Barney v. Auvil
Annotate this Case
September 1995 Term
_____________
No. 22963
_____________
JUDITH A. BARNEY, AS COMMITTEE FOR RETHA SUMMERS,
Plaintiff Below, Appellant
v.
DORSEY EUGENE AUVIL, FIDUCIARY OF
THE ESTATE OF ELSIE WILLADEAN AUVIL;
AND BUILDERS CENTER, INC.,
Defendants and Third-Party Plaintiffs Below, Appellees
v.
SHARP CORPORATION,
Third-Party Defendant Below, Appellee
__________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Barbour County
Honorable John L. Waters, Judge
Civil Action No. 91-C-134
REVERSED AND REMANDED
__________________________________________________________________
Submitted: September 27, 1995
Filed: December 13, 1995
LaVerne Sweeney, Esq. David L. Wyant, Esq.
Grafton, West Virginia Shaun L. Peck, Esq.
Attorney for the Appellant Shuman, Annand & Poe
Wheeling, West Virginia
The Opinion of the Court Was delivered PER CURIAM.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the circuit
court, we apply a two-prong deferential standard of review. We review the final order and
the ultimate disposition under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit
court's underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions of law are
subject to a
de novo
review. See syl. pt. 1, Burnside v. Burnside, No. 22399, ___ W. Va.
___, [460] S.E.2d [264] (Mar. 24, 1995)." Phillips v. Fox, 193 W. Va. 657, ___, 458 S.E.2d 327, 331 (1995).
2. "Generally, a cause of action accrues (i.e., the statute of limitations
begins to run) when a tort occurs; under the 'discovery rule,' the statute of limitations is tolled
until a claimant knows or by reasonable diligence should know of his claim." Syllabus Point
1, Cart v Marcum, 188 W. Va. 241, 423 S.E.2d 644 (1992).
3. "The 'discovery rule' is generally applicable to all torts, unless there is
a clear statutory prohibition of its application." Syllabus Point 2, Cart v Marcum, 188 W.
Va. 241, 423 S.E.2d 644 (1992).
4. "'Mere ignorance of the existence of a cause of action or of the identity
of the wrongdoer does not prevent the running of the statute of limitations; the 'discovery
rule' applies only when there is a strong showing by the plaintiff that some action by the
defendant prevented the plaintiff from knowing of the wrong at the time of the injury.' Syllabus Point 3, Cart v Marcum, 188 W. Va. 241, 423 S.E.2d 644 (1992)." Syllabus Point
2, Donley v. Bracken, 192 W. Va. 383, 452 S.E.2d 699 (1994).
5. "'Where a plaintiff seeks to change a party defendant by a motion to
amend a complaint under Rule 15(c) of the West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, the
amendment will relate back to the filing of the original complaint only if the proposed new
party defendant, prior to the running of the statute of limitations, received such notice of the
institution of the original action that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense on
the merits and that he knew or should have known that, but for a mistake concerning the
identity of the proper party, the action would have been brought against him.' Syllabus,
Maxell v. Eastern Associated Coal Corp., Inc., 183 W. Va. 70, 394 S.E.2d 54 (1990)."
Syllabus, Higgins v. Community Health Ass'n, 189 W. Va. 555, 433 S.E.2d 266 (1993).
Per Curiam:
Judith A. Barney, as committee for her sister, Retha Summers, appeals the
decision of the Circuit Court of Barbour County denying her motion to amend her complaint
and her motion for reconsideration in her effort to include the Sharp Corporation, a third
party defendant, as a direct party defendant. Finding that the statute of limitations barred
Ms. Barney's claim against the Sharp Corporation, the circuit court refused to allow Ms.
Barney to amend her complaint to include Sharp as a direct party defendant. Because we
find Mrs. Barney's motion to amend her complaint should have been granted and the issue
of when Mrs. Barney knew that the Sharp Corporation ought to have been named as the
defendant should have been submitted to the jury, we reverse the decision of the circuit court
and remand this case for further proceedings.
I.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
On October 18, 1990, a fire destroyed the home of Elsie Willadean Auvil in
Barbour County, West Virginia. Retha Summers, a retarded adult, was living with Ms.
Auvil, under the Department of Health and Human Services adult protective care program.
During the fire, both Ms. Summers and Ms. Auvil were burned. Ms. Auvil said that a
kerosene heater, she purchased from Builders Center, Inc., started the fire. On November
19, 1990, Ms. Barney, Ms. Summers' sister, was appointed as the "Committee for Retha
Summers" to transact business. On May 19, 1991, Ms. Auvil died.
Because the kerosene heater lacked data identifying the manufacturer, in June
1991, Ms. Barney through her lawyer sent parts of the kerosene heater to Richard
Henderson, Ph.D., the kerosene heater expert that had been retained. The heater was
distributed under the trade name of Radiant King. On October 10, 1991, Ms. Barney filed
suit against the Estate of Ms. Auvil (Dorsey Eugene Auvil, fiduciary) and Builders Center,
Inc. (Builders), the store where Ms. Auvil allegedly purchased the heater, seeking recovery
for Ms. Summers' injuries. Ms. Barney, in her second set of interrogatories to Builders,
sought to discover the identity of the heater's manufacturer. On March 20, 1992, Builders
answered by saying the heater's manufacturer was unknown but believed that Sharp
Electronics may have had a role in manufacturing the heater. Builders did not supplement
its answers.See footnote 1
On June 2, 1992, Dr. Henderson wrote to Frederick E. Grim, P.E., another
expert in kerosene heaters, requesting information about the company that manufactured the
Radiant King heater that allegedly caused the fire. On August 12, 1992, Mr. Grim responded
by referred Dr. Henderson to a 1982 article in Consumers Reports for information on the
manufacturer.
After Builders' expert had examined the heater in the Fall of 1993, the parties
agreed to permit Builders to bring in the Sharp Corporation as a third party defendant. On November 15, 1993, Builders filed a third party complaint against Sharp.See footnote 2 In the December
1993 depositions, both Dr. Henderson and Builders' expert identified the heater's
manufacturer as the Sharp Corporation.
On April 7, 1994, Sharp answered Builders' third party complaint and on July
13, 1994, Ms. Barney filed a motion to include Sharp as a direct party defendant. In a
September 19, 1994 hearing (the order was not entered until November 16, 1994), the circuit
court denied Ms. Barney's motion based on a finding that the statute of limitations barred her
claim against Sharp. Ms. Barney filed a motion to reconsider and included information on
the June and August 1992 correspondence between Dr. Henderson and Mr. Grim, which
heretofore had not been included in the record. After a hearing, the circuit court, by order
dated February 1, 1995, denied the motion to reconsider.
Ms. Barney appealed to this Court alleging the following errors: (1) The
circuit court erred in failing to apply the twenty year statute of limitations specified in W.
Va. Code 55-2-15 (1923) which is available in this case because Ms. Summers is a
permanently incompetent person; (2) The circuit court erred in failing to toll the running of the statute of limitations until the identity of the manufacturer was discovered and in finding
that Ms. Barney knew the identity of the manufacturer in 1991; (3) The circuit court erred
in failing to allow the amendment under Rule 15 of the W.Va.R.Civ.P.; and, (4) The circuit
court erred in failing to allow Ms. Barney to include Sharp as a direct defendant under Rule
14 of the W.Va.R.Civ.P.See footnote 3 We begin our discussion with the standard of review we apply to
the major issue in this appeal, namely, whether the statute of limitations bars this action.
II.
DISCUSSION
Ms. Barney contends that the circuit court erred as a matter of law when it
refused to allow her to amend her complaint to bring a direct suit against Sharp.See footnote 4 Our
standard of review was discussed in Phillips v. Fox, 193 W. Va. 657, ___, 458 S.E.2d 327,
331 (1995), which stated:
In reviewing challenges to the findings and conclusions of the
circuit court, we apply a two-prong deferential standard of review. We review the final order and the ultimate disposition
under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit
court's underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous
standard. Questions of law are subject to a
de novo
review. See
syl. pt. 1, Burnside v. Burnside, No. 22399, ___ W. Va. ___,
[460] S.E.2d [264] (Mar. 24, 1995).
In Phillips v. Fox, 193 W. Va. at __, 458 S.E.2d at 332, we noted that "[a]ppellate oversight
is therefore deferential, and we review the trial court's findings of fact following a bench
trial, including mixed fact/law findings, under the clearly erroneous standard." In Syl. pt.
1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994), we said that "[a] circuit court's
entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo." See Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194
W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329 (1995). We note that generally a motion to amend a complaint
is address to the sound discretion of the circuit court (see Hanshaw v. City of Huntington,
193 W. Va. 364, ___, 456 S.E.2d 445, 448 (1995); State ex rel. State Farm Fire & Cas. Co.
v. Madden, 192 W. Va. 155, 159, 451 S.E.2d 721, 725 (1994); Nellas v. Loucas, 156 W. Va.
77, 191 S.E.2d 160 (1972); Perdue v. S. J. Groves & Sons Co., 152 W. Va. 222, 161 S.E.2d 250 (1968)); however, because the circuit court's decision is based on matters proper for a
jury's determination, we have reviewed the matter de novo.
Our de novo review the circuit court's denial of Ms. Barney's motions to amend
and for reconsideration is similar to summary judgment in that the trial court reached its
decision through a cold record, similar to the record we have to consider in conducting our
appellate review. See State ex rel. Brewer v. Starcher, ___ W. Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___,
___ (Slip op. at 6) (No. 22966 Oct. 27, 1995). Even when our review is de novo, "[w]e review a circuit court's underlying factual finding under a clearly erroneous standard." See
Staten v. Dean, ___ W. Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (Slip op. at 10) (No. 22640 Oct.
26, 1995).
On appeal although Ms. Barney alleges four assignments of error, only the
questions of when the statute of limitations began running and if Rule 15 of the
W.Va.R.Civ.P. allows Ms. Barney's amendment were argued before the circuit court. Ms.
Barney's other two assignments were raised for the first time on appeal and although we have
considered them, we find they are without merit. Because the central question on appeal
concerns the running of the statute of limitations, we address that question first.
A.
Discovery Rule
Ms. Barney argues that the circuit court erred in failing to toll the running of
the statute of limitations until she knew or with reasonable diligence should have known the
identity of the manufacturer of the kerosene heater, which allegedly caused the October 18,
1990 fire. Because the heater in a pristine state, fails to identify its manufacturer, Ms.
Barney was unable readily to identify the manufacturer and in June 1991, hired an expert,
Dr. Henderson, to identify the manufacturer. In a deposition taken on December 1, 1993 by
Builders' counsel, Dr. Henderson testified that after he was retained in June 1991, he "looked
at . . [the heater] but I couldn't identify a specific model. It looked like a Sharp
manufacturer, but there are many models within the Sharp distribution. . . ." In response to
a question about who the manufacturer was, Dr. Henderson answered, "Sharp. I have no question on that. . . ."See footnote 5 Nowhere in Dr. Henderson's December 1, 1993 deposition is he directly asked when he first learned the identity of the heater's manufacturer. On July
13, 1994, Ms. Barney filed a motion to amend her complaint to include Sharp as a direct party defendant.See footnote 6 Based on Dr. Henderson's December 1, 1993 deposition, the circuit court
in a September 19, 1994 hearing (written order entered November 16, 1994) denied Ms.
Barney's July 13, 1994 motion to amend because "[i]n June of 1991, or soon thereafter, Dr.
Henderson informed plaintiff's counsel that the kerosene heater was manufactured by Sharp
Corporation." The circuit court, under the "discovery rule" of Cart v. Marcum, 188 W. Va.
241, 423 S.E.2d 633 (1992), concluded that because Ms. Barney failed to seek amending her
compliant until more that two years after June 1991 when she knew the manufacturer, Ms.
Barney's amendment was barred by the statute of limitations.See footnote 7
After the September 19, 1994 hearing, Mr. Grim, another expert in kerosene
heaters, informed Ms. Barney about his 1992 correspondence with Dr. Henderson. The
correspondence consists of two letters, a June 2, 1992 letter from Dr. Henderson to Mr. Grim
requesting information about who manufactured the heaterSee footnote 8 and Mr. Grim's August 12, 1992
reply referring Dr. Henderson to "Consumers Report" for information.See footnote 9 Based on this information, Ms. Barney filed a motion requesting the circuit court to reconsider its denial
of her motion to amend. In addition, Ms. Barney also submitted affidavits from Mr. Grim
and Dr. Henderson. In his affidavit, Mr. Grim said he wrote the August 12, 1992 letter and
after reviewing Dr. Henderson's deposition, he contacted plaintiff's lawyer to "report the
difference" between his correspondence with Dr. Henderson and Dr. Henderson's deposition.
In his affidavit, Dr. Henderson said that he wrote the June 2, 1992 letter in reference to this
case "as he had never previously inspected a Radiant King heater and he did not know who
the manufacturer was when he wrote." In a brief order dated February 1, 1995, the circuit
court denied Ms. Barney's motion to reconsider and Ms. Barney appealed to this Court.
Ms. Barney maintains that our holding in Cart v. Marcum, supra, controls.See footnote 10
In Cart v. Marcum, we found that "under certain circumstances the statute of limitations may
be tolled until discovery, [but] the general rule is that the statute of limitations begins to run
when the injury occurs." 188 W. Va. at 242-43, 423 S.E.2d 645-46. Syl. pt. 1 of Cart v.
Marcum, states:
Generally, a cause of action accrues (i.e., the statute of
limitations begins to run) when a tort occurs; under the
"discovery rule," the statute of limitations is tolled until a claimant knows or by reasonable diligence should know of his
claim.
See Clark v. Milam, 192 W. Va. 398, 402, 452 S.E.2d 714, 718 (1994). Syl. pt. 2 of Cart
v. Marcum, states: "The 'discovery rule' is generally applicable to all torts, unless there is
a clear statutory prohibition of its application." Syl. pt. 3 of Cart v Marcum, states:
Mere ignorance of the existence of a cause of action or of the
identity of the wrongdoer does not prevent the running of the
statute of limitations; the 'discovery rule' applies only when
there is a strong showing by the plaintiff that some action by the
defendant prevented the plaintiff from knowing of the wrong at
the time of the injury.
Accord Syl. pt. 2, Donley v. Bracken, 192 W. Va. 383, 452 S.E.2d 699 (1994).
On appeal, Ms. Barney argues that the heater's manufacturer by not identifying
itself on its heaters, prevented her from knowing who manufactured the heater. Apparently,
the same unburned model as the burned heater was examined and, even in a non-damaged
state, this model failed to identify the manufacturer. The plaintiff also notes that Builders in
its answer to her second set of interrogatories did not know the identify of the manufacturer
and that Builders had to consult an expert to identify the manufacturer. Indeed, even the
experts, including the Builders' expert, researched to identify the manufacturer. See supra
note 8 for Sharp's position.
Based on Sharp's failure to include any identification on the heater it
manufactured, we find that circuit court correctly concluded that the "discovery rule'' tolled the statute of limitations until Ms. Barney knew "or by reasonable diligence should [have]
know[n] of . . . [her] claim."
The central question on appeal is factual, namely when did Ms. Barney know
"or by reasonable diligence should [have] know[n] of . . .[her] claim." In support of her
position that the earliest she could have known Sharp's identity was after August 1992 , Ms.
Barney emphasizes: (1) the December 1, 1993 deposition's lack of a direct question
concerning when Dr. Henderson, her expert and the deponent, knew the identity of the
manufacturer; (2) the 1992 correspondence between Dr. Henderson and Mr. Grim; (3) the
affidavits of Dr. Henderson and Mr. Grim; (4) Builders' failure to supplement its
interrogatory answers after learning the manufacturer's identify; and finally, (5) the difficulty
of identify a manufacturer who fails to include that information on or with its heaters.
In support of its position that Ms. Barney knew in June 1991 of Sharp's
identity, Sharp emphasizes the December 1, 1993 deposition of Dr. Henderson who said that
the manufacturer was "Sharp. I have no question on that," and the failure of Dr. Henderson
in his affidavit to retract any of his deposition's statements. See note 5 for a more complete
recitation of Dr. Henderson's deposition testimony.
Recently in Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. 52, 459 S.E.2d 329
(1995), we reiterated our traditional rule regarding summary judgment:
"'A motion for summary judgment should be granted only
when it is clear that there is no genuine issue of fact to be tried
and inquiry concerning the facts is not desirable to clarify the
application of the law.' Syllabus Point 3, Aetna Casualty &
Surety Co. v. Federal Insurance Co. of New York, 148 W. Va. 160, 133 S.E.2d 770 (1963). Syllabus Point 1, Andrick v. Town
of Buckhannon, 187 W. Va. 706, 421 S.E.2d 247 (1992)."
Syl. pt. 1, Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., supra. In Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194
W. Va. at ___, 459 S.E.2d at 336, we found that "at the summary judgment stage, [the circuit
court's function] is not 'to weigh the evidence and determine the truth of the matter but to
determine whether there is a genuine issue for trial.' Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 249, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 2511, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202, 212 (1986),"
The determination of when Ms. Barney knew or should have known with
"reasonable diligence" the identity of the heater's manufacturer is a "genuine issue of fact"
or at least presents a desire for "inquiry concerning the facts. . . to clarify the application of
law." Syl. pt. 1, Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Federal Ins. Co. of N.Y.. Because of the
existence of the factual dispute, we find that the circuit court should have granted Ms.
Barney's motion to amend and then submitted the factual issue concerning the running of the
statute of limitations to the jury. Our holding today continues to emphasis that "'it is the
province of the jury to resolve conflicting inferences from circumstantial evidence."
Williams v. Precision Coil, Inc., 194 W. Va. at ___ n.10, 459 S.E.2d at 337 n.10, quoting,
Ford Motor Co. v. McDavid, 259 F.2d 261, 266 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 358 U.S. 908, 79 S. Ct. 234, 3 L. Ed. 2d 229 (1958).
B.
Rule 15(c) of the West Virginia
Rules of Civil Procedure
Ms. Barney also alleges that her motion to amend should have been allowed
under Rule 15(c) (1978) of the W.Va.R.Civ.P. The circuit court held that in order for Rule
15(c) to apply the proposed additional defendant must have "had notice of the institution of
the action within the period provided by law for commencing the action against them which
would allow for the plaintiff's amended complaint to relate back to the filing of the original
complaint."
Rule 15(c) states:
Whenever the claim or defense asserted in the amended
pleading arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set
forth or attempted to be set forth in the original pleading, the
amendment relates back to the date of the original pleading. An
amendment changing the party against whom a claim is asserted
relates back if the foregoing provision is satisfied and, within
the period provided by law for commencing the action against
him, the party to be brought in by amendment (1) has received
such notice of the institution of the action that he will not be
prejudiced in maintaining his defense on the merits, and
(2) knew or should have known that, but for a mistake
concerning the identity of the proper party, the action would
have been brought against him. (Emphasis added.)
In Maxwell v. Eastern Association Coal Corporation, Inc., 183 W. Va. 70, 73,
394 S.E.2d 54, 57 (1990), we held that "an amendment adding a party would not relate back
unless the added party had notice of the bringing of the action within the limitations period."
See Schiavone v. Fortune, 477 U.S. 21, 106 S. Ct. 2379, 91 L. Ed. 2d 18 (1986)See footnote 11; 6A C. Wright, A. Miller and M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure: Civil § 1498 (1990).
The syllabus of Maxwell v. Eastern Association Coal Corporation, Inc., states:
Where a plaintiff seeks to change a party defendant by a
motion to amend a complaint under Rule 15(c) of the West
Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, the amendment will relate
back to the filing of the original complaint only if the proposed
new party defendant, prior to the running of the statute of
limitations, received such notice of the institution of the original
action that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense
on the merits and that he knew or should have known that, but
for a mistake concerning the identity of the proper party, the
action would have been brought against him.
Accord Syllabus, Higgins v. Community Health Ass'n, 189 W. Va. 555, 433 S.E.2d 266
(1993) (per curiam); Syl. pt. 1, Plymale v. Adkins, 189 W. Va. 204, 429 S.E.2d 246 (1993)
(per curiam); Syl. pt. 1, Marks Construction Co., Inc. v. Bd. of Educ. of County of Wood,
185 W. Va. 500, 408 S.E.2d 79 (1991). See also Syl. pt. 3, Rosier v. Garron, Inc., 156 W.
Va. 861, 199 S.E.2d 50 (1973)(holding that "motions to amend should always be granted
under Rule 15 when: (1) the amendment permits the presentation of the merits of the action;
2) the adverse party is not prejudiced by the sudden assertion of the subject of the
amendment; and (3) the adverse party can be given ample opportunity to meet the issue");
Syl. pt. 8, McDowell County Bd. of Educ. v. Stephens, 191 W. Va. 711, 447 S.E.2d 912
(1994).
In this case, Rule 15(c) does not allow Ms. Barney to amend her complaint
unless the jury determines that she knew, or with reasonable diligence should have known,
Sharp's identification within two years of July 13, 1994, the date she sought to amend her complaint. Rule 15(c) is not an end run around the statute of limitations. We find that the
circuit court correctly applied Rule 15(c) in light of its previous holdings; however, because
of our decision concerning the factual question concerning the tolling of the statute of
limitations (see supra section II.A.), we find that if this factual question is resolved in favor
of Ms. Barney, Rule 15(c)'s requirement of notice prior to the running of the statute of
limitations would be met.See footnote 12
C.
Assignments of Error Not Raised Below
Ms. Barney's other two assignments of error are presented for the first time on
appeal. Our general rule is that nonjurisdictional questions not raised at the circuit court
level, but raised for the first time on appeal, will not be considered. Whitlow v. Bd. of Educ.
of Kanawha County, 190 W. Va. 223, 226, 438 S.E.2d 15, 18 (1993); Shrewsbury v.
Humphrey, 183 W. Va. 291, 395 S.E.2d 535 (1990); Cline v. Roark, 179 W. Va. 482, 370 S.E.2d 138 (1988).
The rationale behind this rule is that when an issue has not
been raised below, the facts underlying that issue will not have
been developed in such a way so that a disposition can be made
on appeal. Moreover, we consider the element of fairness.
When a case has proceeded to its ultimate resolution below, it
is manifestly unfair for a party to raise new issues on appeal.
Finally, there is also a need to have the issue refined, developed, and adjudicated by the trial court, so that we have the benefit of
its wisdom.
Whitlow v. Bd. of Educ. of Kanawha County, 190 W. Va. at 226, 438 S.E.2d at 18.
Given Ms. Barney's failure to present these issues for the circuit court's
consideration, we have examined them to determine if either presents a justification for
allowing an exception to our general rule. Ms. Barney failed to raise the following
assignments before the circuit court: (1) the application of the twenty-year statute of
limitations provided in W. Va. Code 55-2-15 (1923)See footnote 13; and (2) the ability to proceed directly
against Sharp under Rule 14(a) (1978) of the W.Va.R.Civ.P.See footnote 14
Because both these assignments present nonjurisdictional questions, and
neither presents a justification for allowing an exception to our general rule requiring the
raising such questions before the circuit court, we decline to address these issues in the case
sub judice.
For the above stated reasons, the decision of the Circuit Court of Barbour
County is reversed and this case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
Footnote: 1
The record shows that because of lack of service Builders was unsuccessful in
bringing a third party suit against the wholesale distributor and the distributor of the kerosene
heater.Footnote: 2
See W. Va. Code 55-2-21 (1981), which provides, in pertinent part:
After a civil action is commenced, the running of any statute
of limitation shall be tolled for, and only for, the pendency of
that civil action as to any claim which has been or may be
asserted therein by counterclaim, whether compulsory or
permissive, cross-claim or third-party complaint. . . .
See also, Sitzes v. Anchor Motor Freight, Inc., 169 W. Va. 698, 704 n.6, 289 S.E.2d 679,
683 n.6 (1982).
Footnote: 3
See section II.C. for the reasons why we decline to address Ms. Barney's assignments
of error concerning the twenty-year statute of limitations and Rule 14 of the W.Va.R.Civ.P.Footnote: 4
The circuit court in its February 1, 1995 order noted that "with the previous denial
. . ., the Court believes that this constitutes a final order consistent with Rule 54(b) of the
West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure." Rule 54(b) (1978) states, in pertinent part:
When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action,
whether as a claim, counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party
claim, or when multiple parties are involved, the court may
direct the entry of a final judgment as to one or more but fewer
than all of the claims or parties only upon an express
determination that there is no just reason for delay and upon an
express direction for the entry of judgment.Footnote: 5
In his deposition, Dr. Henderson, plaintiff's expert, gave the following testimony:
Q. (By Mr. Dyer, counsel for Builders). Doctor, when were
you first contacted by Mr. Sweeney?
A. (By Dr. Henderson). It would have been in June of 91.
* * *
Q. What -- what were you asked to do by Mr. Sweeny?
A. He had a case, he said, involving a kerosene heater, and
I think the first problem was trying to identify the heater.
And I look at it but I couldn't identify a specific model.
It looked like a Sharp manufacturer, but there are many
models within the Sharp distribution, under Radiant King
and under Aladdin names, and may be others I'm not
aware of, that I don't recall.
So I didn't know the specific model, but I knew it had the
features that are -- that are involved with Sharp-type
manufacture, the type of heat baffle, and the igniter and
the general design of the -- of the system, the reservoir
system in that area. But I didn't -- I didn't have one that
matched it exactly, so I couldn't tell the exact identity of
the model.
Q. What -- what is your belief, if you were to hazard a
guess, or speculate, as to what it was?
A. Sharp. I have no question on that.
* * *
Q. O.K. Fair enough. Fair enough. What else did he ask
you to do?
A. Well, he wanted to review some of the work I had done
on kerosene heaters, the design aspects, the -- our
proposals back in the late 80's, and any further work I
had done, so we reviewed that.
Q. Do you know how he got your name?
A. I don't know. . . .
Q. He wanted you to send him some materials or just have
a discussion with him about your previous work
regarding the design of the heaters or --
A. I think the first concern was to identify the heater, what
type it was, the manufacturer, the distributor brand,
anything, because there was some question -- somebody
thought it might have been a Kerason-type heater. But I
don't think it looked like a Kerason at all. It's got no
relationship to a Kerason.
Q. Is -- is that product manufactured by Sharp?
A. I don't think so.
Q. No?
A. I think it's Toyatommee (phonetic) if I'm not mistaken .
. . . So I think I indicated to him that I didn't think it was
that at all, that it was more likely Sharp, maybe Aladdin,
something like that, but -- a Radiant King, yes, it could
be, but I couldn't identify it. And that's when we
stopped. I don't think we did anything for a couple of
years then, a year and a half or so . . . .Footnote: 6
On November 15, 1993, Builders filed a third-party complaint alleging liability
against Sharp. The third-party complaint was served on March 18, 1994.Footnote: 7
The applicable statute of limitations is stated in W. Va. Code 55-2-12(b) (1959),
which requires an action be brought "within two years next after the right to bring the same
shall have accrued if it be for damages for personal injuries."Footnote: 8
The June 2, 1992 letter said, in pertinent part: "Also, do you have an address,
distributor, or manufacturer's name for a Radiant King heater. RK100S"Footnote: 9
Mr. Grim's August 12, 1992 reply stated, in pertinent part:
Radiant King RK100S
At least 10 yrs old - Company
Out of Business Address Unk.
See Consumers Report Oct 82
Issue for Description.Footnote: 10
Sharp Corporation alleges that the "discovery rule" does not apply in the case sub
judice because no action by Sharp prevented her from knowing that Sharp manufactured the
heater, and therefore, she knew or with reasonable diligence should have known Sharp was
the manufacturer as of the October 18, 1990 fire.Footnote: 11
Schiavone v. Fortune discussed the federal rule, which in 1990 was in all relevant
respects identical to our Rule 15(c). Rule 15(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure has
since been amended in 1991 and 1993.Footnote: 12
Sharp Corporation also argues that allowing such an amendment would prejudice
it because as a direct party defendant, it would be liable even if Builders is dismissed.
Because of the posture of the case, this matter was not raised and addressed by the circuit
court, and we decline to address it on this appeal. See infra section II.C. discussing our
general rule requiring issues be raised before the circuit court.Footnote: 13
See Donely v. Bracken, 192 W. Va. 383, 452 S.E.2d 699 (1994), for a recent
discussion of W. Va. Code 55-2-15 (1923).Footnote: 14
See Peneschi v. National Steel Corp., 170 W. Va. 511, 295 S.E.2d 1 (1982), for a
discussion of Rule 14 of the W.Va.R.Civ.P.
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