SER Suriano & Ohio Co. Education Assoc. v. Gaughan, Judge
Annotate this Case
September 1996 Term
_________
No. 23555
_________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
JOSEPH SURIANO, JR.,
AND THE OHIO COUNTY EDUCATION ASSOCIATION,
AN ASSOCIATION,
Relators
V.
HONORABLE MARTIN J. GAUGHAN,
JUDGE OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF OHIO COUNTY,
AND THOMAS J. ROMANO, M.D.,
Respondents
_______________________________________________________________
PETITION FOR WRIT OF PROHIBITION
WRIT GRANTED.
_______________________________________________________________
Submitted: October 29, 1996
Filed: December 5, 1996
Rebecca A. Baitty
John Preston Bailey
Rebecca A. Baitty, P.A.
Alan G. McGonigal
Sarasota, Florida
Bailey, Riley, Buch & Harman, L.C.
Sean P. McGinley
Wheeling, West Virginia
DiTrapano & Jackson
Attorneys for Respondent
Charleston, West Virginia
Thomas J. Romano, M.D.
Attorneys for Relators
JUSTICE CLECKLEY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUDGE RECHT sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "Prohibition will lie to prohibit a case from proceeding to trial when
the remedy of appeal is manifestly inadequate to protect against the chilling effect of
allowing a suit to proceed because the complaint, as a matter of constitutional law, contains
insufficient allegations to warrant interference with a citizen's right to free speech under
the First Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article III, Section 7 of the
West Virginia Constitution." Syl. Pt. 1, Long v. Egnor, 176 W. Va. 628, 346 S.E.2d 778
(1986).
2. Under West Virginia law, a libel plaintiff's status sets the standard for
assessing the defendant's conduct. Plaintiffs who are public officials or public figures
must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendants made their defamatory
statement with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was
false or not. Private figures need only show that the defendants were negligent in
publishing the false and defamatory statement.
3. A libel plaintiff is a limited purpose public figure if the defendant proves the following:
(1) the plaintiff voluntarily engaged in significant
efforts to influence a public debate -- or voluntarily assumed
a position that would propel him to the forefront of a public
debate -- on a matter of public concern;
(2) the public debate or controversy and the
plaintiff's involvement in it existed prior to the publication of
the allegedly libelous statement; and
(3) the plaintiff had reasonable access to channels of
communication that would permit him to make an effective
response to the defamatory statement in question.
4. The law of libel takes but one approach to the question of falsity,
regardless of the form of the communication. It overlooks minor inaccuracies and
concentrates upon substantial truth. Minor inaccuracies do not amount to falsity so long
as the substance, the gist, the sting, of the libelous charge be justified. A statement is not
considered false unless it would have a different effect on the mind of the reader from that
which the pleaded truth would have produced.
5. "A statement of opinion which does not contain a provably false
assertion of fact is entitled to full constitutional protection." Syl. Pt. 4, Maynard v. Daily
Gazette Co., 191 W. Va. 601, 447 S.E.2d 293 (1994).
Cleckley, Justice:
In this original proceeding for a writ of prohibition,See footnote 1
1
the relators, Ohio
County Education Association [hereinafter OCEA] and Joseph Suriano, Jr., former
president of the OCEA, request that we prohibit the respondent, the Honorable Martin J.
Gaughan, Judge of the Circuit Court of Ohio County, from holding further proceedings
in the underlying libel action filed by Thomas J. Romano, M.D. The alleged defamatory
statements were contained in a newspaper advertisement and a newspaper article in which
the OCEA and then-president Suriano criticized Dr. Romano's withdrawal from West
Virginia state insurance programs and other changes in public employees' health benefits
occasioned by the Omnibus Health Care Act of 1989. We issued a rule to show cause and
now grant the writ of prohibition.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 1989, the West Virginia Legislature enacted the Omnibus Health Care Act
of 1989, codified in W. Va. Code, 16-29D-1 et seq. (1989). The relevant part of this Act
required physicians and health care providers who provided services to patients having
insurance through one of West Virginia's state insurance programs (Public Employees
Insurance Agency [hereinafter PEIA],See footnote 2
2
Workers' Compensation, Medicaid, and Division
of Rehabilitation Services) to provide services to patients covered by any and all state
insurance programs.See footnote 3
3
Prior to the passage of this legislation, physicians were not required
to accept "all or none" of the state's insurance programs; rather, medical providers could
choose to accept only one or some of these insurance recipients and decline to accept as
patients other state insureds.
In the present case, the respondent herein and plaintiff below, Thomas
Romano, M.D.,See footnote 4
4
had provided services to state insureds covered by the PEIA and
Workers' Compensation state insurance programs. Following the passage of this
legislation, however, Dr. Romano determined that he would not provide services to any
patient covered by any of West Virginia's four state insurance programs. Consistent with
the procedures implemented by PEIA in the wake of this new legislation, Dr. Romano
notified PEIA that he was withdrawing from the program and that he would no longer be
a participating provider with regard to PEIA insureds.See footnote 5
5
Dr. Romano did, however, obtain
authorization from PEIA to continue seeing patients, who were PEIA insureds, on a
private basis. Under this arrangement, these patients would be personally responsible to
pay Dr. Romano's treatment fees, and neither Dr. Romano nor the patient would be
permitted to submit these claims for reimbursement by PEIA.
Due to the statewide withdrawal of health care providers from participation
in state insurance programs occasioned by the Omnibus Health Care Act, PEIA sent a
memorandum, dated December 7, 1989, to its insureds listing the withdrawing doctors.
This memo also notified state employees of the effective date of these physicians'
withdrawals and when their services would no longer be covered by PEIA. Among those
physicians listed were Dr. Romano and approximately eleven other physicians practicing
in or around Ohio County, West Virginia.
The relators herein, and defendants below, the Ohio County Education Association [hereinafter OCEA] and Joseph Suriano, Jr., then-president of the OCEA, discussed the PEIA memo at the OCEA's regular monthly meeting in December, 1989.See footnote 6 6 Individual members of the OCEA, angered by their perceived exodus of Ohio County physicians from the state insurance programs,See footnote 7 7 determined that they would place an advertisement in two local Wheeling, West Virginia, newspapers, the Wheeling Intelligencer and the Wheeling News Register, to inform current and retired state employees about the physicians withdrawing from the state insurance programs. The advertisement read as follows:
YOUR CHILDREN'S TEACHERS AND
THEIR FAMILIES HAVE BEEN DENIED
HEALTH SERVICES BY THESE
OHIO VALLEY PHYSICIANS.
R. ALAN FAWCETT, M.D.
CATHERINE COLEMAN, M.D.
GUS J. MOUHLAS, M.D.
FERNANCO G. GIUSTINI, M.D.
J. MICHAEL LAWSON, M.D.
C.V. PORTER, M.D.
THOMAS J. ROMANO, M.D., PH.D., FACP
J.W. CAMPBELL, M.D.
VILJA K. STEIN, M.D.
T.A. ATHARI, M.D.
SAMUEL J. BRACKEN, JR., M.D.
CHANDRA S. SWAMY, M.D.
DATA PROVIDE [sic] BY PEIA
PAID FOR BY OHIO COUNTY EDUCATION ASSOCIATION
This advertisement apparently was published three consecutive days, one of which was
December 18, 1989.
On December 19, 1989, the Wheeling News Register published an article
regarding an anticipated rally by the Ohio County teachers and other state employees,
planned for that evening, to oppose the Omnibus Health Care Act. The rally was
scheduled to coincide with the announcement of changes in PEIA premium rates by Sally
Richardson, then-director of PEIA. The article discussed the OCEA advertisement and
listed the physicians named therein, noting their particular fields of practice. Additionally,
the article quoted Suriano as saying, "'Certain public employees need to know who is not
treating them now[.] We felt that the teachers needed to know that. Maybe this will shake
those doctors up[.] They should honor their professional code. We would not turn away
one of their children.'"
In response to the OCEA advertisement and Suriano's comments in the
subsequent newspaper article, Dr. Romano wrote to Suriano requesting that he and the
OCEA apologize, in writing, to Dr. Romano and retract their statements. Both Suriano
and the OCEA refused to rescind their statements. On February 1, 1990, Dr. Romano,
through counsel, again requested a written and public apology and a retraction, and again
Suriano and the OCEA refused to apologize. Then, on approximately March 27, 1990,
Dr. Romano filed a civil action against Suriano and OCEA, in the Circuit Court of Ohio
County, alleging that the newspaper advertisements and Suriano's published comments
constituted defamation and libel. Suriano and the OCEA filed a motion to dismiss and a
motion for summary judgment, but the circuit court denied both motions on March 10,
1995. Although the relators state that Dr. Romano repeatedly sought a trial date during
the three-year pendency of their motions, it seems that Dr. Romano has not attempted to
set a trial date or otherwise proceed with this case since its re-assignment to Circuit Judge
Martin J. Gaughan following the retirement of Circuit Judge George Spillers in March,
1995. However the relators fear that Dr. Romano may, in fact, attempt to proceed with
this matter. Therefore, the relators request this Court to prohibit Circuit Judge Gaughan
and Dr. Romano from scheduling this case for trial or otherwise proceeding with this
matter.
II.
DISCUSSION
Before this Court, the relators Suriano and the OCEA contend that Dr.
Romano is a limited purpose public figure and that he cannot prove they acted with "actual
malice". The relators maintain further that the newspaper advertisement and quoted
statements were not defamatory and did not constitute libel. By contrast, Dr. Romano
responds that he is a private individual, not a public figure, and that the relators acted
negligently in publishing these statements. Moreover, he submits the relators'
advertisement and statements were defamatory and libelous. After a brief discussion of
the standard for issuing a writ of prohibition, we will address the relators' issues.
A.
Standard for Issuing Writ of Prohibition
Prior to reaching the merits of the relators' contentions, we must first
determine whether prohibition is appropriate in the instant case. Generally, we decline to
exercise original jurisdiction in cases involving merely factual disputes. See State ex rel.
Doe v. Troisi, 194 W. Va. 28, 31, 459 S.E.2d 139, 142 (1995); State v. Lewis, 188
W. Va. 85, 90 n.8, 422 S.E.2d 807, 812 n.8 (1992). We limit our exercise of original
jurisdiction because "'"'[m]andamus, prohibition and injunction against judges are drastic
and extraordinary remedies. . . . As extraordinary remedies, they are reserved for really
extraordinary causes.'"'" State ex rel. United States Fidelity & Guar. Co. v. Canady, 194
W. Va. 431, 436, 460 S.E.2d 677, 682 (1995), quoting State ex rel. Doe v. Troisi, 194
W. Va. at 31, 459 S.E.2d at 142, quoting Ex parte Collett, 337 U.S. 55, 72, 69 S. Ct.
944, 953, 93 L. Ed. 1207, 1217 (1949), quoting Ex parte Fahey, 332 U.S. 258, 259-60,
67 S. Ct. 1558, 1559, 91 L. Ed. 2041, 2043 (1947).
The relators contend that prohibition is appropriate in the present case and
quote Syllabus Point 1 of Long v. Egnor, 176 W. Va. 628, 346 S.E.2d 778 (1986), in
support of their position:
"Prohibition will lie to prohibit a case from
proceeding to trial when the remedy of appeal is manifestly
inadequate to protect against the chilling effect of allowing a
suit to proceed because the complaint, as a matter of
constitutional law, contains insufficient allegations to warrant
interference with a citizen's right to free speech under the First
Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article III,
Section 7 of the West Virginia Constitution."
Applying this standard to the facts of the present case, the relators insist that Dr. Romano's
complaint is insufficient because it does not allege publication of a provably false assertion
of fact which is defamatory of Dr. Romano. Therefore, the relators assert that prohibition
is appropriate to prevent the further abridgement of their First Amendment rights to free
speech and free expression.
Dr. Romano counters that prohibition is inappropriate in the present case.
He maintains that his complaint sufficiently alleges facts that would permit imposing
liability on the relators' speech. He claims the relators' statements in both the newspaper
advertisement and the subsequent article were false and injured his professional reputation
and relationship with members of the community. Dr. Romano further charges that the
facts show that the relators acted either negligently or with actual malice in making these
defamatory remarks. As a result, Dr. Romano contends that his case should go forward.
Dr. Romano further complains that prohibition is not appropriate in the
instant case because the issues presented are purely factual. This Court has previously
stated that "we have refused to exercise original jurisdiction to issue a writ of prohibition
when disputes are purely factual[.]" State ex rel. Doe v. Troisi, 194 W. Va. at 31, 459 S.E.2d at 142. (Footnote omitted). In the instant case, Dr. Romano contends that factual
issues exist as to whether he was a limited purpose public figure and whether the relators
acted negligently or with actual malice. In light of these factual disputes, Dr. Romano
asserts that prohibition would not be an appropriate remedy.
Based upon our prior decisions, see, e.g., Doe, supra; United States Fidelity
& Guar. Co., supra; Long, supra, we find that prohibition is an appropriate remedy in the
instant case because it does not involve solely a factual dispute. The parties raise two
issues which can be decided by a court as matters of law : (1) whether Dr. Romano was
a private individual or a public figure with regard to the changes in the state medical
insurance programs,See footnote 8
8
see Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 37 F.3d 1541, 1551 (4th
Cir. 1994) ("the question of whether a defamation plaintiff is a 'limited-purpose public
figure' is an issue of law"), and (2) whether the newspaper advertisement and statements
contained in the newspaper article can constitutionally provide the basis for a libel action,See footnote 9
9
see Clyburn v. News World Communications, Inc., 903 F.2d 29, 33-35 (D.C. Cir. 1990)
(actual malice privilege in libel cases presents mixed issue of fact and law); Syl. Pt. 6,
Long v. Egnor, supra ("[a] court must decide initially whether as a matter of law the
challenged statements in a defamation action are capable of a defamatory meaning").
Although we decide this case within our original jurisdiction, we think it
appropriate to bear in mind the United States Supreme Court's admonition in Bose Corp.
v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 466 U.S. 485, 511, 104 S. Ct. 1949, 1965,
80 L. Ed. 2d 502, 523 (1984):
"The question whether the evidence in the record in a
defamation case is of the convincing clarity required to strip
the utterance of First Amendment protection is not merely a
question for the trier of fact. Judges, as expositors of the
Constitution, must independently decide whether the evidence
in the record is sufficient to cross the constitutional threshold
that bars the entry of any judgment that is not supported by
clear and convincing proof of 'actual malice.'"
We believe that our prior prohibition cases concerning free expression issues reflect that
we have faithfully adhered to that instruction and to its underlying policy concerns in
exercising our original jurisdiction as well as in the appellate review context. E.g., State
ex rel. Hudok v. Henry, 182 W. Va. 500, 389 S.E.2d 188 (1989); Long v. Egnor, supra.
And we do so here.
B.
Type of Plaintiff: Private Individual or Public Figure
It is now well established that a libel plaintiff's status sets the standard for
assessing the defendant's conduct. Plaintiffs who are public officials or public figures
must prove by clear and convincing evidence that the defendants made their defamatory
statement "with knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard of whether it was
false or not." New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 280, 84 S. Ct. 710, 726,
11 L. Ed. 2d 686, 706 (1964). See also, e.g., Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United
States, Inc., 466 U.S. at 511 n.30, 104 S. Ct. at 1965 n.30, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 524 n.30
(actual malice exists where defamation defendant "realized that his statement was false or
that he subjectively entertained serious doubt as to the truth of his statement"); St. Amant
v. Thompson, 390 U.S. 727, 731, 88 S. Ct. 1323, 1325, 20 L. Ed. 2d 262, 267 (1968)
(defining "reckless disregard" as "sufficient evidence to permit the conclusion that the
defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as to the truth of his publication"); Garrison
v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 74, 85 S. Ct. 209, 216, 13 L. Ed. 2d 125, 133 (1964) (plaintiff
can show "reckless disregard" by showing defendant(s) had "high degree of awareness of
. . . probable falsity"); Ryan v. Brooks, 634 F.2d 726, 734 (4th Cir. 1980) ("[a]s long as
the sources of the libelous information appeared reliable, and the defendant had no doubts
about its accuracy, the courts have held the evidence of malice insufficient to support a
jury verdict, even if a more thorough investigation might have prevented the admitted
error" (Citations omitted).); Estep v. Brewer, 192 W. Va. 511, 514 n.3, 453 S.E.2d 345,
348 n.3 (1994) (per curiam) (in order to recover in libel, public figure "must show that the
libelous or slanderous statements or writings were made with actual malice toward him or
with such recklessness as to show a total disregard of the truth" (Citation omitted).).
Private figures need only show that the defendants were negligent in publishing the false
and defamatory statement. E.g., Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 345-48, 350,
94 S. Ct. 2997, 3010-11, 3012, 41 L. Ed. 2d 789, 809-10, 811 (1974).
In this case, the relators argue that Dr. Romano was a limited purpose public
figure with regard to discussion about the Omnibus Health Care Act of 1989 and related
health care changes. In Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., supra, the United States Supreme
Court distinguished public figures from private individuals in the following manner: (1)
public figures and officials have "greater access to the channels of effective communication
and hence have a more realistic opportunity to counteract false statements than private
individuals normally enjoy," 418 U.S. at 344, 94 S. Ct. at 3009, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 808, and
(2) public figures and officials have assumed the risk that, in commenting upon public
matters, the press may inadvertently report erroneous statements about them, 418 U.S. at
344-45, 94 S. Ct. at 3009-10, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 808. Some individuals, because of their
prominence or notoriety, are public figures for all purposes. Others have merely "thrust
themselves to the forefront of particular public controversies in order to influence the
resolution of the issues involved," 418 U.S. at 345, 94 S. Ct. at 3009, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 808,
and they thereby become "limited purpose public figures". The relators rely on the latter
category and contend that Dr. Romano's efforts to influence the debate over public health
insurance programs qualified him as a limited purpose public figure.
The doctor insists that he was not a public figure, for a limited purpose or
otherwise. In particular, he disputes the relators' contention that he had access to channels
of effective communication. Although he wrote several letters to professional
organizations, newspapers, and professional publications, he points out that he did not have
any control over the decision to publish his writings. Several of them, apparently, were
not published.See footnote 10
10
Dr. Romano claims that he did not voluntarily assume or achieve a role
of special prominence in the controversy. This lack of prominence, he says, is evidenced
by the December 19, 1989, newspaper article, in which Suriano's allegedly defamatory
comments appear. Although various Wheeling-area physicians were quoted in the article,
Dr. Romano was neither interviewed nor quoted. Consequently, he asserts that his failure
to be mentioned in the article, other than with regard to the relators' advertisement,
suggests that he had not achieved special prominence in the public debate. Therefore, Dr.
Romano maintains he was not a public figure concerning the Omnibus Health Care Act
controversy.
Before resolving the dispute about Dr. Romano's status, we think some
elaboration of our understanding of the limited purpose public figure doctrine is in order.
As the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit stated, "a person has become
a public figure for limited purposes if he is attempting to have, or realistically can be
expected to have, a major impact on the resolution of a specific public dispute that has
foreseeable and substantial ramifications for persons beyond its immediate participants."
Foretich v. Capital Cities/ABC, Inc., 37 F.3d 1541, 1553 n.10 (4th Cir. 1994). (Citations
omitted). In this regard, the federal courts have "developed a two-part inquiry for
determining whether a defamation plaintiff is a limited-purpose public figure. First, was
there a particular 'public controversy' that gave rise to the alleged defamation? Second,
was the nature and extent of the plaintiff's participation in that particular controversy
sufficient to justify 'public figure' status?" Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1553. (Emphasis in
original). From there, the federal circuits have devised various formulae for analyzing the
facts. Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1554 n.11. Compare, e.g., Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1553, and
Reuber v. Food Chem. News, Inc., 925 F.2d 703, 708-711 (4th Cir.) (en banc), cert.
denied, 501 U.S. 1212, 111 S. Ct. 2814, 115 L. Ed. 2d 986 (1991) (requiring plaintiffs to
establish five separate elements), with Silvester v. American Broadcasting Co., Inc., 839 F.2d 1491, 1494 (11th Cir. 1988), and Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publications, Inc., 627
F.2d. 1287, 1297 (D.C. Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 898, 101 S. Ct. 266, 66 L. Ed. 2d 128 (1980) (setting forth a three-part analysis). See generally Rodney A. Smolla, Law of
Defamation §§ 2.09-2.20 (1996) (describing the variations among the circuits).
In our view, the emphasis must be on the twin rationales identified in Gertz:
public figures have voluntarily waived their private status (at least to the extent they engage
in a particular debate) and have ready outlets to respond to attacks, but private figures have
not and do not. The "more important" of the rationales is the "compelling normative
consideration," Gertz, 418 U.S. at 344-45 & 344 n.9, 94 S. Ct. at 3009 & 3009 n.9, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 808 & 808 n.9, that public figures "have voluntarily exposed themselves to
increased risk of injury from defamatory falsehood." Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1552, citing
Wolston v. Reader's Digest Ass'n, Inc., 443 U.S. 157, 164, 99 S. Ct. 2701, 2705-06, 61 L. Ed. 2d 450, 458 (1979); Joel D. Eaton, The American Law of Defamation Through
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc. and Beyond: An Analytical Primer, 61 Va. L. Rev. 1349,
1420 (1975) ("[b]y voluntarily abandoning anonymity in favor of the public spotlight and
its attendant heat, public figures have knowingly exposed themselves to a predictable risk
of being burned").
Accordingly, we hold that a libel plaintiff is a limited purpose public figure
if the defendant proves the following:
(1) the plaintiff voluntarily engaged in significant efforts
to influence a public debateSee footnote 11
11
-- or voluntarily assumed a
position that would propel him to the forefront of a public
debate -- on a matter of publicSee footnote 12
12
concern;
(2) the public debate or controversy and the plaintiff's
involvement in it existed prior to the publication of the
allegedly libelous statement; and
(3) the plaintiff had reasonable access to channels of
communication that would permit him to make an effective
response to the defamatory statement in question.See footnote 13
13
Applying the above analysis to Dr. Romano, we conclude that he was a
public figure for the limited purpose of discussion about the changes to public health care
insurance programs and doctors' responses to them. Clearly, the controversy and
Romano's entry into it predated the OCEA's and Suriano statements. Foretich, 37 F.3d
at 1553, 1554-55. In order
"[t]o determine whether a controversy indeed
existed and, if so, to define its contours, the judge must
examine whether persons were discussing some specific
question. A general concern or interest will not suffice . . . .
[The court] should ask whether a reasonable person would
have expected persons beyond the immediate participants in
the dispute to feel the impact of its resolution. If the issue was
being debated publicly and if it had foreseeable and substantial
ramifications for nonparticipants, it was a public controversy."
Waldbaum v. Fairchild Publications, Inc., 627 F.2d at 1297.
(Footnotes and citation omitted).
Based upon this definition, the subjects of state-funded health care and the legislative
enactment of the Omnibus Health Care Act of 1989 were matters of substantial public
controversy in existence prior to the publication of the allegedly defamatory statements at
issue here. In the first section of the Act, the Legislature recognized the uncertain
financial stability of the various state-funded insurance programs and proposed methods
by which cost savings measures could alleviate this problematic situation. See W. Va.
Code, 16-29D-1(a) (1989). Passage of the Act generated public protests by both the
medical community and public employees' groups. Consequently, a public controversy
existed, "the outcome of which affect[ed] the general public or some segment of it in an
appreciable way." Waldbaum, 627 F.2d at 1296. Nor can there be any question that the
"controversy" was "public," as that term was used in Gertz and its progeny. See Time,
Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. 448, 454-55, 96 S. Ct. 958, 965-66, 47 L. Ed. 2d 154, 163
(1976); Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1554-55. The changes made to the PEIA and their impact on
physicians and their patients were matters of considerable and legitimate public interest and
debate.
It is clear, too, that Dr. Romano voluntarily thrust himself into the debate and
sought to influence its outcome. Indeed, he was aggressively involved. The quantity of
his letter writing to newspapers, professional journals and organizations, fellow physicians,
and government officials regarding the controversy was impressive and demonstrated an
active engagement in the PEIA controversy.See footnote 14
14
Indeed, the record contains at least fifty
examples of such correspondence. In these letters, Dr. Romano set forth his views
regarding state-funded health care, his perception of the oppressive restrictions imposed
by the West Virginia Omnibus Health Care Act and federal Medicare regulations,
explained his reasons for withdrawing from these programs, and frequently exhorted others
to join his protest.See footnote 15
15
For example, in his May 2, 1989, letter to the editor of the Wheeling
News Register, Dr. Romano wrote:
"It is time for people to wake up and fully realize the
consequences of the recent West Virginia legislature's [sic]
actions. I fear this is only the beginning of greater and greater
government control over our lives and that as is the usual state
of affairs in government controlled health care systems, the
only people that actually suffer are the doctors and the patients
while the bureacrats [sic] go on their merry way not having to
answer for what they have done." Appendix to the Petition,
Exhibit 14.
Just as important, however, is the fact that Dr. Romano worked at the front
to rally others, most notably physicians, to join and contribute to the assault on the
legislative changes. For example, in a July 10, 1990, letter to the West Virginia Medical
Journal, Dr. Romano wrote:
"We physicians in West Virginia need to stand
up and be counted. We need to tell the State of West Virginia
that what they [sic] are [sic] doing is unfair and, quite frankly,
smacks of tyranny and oppression. I cannot force the State of
West Virginia to pay for the medical care of my patients, but
what I can do is force the State of West Virginia to
acknowledge that this is still the United States of America [sic]
and we physicians should be treated with respect and should
not be relegated to a second or third class citizen status simply
because we practice medicine. We all can make a difference;
however; [sic] we have to do it by working through our
individual patients. Working through the legislators have [sic]
proven to be less than ideal to say the least. I think we need
more grass root [sic] support. We need to be more political in
our offices and to stand up for our rights. This is a perfect
time to be political as many as [sic] our colleagues are leaving
the state [sic]. We should point out this to our patients. We
should be very vocal in our community and civic groups and,
if necessary, write letters to our local papers showing exactly
what the Omnibus Health Care Act of 1989 has meant to the
State thusfar [sic]." Pet. App., Ex. 45. (Published at 86
W. Va. Med. J. 407-08 (Sept. 1990)).
We also think it is pertinent that the very act that prompted Dr. Romano's
inclusion in the OCEA's advertisement was done, at least in part, as an act of protest.
When he informed Erisco (the agency that then administered the public employees
insurance plan for PEIA) that he would no longer see PEIA patients, he expressly
connected his decision "to the recent State Legislature's actions." Pet. App., Ex. 2. More
to the point, in another letter to the Medical Journal, dated November 8, 1989, Dr.
Romano stated,
"I personally do not participate with the new
State program because I feel that it unfairly discriminates
against doctors in West Virginia. It also tries to solve a very
complicated problem in a simplistic and totalitarian manner.
In addition legislation like the Omnibus Health Care Act of
1989 will inevitably result in fewer talented young doctors
coming into West Virginia to set up practice and also fewer
doctors trained in West Virginia from staying in their home
state." Pet. App., Ex. 22. (Published at 86 W. Va. Med. J.
19 (Jan. 1990)).
When, in a May 16, 1989, letter, Dr. Romano withdrew as a member of the West Virginia
Preferred Medical Care Network, he explained his reason:
"The recent state [sic] of West Virginia Legislative action,
especially with its 'accept one, accept all' provision, wherein
doctors in West Virginia who see patients under the West
Virginia Workers' Compensation Fund, PEIB [sic], Erisco or
Medicaid, must see patients from all of these categories, is
totally unacceptable to me [sic] and the manner in which this
'compromise' came into being and was reached, in my
opinion, shows no respect to the medical profession in general,
and me in particular.
"I have to opt out of this system as I think it is
bad for patient care, puts undo restrictions on my ability to
practice medicine and to provide quality care to my patients.
I don't need the state [sic] of West Virginia or any government
or state agency to dictate policy in my private medical
practice." Pet. App., Ex. 15. (Emphasis in original).
Similarly, in a letter to the West Virginia State Medical Association on September 14,
1989, Dr. Romano wrote:
"I will never voluntarily agree to the provisions of the 1989
Omnibus Health Care Act [sic] and I have opted out of the
system. I no longer participate in West Virginia state
insurance plans. I feel that this is my right as an independent
practitioner who has never been subsidized by the State of
West Virginia and therefore should not be subject to some of
the ridiculous provisions of this law. . . . The legislators
should be ashamed of themselves for passing such a poor piece
of legislation as the Omnibus Health Care Act. I hope they
come to their senses and repeal it." Pet. App., Ex. 17.
Romano also asked the Association to show his letter and a copy of his curriculum vitae
to the state's legislators. Id. On October 5, 1989, Dr. Romano wrote to David Lambert,
General Counsel of the PEIA:
"I have sent two letters to Sally Richardson, the Director of
the PEIA [sic] stating that I will not participate with the PEIA
in the future. I outlined in both my letters that I felt that the
Omnibus Health Care Act was a bad law and that since I
disagree with its provisions and since I have the option to opt
out of the system, I choose the latter action." Pet. App., Ex.
5.
Dr. Romano took, in his mind, a principled stand. But when a citizen
commits a controversial act to protest a governmental decision, he should not be surprised
when that act becomes a matter of public attention and criticism. Similarly, we can
applaud Dr. Romano for his participation in the public discussion on an issue of major
importance and for his bold, blunt, and tireless efforts to get his point across. Such
efforts, however, do not come without public notoriety that can translate into public figure
status for purposes of that discussion. Based on the combination of the quantity and vigor
of his efforts to influence the debate, on his attempts to lead others into the debate, and on
the close connection between his act of protest in opting out of the PEIA and the allegedly
libelous statements, we conclude that Dr. Romano's participation in this public controversy
was significant enough to render him a public figure for purposes of that debate.
The only remaining inquiry in the public figure analysis is to determine
whether Dr. Romano had reasonable access to communication channels that would permit
him to make an effective response to the statements in question. In analyzing this factor,
we deem it important to consider the particular forum in which the allegedly libelous
charge occurred. That is, the channels for "effectively" responding to an advertisement
and story in the Wheeling News Register would be quite different from those needed to
rebut a charge on "20/20." Compare Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. at 453, 96 S. Ct.
at 965, 47 L. Ed. 2d at 162-63 (plaintiff (party to divorce case) may have been public figure
in her local community, but not for purpose of responding to article in Time magazine)
with Silvester, 839 F.2d at 1494 ("plaintiffs [owners of jai alai arenas] were public figures
for the limited purpose of issues concerning the Jai Alai industry" in case regarding
"20/20" televised news program's investigation of alleged corruption in jai alai).
We think the relators have established that Dr. Romano had ample means to
respond. He certainly demonstrated his ability to write letters, including letters to the
media, and to get at least some of them published.See footnote 16
16
Most significantly, Dr. Romano
either did respond, or could have responded, in the very same forum -- local newspapers --
that was used to make the allegedly libelous charge against him. He wrote a letter to the
Wheeling Intelligencer complaining about the OCEA ad and giving his response, and the
letter was published. And the record indicates no reason why Dr. Romano could not have
responded to the OCEA ad by purchasing his own ad.See footnote 17
17
We conclude that Dr. Romano
had access to effective outlets to set the record straight for the audience, local newspaper
readers, that was exposed to the advertisement and article about which he complained.
Accordingly, we hold that Dr. Romano was a public figure for purposes of
discussion about State-funded medical insurance programs and the legislative changes made
to them in 1989.
C.
Elements of Defamation Action
Because Dr. Romano was a limited purpose public figure, the appropriate test
for defamation is set forth in Syllabus Point 4 of Long v. Egnor, 176 W. Va. 628, 346 S.E.2d 778 (1986):
"'[A] public official . . . can sustain an action for
libel only if he can prove that: (1) the alleged libelous
statements were false or misleading; (2) the statements tended
to defame the plaintiff and reflect shame, contumely, and
disgrace upon him; (3) the statements were published with
knowledge at the time of publication that they were false or
misleading or were published with a reckless and willful [sic]
disregard of truth; and, (4) the publisher intended to injure the
plaintiff through the knowing or reckless publication of the
alleged libelous material.' Syllabus Point 1, in part, Sprouse
v. Clay Communication, Inc., 158 W. Va. 427, 211 S.E.2d 674, 95 A.L.R.3d 622, cert. denied, 423 U.S. 882, 96 S. Ct.
145, 46 L. Ed. 2d 107 (1975)."
As we explain below, Dr. Romano's claim cannot meet the first and third requirements.
1. The Advertisement
Dr. Romano conceded that he withdrew from the state insurance programs,
but nevertheless insists that the advertisement was false because he continued to treat state
insured patients on a private basis; he was willing to treat PEIA members who would agree
to forego their insurance and pay him directly. We conclude, however, that OCEA's
accusation was substantially true and was, therefore, protected speech. As the Supreme
Court stated in Masson v. New Yorker Magazine, Inc., 501 U.S. 496, 516-17, 111 S. Ct.
2419, 2432-33, 115 L. Ed. 2d 447, 472 (1991):
"The common law of libel takes but one
approach to the question of falsity, regardless of the form of
the communication. . . . It overlooks minor inaccuracies and
concentrates upon substantial truth. . . . Minor inaccuracies
do not amount to falsity so long as 'the substance, the gist, the
sting, of the libelous charge be justified.' Heuer v. Kee, 15 Cal. App. 2d 710, 714, 59 P.2d 1063, 1064 (1936)[.]"
(Citations omitted).
Accord Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 838 F.2d 1287 (D.C. Cir.), cert.
denied, 488 U.S. 825, 109 S. Ct. 75, 102 L. Ed. 2d 51 (1988); Guccione v. Hustler
Magazine, Inc., 800 F.2d 298 (2nd Cir. 1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1091, 107 S. Ct.
1303, 94 L. Ed. 2d 158 (1987); Bryan v. Massachusetts Mut. Life Ins. Co., 178 W. Va.
773, 780, 364 S.E.2d 786, 793 (1987) ("before a statement can be considered defamatory,
it must be false"); see generally Sack & Baron, supra note 11, at 183-87. A "statement
is not considered false unless it 'would have a different effect on the mind of the reader
from that which the pleaded truth would have produced.' R. Sack, Libel, Slander, and
Related Problems 138 (1980)[.]" Masson, 501 U.S. at 517, 111 S. Ct. at 2433, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 472.
In this case, the question is whether the reader would have formed a different
opinion of the plaintiff if, instead of reading, "Your children's teachers and their families
have been denied health services by [Dr. Romano]," the advertisement had stated, "Your
children's teachers and their families have been denied health services by [Dr. Romano]
unless they were willing and able to forego their state medical insurance and pay him out
of their own pockets." If the two statements create a different impression of Dr. Romano,
the difference escapes us. Read in context, both statements accuse him of refusing to treat
teachers because of the source of their health insurance. The omitted fact -- that he treats
teachers who pay him personally -- does not diminish the allegation because it does not
alter the fact that he was still doing what he was accused of doing. To draw an analogy,
if the ad read, "Teacher Smith uses corporal punishment on your children," Mr. Smith
could not establish falsity by proving that there were some students in his class that
escaped his rod. Similarly, Dr. Romano cannot prove the error of the advertisement in
this case with evidence that he served self-paying teachers.
Additionally, we cannot ignore the common sense conclusion that, if patients
are told that their doctor will no longer accept their insurance and that they must pay him
out of their own pockets, the overwhelming majority of such patients will look for another
doctor or go without the sought-for service. Certainly, for many, if not most, state and
educational employees, a doctor's refusal to accept the insurance payment is tantamount
to a refusal to provide medical services. Indeed, when Dr. Romano wrote to Erisco to
give notice that he was opting out of the PEIA plan, he stated:
"It is my unpleasant task to inform you that I can
no longer see West Virginia State Employee insurance
patients. Due to the recent State Legislature's actions, I find
that working under the system they [sic] have [sic] established
is intolerable and, therefore, I will be discharging my patients
that I have under Erisco.
"To be fair I will give them prescriptions and
medications up to one month's supply. This should give them
ample time to find another doctor of their choice." Pet. App.,
Ex. 2. (Emphasis added).
It is difficult to fault the relators for their failure to specify that Dr. Romano
still served patients who personally pay for his services when the doctor did not always
make the distinction himself. Moreover, we note that the advertisement did not necessarily
preclude the possibility that some teachers were continuing to receive health services from
the listed doctors. It merely said teachers "have been denied services" by the physicians.
It thus left open the possibility that some teachers were being, or would be, provided with
treatment by those doctors. And Dr. Romano does not deny that he refused to treat at least
some teachers.
Furthermore, even if the ad's omission rose to the level of a substantial
falsehood, the record provides no support, let alone clear and convincing proof, for a
finding of actual malice. The ad was based entirely on information provided by PEIA,
which stated that certain doctors had withdrawn from the PEIA plan. The OCEA fairly
deduced from the release (reached the common sense conclusion we noted above) that the
listed doctors were not treating OCEA members and their families. The governmental
release did not indicate that deduction was false, and there is nothing in the record to
suggest that the OCEA had any other information that would have put it on notice that their
charge might not be completely accurate or that the non-PEIA-participating physicians
were, in fact, treating PEIA insureds.
Certainly, no evidence sustains the conclusion that the OCEA either knew
of any inaccuracy or made the statement with a "high degree of awareness of [its] probable
falsity." Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. at 74, 85 S. Ct. at 216, 13 L. Ed. 2d at 133.
"[R]eckless conduct is not measured by whether a reasonably prudent man would have
published, or would have investigated before publishing. There must be sufficient
evidence to permit the conclusion that the defendant in fact entertained serious doubts as
to the truth of his publication." St. Amant v. Thompson, 390 U.S. at 731, 88 S. Ct. at
1325, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 267. We can concede to the doctor his contention that the OCEA
intended to embarrass him and damage his reputation. But that does not mean the charge
was made with actual malice.See footnote 18
18
An intent to inflict harm is not actual malice; rather, a
plaintiff must prove, by clear and convincing proof, an "intent to inflict harm through
falsehood." Henry v. Collins, 380 U.S. 356, 357, 85 S. Ct. 992, 993, 13 L. Ed. 2d 892,
893 (1965) (per curiam). See also Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. 46, 53,
108 S. Ct. 876, 880, 99 L. Ed. 2d 41, 50 (1988) ("[d]ebate on public issues will not be
uninhibited if the speaker must run the risk that it will be proved in court that he spoke out
of hatred" (Citation omitted).).
Thus, we hold, in the alternative, that the advertisement was protected
because it was substantially true and that, if and to the extent it created a false impression,
the statement was within the actual malice privilege.
2. The News Story
The alleged libel in the follow-up news story was Suriano's statement,
"Certain public employees need to know who is not treating them now[.] We felt that the
teachers needed to know that. Maybe this will shake those doctors up[.] They should
honor their professional code. We would not turn away one of their children." The first
sentence basically repeats the advertisement and was, for reasons we stated above,
substantially true and privileged. The second sentence simply recites Suriano's belief as
to the OCEA's obligations to its members and makes no reference, explicit or implied, to
anyone else. The third sentence states the purpose of the advertisement -- "to shake those
doctors up." The last sentence refers to the OCEA members' sense of their duty. To the
extent it might have implied the doctors were "turning away" patients, it, too, was
substantially true and privileged. None of those statements can, standing alone, support
a defamation claim.
If Romano has a claim, then, it must rest on the fourth sentence. Read
literally, "They [i.e., 'those doctors'] should honor their professional code," accuses no
one of anything; it merely states a noncontroversial, nondefamatory belief about what the
doctors should do, not what they did. On the other hand, the sentence can also be read to
imply that "those doctors" -- those who had opted out of the PEIA -- were not, in doing
so, honoring their professional code. Whether that is actionable, we think, turns on the
word "code". If the statement is read as saying merely that Dr. Romano and the other
doctors violated a general professional duty by refusing to serve certain patients who come
to them simply because of the source of their insurance, the statement is not provably
false. If the statement cannot be proved to be a falsehood, then Dr. Romano could not
establish a crucial element (falsity) of his libel claim. Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.,
497 U.S. 1, 20, 110 S. Ct. 2695, 2706, 111 L. Ed. 2d 1, 18 (1990) ("a statement of opinion
relating to matters of public concern which does not contain a provably false factual
connotation will receive full constitutional protection" (Footnote omitted).); Syl. Pt. 4,
Maynard v. Daily Gazette Co., 191 W. Va. 601, 447 S.E.2d 293 (1994) ("[a] statement
of opinion which does not contain a provably false assertion of fact is entitled to full
constitutional protection"); Hinerman v. Daily Gazette Co., Inc., 188 W. Va. 157, 174,
423 S.E.2d 560, 577 (1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 960, 113 S. Ct. 1384, 122 L. Ed. 2d 759 (1993) ("[u]nless an opinion, no matter how scurrilous, implies undisclosed
defamatory facts, we protect it. Sharp, vituperative and biting criticism are at the heart
of free debate" (Citation omitted).). See also Redco Corp. v. CBS, Inc., 758 F.2d 970
(3rd Cir.), cert. denied, 474 U.S. 843, 106 S. Ct. 131, 88 L. Ed. 2d 107 (1985) (holding
general charge of unethical practices to be privileged expression of opinion); Lauderback
v. American Broadcasting Co., Inc., 741 F.2d 193 (8th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1190, 105 S. Ct. 961, 83 L. Ed. 2d 967 (1985) (same); Lewis v. Time, Inc., 710 F.2d 549,
554 (9th Cir. 1983) (inference of doubtful morality or professional skill is "broad,
unfocused, wholly subjective comment, not the kind of factual expression for which the
Constitution permits liability to be imposed"); Rothman v. Sternberg, 207 A.D.2d 438,
615 N.Y.S.2d 748 (1994) (statements of opinion generally are not actionable because they
can neither be verified nor proven false by the plaintiff).
Obviously, Dr. Romano felt that the State had unfairly dumped the PEIA
fiscal problems on doctors and that that injustice warranted, even compelled, what in his
mind was a principled refusal to treat patients relying on PEIA insurance. That is not an
unreasonable perception. Nor is it unreasonable, however, for the OCEA and Mr. Suriano
to believe that it is unethical for doctors to put their personal or political interests above
the health interests of their patients and that refusing to treat patients for personal or
political self-interest is of the same order as refusing to treat patients because they are
black, Jewish, or Norwegian. The point is that no jury can say which of these views is the
"true" one; truth here lies in the indeterminate sphere of ethical beliefs. As with
aesthetics, we can argue over them all we want, but there is no way to choose, as a matter
of legal factfinding, the right or wrong belief. Milkovich, supra; Lewis v. Time, Inc.,
supra.
A third reading of the key sentence, however, offers Dr. Romano hope. By
that reading, the statement implies that Dr. Romano and the others did not simply violate
some general ethical standard -- about which there can be no finality -- but that they
violated some specific provision of the code regulating physicians. That reading does
render a statement that is provably true or provably false. Indeed, we have a Board of
Medicine whose charge is to hold hearings and make determinations about whether a
doctor has violated some provision or other of the Medical Practice Act. W. Va. Code,
30-3-1 et seq.
This case, then, really comes down to the issue of whether that third reading
is sufficiently reasonable as to create an issue for the jury. After careful consideration,
and keeping in mind the responsibility that judges have in making mixed fact-law
determinations in cases that embrace the freedoms of expression, Bose, supra, we conclude
that the statement does not justify putting the parties through the expense of a trial. The
statement must be read in context. It comes from a lay person who is speaking
spontaneously and in general terms. He does not identify what code he is referring to,
makes no reference to any specific provision, and does not contend that the doctors should
be disciplined, which is the consequence of violating W. Va. Code, 30-3-14 (1989), of the
Medical Practice Act (the "law" regulating physicians' conduct). The clear implication
is that Mr. Suriano believed doctors have a moral duty, not a legally compelled one, to
serve patients regardless of the source of their insurance. We will not permit imposition
of damages on either the OCEA or Mr. Suriano for expressing that opinion while engaged
in candid, if acerbic, discussion about an issue of vital public importance. The statement
was, simply put, part of the rhetoric of free and open debate. See, e.g., Hustler
Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell, 485 U.S. at 56, 108 S. Ct. at 882, 99 L. Ed. 2d at 52; Greenbelt
Coop. Publishing Ass'n, Inc. v. Bresler, 398 U.S. 6, 11-12, 90 S. Ct. 1537, 1540-41, 26 L. Ed. 2d 6, 13-14 (1970); Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 708, 89 S. Ct. 1399,
1401-02, 22 L. Ed. 2d 664, 667 (1969) (per curiam) ("[t]he language of the political arena,
like the language used in labor disputes, see Linn v. United Plant Guard Workers of
America, 383 U.S. 53, 58[, 86 S. Ct. 657, 661, 15 L. Ed. 2d 582, 587] (1966), is often
vituperative, abusive, and inexact").
III.
CONCLUSION
This is a classic case of a public controversy producing expression of a
vibrant, but astringent, character. All of the players in this litigation participated in that
debate and exposed themselves to sharp counterattacks. The market provided the players
with ample opportunity to vindicate their respective positions. Although neither the First
Amendment of the United States Constitution nor Article III, Section 7 of the West
Virginia Constitution requires that participants in public debate must endure intentional or
reckless falsehoods aimed at their reputations, those provisions do require that the debaters
must steel themselves to harsh criticism that does not exceed the actual malice privilege.
Dr. Romano's remedy in this case for any injury he might have suffered because of the
relators' speech is limited to using the communication channels provided by the market to
rebut whatever charges were leveled against him.
For the reasons stated above, we conclude that a writ of prohibition shall
issue prohibiting further proceedings in the underlying civil action for libel.
Writ granted.
Footnote: 1
1The Honorable Arthur M. Recht resigned as Justice of the Supreme Court of
Appeals of West Virginia effective October 15, 1996. The Honorable Gaston Caperton,
Governor of the State of West Virginia, appointed him Judge of the First Judicial Circuit
on that same date. Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this Court on October
15, 1996, Judge Recht was assigned to sit as a member of the Supreme Court of Appeals
of West Virginia commencing October 15, 1996, and continuing until further order of this
Court.
Footnote: 2
2PEIA provides insurance for state employees employed by state departments and
divisions participating in this plan.
Footnote: 3
3W. Va. Code, 16-29D-3 (1989), provides, in relevant part:
"(e) [A]ny health care provider who agrees to
deliver health care services to any beneficiary of a health care
program of a department or division of the state, including the
public employees insurance agency, the state medicaid
program, the workers' compensation fund and the division of
rehabilitation services, the charges for which shall be paid by
or reimbursed by any department or division which
participates in a plan or plans as described in this section, shall
be deemed to have agreed to provide health care services to the
beneficiaries of health care programs of all of the other
departments and divisions participating in a plan or plans[.]
* * *
"(h) A health care provider who provides health
care services to any beneficiary of a health care program of a
department or division of the state pursuant to the plan or plans
developed in accordance with this article may withdraw from
participation in said plan or plans: Provided, That the health
care provider shall provide written notice of withdrawal from
participation in said plan or plans to the administrator of the
public employees insurance agency: Provided, however, That
a provider who has withdrawn from further participation is not
required to render services to any beneficiaries under the plan
or plans who are not his or her patients at the time the notice
of withdrawal is provided and the provider may continue to
provide services to his or her preexisting patients for not more
than forty-five days after tendering the notice of withdrawal
without obligating his or herself to treat such other
beneficiaries."
This section has since been repealed, see W. Va. Code, 16-29D-3 (1991), to delete the "all
or none" provision. However, since this cause of action arose prior to the subsequent
statutory amendments, those changes have no effect on the instant case.
Footnote: 4
4Dr. Romano is board-certified in rheumatology.
Footnote: 5
5Similarly, Dr. Romano informed the West Virginia Workers' Compensation
Commissioner of his intent to cease treatment of workers' compensation claimants.
Footnote: 6
6Teachers in Ohio County had the option of either receiving health insurance
through PEIA or the Health Plan of the Upper Ohio Valley, a health maintenance
organization.
Footnote: 7
7The relators indicate that among the twelve Ohio County physicians withdrawing
from the state insurance programs, nine were obstetricians and/or gynecologists. The
relators further assert that, in 1989, only fifteen obstetricians and/or gynecologists were
practicing in Ohio County, West Virginia. Therefore, the withdrawal of nine such
physicians eliminated approximately sixty percent of the previously available specialists
in this field. The record does not indicate whether the remaining six obstetricians and/or
gynecologists in Ohio County accepted patients covered by state insurance.
Footnote: 8
8See Section II.B., infra.
Footnote: 9
9See Section II.C., infra.
Footnote: 10
10It appears, however, that the Wheeling News Register published Dr. Romano's
May 2, 1989, letter concerning government regulation and financing of health care. See
Appendix to the Petition, Exhibit 14. In addition, the relators represent that Dr. Romano's
letter to the editor of the Wheeling Intelligencer responding to the relators' advertisement
was published, see Pet. App., Ex. 7, as were several of his letters to the editors of the
Wheeling Intelligencer and the Wheeling News Register responding to letters written by
a local college professor, Bruce Hartung, regarding publicly-funded health care, see, e.g.,
Pet. App., Ex. 30, 33, 37. Furthermore, the relators allege that the West Virginia
Medical Journal printed at least one of Dr. Romano's letters to that publication's editor.
See, e.g., Pet. App., Ex. 25, 45. Finally, the relators state that Dr. Romano indicated in
his deposition testimony that several elected officials had responded to his correspondence.
Footnote: 11
11The words "debate" and "controversy" should be read liberally here; in using
them, we do not mean to confine the contexts in which an individual can become a limited
purpose public figure to those in which the public is divided about the topic of discussion.
For example, an individual could become a public figure by crusading against crack
cocaine usage or in support of clean government. Those are not (we hope) controversial
stands, but they are nevertheless subjects of public interest and concern. See generally
Robert D. Sack & Sandra S. Baron, Libel, Slander, and Related Problems 315 (2nd ed.
1994) and authorities cited therein.
Footnote: 12
12As we develop below, "public" debate or controversy does not encompass all
matters that might happen to interest the public. A plaintiff's involvement in a private
dispute would not necessarily convert him or her into a public figure, even if that dispute
provoked considerable public curiosity and coverage. Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S. 448, 96 S. Ct. 958, 47 L. Ed. 2d 154 (1976) (litigant in spectacular and widely-reported
divorce proceeding was not involved in "public controversy").
Footnote: 13
13This analysis is substantially similar to that adopted by the Fourth Circuit in
Foretich and Reuber, except we do not think that the defendant must necessarily show the
plaintiff assumed "a role of special prominence in the public controversy." Foretich, 37 F.3d at 1553; see also Reuber, 925 F.2d at 709. As we see it, prominence is certainly
relevant to the determination of whether the plaintiff had access to communication channels
-- the greater one's prominence, the greater one's access -- but we do not believe it is
essential to securing an opportunity to make an effective response. (Generally speaking,
the connection between prominence and access is diminished in a case like this one, where
the alleged defamation remained localized.) In addition, prominence is relevant to the
voluntariness prong, but we believe Gertz meant it to be an alternative basis for
establishing public figure status. That is, an individual may assume a position of
prominence that would make him a public figure for all purposes, Gertz, 418 U.S. at 345,
94 S. Ct. at 3009, 41 L. Ed. 2d at 808, or that would inevitably give him a seat of
importance in the discussion about a particular matter of public controversy or interest.
Little v. Breland, 93 F.3d 755, 758 (11th Cir. 1996) (plaintiff voluntarily assumed position
of leadership at municipal convention and visits company at a time when company had
been object of substantial public scrutiny); Silvester, 839 F.2d at 1496 (to be limited
purpose public figure, plaintiff must have either tried to influence outcome of public
controversy or "could realistically have been expected, because of his position in the
controversy, to have an impact on its resolution" (Citation omitted).).
Footnote: 14
14The relators suggest that an individual's participation in a letter-writing campaign
in an attempt to influence public opinion on an issue may justify characterizing that person
as a public figure with regard to that issue. See, e.g., Schiavone Constr. Co. v. Time,
Inc., 847 F.2d 1069, 1078-79 (3rd Cir. 1988); Velle Transcendental Research Ass'n, Inc.
v. Sanders, 518 F. Supp. 512, 516-17 (C.D. Cal. 1981); Cassidy v. Merin, 244 N.J.
Super. 466, 476, 582 A.2d 1039, 1044 (App. Div. 1990).
Footnote: 15
15The exhibits show that the correspondence began in May, 1989, and continued
through July, 1990.
Footnote: 16
16See note 10, supra.
Footnote: 17
17Although it is relevant that the Wheeling News Register did not contact Dr.
Romano for his response to the OCEA when it ran the follow-up story, we do not think
that fact can be controlling. The issue is not whether Dr. Romano had an opportunity to
respond in the same article; the issue is whether he had an effective opportunity to rebut
the charges in the same market. As the text shows, he plainly did.
Footnote: 18
18An intent to injure, however, would be relevant. Such intent could make it more
likely that the speaker intentionally lied or recklessly disregarded the truth, if falsehood
is established. The intent could also be relevant to damages issues.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.