Public Citizen Inc. v. First National Bank
Annotate this Case
January 1996 Term
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No. 23282
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PUBLIC CITIZEN, INC.,
Plaintiff Below, Appellant
V.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK IN FAIRMONT,
Defendant Below, Appellee
_______________________________________________________________
APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF MARION COUNTY
HONORABLE FRED L. FOX II, JUDGE
CIVIL ACTION NO. 92-C-500
REVERSED AND REMANDED
_______________________________________________________________
Submitted: September 18, 1996
Filed: December 5, 1996
Ross Maruka
Fairmont, West Virginia
John J. Beins
Gavett and Datt, P.C.
Rockville, Maryland
Attorneys for Appellant
Philip C. Petty
Rose, Padden & Petty, L.C.
Fairmont, West Virginia
Attorney for Appellee
JUSTICE CLECKLEY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUDGE RECHT sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit
court made after a bench trial, a two-pronged deferential standard of review is applied. The
final order and the ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard,
and the circuit court's underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous
standard. Questions of law are subject to a de novo review.
2. A statute that diminishes substantive rights or augments substantive
liabilities should not be applied retroactively to events completed before the effective date
of the statute (or the date of enactment if no separate effective date is stated) unless the
statute provides explicitly for retroactive application.
3. Under W. Va. Code § 46-3-406 (1963), a bank may not assert the
affirmative defense of negligence in a claim involving a transaction unless it first establishes
that in that transaction, it acted in accordance with the reasonable commercial standards of
the banking business.
4. Under W. Va. Code § 46-3-116 (1963), a check made out to two parties
may be endorsed and negotiated by either of them only when the check clearly indicates that it is to be paid in the alternative. When a check is ambiguous as to whether payees are joint
or alternative, it will be construed as payable jointly.
5. Under W. Va. Code § 46-3-406 (1963), it is commercially unreasonable
for a bank to accept for deposit in an individual account a check made payable to a
corporation, without first ascertaining, or at least inquiring as to, the authority of the
depositor/endorser.
6. The transfer and presentment warranties in W. Va. Code § 46-4-207
(1963) do not extend to the payee of a check paid on a forged, missing, or unauthorized
endorsement.
Cleckley, Justice:
The plaintiff below and appellant herein, Public Citizen, Inc.,See footnote 1 appeals from
a final decision of the Circuit Court of Marion County in favor of the defendant below and
appellee herein, the First National Bank in FairmontSee footnote 2 (the bank). The plaintiff assigns two
separate errors: (1) The circuit court committed error in holding the defendant acted in
accordance with reasonable commercial standards applicable to the business of the bank, and
(2) the circuit court erred in finding the plaintiff was negligent and that its negligence barred
its recovery in this action. For reasons stated below, we reverse the decision of the circuit
court.See footnote 3
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
Adhering to the familiar praxis, we recite the pertinent facts in the light most
consistent with the circuit court's factual findings. Jim Kampanos was the administrator for
the plaintiff, Public Citizen, Inc., from April, 1989, to November, 1990. Mr. Kampanos's
responsibilities included handling all investments for Public Citizen, including its accounts
with Tucker Anthony, Inc., a Washington, D.C., brokerage firm. Between July and
September of 1989, Mr. Kampanos perpetrated an embezzlement scheme whereby he
deposited a total of $26,807.00 from the plaintiff's Tucker Anthony account into his own
personal checking account at the bank.
Specifically, on July 7, 1989, Mr. Kampanos requested a Tucker Anthony
representative to withdraw $12,225.00 from the plaintiff's investment account and send it to
his attention at Public Citizen. As requested, Tucker Anthony issued a check for $12,225.00
payable to the order of "Public Citizen, Attn Jim Kampanos." Mr. Kampanos endorsed the
check, "For deposit only, 12-29931, Jim Kampanos," and on July 31, 1989, he presented the
check for deposit at the bank. A teller at the bank accepted the check for deposit into Mr.
Kampanos' personal account number 12-29931. On August 22, 1989, Mr. Kampanos again
requested Tucker Anthony to send funds from the plaintiff's investment account, this time
in the amount of $14,582.00. Tucker Anthony again supplied Mr. Kampanos with a check
made out to the order of "Public Citizen, Inc., Attn Jim Kampanos" for the requested amount (on each check, the "Attn Jim Kampanos" was directly below the name "Public Citizen,
Inc."). Mr. Kampanos endorsed the second check, "For deposit only, 12-29931, Jim S.
Kampanos, Public Citizen, Inc." and on September 5, 1989, he deposited it to his personal
checking account at the bank.
In November, 1990, the plaintiff's auditor, after concluding an audit of the
1989 books, discovered Mr. Kampanos had embezzled funds from the plaintiff.See footnote 4 Apparently,
the auditor detected only the check for $14,582.00 and failed to notice that the second check
for $12,225.00 had been deposited to Mr. Kampanos's account. In May, 1992, the plaintiff
demanded the return of the proceeds of the check for $14,582.00, which demand was refused
by the bank. On October 3, 1992, Public Citizen filed suit in the Circuit Court of Marion
County asserting a cause of action for breach of warranty under the Uniform Commercial
Code. On February 14, 1994, the bank informed the plaintiff of the $12,225.00 check which
had been drawn on the plaintiff's Tucker Anthony account and deposited in Mr. Kampanos's
account. In March, 1994, the plaintiff demanded that the bank return the proceeds of this
second check, and upon the defendant's refusal, on March 31, 1994, the plaintiff amended
its complaint to seek additional damages for this check as well.See footnote 5
On November 14, 1994, following a bench trial, the circuit court ruled in favor
of the defendant, finding the defendant had acted in accordance with reasonable commercial
standards applicable to the business of the bank; that the checks, as drawn, were, at least,
ambiguous, and, therefore, the checks were payable in the alternative and could be negotiated
by Public Citizen or Jim Kampanos; that the plaintiff was negligent in failing to exercise
reasonable control and/or supervision of its employee, Jim Kampanos, in failing to review
in any timely manner the statements of the account with Tucker Anthony, and in failing to
promptly notify the bank when it first became aware of the breach by one of its employees
and its potential claim against the bank; and that the plaintiff's damages were incurred by and
through its own negligence, as opposed to any negligence or wrongdoing on the part of the
bank. It is from this ruling that the plaintiff appeals.
II.
DISCUSSION
On appeal to this Court, the plaintiff presents three grounds for reversal. First,
the plaintiff challenges the circuit court's retroactive application of the 1993 revisions to the
West Virginia Uniform Commercial Code. Second, the plaintiff contends the circuit court
erred in finding the defendant's conduct was commercially reasonable with respect to the
checks. Third, the plaintiff argues the circuit court erred by finding its damages were incurred by its own negligence. Following a review of the record, we find (a) the circuit
court improperly gave retroactive consideration to the aforesaid 1993 revisions; (b) the
defendant did not act in accordance with commercially reasonable standards as a matter of
law; and (c) it is unnecessary to address the issue of the plaintiff's negligence. After setting
forth the applicable standard of review, we first turn to the retroactive application of the 1993
revisions. We then shift to the issue of the commercial reasonableness of the bank and,
finally, to the negligence of the plaintiff.
A.
Standard of Review
In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit court
made after a bench trial, a two-pronged deferential standard of review is applied. The final
order and the ultimate disposition are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, and
the circuit court's underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous
standard. A circuit court's finding is clearly erroneous when "although there is evidence to
support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm
conviction that a mistake has been committed." Board of Educ. v. Wirt, 192 W. Va. 568,
579 n.14, 453 S.E.2d 402, 413 n.14 (1994), quoting United States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S. Ct. 525, 542, 92 L. Ed. 746, 766 (1948). However, we exercise complete
and independent review over the circuit court's interpretation and conclusions of law.
Phillips v. Fox, 193 W. Va. 657, 661, 458 S.E.2d 327, 331 (1995).
B.
Analysis
1. Uniform Commercial Code: Applicability of 1993 Revisions
Unless varied by an agreement between them, the legal relationship between
the parties is governed by the Uniform Commercial Code, as adopted in Chapter 46 of the
West Virginia Code. The Legislature substantially amended Articles 3 and 4 of the West
Virginia Uniform Commercial Code in 1993 in order to conform to the changes to the U.C.C.
promulgated in 1990 by the Permanent Editorial Board of the Uniform Commercial Code.
When a pending case implicates a state statute enacted after the events that form the basis
of the suit, "the court's first task is to determine whether [the West Virginia Legislature] has
expressly prescribed the statute's proper reach." Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 280, 114 S. Ct. 1483, 1505, 128 L. Ed. 2d 229, 261-62 (1994). Thus, we begin our
analysis with an examination of the law regarding retroactivity of legislative acts.
The plaintiff contends the circuit court erred in applying the new amendments
retroactively. While noting the underlying transactions in this case occurred in 1989, the
defendant argues that the rights and responsibilities of the parties in this case should be
governed by the 1993 amendments to the Code. Indeed, it appears the circuit court did apply
the revised Code to the facts in this case. Although the circuit court did not specifically state
that it was using the post-1993 version of the Code, its conclusion that the checks were
payable in the alternative because the order language was ambiguous appears to be drawn directly from W. Va. Code § 46-3-110(d) (1993),See footnote 6 which does not have an equivalent in the
older version of Article 3. Nevertheless, the circuit court's interpretation of a statute,
including whether the statute is to be applied retroactively, is a question of law reviewed by
us de novo.
The defendant argues the changes were not substantive and, therefore,
retroactive application poses no substantial harm to the parties. We disagree. Under West
Virginia law, a statute that diminishes substantive rights or augments substantive liabilities
should not be applied retroactively to events completed before the effective date of the
statute (or the date of enactment if no separate effective date is stated) unless the statute
provides explicitly for retroactive application. See Mildred L.M. v. John O.F., 192 W. Va.
345, 351-352 n.10, 452 S.E.2d 436, 442-443 n.10 (1994), citing Landgraf v. USI Film
Products, 511 U.S. at 244, 114 S. Ct. at 1483, 128 L. Ed. 2d at 229; see also Norman J. Singer,
Statutes and Statutory Construction § 41.04 at 349-50 (5th ed. 1993). To be specific, this
means that, unless expressly stated otherwise by the statute, such a statute will not apply to
pending cases or cases filed subsequently based upon facts completed before the statute's
effective date. See generally State ex rel. Blankenship v. Richardson, ___ W. Va. ___, ___,
474 S.E.2d 906, 918-919 (1996). In contrast, remedial and procedural provisions are applied normally to pending cases despite the absence of a clear statement of legislative intent to do
so.See footnote 7 In these situations, the reliance interest that is the foundation of the interpretive
principle limiting retroactive application is not engaged. But even here the
procedural/substantive distinction is not talismanic. The test of the interpretive principle laid
down by the United States Supreme Court in Landgraf is unitary. It is whether the "the new
provision attaches new legal consequences to events completed before its enactment." 511 U.S. at 270, 114 S. Ct. at 1499, 128 L. Ed. 2d at 255. If a new procedural or remedial
provision would, if applied in a pending case, attach a new legal consequence to a completed
event, then it will not be applied in that case unless the Legislature has made clear its
intention that it shall apply.
The changes made by the 1993 amendments cannot be considered as
procedural or inconsequential. As the plaintiff argues, "[t]he 1993 Amendments dramatically
changed the law with respect to the problem of the ambiguous payees. Under the 1993
amendments, an ambiguity as to whether joint payees were payees in the alternative, or not,
allows either payee to indorse and negotiate a check without the other payee's endorsement." To the contrary, the law prior to 1993, as codified in W. Va. Code, § 46-3-116, provided
that unless the instrument is made payable to two or more payees, in the alternative, it "is
payable to all of them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced only by all of them."
(Emphasis added). Thus, we find that "the new provision attaches new legal consequences
to events completed before its enactment."
Because application of the new amendments to this case would be retroactive,
the next step is to discern whether the Legislature intended the new amendments to apply
retroactively. This inquiry examines a principle deeply rooted in our jurisprudence that
absent some clear signal from the Legislature, a statute will not apply retroactively. In
unbroken precedent, this Court has stated "[a] statute is presumed to operate prospectively
unless the intent that it shall operate retroactively is clearly expressed by its terms or is
necessarily implied from the language of the statute." Syl. Pt. 3, Shanholtz v. Monongahela
Power Co., 165 W. Va. 305, 270 S.E.2d 178 (1980). See also Syl. Pt. 3, State ex rel.
Manchin v. Lively, 170 W. Va. 672, 295 S.E.2d 912 (1982); State ex rel. Glauser v. Board
of Educ., 173 W. Va. 481, 318 S.E.2d 424 (1984); W. Va. Code § 2-2-10 (bb) (1989).
Against this background, we look to the new amendments to see if the Legislature indicated
an intent for them to apply to cases such as the one sub judice. No such ignoble intention
appears in the statute and, as the plaintiff points out, its absence is determinative under West
Virginia law. Because the amendments, if given retroactive effect, would attach a new legal
consequence to the transaction that occurred before the amendments came into existence, this legislative silence, coupled with the presumption against retroactivity, leads us to hold that
the new amendments do not apply to this case. Therefore, the U.C.C., as it existed prior to
the 1993 amendments, is applicable to determine the parties' respective rights concerning the
1989 transactions which form the basis for this action. The circuit court's conclusion that
"[t]he checks made payable to the order of 'Public Citizen, Inc. Attn: Jim Kampanos' are, at
least, ambiguous. Therefore, they are payable in the alternative and could be negotiated by
Public Citizen, Inc., or Jim Kampanos" represents a misapplication of the law and is
accordingly set aside. Our reasoning is more fully set forth below.
2. Commercial Reasonableness of the Defendant Bank
In its most crucial conclusions of law, the circuit court found the defendant
"acted in good faith, and in accordance with reasonable commercial standards applicable to
the business of the bank." On the other hand, the circuit court found the plaintiff was
negligent in exercising reasonable control and supervision over its employee, failing in a
timely manner to review its statements of account with the defendant, and failing to promptly
notify the bank when "it first became aware of the breach by one of its employees and its
potential claim against the bank." Thus, the defendant argues the plaintiff is barred by its
own negligence from pursuing its claim.See footnote 8
W. Va. Code § 46-3-406 (1963), states:
"Any person who by his negligence substantially contributes to
a material alteration of the instrument or the making of an
unauthorized signature is precluded from asserting the alteration
or lack of authority against a holder in due course or against a
drawee or other payor who pays the instrument in good faith
and in accordance with the reasonable commercial standards of
the drawee's or payor's business."
W. Va. Code § 46-3-406 sets up an estoppel and counter-estoppel situation.
A person is barred or precluded from asserting that a signature on an instrument was
unauthorized, if by his or her negligence he or she has substantially contributed to the
unauthorized signature. However, in order to use this defense, a bank must establish that it
acted according to the reasonable commercial standards of the banking business when it
allowed the corporate checks to be deposited in an individual account. In re Lou Levy &
Sons Fashions, Inc., 988 F.2d 311, 314 (2nd Cir. 1993); Am. Mach. Tool Distribs. Ass'n v.
Nat'l Permanent Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 464 A.2d 907, 911-12 (1983). Official Comment
6 to W. Va. Code § 46-3-406 sheds light on what is meant by "reasonable commercial
standards": "[A]ny bank which takes or pays an altered check which ordinary banking
standards would require it to refuse cannot take advantage of the estoppel." Thus, in order
to determine whether the bank may assert the affirmative defense of negligence on the part of the plaintiff, we must consider whether ordinary banking standards would require the
defendant to refuse to deposit the checks in question to Mr. Kampanos's personal checking
account. The defendant contends it was commercially reasonable to accept the checks for
deposit because Jim Kampanos had authority to cash them for two reasons: (1) They were
payable in the alternative to either Public Citizen or Jim Kampanos, and (2) Jim Kampanos
was clothed with authority to act on behalf of Public Citizen with respect to the Tucker
Anthony account.
The checks were made out to "Public Citizen, Inc. Attn Jim Kampanos." The
defendant argues that the language of the checks is ambiguous and, therefore, they were
payable in the alternative. The defendant erroneously relies on the 1993 amendment to W.
Va. Code § 46-3-110(d) (1993) which states, in part: "If an instrument payable to two or
more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons alternatively, the
instrument is payable to the persons alternatively." As we stated, because the transactions
forming the basis for this case occurred in 1989, we must analyze the claim under the statute
as it was before the 1993 revisions.
Under the pre-1993 U.C.C., it is only when the check clearly identifies
alternative payees that either payee may endorse and negotiate the check.See footnote 9 See Midwest Indus. Funding v. First Nat'l Bank, 973 F.2d 534, 537 (7th Cir. 1992) (when a check names
two payees, they are joint payees unless it is expressly stated that they are payees in the
alternative); Peoples Nat'l Bank v. Am. Fidelity Fire Ins. Co., 39 Md. App. 614, 386 A.2d 1254 (1978) (check which was made payable to two payees without including the words
"and" or "or" between the payees' names was made payable to both and could be negotiated
only with the endorsements of both payees); C.H. Sanders Const. Co. v. Bankers Trust Co.,
123 A.D.2d 251, 506 N.Y.S.2d 58 (1986) (when a check is ambiguous as to whether payees
are joint or alternative, it will be construed as payable jointly in order to give each payee the
maximum protection by requiring the endorsement of both payees to negotiate the paper).
The plaintiff argues that because this case is governed by the pre-1993 statute,
the circuit court's finding of ambiguity supports the position that the checks were not payable
in the alternative. We agree. We find that under the U.C.C. as it existed prior to the 1993
revision, the checks were payable jointly and, therefore, required the signatures of both
parties in order to be negotiated.
The defendant next argues that it acted in accordance with commercially
reasonable standards when it accepted the checks because Mr. Kampanos had been clothed
with authority to act on behalf of Public Citizen, Inc. with respect to the Tucker Anthony
account. In support of this contention, the defendant introduced into evidence letters written
between Jim Kampanos and a representative of Tucker Anthony regarding Public Citizen's
investment accounts with Tucker Anthony. However, these letters could not have influenced
the bank's actions with respect to the checks because the defendant was not aware of these
letters until it received them as a product of discovery during litigation. The defendant also
cites the fact that Public Citizen named Jim Kampanos as treasurer in December, 1989. That
argument also fails because the transactions took place between July and September, 1989,
well before Mr. Kampanos was appointed treasurer.
The circuit court found the bank employees believed Mr. Kampanos had
authority to deposit the checks in his account. However, subjective belief is not enough.
The defendant was obligated to take steps to inquire as to Mr. Kampanos's authority. One
who deals with an individual purporting to be an agent of another is bound at his own peril
to know the authority of such alleged agency. John W. Lohr Funeral Home, Inc. v. Hess &
Eisenhardt Co., 152 W. Va. 723, 731, 166 S.E.2d 141, 146 (1969).
William Goodrich, corporate representative for the defendant, testified in a
deposition that the defendant depended on the words "Attn Jim Kampanos" to conclude that Mr. Kampanos had authority to endorse and deposit the checks; that the bank did not have
anything on file indicating Jim Kampanos and Public Citizen, Inc. were one and the same;
and that bank employees did not know who Public Citizen, Inc. was at the time the checks
were accepted for deposit. Rebecca Corder, the teller who accepted the $14,582.00 check
endorsed by Jim Kampanos with both his name and "Public Citizen, Inc.," testified that she
did not inquire as to Jim Kampanos's authority to deposit the check into his personal account
because he was a known customer. Ms. Corder also testified that she would not have
accepted the other check (for $12,225.00) because it did not have an endorsement for Public
Citizen, Inc.See footnote 10 Thus, according to representatives for the defendant, the defendant merely
assumed Mr. Kampanos had authority to deposit a corporate check to his personal account
and did not take any steps to ascertain his authority. In addition, Ms. Corder indicated that
it was against proper banking policy to accept the check which did not contain an
endorsement for Public Citizen.
"Several courts have held as a matter of law that it is commercially
unreasonable for a bank to accept for deposit in an individual account a check made payable
to a corporation, without first ascertaining, or at least inquiring as to, the authority of the
depositor/endorser. [Citations omitted.] Other courts have taken judicial notice that a bank
is required to at least inquire as to the reason and authority for depositing a check with a corporate payee into a third party's account." Am. Mach. Tool Distribs. Ass'n, 464 A.2d at
913-14 (allowing employer's administrative director to deposit checks in his own personal
account where checks were payable to employer was not in accord with reasonable
commercial standards). See also In re Lou Levy & Sons, 988 F.2d at 311; Nat'l Bank of
Georgia v. Refrigerated Transport Co., 147 Ga. App. 240, 244, 248 S.E.2d 496, 500 (1978)
(bank is not relieved of duty to inquire even when depositor of check is customer of bank).
The checks deposited to Mr. Kampanos's account were not payable in the
alternative. Mr. Kampanos did not have the authority to sign the checks on behalf of Public
Citizen, Inc., nor did the defendant inquire as to his authority to do so. The defendant's
representatives accepted for deposit into Mr. Kampanos's personal account corporate checks
without inquiring as to Mr. Kampanos's authority to deposit the checks to his personal
account. One of the checks held a forged corporate endorsement, and the other was missing
the corporate endorsement. Therefore, the defendant conducted itself in a commercially
unreasonable manner as a matter of law. Because the defendant has failed to prove that it
dealt with the checks in a commercially reasonable manner, it is not entitled to the
affirmative defense of negligence in W. Va. Code § 46-3-406. Therefore, we need not
determine whether the plaintiff was contributorily negligent, as any negligence by the
plaintiff would be irrelevant.
3. Timeliness
Lastly, the circuit court found that notice and the demand by the plaintiff were
untimely. To resolve this issue, we must first find the nature of the plaintiff's claim; i.e., is
the claim one of breach of warranty or conversion? In considering the breach of warranty
claim, the question is whether a collecting bank's warranties on an instrument extend to the
named payee. The warranties of a collecting bank are set forth in W. Va. Code § 46-4-207.See footnote 11 Subsection 1, on warranties of presentment, states the warranties extend from "each . . .
collecting bank . . . to the payor bank or other payor who in good faith pays or accepts the
item." Subsection 2, referring to transfer warranties, states they extend from "each . . .
collecting bank . . . to [its] transferee and to any subsequent collecting bank who takes the
item in good faith."
Because neither section contains mention of a payee, it appears the Legislature
did not intend these warranties to extend to a payee and, indeed, that is how the statute has
been interpreted by the authorities. "The payee of a check paid on a forged indorsement has
no claim for breach of a warranty of good title as such warranty does not run back to the
payee." 7 Ronald A. Anderson, Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code § 4-207:42 at
78 (3rd ed. 1995). "Neither section [4-3-417 nor 4-4-207] creates warranties which run
expressly to a payee from a depositary bank. . . . [W]e are aware of no case holding that the
payee may maintain an action against the depositary bank on the basis of either § 4-4-207
or § 4-3-417, and . . . we decline so to hold." Nat'l Sur. Corp. v. Citizens State Bank, 41
Colo. App. 580, 583, 593 P.2d 362, 365 (1978), aff'd, 199 Colo. 497, 612 P.2d 70 (1980).
Because there is no warranty extending from the defendant as collecting bank to the plaintiff as payee, we find the plaintiff does not have a claim for breach of warranty under W. Va.
Code § 46-4-207.
Despite the plaintiff's failure to state a claim for breach of warranty, we find
it established a claim for conversion. W. Va. Code § 46-3-419 (1963), states: "(1) An
instrument is converted when . . . (c) it is paid on a forged indorsement." In a conversion
claim, an unauthorized endorsement receives the same treatment as a forgery. Equitable Life
Assurance Soc'y v. Okey, 812 F.2d 906, 908 (4th Cir. 1987). "A payment upon a missing
indorsement is equivalent to a payment over a forged indorsement." Peoples Nat'l Bank v.
Am. Fidelity Fire Ins. Co., 386 A.2d 1254, 1257 (1978).See footnote 12 Therefore, we will analyze this
case as a claim for conversion.
The plaintiff did not make a demand on the defendant until eighteen months
after it learned of the transfer of its funds to Mr. Kampanos's personal account and did not
file a claim until twenty-three months after learning of the deposit. The defendant argues
that under W. Va. Code § 46-4-207(4) (1963), the defendant, if liable, should be discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the plaintiff's delay in making the claim.See footnote 13 However, this
argument also is irrelevant, as the plaintiff has no claim under W. Va. Code, 46-4-207.
"UCC 4-207(4) expressly applies only to a claim for breach of warranty, and should not be
applied to a claim for conversion." Home Ins. Co. v. Mfrs. Hanover Trust Co., 203 A.D.2d 125, 126, 610 N.Y.S.2d 508, 509 (1994). Having found no merit in the defendant's
contention, we find that the conclusions reached by the circuit court are inconsistent with the
established law of this jurisdiction.
III.
CONCLUSION
Based on the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of Marion County
is reversed, and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
Footnote: 1
The plaintiff is a non-profit membership organization founded by Ralph Nader and
located in Washington, D.C.Footnote: 2
Since February 28, 1994, First National Bank in Fairmont has been owned by and
does business as Wesbanco Bank.Footnote: 3
The Honorable Arthur M. Recht resigned as Justice of the West Virginia Supreme
Court of Appeals effective October 15, 1996. The Honorable Gaston Caperton, Governor
of the State of West Virginia, appointed him Judge of the First Judicial Circuit on that same
date. Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this Court on October 15, 1996, Judge
Recht was assigned to sit as a member of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals
commencing October 15, 1996 and continuing until further order of this Court. Footnote: 4
The deposits to Mr. Kampanos's account at the bank were part of a larger scheme in
which Mr. Kampanos embezzled $96,510.51 from the plaintiff. Only the two checks totaling
$26,807.00 and deposited to Mr. Kampanos's account at the bank are at issue in this case.Footnote: 5
The plaintiff notified the Office of the United States Attorney for the District of
Columbia, and Mr. Kampanos subsequently pleaded guilty to a charge of bank fraud.Footnote: 6
W. Va. Code § 46-3-110(d) (1993) states, in pertinent part: "If an instrument
payable to two or more persons is ambiguous as to whether it is payable to the persons
alternatively, the instrument is payable to the persons alternatively."Footnote: 7
We have provided that the general rule of prospective application may be relaxed for
procedural or remedial statutes, Myers v. Morgantown Health Care Corp., 189 W.Va. 647,
649-50, 434 S.E.2d 7, 9-10 (1993); Shanholtz v. Monongahela Power Co., 165 W.Va. 305,
311, 270 S.E.2d 178, 183 (1980); see also Farish v. Courion Indus., Inc., 754 F.2d 1111,
1114-15 (4th Cir. 1985), and in cases where an amended statute incorporates common law
that existed before the amendment to the statute. Myers, 189 W.Va. at 650, 434 S.E.2d at
10.Footnote: 8
The alleged negligence included that the employer (1) clothed the employee with
authority to negotiate the employer's checks, (2) allowed the employee to have responsibility
with respect to the checks, (3) failed to check the drawer's (Tucker Anthony) monthly
statements sent to the employer, (4) allowed the embezzlement to continue for over a year,
and (5) failed to notify the defendant of the embezzlement until eighteen months after the
employer discovered it. Footnote: 9
W. Va. Code § 46-3-116 (1963) states:
"An instrument payable to the order of two or more persons
"(a) if in the alternative is payable to any one of
them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced by any of
them who has possession of it;
"(b) if not in the alternative is payable to all of
them and may be negotiated, discharged or enforced only by all
of them." Footnote: 10
Another teller, who apparently was not deposed, accepted the check made out for
$12,225.00. Footnote: 11
The first two subsections of W. Va. Code § 46-4-207 [1963], define the warranties
of a collecting bank on transfer or presentment of items:
"(1) Each customer or collecting bank who obtains
payment or acceptance of an item and each prior customer and
collecting bank warrants to the payor bank or other payor who
in good faith pays or accepts the item that
"(a) he has good title to the item or is authorized
to obtain payment or acceptance on behalf of one who has a
good title; and
"(b) he has no knowledge that the signature of the
maker or drawer is unauthorized . . . .
"(c) the item has not been materially altered . . . .
.
"(2) Each customer and collecting bank who
transfers an item and receives a settlement or other
consideration for it warrants to his transferee and to any
subsequent collecting bank who takes the item in good faith that
"(a) he has a good title to the item or is authorized
to obtain payment or acceptance on behalf of one who has a
good title and the transfer is otherwise rightful; and
"(b) all signatures are genuine or authorized; and
"(c) the item has not been materially altered; and
"(d) no defense of any party is good against him;
and
"(e) he has no knowledge of any insolvency
proceeding instituted with respect to the maker or acceptor or
the drawer of an unaccepted item. In addition each customer
and collecting bank so transferring an item and receiving a
settlement or other consideration engages that upon dishonor
and any necessary notice of dishonor and protest he will take up
the item."Footnote: 12
The conversion statute in the 1993 amendments to the Uniform Commercial Code
(W.Va. Code § 46-3-420 (1993)) specifically state that the payee has no conversion action
when the check was never delivered to the payee. Under the pre-1993 version, there was a
split of authority as to whether a payee who never received the instrument is a proper
plaintiff in a conversion action. 6A Hawkland Uniform Commercial Code Series § 3-420:04
at 541 n.2 (1993). However, we need not reach this question, assuming the check was
delivered to the plaintiff's mailbox.Footnote: 13
W. Va. Code § 4-207(4) (1963) states: "Unless a claim for breach of warranty
under this section is made within a reasonable time after the person claiming learns of the
breach, the person liable is discharged to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in
making claim."
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