Carroll v. Stump

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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA January 2005 Term _______________ FILED July 7, 2005 released at 3:00 p.m. No. 32501 ________________ RORY L. PERRY II, CLERK SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS OF WEST VIRGINIA GARY E. CARROLL, Petitioner Below, Appellee, v. F. DOUGLAS STUMP, COMMISSIONER OF THE WEST VIRGINIA DIVISION OF MOTOR VEHICLES, Respondent Below, Appellant _______________________________________ Appeal from the Circuit Court of Wayne County Honorable Darrell Pratt, Judge Case No. 03-P-068 REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS ________________________________________ Submitted: May 24, 2005 Filed: July 7, 2005 Darrell V. McGraw, Jr. Attorney General Janet E. James Assistant Attorney General Charleston, West Virginia Attorneys for Appellee R. Lee Booten, II Huntington, West Virginia Attorney for Appellant JUSTICE BENJAMIN delivered the opinion of the Court. JUSTICE DAVIS concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion. CHIEF JUSTICE ALBRIGHT dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion. JUSTICE STARCHER dissents and reserves the right to file a dissenting opinion. SYLLABUS BY THE COURT 1. The administrative proceedings for suspension of a driver s license under W. Va. Code, 17C-5A-1, et seq., do not violate this State s Due process Clause. Syllabus Point 3, Jordan v. Roberts, 161 W. Va. 750, 246 S.E.2d 259 (1978). 2. A person is charged with an offense, for the purposes of W. Va. Code § 17C- 5A-1 (1994), when he or she is lawfully arrested by a law-enforcement officer having probable cause to suspect the person was driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs. 3. Administrative license revocation proceedings for driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs which are initiated pursuant to Chapter 17C of the West Virginia Code are proceedings separate and distinct from criminal proceedings arising from driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs. The presentation of a sworn complaint before a magistrate and the magistrate s finding of probable cause and issuance of a warrant are not jurisdictional prerequisites to the commencement of administrative license revocation proceedings pursuant to Chapter 17C of the West Virginia Code. BENJAMIN, Justice: This case is before the Court upon the appeal of F. Douglas Stump, Commissioner of the Division of Motor Vehicles,1 ( Commissioner ) from the January 14, 2004, Opinion Order of the Circuit Court of Wayne County, West Virginia. The order set aside the Commissioner s administrative revocation of the driver s license of Appellee Gary E. Carroll [Carroll] for a period of six months for driving under the influence of alcohol ( DUI ) in violation of W. Va. Code § 17C-5-2 (2000)2. For the reasons set forth below, we reverse the Circuit Court of Wayne County s January 14, 2004 order and remand this matter to the Circuit Court of Wayne County for immediate entry of an order reinstating the Commissioner s August 25, 2003 order which revoked Carroll s driver s license. 1 F. Douglas Stump was appointed Commissioner of the West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles effective January 1, 2005. Commissioner Stump s predecessor, Roger Pritt, in his position as the Commissioner of the West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles, was initially listed as the Appellant in this matter. Accordingly, F. Douglas Stump has been substituted for Roger Pritt in the style of this matter, as it is the Commissioner of the West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles, not the individual person holding this position, pursuing the instant appeal. 2 W. Va. Code §17C-5A-2 (2000) was amended in 2004 to substitute eight hundredths for ten hundredths throughout in describing the blood alcohol concentration, by weight, which would support a finding that an adult operated a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration in excess of statutory limits. This amendment does not affect the substantive provisions of the statute in effect during the period at issue in this litigation. 1 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND On November 5, 2001, Officer David S. Hudson of the Huntington Police Department was dispatched to the scene of a two-vehicle accident. While interviewing Carroll, the driver of one of the vehicles involved, Officer Hudson detected the odor of alcohol on his breath and that he had impaired balance, slurred speech, and blood shot eyes. Carroll admitted that he had consumed about three beers prior to the accident. Carroll failed several field sobriety tests administered by Officer Hudson, including the horizontal gaze nystagmus,3 the walk and turn test,4 recitation of the ABC s and a preliminary breath test. Thereupon, Officer Hudson placed Carroll under arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol and transported him to the headquarters of the Huntington Police Department. At police headquarters, Officer Hudson read the standard Implied Consent Statement5 to Carroll, obtained his consent, and administered to him the Intoxilyzer 5000 test. Carroll registered a 0.148 on the Intoxilyzer 5000, which measures the blood alcohol content of the breath. 3 Carroll failed this test by pronounced horizontal gaz nystagmus with onset before 45 degrees. 4 Carroll lost his balance several times during the walk and turn test. According to the officer, Carroll could not walk a straight line and could not touch heel-to-toe. Carroll explained that he had some back problems which he said accounted for his inability to stand on one leg. 5 See W.Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(a) (1994) and § 17C-5-4(a) (1979). 2 Upon completion of the Intoxilyzer 5000 and paperwork, Officer Hudson transported Carroll to the Wayne County Magistrate Court.6 It appears from the record that Officer Hudson, as the arresting officer, failed to sign a criminal complaint against Carroll charging him with a violation of W. Va. Code § 17C-5-2 (2001).7 Based upon this failure, the magistrate found no probable cause, and, accordingly, did not issue a warrant against Carroll. Although Officer Hudson failed to sign a criminal complaint against Carroll before the magistrate, he did prepare and file with the Commissioner a written statement relating to Carroll s arrest, referred to as a Statement of Arresting Officer, as required by W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994).8 After reviewing the Statement of the Arresting Officer, the Commissioner issued an initial order, dated November 30, 2001, revoking Appellee s privilege to drive in West Virginia for six months. Following an administrative hearing, the 6 The arrest was made in the Wayne County portion of Huntington. 7 W. Va. Code §17C-5-2 (2001) was amended in 2004 to substitute eight hundredths for ten hundredths throughout in describing the blood alcohol concentration, by weight, which would support a finding that an adult operated a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration in excess of statutory limits, and make certain other changes which do not effect the substantive provisions of the statute in effect during the period at issue in this litigation. 8 W. Va. Code §17C-5A-1 (1994) was amended in 2004 to substitute eight hundredths for ten hundredths throughout in describing the blood alcohol concentration, by weight, which would support a finding that an adult operated a motor vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration in excess of statutory limits. This amendment does not effect the substantive provisions of the statute in effect during the period at issue in this litigation. 3 Commissioner issued a final order upholding the initial revocation effective August 25, 2003. Appellee appealed the revocation order to the Circuit Court of Wayne County. On January 14, 2004, the circuit court entered the order at issue herein. The circuit court s order indicates its apparent view that due process requires the arresting officer to swear or affirm, in a criminal complaint before a magistrate, the essential elements of the DUI offense charged and a finding of probable cause by the magistrate as a jurisdictional prerequisite to an administrative license revocation proceeding.9 Because the officer had failed to sign a 9 In its Opinion Order, the circuit court stated: [D]ue process requires that the arresting officer complete the criminal charging process before he can proceed to the administrative revocation hearing. To rule otherwise would permit law enforcement officers to make arbitrary, and possibly unlawful arrests and never seek a judicial charge for the underlying criminal offense. I do not believe due process would be satisfied by permitting a law enforcement officer to act unilaterally in triggering the administrative revocation procedure without any judicial involvement in the arrest and charge. A law enforcement officer s reasonable belief that a person is driving while intoxicated is no substitute for the independent judicial determination of probable cause for an arrest. I find that the administrative revocation procedure is triggered by a lawful arrest, but cannot proceed to resolution without a lawful charge for the underlying specific offense. The police officer in this case could have resubmitted a signed criminal complaint anytime within one year of the initial arrest to satisfy the due process requirements owed to the Petitioner before this administrative hearing placed his operators license in jeopardy. See W. Va. Code § 61-11-9 (2003). Due process means fundamental fairness. The Magistrate could find no probable cause upon the merits or could have adjudicated the defendant not guilty on the merits without having any affect on the Commissioner s findings so long as the officer completed his law 4 sign a criminal complaint filed before a magistrate, the circuit court found the Commissioner lacked jurisdiction to administratively revoke Appellee s license. Although the circuit court overruled and set aside the Commissioner s revocation of Appellee s driver s license, it found Appellee s November 5, 2001 arrest was lawful and that the arresting officer had probable cause to arrest Appellee for operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.10 Having considered the Appellant s petition for appeal, the record submitted to this Court, the briefs of the Appellant and Appellee, and the oral argument of counsel, we reverse the circuit court s January 14, 2004 order for the reasons stated below. II. STANDARD OF REVIEW In the instant matter, the circuit court reversed the Commissioner s revocation order, finding the Commissioner did not have jurisdiction to enter the same. In cases where enforcement charging function. However, the officer s inadvertent failure to charge the Petitioner with the underlying criminal offense within the one-year statute of limitations constitutes a fatal due process error. Id. It is therefore, ordered that the Commissioner had no jurisdiction to conduct an administrative hearing regarding Petitioner s violation of W.Va. Code § 17C-5-2. 10 Appellee has not challenged these findings before this Court. Thus, the lawfulness of Appellee s arrest for driving under the influence of alcohol is not an issue on appeal. 5 the circuit court has amended the result before the administrative agency, this Court reviews the final order of the circuit court and the ultimate disposition by it of an administrative law case under an abuse of discretion standard and reviews questions of law de novo. Syl. Pt. 2, Muscatell v. Cline, 196 W.Va. 588, 474 S.E.2d 518 (1996). A question of jurisdiction, such as that presented in the instant matter, is a question of law which we review de novo. See, State ex rel. Orlofske v. City of Wheeling, 212 W. Va. 538, 542, 575 S.E.2d 148, 152 (2002), quoting, Snider v. Snider, 209 W. Va. 771, 777, 551 S.E.2d 693, 699 (2001). Similarly, where the issue on an appeal from the circuit court is clearly a question of law or involving an interpretation of a statute, we apply a de novo standard of review. Syl. Pt. 1, Chrystal R.M. v. Charlie A. L., 194 W. Va. 138, 459 S.E.2d 415 (1995). Since there is only a legal question presented, and not a factual one, the sole standard of review to be followed by this Court is de novo. III. DISCUSSION The issue on appeal is whether the initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI is a jurisdictional prerequisite to the Commissioner s commencement and completion of the administrative process for the suspension or revocation of a driver s license for DUI pursuant to his authority under W. Va Code § 17C-5A-1(1994) and § 17C5A-2 (2000). The Commissioner argues there is no such jurisdictional prerequisite. Carroll, 6 conversely, maintains a criminal proceeding for driving under the influence must first be initiated by the filing of a sworn complaint, a magistrate s finding of probable cause and issuance of an arrest warrant11 before the Commissioner has jurisdiction to initiate an administrative proceeding for the revocation of a driver s license, as provided in W. Va Code §17C-5A-1 (1994) and § 17C-5A-2 (2000). According to Carroll, the Commissioner may not proceed with an administrative revocation proceeding on the statement of an arresting officer alone. At the outset, we reject the circuit court s due process analysis. In Syllabus Point 3 of Jordan v. Roberts, 161 W. Va. 750, 246 S.E.2d 259 (1978), we held that [t]he administrative proceedings for suspension of a driver s license under W. Va. Code, 17C-5A1, et seq., do not violate this State s Due Process Clause. Therefore, if a jurisdictional prerequisite exists, as found by the circuit court, the same must be statutory. Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b)(1994), when a person is arrested for DUI, the arresting officer: shall report to the commissioner of the division of motor vehicles by written statement within forty-eight hours the name and address of the person so arrested. The report shall include the specific offense with which the person is charged, and, if 11 Rule 3 of the Rules of Criminal Procedure for the Magistrate Courts of West Virginia states: If from the facts stated in the complaint the magistrate finds probable cause, the complaint becomes the charging instrument initiating a criminal proceeding. 7 applicable, a copy of the results of any secondary tests of blood, breathe or urine. The signing of the statement required to be signed by this subsection shall constitute an oath or affirmation by the person signing the statement that the statements contained therein are true and that any copy filed is a true copy. The statement shall contain upon its face a warning to the officer signing that to willfully sign a statement containing false information concerning any matter or thing, material or not material, is false swearing and is a misdemeanor. See also, In re Burks, 206 W. Va. 429,431, 525 S.E.2d 310, 312 (1999).12 If the Commissioner determines: upon examination of the written statement of the officer and [the results of any secondary tests of blood, breath or urine] that a person was arrested for [DUI], and that the results of any secondary test or tests indicate that at the time the test or tests were administered the person had, in his or her blood, an alcohol concentration of ten hundredths of one percent or more, by weight, or at the time the person was arrested he or she was under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs, the commissioner shall make and enter an order revoking the person s license to operate a motor vehicle in this state. 12 In In re Burks, the Statement of Arresting Officer was not mailed to the Department of Motor Vehicles until December 29, 1997, which was more than forty-eight hours after Burks arrest for DUI on December 26, 1997. A unanimous Court held, nevertheless, that a law enforcement officer s failure to strictly comply with the DUI arrest reporting time requirements of W. Va. Code, 17C-5A-1(b) [1994] is not a jurisdictional impediment to the commissioner of the Division of Motor Vehicles taking administrative action based on the arrest report, unless there is actual prejudice to the driver as a result of such failure. Syl. Pt. 1, In re Burks. Thus, the Court ruled that the brief delay in submitting the arresting officer s statement was de minimis, and there was no prejudice shown. 206 W. Va. at 432, 525 S.E.2d at 313. 8 W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(c) (1994)13(emphasis added). The revocation14 does not become effective until ten days after the person arrested receives a copy of the Commissioner s order. Id. Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(a) (2000), the Commissioner must stay any revocation imposed under W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1 (1994), until such time as the person whose license has been revoked or suspended can be heard where the Commission receives a written request for hearing within thirty calendar days of the person s receipt of the copy of the order of revocation. The hearing is required to be held within one hundred eighty days of the Commissioner s receipt of a request for hearing, unless postponed or continued for good cause shown. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(b) (2000). Pursuant to W. Va. Code § 17C5A-2(d) (2000): The principal question at the hearing shall be whether the person did drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs or did drive a motor vehicle while having an alcohol concentration in the person s blood of ten hundredths of one percent or more, by weight . . . .15 At the hearing, the Commissioner is required to: make specific findings as to: (1) Whether the arresting lawenforcement officer had reasonable grounds to believe the 13 See note 8, supra. 14 The period of revocation for a first DUI offense is six months. W. Va. Code § 17C5A-2(i) (2000). 15 See note 2, supra. 9 person to have been driving while under the influence of alcohol . . .; (2) whether the person was lawfully placed under arrest for an offense involving driving under the influence of alcohol . . .; and (3) whether the tests, if any, were administered in accordance with the provision of this article and article five of this chapter. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(e) (2000). In cases where a person s license has not been previously suspended or revoked for driving under the influence of alcohol, the Commissioner is required to revoke the same for a period of six months if, after the hearing, the commissioner finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the person did drive a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(i) (2000). Should the Commissioner affirm the prior revocation order after a hearing is conducted, the person whose license has been revoked is entitled to review of the Commissioner s decision as set forth in W. Va. Code § 29A-1-1, et seq. W. Va. Code §17C-5A-2(q) (2000). However, [t]he commissioner may not stay enforcement of the order. The court may grant a stay or supercede as of the order only upon motion and hearing, and a finding by the court upon the evidence presented that there is a substantial probability that the appellant shall prevail upon the merits, and the appellant will suffer irreparable harm if the order is not stayed: Provided, That in no event shall the stay or supercede as of the order exceed one hundred fifty days. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(q) (2000). As noted above, the report or Statement of Arresting Officer to the Commissioner is required to include the specific offense with which the person is charged. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994). Carroll contends that in order for a person to be 10 charged with a specific offense, the State must institute criminal proceedings before a magistrate, including the filing of a criminal complaint and the finding of probable cause to issue a warrant by the magistrate. Thus, Carroll asks this Court to determine that the word charged in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994) requires the initiation of a criminal DUI prosecution before a magistrate prior to presentation of the report or Statement of Arresting Officer to the Commissioner. Carroll cites this Court s decision in State ex rel. Burdette v. Scott, 163 W. Va. 705, 259 S.E.2d 626 (1979), as support for the meaning which he ascribes to the word charged. The question in Burdette was whether: a defendant charged in a magistrate court by warrant with an offense of which that court has jurisdiction has the right to be tried in that court, or whether the prosecutor may elect to dismiss the warrant, present the case to the grand jury, and proceed to trial in the circuit court. The parties [and the Court] agree[d] that the answer to this question lies in the proper interpretation of W. Va. Code, 50-5-7 (1976). Burdette, 163 W. Va. at 706, 259 S.E.2d at 628. Focusing on that language of W. Va. Code § 50-5-7 (1976),16 we stated: The only word that might be considered ambiguous in W. Va. Code, 50-5-7 (1976), is charged. Yet, W. Va. Code, 62-1-1 and -2 (1965), make it clear that a person is charged with a 16 The relevant statutory language at issue provided, [e]very defendant charged in a magistrate court in a criminal proceeding which is within the jurisdiction of the court shall have the right to a trial on the merits in the magistrate court. Burdette, 163 at 709, 259 S.E.2d at 629. 11 crime once a written complaint has been filed against him and a judicial officer, having found that the complaint contains sufficient facts to establish probable cause that a crime has been committed by the defendant, issues a warrant. When these sections are read together with W. Va. Code, 50-5-7 (1976), as required under W. Va. Code, 50-4-2 (1976), the word charged has no ambiguity. Id. at 709; at 629.17 In Syllabus Point 2 of Burdette, we held that W. Va. Code, 50-5-7 (1976), requires that if a defendant is charged by warrant in the magistrate court with an offense over which that court has jurisdiction, he is entitled to a trial on the merits in the magistrate court. Additionally, we held, in Syllabus Point 3, that [e]ven though W. Va. Code, 50-5-7 (1976), gives exclusive jurisdiction to a magistrate court once the defendant is charged by warrant in that court, this does not mean that the circuit court has no initial jurisdiction over misdemeanor offenses. Concurrent jurisdiction still exists. Thus, simply because a magistrate may have jurisdiction over a matter does mean that no other entity has concurrent jurisdiction. We conclude that the Legislature did not intend the word charged in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994) to have the meaning urged by Carroll. As used in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994), charged means the offense for which the law-enforcement officer made the arrest. Examination of W. Va Code § 17C-19-3 (1951) and § 17C-19-4 (1951) 17 In footnote 4, the Court noted that [t]he material part of W. Va. Code, 50-4-2 (1976), states: Criminal actions shall be commenced by warrant obtained and executed in compliance with the provisions of article one [§ 62-1-1 et seq.], chapter sixty-two of this Code. Id. at n. 4. 12 makes amply clear the meaning of charged , as used in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994), by specifically setting forth duties imposed upon the arresting law-enforcement officer following a DUI arrest. Violation of these duties may be punishable as a misdemeanor. W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994). W. Va. Code § 17C-19-3(a) (1951) provides, in pertinent part, that [w]henever any person is arrested for any violation of this chapter punishable as a misdemeanor, the arrested person shall be immediately taken before a magistrate or court within the county in which the offense charged is alleged to have been committed and who has jurisdiction of the offense and is nearest or most accessible with reference to the place where the arrest is made, in any of the following cases: . . . (3) When the person is arrested upon a charge of driving under the influence of alcohol . . . . (Emphasis added) Here, the Legislature has made it perfectly clear that charged and charge have reference to the offense for which the law-enforcement officer made the arrest. Charged plainly could not mean the prior initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI because when the term is used, the arrested person has not yet appeared before a magistrate. W. Va. Code § 17C-19-4(a) (1951) states that: [w]henever a person is arrested for any violation of this chapter punishable as a misdemeanor, and such person is not immediately taken before a justice [magistrate] or court as hereinbefore required [W. Va. Code § 17C-19-3], the arresting officer shall prepare written notice to appear in court containing the name and address of such person, the license number of his vehicle, if any, the offense charged, and the time and place when and where such person shall appear in court. (Emphasis added) 13 Again, the Legislature has used the term offense charged before the person arrested has made any appearance before a judicial officer. If the Legislature had intended for the term offense . . . charged in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994) to mean the initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI, it would be redundant to require the arresting officer to file with the Commissioner a report or Statement of Arresting Officer because the sworn criminal complaint would suffice. Likewise, if the word charged in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994) meant the initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI, the Legislature would not have required the Commissioner, in W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2(e) (2000), to make a specific finding as to [w]hether the arresting law-enforcement office had reasonable grounds to believe the person to have been driving while under the influence of alcohol. In lieu of a Statement of the Arresting Officer and the Commissioner s finding of probable cause, the Legislature would simply have required the arresting officer to file with the Commissioner the criminal complaint, the finding by the magistrate of probable cause, and a copy of the arrest warrant. This Court has repeatedly recognized that legislative procedures for the administrative revocation of a driver s license are meant to protect the public from persons 14 who drive under the influence of alcohol.18 Had the Legislature intended initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI to be a jurisdictional condition precedent to the administrative revocation of a driver s license for DUI by the Commissioner, it would have said so. Accordingly, we now hold that a person is charged with an offense, for the purposes of W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1 (1994), when he or she is lawfully arrested by a lawenforcement officer having probable cause to suspect the person was driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs. 18 See Jordan v. Roberts, 161 W. Va. 750, 758, 246 S.E.2d 259, 264 (1978) (noting [i]n Dixon v. Love, 431 U.S. 105, 97 S.Ct. 1723, 52 L.Ed.2d 172 (1977), the Court emphasized the important public interest in safety on the roads and highways, and in prompt removal of a safety hazard in sustaining an Illinois statute authorizing revocation of a driver s license for repeated traffic violations. ); Stalnaker v. Roberts, 168 W. Va. 593, 599, 287 S.E.2d 166, 169 (1981) (finding [t]he intent of the West Virginia traffic laws which provide that the commissioner of motor vehicles revoke the licenses of dangerous drivers is protection for the innocent public ); State ex rel. Ruddlesden v. Roberts, 175 W. Va. 161, 164, 332 S.E.2d 122, 126 (1985) (recognizing [t]he drunk driving laws of this State are hardly remedial in nature. The are regulatory and protective, designed to remove violat[or]s from the public highways as quickly as possible. ); Shell v. Bechtold, 175 W. Va. 792, 796, 338 S.E.2d 393, 396 (1985) (stating [t]he purpose of the administrative sanction of license revocation is the removal of persons who drive under the influence of alcohol and other intoxicants from our highways . . . The revocation provisions are not penal in nature . . . and should be read in accord with the general intent of our traffic laws to protect the innocent public. )(internal citations omitted); Johnson v. Commissioner, 178 W. Va. 675, 677, 363 S.E.2d 752, 754 (1987) ( The administrative sanctions of license revocation is intended to protect the public from persons who drive under the influence of alcohol ); and Hall v. Schlaegel, 202 W. Va. 93, 97, 502 S.E.2d 190, 194 (1998) ( The purpose of the administrative sanction of license revocation, as we stated in Shell v. Bechtold, 175 W. Va. 792, 338 S.E.2d 393 (1985), is the removal of persons who drive under the influence of alcohol and other intoxicants from our highways. Id. at 796, 338 S.E.2d at 396. This objective of removing substance-affected drivers from our roads in the interest of promoting safety and saving lives is consistent with the general intent of our traffic laws to protect the innocent public ). 15 This Court has previously recognized that administrative license revocation proceedings and criminal DUI proceedings are two separate and distinct proceedings. In the recent case of Mullen v. Division of Motor Vehicles, W. Va. , 613 S.E.2d 98, 101 (2005), this Court, through Justice Starcher, observed that we have: clearly recognized that the two tracks of criminal and civil drivers license-related proceedings that arise out of an incident where a person is accused of DUI are separate. But they are also interrelated to the point that due process requires that the results of related criminal proceedings must be given consideration by the DMV in the DMV s administrative process. Likewise, we noted: If the Legislature had wanted to so intertwine the criminal and civil aspects of DUI law as to automatically void related administrative driver's license suspensions when DUI criminal charges are dropped or unproven, the Legislature could have clearly done so - but it did not. Id. Although, the Commissioner is to give consideration to the results of related criminal proceedings, the criminal proceedings are not dispositive of the administrative license revocation proceedings and are not a jurisdictional prerequisite to the administrative proceedings. In Choma v. West Virginia Division of Motor Vehicles, 210 W.Va. 256, 260, 557 S.E.2d 310, 314 (2001), we recognized that we had previously upheld the statutory two-track approach. . . . [and] that the separate procedures [administrative and criminal] are connected and intertwined in important ways. For example, criminal arrests for DUI trigger license suspensions, W. Va. Code, 17C5A-1(b) [1994]; and a criminal conviction for DUI is in itself grounds for license suspension. W. Va. Code, 17C-5A-1a (1994). 16 Similarly, in Wagoner v. Sidropolis, 184 W.Va. 40, 43, 399 S.E.2d 183, 186 (1990) (per curiam), we stated: the administrative enhancement provisions of W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2 (1981) are triggered by the statement of an arresting officer rather than the guilty plea of an offender. The guilty plea is only relevant to criminal sanctions which may result. Administrative actions and criminal sanctions are independent lines of inquiry which must not be confused or integrated. As we explained in Shingleton v. City of Romney, 181 W. Va. 227, 229, 382 S.E.2d 64, 66 (1989), [t]he administrative sanctions are separate and distinct from the criminal penalties . . . . (emphasis added) Further, we noted that [t]he initiation of criminal proceedings is not a necessary predicate to the initiation of administrative sanctions under the provisions of W. Va. Code § 17C-5A1 for driving a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol. Wagoner, 184 W. Va. at 43, 399 S.E.2d at 186, fn.3 (emphasis added). In Wagoner, this Court also stated that the statute [W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-2] makes clear that the real issue in revoking a driver s license is whether the individual did in fact operate a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, and no showing of any resulting guilty plea, conviction, or other criminal proceeding is necessary. Id. at 42; at 185, fn.1 (emphasis added). If the initiation before a magistrate of a criminal prosecution for DUI is made a jurisdictional prerequisite to an administrative revocation of a driver s license for DUI, the administrative proceedings and the criminal process will not be kept separate and distinct. Perhaps, more importantly, if this Court were to allow the intrusion of criminal procedures 17 into the administrative proceedings that intrusion would in many instances thwart the legislative objective of the administrative proceedings, namely, protecting the innocent public by promptly removing persons who drive under the influence of alcohol from West Virginia s roads and highways. The administrative proceedings could be delayed or prevented by the failure of the arresting officer to fully and adequately comply with applicable criminal rules of procedure. A law-enforcement officer arresting a person for DUI has two distinct and separate duties to perform. The first is to file a report or Statement of Arresting Officer with the Commissioner as required by W. Va. Code § 17C-5A-1(b) (1994), initiating an administrative proceeding for the revocation of the arrested person s driver s license. The other is to take the arrested person before a magistrate, present a sworn criminal complaint and initiate a criminal proceeding against the person arrested. Any default by the arresting officer in fulfilling the second of these two duties should not affect the validity of the arresting officer s fulfillment of the first. Since the first and the second set of duties of the arresting officer are separate and distinct and initiate two separate proceedings, one administrative, the other criminal, any default by the arresting officer in fulfilling either of them should not prejudice the other proceeding. In light of the above, we hold that administrative license revocation proceedings for driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances 18 or drugs which are initiated pursuant to Chapter 17C of the West Virginia Code are proceedings separate and distinct from criminal proceedings arising from driving a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol, controlled substances or drugs. The presentation of a sworn complaint before a magistrate and the magistrate s finding of probable cause and issuance of a warrant are not jurisdictional prerequisites to the commencement of administrative license revocation proceedings pursuant to Chapter 17C of the West Virginia Code. Thus, the circuit court erred in finding that the Commissioner did not have jurisdiction to institute administrative license revocation proceedings due to the arresting officer s failure to sign the criminal complaint before the magistrate. We also quickly dispose of Appellant s remaining constitutional arguments. This Court has consistently held, [that] license revocation is an administrative sanction rather than a criminal penalty. State ex rel. Department of Motor Vehicles v. Sanders,184 W. Va. 55, 58, 399 S.E.2d 455, 458 (1990) (per curium), citing, Shingleton v. City of Romney, 181 W. Va. 227, 229, 382 S.E.2d 64, 66 (1989); Shell v. Bechtold, 175 W. Va. 792. 795, 338 S.E.2d 393, 396; Stalnaker v. Roberts, 168 W. Va. 593, 597, 287 S.E.2d 166, 168 (1981). Thus, the constitutional provisions applicable to criminal proceedings cited by the Appellee have no relevance to this administrative license revocation proceeding. Even if relevant to the administrative license revocation proceeding, the circuit court specifically found that the arresting officer had probable cause to arrest Carroll for operation of a motor 19 vehicle while under the influence and that the November 5, 2001 arrest was lawful. Having not challenged these basic findings, Carroll s constitutional arguments fail. IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons stated above, the January 14, 2004 Order of the Circuit Court of Wayne County, West Virginia, is hereby reversed, and this matter is remanded to that court for the immediate entry of an order reinstating the Commissioner s August 25, 2003 order revoking the Appellee s driver s license. Reversed and remanded with directions. 20

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