agree with the trial court's conclusion in this case that lead is not a contaminant in paint to which it was added deliberately by the manufacturer, any more than the fragrance linalool in Ace Baking was a contaminant in the fabric softener. See id., 164 Wis.2d at 501, 505, 476 N.W.2d at 281, 283. As we noted in Ace Baking, a substance's status as either a valued ingredient or a contaminant depends on where it is: [I]t is a rare substance indeed that is always a pollutant; the most noxious of materials have their appropriate and non-polluting uses. Id., 164 Wis.2d at 505, 476 N.W.2d at 283 (emphasis in original). Thus, Donaldson v. Urban Land Interests, Inc., 205 Wis.2d 404, 556 N.W.2d 100 (Ct. App. 1996), recognized that in concentrated levels otherwise harmless carbon dioxide can become injurious, even lethal, and was `foreign' to a safe human environment. Id., 205 Wis.2d at 412, 556 N.W.2d at 103. Once the lead escaped from the painted surfaces, however, either by leaving the paint or because the paint itself chipped off, the lead became a contaminant a substance that did not belong in its new environment, just as Ace Baking's linalool became a contaminant once it left the fabric softener. See Ace Baking, 164 Wis.2d at 505, 476 N.W.2d at 283; see also United States Liability Ins. Co. v. Bourbeau, 49 F.3d 786, 788 789 (1st Cir. 1995) (paint chips released into soil).3 Thus, the exclusion in the American Family policy issued to Sukup may apply to damages caused by that lead if there is also a discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape of the lead. Although Vance's complaint alleges that he was damaged by lead that left the surfaces to which the paint was applied ( paint chips, paint flakes and dust that was contaminated with lead derived from lead based paint ), which would encompass the second element of the exclusion, he also alleges that he was damaged by lead from intact accessible painted surfaces. The second element of the insurance policy's pollution-exclusion provision is not present with respect to this latter allegation: the lead from the intact accessible painted surfaces did not, in the words of the exclusion, discharge, dispers[e], seep[], migrat[e], release or escape. As one federal district court has noted: 3 Vance does not contend that unleaded paint is a pollutant, and we do not decide that issue. -5- No. 95-2851 Discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release, and escape is a list of the ways by which the pollutant must travel from a contained place to the injured person's surroundings and then cause injury. In contrast, injuries caused by irritants that normally are stationary, but that can be shifted or moved manually, are not excluded from coverage because they do not cause injury by one of the prescribed methods. For example, if a child were injured because he drank from a bottle of drain cleaner or some other household product, even if that product properly could be classified as a "pollutant," the injury would not be covered by the pollution exclusion because the pollutant was not disseminated by one of the prescribed methods. Lefrak Organization, Inc. v. Chubb Custom Ins. Co., 942 F. Supp. 949, 953-954 (S.D.N.Y. 1996).4 Accordingly, American Family must defend Sukup in this action. See Grube, 173 Wis.2d at 73, 496 N.W.2d at 122 (insurance company must defend entire action against insured if any of complaint's allegations fall within the policy coverage even though some allegations may fall outside the scope of coverage).5 4 We thus need not decide whether Vance's ingestion of the paint from the intact accessible painted surfaces transformed the lead from a natural constituent of the paint into a contaminant once it invaded Vance's body, as American Family argues. See Gross v. Hoffman, 227 Wis. 296, 300, 277 N.W. 663, 665 (1938) (only dispositive issue need be addressed); State v. Blalock, 150 Wis.2d 688, 703, 442 N.W.2d 514, 520 (Ct. App. 1989) (cases should be decided on the narrowest possible ground ). We also do not decide whether movement, transfer, or passage of a substance from one place to another in the ordinary and expected course of its life is a discharge, dispersal, seepage, migration, release or escape as those words are used in the American Family policy. 5 Vance argues that the pollution exclusion clause in the American Family policy covers only environmental pollution. This court has held to the contrary in Donaldson v. Urban-Land Interests, Inc., 205 Wis.2d 404, 413-414, 556 N.W.2d 100, 103-104 (Ct. App. 1996). We are bound by Donaldson. See In re Court of Appeals of Wisconsin, 82 Wis.2d 369, 371, 263 N.W.2d 149, 149-150 (1978) (per curiam) (a published decision by one district of the court of appeals is binding on the court of appeals). But see Beahm v. Pautsch, 180 Wis.2d 574, 580 585, 510 N.W.2d 702, 705 707 (Ct. App. 1993), where, contrary to the exclusion clause at issue in this case, the exclusion clause applied to the discharge, dispersal, release, or escape of various substances -6- No. 95-2851 By the Court. Order affirmed. (..continued) into or upon the land, the atmosphere or a water course, body of water, bog, marsh, swamp or wetland. Id., 180 Wis.2d at 580, 510 N.W.2d at 705 (emphasis added). -7-

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