SER Hill v. Zakaib
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
___________
No. 22881
___________
STATE EX REL. OMARRI HILL,
Petitioner,
v.
HONORABLE PAUL ZAKAIB, JR., JUDGE
OF THE CIRCUIT COURT OF KANAWHA COUNTY;
AND LARRY F. PARSONS, ADMINISTRATOR,
SOUTH CENTRAL REGIONAL JAIL,
Respondents
_______________________________________________________
Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus
Circuit Court Action No. 92-F-161
WRIT GRANTED
_______________________________________________________
Submitted: June 27, 1995
Filed: July 19, 1995
George Castelle
Kanawha County Public Defender
Charleston, West Virginia
and
Robert Taylor
Masters & Taylor
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Petitioner
William C. Forbes,
Prosecuting Attorney for Kanawha County
Mary Beth Kershner
Assistant Prosecuting Attorney
Charleston, West Virginia
Attorneys for the Respondent
JUDGE FOX delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUDGE FOX, sitting by temporary assignment.
JUSTICE WORKMAN concurs and reserves the right to file a concurring opinion.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. West Virginia Code § 25-4-6 expressly provides that a juvenile male
offender who successfully completes a center training program "shall be returned to the
jurisdiction of the court which originally committed him. He shall be eligible for probation
for the offense with which he is charged, and the judge of the court shall immediately place
him on probation."
2. A sentence which is technically infirm, but generally and substantially
complies with the spirit and purpose of the law, is not void, but merely voidable. The State
or the complaining party may challenge the sentence by timely objection. However, failure
to object constitutes a waiver of the right to challenge the legality of the sentence.
3. The discretionary authority vested in the Commissioner of Corrections by
W.Va. Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-16(b) does not intrude upon the sentencing powers of the
courts in an unconstitutional manner. The sentences imposed pursuant to these statutes are
neither illegal nor void.
Fox, Judge:See footnote 1
The petitioner, Omarri Hill, seeks a writ of habeas corpus to release him from
custody, arguing he completed his term of incarceration on 28 January 1995 and is now
being illegally detained.
Hill was arrested and charged with first-degree murder on 28 August 1991, less
than two months after his fifteenth birthday. On that August day, Hill was on the second
floor balcony of an apartment building with two other young men. The victim, twenty-year-
old David Johnson, had just exited his car and was walking across a nearby parking lot when
he was shot and killed. Hill later turned himself in and confessed to killing Johnson with a
shot from a .22 rifle. Hill did not know Johnson and admittedly had no reason for shooting
him.
Hill was initially detained at the Kanawha Home for Children, but on 7 April
1992, the Circuit Court of Kanawha County transferred him to adult status. On 1 September 1992, because of prosecutorial delay and his own good conduct, Hill was released on home
confinement pending further proceedings in his case.
On 15 December 1992, Hill entered into a plea agreement under which he
plead guilty to second-degree murder. Pursuant to W.Va. Code § 61-2-3, Hill was sentenced
to an indeterminate term of not less than five nor more than eighteen years in the penitentiary
yearsSee footnote 2 and, in conformance with W.Va. Code § 49-5-16(b),See footnote 3 he was immediately committed
to the Industrial Home for Youths until he reached his eighteenth birthday. After serving
approximately two and one-half years in juvenile custody and upon reaching eighteen years
of age, Hill was returned to the circuit court, where a dispositional hearing was held pursuant to W.Va. Code § 49-5-16(b) to permit reconsideration and modification of his sentence. In
a letter to the circuit court dated 24 May 1994, the Commissioner of the Department of
Corrections recommended the following:
Due to the severity of the crime, it is understood that
further incarceration is necessary. It is recommended that
Omarri serve the remainder of his sentence at a minimum
security adult facility, such as the Anthony Center in Neola,
West Virginia.
Also, it is suggested that at least the remainder of the
minimum sentence be served before release is considered.
At this point, there seems to have been a breakdown in communications
between the State, the court,See footnote 4 and the Department of Corrections. At a hearing on 15 June
1994, the State recommended, in accordance with the Commissioner of Corrections' letter,
that Hill be sentenced to the Anthony Center as a youthful offender. However, the State's
recommendation did not encompass the Commissioner's admonition that Hill serve a
minimum of two years at the Anthony Center. Rather, the State recommended that he be
therein confined ". . . until he completes [the] program." The petitioner, of course, requested
direct probation. The circuit court took the matter under advisement.
In an order entered on 6 July 1994, the circuit court suspended imposition of
the original indeterminate sentence of five to eighteen years and ordered that Hill be
committed to the custody of the Commissioner of Corrections for assignment to a youthful
offender center. The court also ordered "That the period of confinement in the center shall
be for six (6) months, or longer, if it is deemed advisable by the center superintendent, but
in any event such period of confinement shall not exceed two (2) years." The State entered
no objection to the sentence.
Hill successfully completed the Anthony Center sentence on 28 January 1995.
He claims that in accordance with W.Va. Code § 25-4-6, upon completion of the Anthony
Center program, he was entitled to be returned to the sentencing court,See footnote 5 and to be
immediately placed on probation. However, when he returned to court for disposition on 6
February 1995, the State unexpectedly, and for the first time, challenged the legality of the
youthful offender sentence and the constitutionality of W.Va. Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-
16(b). In an order entered 1 May 1995, the respondent judge found the completed sentence
was erroneously imposed by the successor judge and reinstated the longer sentence initially
imposed by the original judge. The respondent judge said the sentence to the Anthony
Center was illegal because the statute requires that in order to get youthful offender
treatment, the defendant must be at least sixteen years of age at the time the crime was committed, and Omarri Hill was only fifteen. The judge also agreed with the State's position
and held W.Va. Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-16(b) unconstitutional.
Counsel for the petitioner now argues his continued incarceration is illegal
because the imposition of an additional term of confinement after his completion of the
judicially-imposed sentence to the Anthony Center is a violation of the double jeopardy
clause, as set forth in Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution and the Fifth
Amendment to the United States Constitution.See footnote 6
The State replies that double jeopardy considerations are irrelevant because the
petitioner's sentence to the Anthony Center was illegal and/or void, due to his age at the time
of the commission of the offense and the unconstitutionality of the sentencing statutes.
Thus, the primary issue before us is as follows: was the petitioner's sentence
of six months to two years at the Anthony Center for Youthful Offenders illegal because (1)
the petitioner was technically ineligible for youthful offender treatment because he was less
than sixteen years of age at the time of the commission of the offense, and (2) W.Va. Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-16(b) are unconstitutional as an intrusion upon the sentencing powers
of the court? We answer in the negative.
As we noted above, the record indicates the State failed to object when the
circuit court ordered Hill to serve six months to two years at the Anthony Center. The statute
which gave the circuit court judge the authority to impose this sentence -- W.Va. Code § 25-
4-6 -- expressly provides that a juvenile male offender who successfully completes a center
training program "shall be returned to the jurisdiction of the court which originally
committed him. He shall be eligible for probation for the offense with which he is charged,
and the judge of the court shall immediately place him on probation." If the State wanted
Omarri Hill to serve a full two years at the Anthony Center, it should have requested this at
the time of sentencing, and, if not successful, objected to the imposition of the indeterminate
six-month-to-two-year sentence that quite clearly placed him in the position of being eligible
for probation in a mere six months. To assume that Hill would serve the full two years at the
Anthony Center under a six-month-to-two-year sentence was to expect him to fail, when, in
fact, Hill had thus far given all indications of responding favorably to the State's
rehabilitative efforts.
Without question, sentencing the petitioner under the youthful offender statute
was technically improper in light of his age at the time he committed the crime, i.e., he was
too young. However, in our opinion, this particular infirmity does not render the sentence illegal or void ab initio. To penalize the petitioner because he was actually not old enough
to receive youthful offender treatment is contrary to the very purposes and objectives of
youthful offender status, i.e., "to give better opportunity to youthful offenders for
reformation and encouragement of self-discipline."See footnote 7 A sentence which is technically infirm,
but generally and substantially complies with the spirit and purpose of the law, as does the
sentence in the instant case, is not void, but merely voidable. The State or the complaining
party may challenge the sentence by timely objection. However, failure to object constitutes
a waiver of the right to challenge the legality of the sentence.
It is clear in this case that the State, through its prosecuting attorney, (1) failed
to object to the treatment of the petitioner as a youthful offender at the time of sentencing;See footnote 8
(2) failed to timely object to the sentence after it was imposed; and (3) failed to move for a
correction of the sentence under Rule 35(a) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal
Procedure subsequent to its imposition.See footnote 9 Therefore, we find that the sentence, which was voidable when imposed, became legal when it was not properly challenged by the State in
a timely manner.See footnote 10
In syllabus point 1 of Sellers v. Broadwater, 176 W.Va. 232, 342 S.E.2d 198
(1986), this Court recognized that any attempt to increase a sentence after a valid sentence
has been served is a violation of the double jeopardy clause.
A criminal court may, for certain purposes, set aside a
judgment by an order entered during the same term at which the
order set aside was spread upon the records of the court;
however, in criminal cases where the judgment has been
satisfied in whole or in part this power is limited to those cases
in which the trial court reduces the penalty imposed, and cases
in which the penalty is increased are treated as cases subjecting
the accused to double jeopardy.
Accordingly, the reimposition of the original sentence of five to eighteen years would now
be unconstitutional because the petitioner has served what we have determined was a valid
sentence as a youthful offender.
Next, the State challenges the constitutionality of the sentencing statutes by
arguing (1) W.Va. Code § 25-4-6 improperly mandates probation upon successful
completion of a youthful offender sentence, and (2) W.Va. Code § 49-5-16(b) prohibits the
transfer to the penitentiary of a defendant upon reaching majority, absent the acquiescence
of the Department of Corrections.See footnote 11 In its 1 May 1995 order, the lower court held W.Va.
Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-16(b) unconstitutional. The position now advanced by the State
in support of this ruling is that these provisions "require that the sentencing judge implement the recommendations of the Commissioner of Corrections under certain circumstances,
regardless of the discretion regarding sentencing given to the circuit courts under the statutes
governing the crime committed." The State argues this "constitutes an impermissible
intrusion by the executive branch into the power of the courts," and any sentences imposed
pursuant to these statutes are illegal. We disagree with this assertion.
Counsel for the petitioner correctly points out that "similar sentencing
provisions have been reviewed numerous times in other states and in the federal courts and
have been uniformly upheld." For example, in Mistretta v. United States, 488 U.S. 361, 364,
109 S. Ct. 647, 650-51, 102 L. Ed. 2d 714, 725 (1989), the United States Supreme Court
recognized that "[h]istorically, federal sentencing -- the function of determining the scope
and extent of punishment -- never has been thought to be assigned by the Constitution to the
exclusive jurisdiction of any one of the three Branches of Government." The court
explained: ". . . with the advent of parole, Congress moved toward a 'three-way sharing' of
sentencing responsibility by granting corrections personnel in the Executive Branch the
discretion to release a prisoner before the expiration of the sentence imposed by the judge."
488 U.S. at 364-65, 109 S. Ct. at 651, 102 L. Ed. 2d at 726. The Court rejected the argument
that sentencing mandates violate the separation of powers, and concluded that "the scope of
judicial discretion with respect to a sentence is subject to congressional control." 488 U.S.
at 364, 109 S. Ct. at 651, 102 L. Ed. 2d at 726.
In State v. Reed, 811 P.2d 1163, 1165 (Kan. 1991), the Kansas Supreme Court
rejected a constitutional challenge to a statute which provides "a district court shall modify
a defendant's sentence when recommended by the [Kansas Department of Corrections]." The
Kansas Supreme Court explained:
The basic meaning of the separation of powers doctrine
is that the whole power of one department should not be
exercised by the same hands which possess the whole power of
either of the other departments. . . . It does not necessarily
follow, however, that an entire and complete separation is either
desirable or was ever intended by the framers of the
Constitution. The fact that the powers of one department may
overlap with another department's powers has long been a
recognized fact.
Id. at 1167, citing State v. Greenlee, 620 P.2d 1132 (Kan. 1980) (citations omitted).
Similarly, this Court "has long recognized that it is not possible that division
of power among the three branches of government be so precise and exact that there is no
overlapping whatsoever." State ex rel. Sahley v. Thompson, 151 W.Va. 336, 341, 151 S.E.2d 870, 873 (1966). "While the Constitution contemplates the independent operation
of the three fields of government as to all matters within their respective fields, there can be
no doubt that the people, through their Constitution, may authorize one of the departments
to exercise powers otherwise rightfully belonging to another department." State ex rel.
Thompson v. Morton, 140 W.Va. 207, 223, 84 S.E.2d 791, 800-01 (1954).
Counsel for the petitioner points to instances in which the State legislature has
either mandated the length of sentences or placed the length of sentences in the executive
branch. For example, the delegation of authority to the Board of Probation and Parole,
which can parole a person despite opposition of a judge and prosecuting attorney, has never
been successfully challenged.See footnote 12
The legislature has also imposed mandatory sentencing requirements upon
judges in certain areas of the law. West Virginia Code § 60A-4-401(c) and 402(c) requires
probation for first offense distribution of less than fifteen grams of marijuana. This statutory
provision was upheld by this Court in State v. Carper, 176 W.Va. 309, 312, 342 S.E.2d 277, 281 (1986), in which we stated:
The implicit point made in Dudick is that where the legislature
has mandated probation treatment in one section of the Uniform
Controlled Substances Act, the section dealing with probation,
W.Va. Code, 60A-4-407, must be treated as mandatory. This is
precisely the point in this case, with W.Va. Code, 60A-4-402(c),
mandating treatment under the probation section, W.Va. Code,
60A-4-407.
Likewise, W.Va. Code § 17C-5-2 makes a sentence mandatory in DUI cases by removing
judicial discretion to grant probation.
It is the conclusion of this Court that the discretionary authority vested in the
Commissioner of Corrections by W.Va. Code §§ 25-4-6 and 49-5-16(b) does not intrude
upon the sentencing powers of the courts in an unconstitutional manner. The sentences
imposed pursuant to these statutes are neither illegal nor void. Therefore, we must follow
the plain language of the statute under which the petitioner, Omarri Hill, was sentenced,
W.Va. Code § 25-4-6, which provides that, upon satisfactory completion of the center
training program, "the judge shall immediately place him on probation."
For the foregoing reasons, we hereby issue a writ of habeas corpus to the
respondent, Larry F. Parsons, Administrator of the South Central Regional Jail, directing that
the petitioner be immediately released from custody.
Writ granted.
Footnote: 1
Pursuant to an administrative order entered by this Court on 18 November
1994, the Honorable Fred L. Fox, II, Judge of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit, was assigned
to sit as a member of the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals commencing 1 January
1995 and continuing through 31 March 1995, because of the physical incapacity of Justice
W. T. Brotherton, Jr. On 14 February 1995 a subsequent administrative order extended this
assignment until further order of said Court. Footnote: 2
West Virginia Code § 61-2-3 (1992) states that "[m]urder of the second degree
shall be punished by confinement in the penitentiary not less than five nor more than
eighteen years."Footnote: 3
West Virginia Code § 49-5-16(b) (1992) provides:
No child who has been convicted of an offense under the
adult jurisdiction of the circuit court shall be held in custody in
a penitentiary of this State: Provided, That such child may be
transferred from a secure juvenile facility to a penitentiary after
he shall attain the age of eighteen years if, in the judgment of
the commissioner of the department of corrections and the court
which committed such child, such transfer is appropriate:
Provided, however, That any other provision of this Code to the
contrary notwithstanding, prior to such transfer the child shall
be returned to the sentencing court for the purpose of
reconsideration and modification of the imposed sentence,
which shall be based upon a review of all records and relevant
information relating to the child's rehabilitation since his
conviction under the adult jurisdiction of the court.Footnote: 4
For reasons not apparent from the record, the judge at this dispositional
hearing was not the judge who originally sentenced the petitioner.Footnote: 5
By this time, a third judge, the respondent Paul Zakaib, Jr., had assumed
jurisdiction of this case.Footnote: 6
Article III, Section 5 of the West Virginia Constitution states, in pertinent part,
that no person shall "be compelled to be a witness against himself, or be twice put in
jeopardy of life or liberty for the same offence."
Footnote: 7
West Virginia Code § 25-4-1 (1992).Footnote: 8
Not only did the State fail to object to youthful offender treatment for the
petitioner, they recommended it, as previously indicated.Footnote: 9
Rule 35(a) states that "[t]he court may correct an illegal sentence at any time
and may correct a sentence imposed in an illegal manner within the time provided herein for
the reduction of sentence."Footnote: 10
Even if we were to determine that the sentence was illegal, there is at least
an argument that due process considerations weigh against correcting the sentence after it is
served. In United States v. Lundien, 769 F.2d 981, 987 (1985), the Fourth Circuit Court of
Appeals explained that ". . . due process may also be denied when a sentence is enhanced
after the defendant has served so much of his sentence that his expectations as to its finality
have crystallized and it would be fundamentally unfair to defeat them." The Fourth Circuit
then cited the principle as it was stated by the First Circuit:
[T]he power of a sentencing court to correct even a
statutorily invalid sentence must be subject to some temporal
limit. When a prisoner first commences to serve his sentence,
especially if it involves a long prison term as here, the prospect
of release on parole or otherwise may seem but a dimly
perceived, largely unreal hope. As the months and years pass,
however, the date of that prospect must assume a real and
psychologically critical importance. The prisoner may be aided
in enduring his confinement and coping with the prison regime
by the knowledge that with good behavior release on parole or
release outright will be achieved on a date certain. After a
substantial period of time, therefore, it might be fundamentally
unfair, and thus violative of due process for a court to alter even
an illegal sentence in a way which frustrates a prisoner's
expectations by postponing his parole eligibility or release date
far beyond that originally set.
Breest v. Helgemore, 579 F.2d 95, 101 (1st Cir.) (affirming trial court's increase of minimum sentence from eighteen to forty years after defendant served fourteen days), cert. denied, 439 U.S. 933, 99 S. Ct. 327, 58 L. Ed. 2d 329 (1978).Footnote: 11 The State is objecting to the language in W.Va. Code § 49-5-16(b), which provides: ". . . [t]hat such child may be transferred from a secure juvenile facility to a penitentiary after he shall attain the age of eighteen years if, in the judgment of the commissioner of the department of corrections and the court which committed such child, such transfer is appropriate[.]" This statute was amended by the legislature in 1995, and the language referring to the judgment of the Commissioner of the Department of Corrections was deleted. However, in order to resolve the case now before us, we will address the issue of the constitutionality of the prior statute. Footnote: 12 See 49 Op. Att'y Gen. 429 (1962).
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