Smith v. Smith
Annotate this CaseJanuary 1996 Term
____________
No. 23267
___________
TAMMERA L. SMITH,
Petitioner Below, Appellant
v.
CLYDE ELLSWORTH SMITH, III,
Respondent Below, Appellee
__________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Jefferson County
Honorable Thomas W. Steptoe, Jr., Circuit Judge
Civil Action No. 92-C-880
REVERSED AND REMANDED
_________________________________________________
Submitted: May 2, 1996
Filed:
John C. Skinner, Jr.
Deborah B. Hillyard
Nichols & Skinner
Charles Town, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Appellant
Homer A. Speaker
Burke Street Law Center
Martinsburg, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellee
JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "In reviewing challenges to findings made by a family law master that also were adopted by a circuit court, a three-pronged standard of review is applied. Under these circumstances, a final equitable distribution order is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review." Syl. Pt. 1, Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995).
2. "Active appreciation of separate property of either of the parties to a marriage, or
that increase which 'results from (A) an expenditure of funds which are marital property,
including an expenditure of such funds which reduces indebtedness against separate
property, extinguishes liens, or otherwise increases the net value of separate property, or (B)
work performed by either or both of the parties during the marriage' is marital property
which is subject to equitable distribution. W.Va. Code 48-2-1(e)(2) (1986)." Syl. Pt. 2,
Shank v. Shank, 182 W.Va. 271, 387 S.E.2d 325 (1989).
3. "Passive appreciation of separate property of either of the parties to a marriage,
or that increase 'which is due to inflation or to a change in market value resulting from
conditions outside the control of the parties,' is separate property which is not subject to
equitable distribution. W.Va. Code 48-2-1(f)(6) (1986)." Syl. Pt. 1, Shank v. Shank, 182
W.Va. 271, 387 S.E.2d 325 (1989).
4. Participation as an officer or director of a corporation together with significant stock ownership by a spouse constitutes sufficient participation to qualify, at least to some degree, as active appreciation for purposes of equitable distribution. When these factors are coupled with full-time work activity by the spouse for the corporation, some degree of active participation must be assessed.
Workman, Justice:
This case arose from the divorce of the Appellant, Tammera L. Smith, and the
Appellee, Clyde Ellsworth Smith, III. The Circuit Court of Berkeley County entered an
equitable distribution order finding, among other things, that the appreciation in value of the
Appellee's separately owned stock in a closely held corporation was separate property. The
Appellant contends that the circuit court erred by failing to find that the appreciation should
be classified as marital property because it was due at least in part to her husband's efforts
on behalf of the corporation, and that the circuit court erred in its valuation of a van. Based
on our review of the record and relevant legal authority, we reverse the decision of the circuit
court regarding the appreciation in stock value and the valuation of the family van.
I.
The parties were married in September 1987 and separated in May 1992. Mrs. Smith
has a bachelor's degree from West Virginia University and worked first in her family's
business, and later as a teacher at Martinsburg High School, until the couple's only child was
born in July 1990. Mrs. Smith then left her job to become a full-time homemaker.
Throughout the marriage, Mr. Smith worked for Smith-Nadenbousch Insurance, Inc.
("Smith-Nadenbousch"), which he described as the largest independent insurance agency in
the Eastern Panhandle. At the time of the final divorce hearing, Mr. Smith was Executive
Vice President and a member of the Board of Directors of the corporation.
Smith-Nadenbousch is a closely-held family business. The majority of its stock has always been owned by members of the two families in the corporate name. The corporation currently has a total of eleven shareholders, all employed by Smith-Nadenbousch. All shareholders are party to a stock redemption agreement executed in December 1974. At that time, the major shareholders, owning 97% of the stock, were the Appellee, his father (C.E. Smith, Jr.), his brother-in-law (Stewart Borger), John L. Nadenbousch, and John R. Nadenbousch. Prior to the parties' marriage, two shareholders, C.E. Smith, Jr., and John L. Nadenbousch, sold their stock to the corporation pursuant to a stock redemption agreement. At the time of the marriage, the Appellee owned 65 shares, or 28% of the outstanding stock in Smith-Nadenbousch. In 1989, John R. Nadenbousch redeemed his stock as well. When John R. Nadenbousch retired and the corporation redeemed his stock, the remaining producers took over his book of business. Stuart Borger testified that the shareholders originally intended for the book of business left behind by a retiring shareholder to generate sufficient commissions to cover the corporation's payments to that shareholder. In the case of John R. Nadenbousch, the income generated by his book of business was insufficient to cover those costs. Therefore, Stuart Borger, Mr. Smith, and others were left in a position of working that book of business at a loss. The latter redemption, which occurred during the marriage, resulted in an increase in Mr. Smith's percentage ownership from 28% to 44%. In connection with the redemption, Smith-Nadenbousch declared a two-for-one stock split.(1) The split caused an increase in the number of shares owned by Mr. Smith, from 65 shares to 130 shares. The balance of the stock at the time of the separation was owned by the Appellee's brother-in-law, Stewart Borger, who owned 44% of the stock, and nine other "producers," or insurance salesmen, employed by Smith-Nadenbousch.
The lower court, adopting the findings of the family law master, concluded that the
value of the stock increased during the marriage due to the corporation's redemption of John
R. Nadenbousch's stock and the payments made out of corporate earnings to the redeemed
shareholder. The court found further that the Appellant was not entitled to a share of the
corporation's retained earnings, because the Appellee did not have sufficient control over the
corporation to cause it to retain funds as separate property which would have become marital
property on distribution. Based upon these findings, the court concluded that the
appreciation of the Smith-Nadenbousch stock remained the separate property of the
Appellee.
On appeal to this Court, Mrs. Smith asserts that the lower court erred in concluding
that the appreciation in her husband's Smith-Nadenbousch stock was passive. She argues
that the appreciation was active, because it was attributable, at least in part, to work
performed by Mr. Smith during the marriage in his capacity as employee, officer, and
director of the corporation. In the alternative, Mrs. Smith argues that the appreciation in
value was due to an expenditure of marital funds in the form of retained earnings used to
finance the redemption of John R. Nadenbousch's stock.
II.
West Virginia Code 48-2-1(f)(1) (1995) provides that "property acquired by a
person before marriage" is separate property. The Appellant does not dispute the lower
court's conclusion that Mr. Smith's stock in Smith-Nadenbousch is his separate property,
because he acquired it prior to the marriage.(2) See id. The parties also agree that the value
of the stock increased during their marriage.(3) The primary issue presented is whether that
increase in value is marital property, subject to equitable distribution, or separate property
belonging to Mr. Smith alone.
Syllabus point one of Burnside v. Burnside, 194 W.Va. 263, 460 S.E.2d 264 (1995), provides the following standard of review:
In reviewing challenges to findings made by a family law master that
also were adopted by a circuit court, a three-pronged standard of review is
applied. Under these circumstances, a final equitable distribution order is
reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard; the underlying factual findings
are reviewed under a clearly erroneous standard; and questions of law and
statutory interpretations are subject to a de novo review.
West Virginia Code 48-2-1(e)(2) & (f)(6) provide:
(e) "Marital property" means:
. . .
(2) The amount of any increase in value in the separate property of either of the parties to a marriage, which increase results from (A) an expenditure of funds which are marital property, including an expenditure of such funds which reduces indebtedness against separate property, extinguishes liens, or otherwise increases the net value of separate property, or (B) work performed by either or both of the parties during the marriage.
. . .
(f) "Separate property" means:
. . .
(6) Any increase in the value of separate property . . .
which is due to inflation or to a change in market value resulting
from conditions outside the control of the parties.
This statutory language illustrates the distinction between "active" and "passive"
appreciation, with only active appreciation being subject to the marital property definition.
See id.
We first interpreted West Virginia Code 48-2-1(e)(2) and (f)(6) in Shank v. Shank,
182 W.Va. 271, 387 S.E.2d 325 (1989). In Shank, the husband owned, as his separate
property, certain stock in Shank's Oil, a family business. By the time of the divorce in
Shank, Shank's Oil had sold or liquidated its active businesses, and held three parcels of real
estate. The parties disputed whether the value of the stock in Shank's Oil had appreciated
during their marriage. Assuming there was an increase, Mr. Shank contended that it was due
to inflation, whereas Mrs. Shank asserted that the increase in value was due to her husband's
active management and the expenditure of marital resources. Id. at 274, 387 S.E.2d at 328.
The circuit court concluded that there had been no increase in the value of the stock during
the marriage.
We affirmed the circuit court's ruling in Shank, finding that the lower court's decision was not clearly erroneous, while noting that "[i]f an increase in the value of this separate property were attributable to active appreciation, perhaps Mrs. Shank would be entitled to a marital share." Id. at 275. 387 S.E.2d at 329. We held in syllabus point two that
Active appreciation of separate property of either of the
parties to a marriage, or that increase which "results from (A) an
expenditure of funds which are marital property, including an
expenditure of such funds which reduces indebtedness against
separate property, extinguishes liens, or otherwise increases the
net value of separate property, or (B) work performed by either
or both of the parties during the marriage" is marital property
which is subject to equitable distribution.
Id. at 272, 387 S.E.2d at 325 (1989) (quoting W.Va. Code 48-2-1(e)(2)). Further, we held
that "[p]assive appreciation of separate property of either of the parties to a marriage, or that
increase 'which is due to inflation or to a change in market value resulting from conditions
outside the control of the parties,' is separate property which is not subject to equitable
distribution." Id., Syl. Pt. 1 (quoting W.Va. Code 48-2-1(f)(6)).
We again addressed the issue of equitable distribution of appreciation in separate
property in Kimble v. Kimble, 186 W.Va. 147, 411 S.E.2d 472 (1991). Mr. Kimble owned
a funeral business and the building in which it operated before the parties were married.
During the marriage, he operated his funeral business and began a monument business. Both
the family law master and the circuit court determined that the increase in value of the
business and the building were marital property, subject to equitable distribution. Mrs.
Kimble appealed, objecting to the circuit court's determination of the amount of the increase
in value. This Court, finding no abuse of discretion in the circuit court's determination,
affirmed.(4)
We most recently discussed active appreciation of separate property in Mayhew v.
Mayhew, No. 23263 (W.Va. July 5, 1996). In Mayhew, the husband obtained, during
marriage, thirty-four shares of stock in a family-owned automobile dealership. Twenty-four
of the shares were received from the husband's father as a series of gifts, and the husband
purchased the other ten shares. The husband's father owned the balance of the outstanding
stock. Eventually, and while the parties were still married, the corporation purchased the
father's stock, leaving the husband as the sole shareholder. As in the case before us, the
husband worked in the family business throughout the marriage. The circuit court in
Mayhew adopted the family law master's conclusion that the ten shares of stock purchased
during marriage were marital property, and the twenty-four shares received by the husband
as gifts from his father, together with the appreciation thereon, were the husband's separate
property. Slip op. at 10.
We reversed, holding that the trial court should have examined the issue of what
portion of the appreciation in value of the husband's separately owned shares was
attributable to work performed by the husband during marriage and what portion was due
to inflation or other conditions outside the control of the parties. Id. at 26 & 39. In so
holding, we set out a series of observations intended to help trial courts determine the
amount of appreciation in the stock of a closely held corporation, and to segregate the
increase in value attributable to the efforts of a stockholder. Id. at 28-32. The Court noted
that both parties bear the burden of producing competent evidence of value and evidence
regarding allocation. Id. at 31.
A. Stock Redemption
In the case sub judice, the lower court determined that the increase in stock value was
due to the stock redemption and, therefore, was not marital property under West Virginia
Code 48-2-1(f)(6). While it is true that the redemption increased the Appellee's
percentage of stock ownership, it is not true that the redemption itself immediately increased
the value of the Appellee's stock. When a corporation redeems stock, the stock it receives
is offset by a corresponding liability. The value of the corporation is reduced by the amount
of the liability, and there is no change in the value of the remaining shares. When Smith-Nadenbousch redeemed the stock of John R. Nadenbousch, it incurred a liability of over
$700,000, which reduced the corporation's net value by the same amount. Although the
Appellee owned a greater percentage after the redemption, it was a greater percentage of a
smaller net value.(5) Assuming that the price of the shares was their fair market value, the
Appellant neither gained nor lost value in the redemption.(6)
As the circuit court pointed out, however, the stock did increase in value as the
corporation paid off its debt to John R. Nadenbousch.(7) This increase was due to corporate
earnings being applied to pay off the debt, however, and not due to the redemption. If there
had been no redemption, Smith-Nadenbousch would have had the same earnings and seen
the same incremental change in value.(8) Thus, the increase in stock value cannot be attributed
to the stock redemption, and we therefore conclude that the lower court's finding that such
increase was attributable to the redemption was clearly erroneous. See Syl. Pt. 1, Burnside,
194 W. Va. at 264, 460 S.E.2d at 265.
B. Appellee's Active Efforts
The lower court also determined that the Appellee's active efforts did not contribute
to the increase in value of the stock. The record reveals that Mr. Smith worked full-time for
the corporation throughout the marriage and had no other employment. He was an officer
and director of the corporation, and he earned substantial commissions for Smith-Nadenbousch. The lower court also found, however, that Mr. Smith's production decreased
during his marriage, his sales dropped, and he took advances against unearned commissions.
He also borrowed $117,000 from the corporation while he was married. The lower court
concluded that, "in actuality, during the marriage of the parties it appears that [the Appellee]
was a detriment to the corporation as opposed to an asset . . . ." Based on these findings, the
lower court held that no part of the appreciation in value resulted from work performed by
Mr. Smith.
In the present case, the question of whether any or all of the appreciation of the
Appellee's stock was in the nature of active appreciation requires plenary review of the legal
conclusions, review under the clearly erroneous standard of the factual findings, and review
of the ultimate issue under the abuse of discretion standard. See Burnside, syl. pt. 1. The
circuit court's reliance on the fact that the Appellee's draw exceeded his commissions does
not fully account for the realities of a closely-held corporation in which the shareholders are
also the employees. In such a situation, appreciation in stock value may be an important part
of the compensation package, and the shareholders have tax and other incentives to retain
earnings rather than pay them out as higher salaries.(9) Moreover, the record indicates that
commissions earned by the producers at Smith-Nadenbousch were split between the producer
and the agency. It is thus possible that the Appellee could have made money for the agency
even though his draw exceeded his commissions. Consideration must also be given to the
fact that the Appellee apparently worked the book of business previously covered by John
R. Nadenbousch and did not receive compensation for that work.
The Appellant cites Hartog v. Hartog, 647 N.E.2d 749 (N.Y. 1995), for the proposition that an owner-spouse's participation as officer and director of a closely-held family corporation may be sufficient to render the appreciation on separately owned stock a marital asset. The husband in Hartog worked in the family jewelry business. He was also a shareholder, director, and officer of two other family businesses, Hartog Trading and Hartog Foods, for which his brother and others had primary responsibility. All three corporations paid the husband a salary, and he participated in all three profit-sharing plans.
The Hartog court reinstated a lower court's finding that 25% of the appreciation in the value of the husband's stock in Hartog Trading and Hartog Foods was active, based on his level of participation as an officer and a director. The court said,
[W]here an asset, like an ongoing business, is, by its very nature, nonpassive
and sufficient facts exist from which the fact finder may conclude that the
titled spouse engaged in active efforts with respect to that asset, even to a
small degree, then the appreciation in that asset is, to a proportionate degree,
marital property.
647 N.E.2d at 756. Thus, the New York court found that participation as an officer and director, along with significant stock ownership, constituted enough participation to have some impact on the appreciation of the husband's stock. This determination was based on New York statutes, which the court summarized as follows:
Domestic Relations Law 236(B)(1)(d)(3) expressly provides that
appreciation in separate property remains separate property, "except to the
extent that such appreciation is due in part to the contributions or efforts of the
other spouse" (emphasis added). Moreover, Domestic Relations Law
236(B)(5)(d)(6) explicitly recognizes that indirect contributions of the
nontitled spouse (e.g., services as spouse, parent and homemaker, and
contributions to the other party's career or career potential) are relevant in the
equitable disposition calculations just as direct contributions are. Thus, to the
extent that the appreciated value of separate property is at all "aided or
facilitated" by the nontitled spouse's direct or indirect efforts, that part of the
appreciation is marital property subject to equitable distribution.
647 N.E.2d at 754 (citations omitted).
In McLeod v. McLeod, 327 S.E.2d 910 (N.C.App. 1985), the Court of Appeals of
North Carolina held that to the extent that the husband's interest in the corporation,
originally acquired as separate property, increased in value due to active appreciation, that
interest was to be considered marital property subject to equitable distribution. 327 S.E.2d
at 914. The court enunciated specific issues to be determined by the lower court upon
remand, including (1) the value of the interest in the corporation at the time of acquisition,
(2) the value of the interest at the date of separation, (3) the difference between the two, and
(4) "the portion of that difference that is due to active appreciation, i.e., attributable to funds,
talent, or labor that are assets of the marital community. The resulting amount is marital
property subject to equitable distribution." Id. at 915. The North Carolina court further
noted that "[t]o suggest . . .that only his salary constitutes marital property ignores the reality
of a closely-held corporation wherein persons in control have broad discretion in allocating
salary, dividends, and retained earnings. Id.
In the present case, the lower court refused to grant the Appellant a share of the
appreciation in stock value based upon an erroneous belief that the increase in value resulted
from the redemption itself and upon the grounds that the Appellee's full-time efforts in the
family business detracted from its value rather than enhanced it. We conclude, as in Hartog,
that participation as an officer or director of a corporation together with significant stock
ownership by a spouse constitutes sufficient participation to qualify, at least to some degree,
as active appreciation for purposes of equitable distribution. When these factors are coupled
with full-time work activity by the spouse for the corporation, some degree of active
participation must be assessed. Based upon our review of the record and the discussion
above, we find that the decision of the lower court regarding the appreciation in value was
clearly erroneous, and we remand this matter for a determination of the portion of
appreciation which was attributable to active appreciation.(10)
C. Retained Corporate Earnings
The lower court also concluded that no portion of the retained corporate earnings was
marital property. West Virginia Code 48-2-1(e)(2)(A), however, allows equitable
distribution of the appreciation of a separate asset if the appreciation resulted from an
expenditure of funds which are marital property. The Shank analysis of that statute, as
enunciated in syllabus point two of that opinion and set forth above, is particularly applicable
here. Active appreciation of separate property or that increase which results from an
expenditure of marital property, "including an expenditure of such funds which reduces
indebtedness against separate property, extinguishes liens, or otherwise increases the net
value of separate property" is marital property. See W.Va. Code 48-2-1(e)(2).
The increase in the Appellee's percentage of stock from 28% to 44% of the company
occurred because of the redemption of John R. Nadenbousch's stock. The corporation
partially paid for these redeemed shares out of earnings and proceeded thereafter to make
payments on the redemption from retained earnings. Mrs. Smith asserts that these earnings
were marital property, because, had they not been utilized for the redemption, they might
otherwise have been distributed to the shareholders as dividends or to her husband and others
as salary.
A similar argument was made in Hoffmann v. Hoffmann, 676 S.W.2d 817 (Mo. 1984), the wife contending that "if the board of directors had voted to distribute the corporate profits to the stockholders and officers, rather than retain them within the corporation, the income to the husband would have been marital property." 676 S.W.2d at 827. The Missouri court rejected that argument, noting significant authority for the proposition that retained earnings in a closely-held corporation do not constitute marital property unless the owning spouse has a "controlling interest in the corporation . . ." and/or "substantial control over decisions to distribute corporate earnings." Id. Although the lower court turned its determination that retained earnings were not marital property on the basis that the Appellee did not have sufficient control over the corporation to characterize any of the retained earnings as marital property subject to equitable distribution, we need not address that issue, because under the circumstances of this case, such retained earnings were used to retire the debt against the Appellee's separate property, thus becoming the type of active appreciation recognized in Shank.(11)
III.
The Appellant also contends that the valuation of the family van was erroneous. The parties stipulated that the van was worth $3,965 ($15,400, less a lien of $11,435) at the time of separation. The family law master, pursuant to the agreement of the parties, ordered Mr. Smith to make the payments on the van in a pendente lite order dated July
13, 1993. While the divorce was pending, Mr. Smith paid off the debt on the van. The family law master valued it at $15,400 in calculating equitable distribution, and the circuit court adopted this finding. Mrs. Smith argues on appeal that the van should have been valued at its net value at the time of separation ($3,965), and that valuing the van at its full value unfairly gave Mr. Smith credit in equitable distribution for money he paid as support.
West Virginia Code 48-2-32(d)(1) (1995) provides that the court shall "[d]etermine
the net value of all marital property of the parties as of the date of the commencement of the
action or as of such later date determined by the court to be more appropriate for attaining
an equitable result . . . ." The family law master responded to Mrs. Smith's argument by
explaining that valuing the van at the time of distribution achieved an equitable result. That
contention ignores, however, the reality that the family law master initially ordered the
Appellee to make the remaining payments on the van. Thus, at the time that order was
conceived, the parties only had $3,965 equity in the van. The family law master essentially
ordered the Appellee to make the remaining $11,435 payments as support, in the form of
monthly van payments. Upon his payment of the remaining amount owed on the van, it is
inappropriate to revalue to van at $15,400 for purposes of equitable distribution, thereby
returning to the Appellee a significant portion of the amount he paid on the van, which he
was ordered to pay anyway. Upon remand, the lower court should utilize the $3,965 value
of the van for purposes of equitable distribution.
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the decision of the circuit court and remand for
further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
1. Under the Smith-Nadenbousch stock redemption agreement, a redeemed shareholder is entitled to monthly payments equal to the greater of $1,000 or the value of one share of stock at the time of sale. The stock split was effected in order to reduce the value of each share of stock, and thereby reduce the monthly payments to John R. Nadenbousch.
2. This is also true of the shares received by Mr. Smith in exchange for his original shares (which were all separate property owned prior to marriage) in the stock split. See W.Va. Code 48-2-1(f)(2) (1995).
3. Mrs. Smith presented evidence that valuing the stock according to the terms of the stock redemption agreement showed an increase in value during the marriage of $534,314. Mr. Smith's accountant testified that the change in value was $51,429, based on the capitalization-of-earnings method. Both the family law master and the circuit court below determined that the value of Mr. Smith's stock in Smith-Nadenbousch had
increased during the marriage, but both found it unnecessary to quantify the change in value, because they concluded that the appreciation was not marital property.
4. Our decision in Kimble focused more on the problem of valuation, even where characterization of the appreciation as marital property is not an issue.
5. The Supreme Court of Missouri reached the same conclusion in Hoffmann v.
Hoffmann, 676 N.W.2d 817, 821 (Mo. 1984). In holding that the redemption caused no
change in the value of the stock held by the remaining shareholders, the court noted:
The corporation paid the near book value price of $81,510 for the
redemption of the father's 858 shares of stock, paid with $1,510 in cash and
a corporation note of $80,000 payable in monthly installments of $832.70.
The book value of the husband's stock remained the same after the purchase
of the father's stock by the corporation. The value of the corporation was
reduced by the amount of the purchase price.
Id.
6. Assume, for example, that the corporation was worth $100,000, and had 100 shares
of stock outstanding, each worth $1,000. Assume also that Mr. Smith, Mr. Borger, and
Mr. Nadenbousch each owned 28 shares, worth $28,000, prior to the redemption. If the
corporation redeemed Mr. Nadenbousch's 28 shares for their fair market value of $1,000
each, giving him a note for $28,000, the net value of the corporation would be $72,000,
and there would be 72 shares outstanding. Notice that although the shares would still be
worth $1,000 each, and Mr. Smith and Mr. Borger would each still own stock worth
$28,000, Mr. Smith's and Mr. Borger's percentages would have increased to 28 out of 72
shares, or 39%.
It is interesting to note that if, as Mr. Smith contends, the price per share under the stock redemption agreement is greater than its actual value, Mr. Smith's stock may have been worth less after the redemption. If, using the above example, the corporation were bound by the stock redemption agreement to pay Mr. Nadenbousch $2,000 per share, the note would be for $56,000, reducing the net value of the corporation to $44,000. Mr. Smith's 28 out of a total of 72 shares would then only be worth $612 each, or a total of a little over $17,000, although his percentage ownership would still increase to 39%.
7. Although it is not clear from the circuit court's order, the record indicates that Smith-Nadenbousch also made monthly payments for redeemed stock to the Appellee's father, C. E. Smith, Jr., throughout the period in question. The record does not reflect whether any continuing payments were made to the third redeemed shareholder, John L. Nadenbousch.
8. This assumes that the corporation would retain or invest its earnings, rather than distributing them.
9. Although arguably not applicable here, we also note that many service businesses rely on "rainmakers" to bring in the clients, while others do the work and earn the actual fees. Similarly, businesses often trade on the name and community stature of their founders or other prominent people, which lends a value that cannot easily be calculated. Consequently, it is not safe to assume that an employee does not contribute to the increase in value of a business merely because he is paid more money than he personally generates.
10. See, e.g., Decker v. Decker, 435 S.E.2d 407 (Va. 1993) (upholding commissioner's ruling that 20% of the appreciation in the husband's separately owned stock was marital property, where husband was one of five key executives).
11. We do note, however, that some courts have deemed the owning spouse's share of retained earnings as marital property. See Nardini v. Nardini, 414 N.W.2d 184 (Minn. 1987) (holding that where earnings were the product of the marital partnership and the owner could allocate corporate profits at will among salary, dividends, and retained earnings, the retained earnings were marital property). Where retained earnings are treated as marital property, however, they cannot also be considered as active appreciation of corporate assets for purposes of valuation of the corporation or corporate interest of the owning spouse. Such would constitute "counting the same asset twice in computing the marital asset." Brett R. Turner, Equitable Distribution of Property 142 (2d ed. 1994). Where the spouse's interest in the business is marital property, therefore, "the additional marital property gained by classifying retained earnings as marital property
should be roughly equal to the reduction in the business's value caused by the lack of retained earnings." Id. It is this analysis which most clearly summons the requirement for expert valuation of the corporation, its retained earnings, and the relationship between retained earnings and fluctuations in stock value. Thus, to permit the Appellee a marital interest in both the increase in value of the stock and some portion of retained earnings would be unrealistic from an accounting standpoint and would in effect double the proper portion of the value of the corporation which should be characterized as marital property. The Appellee's interest in the corporation must be determined with reference to all these factors rather than by examining each element of corporate valuation separately.
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