Miller v. Massachusetts Mutual Life
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
No. 22241
WILLIAM A. MILLER
Plaintiff Below, Appellant
v.
MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,
A CORPORATION, AND ROBERT L. RILEY, AN
INDIVIDUAL, d/b/a/ ROBERT L. RILEY,
CLU AND ASSOCIATES
Defendants Below, Appellees.
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh County
Honorable John C. Ashworth, Circuit Judge
Civil Action No. 90-C-1021-A
AFFIRMED
Submitted: January 17, 1995
Filed: February 17, 1995
Kevin B. Burgess
Hamilton, Burgess, Young, Tissue & Pollard
Oak Hill, West Virginia
Counsel for the Appellant
Herbert G. Underwood
Timothy R. Miley
Steptoe & Johnson
Clarksburg, West Virginia
Counsel for the Appellee,
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company
Anita R. Casey
Meyer, Darragh, Buckler,
Bebenek & Eck
Charleston, West Virginia
Counsel for the Appellee,
Robert L. Riley, CLU, d/b/a
Robert L. Riley, CLU and Associates
The Opinion of the Court was delivered PER CURIAM.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUDGE FOX sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "'When a contract of employment is of indefinite duration
it may be terminated at any time by either party to the contract.'
Syl. Pt. 2, Wright v. Standard Ultramarine & Color Co., 141 W. Va.
368, 90 S.E.2d 459 (1955)." Syl. Pt. 1, Dent v. Jack Fruth & Fruth
Pharmacy, Inc., No. 22129, W. Va. , S.E.2d
(W. Va. filed Dec. 9, 1994).
2. "'The rule that an employer has an absolute right to
discharge an at will employee must be tempered by the principle
that where the employer's motivation for the discharge is to
contravene some substantial public policy princip[le], then the
employer may be liable to the employee for damages occasioned by
this discharge.' Syllabus, Harless v. First Nat'l Bank, 162 W. Va.
116, 246 S.E.2d 270 (1978)." Syl. Pt. 1, Roberts v. Adkins, 191
W. Va. 215, 444 S.E.2d 725 (1994).
Per Curiam:
The Appellant, William A. Miller, sued the Appellees,
Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company ("MassMutual") and
Robert L. Riley, in the Circuit Court of Raleigh County, West
Virginia. The circuit court granted MassMutual's and Mr. Riley's
motions for summary judgment and dismissed Mr. Miller's complaint.
Mr. Miller's assignment of error essentially asks us to adopt the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing and to engraft it
onto his at-will employment contract.
Upon review of the record, the parties' arguments and all
other matters submitted before this Court, we conclude that the
circuit court faithfully applied our well-settled law on this
issue. Given that we find no compelling reason to depart from our
established precedent, we now affirm the circuit court's ruling.
I.
On September 26, 1980, Mr. Miller was hired to sell insurance
policies issued by MassMutual. On that date, Mr. Miller entered
into a "CAREER CONTRACT For Full-time Agents" with Mr. Riley, a
general agent for MassMutual. The contract contained the following
at-will provision:
This contract shall terminate on the date of written
notice of termination by either party to the other party,
such notice being mailed to the last known post office
address of the other party. Neither in the notice of
termination nor at any other time shall the party
terminating the contract be required to give any reason or cause for termination, it being the agreement of the
parties that this contract may be terminated at will by
the other, with or without cause.
(Emphasis added).
After executing the contract, Mr. Miller commenced work in
MassMutual's Beckley, West Virginia office.
Mr. Miller's compensation was based largely, if not
exclusively, upon commissions from his sales of MassMutual
insurance policies. While the particulars of the compensation
arrangement are somewhat sketchy, we are able to glean the basics
of the scheme from the record.
When Mr. Miller and similar agents sold insurance and a policy
was subsequently issued by MassMutual, the agent received a "first
year commission" of roughly 55% of the first year's premium. If
the agent continued his or her employment, the agent received
lesser percentages (ranging between 10% in policy years two through
five and down to 2% in year eleven) of each renewal premium that
was paid on the policy (hereinafter "future renewal commissions").
This scheme changed, however, if the agent's employment was
terminated at any time after the first premium on the policy was
paid in year one.
First, a terminated agent's future renewal commissions were
split on a 50/50 basis into two components: (1) "basic vested"
renewal commissions, and (2) "earned vested" renewal commissions. Second, the terminated agent was only entitled to his first year
commission and the basic vested renewal commissions on renewal
premiums paid in years two through five. Whether he received
earned vested renewal commissions in addition to this depended
largely upon his years of service to the employer. In short, in
order for Mr. Miller to receive some portion of earned vested
renewal commissions in addition to his basic vested renewal
commissions he was required either to (1) have served his employer
for twelve years or (2) have reached 46 years of age and completed
two years of employment.
Mr. Miller was terminated in 1988, and he filed the instant
lawsuit. At the time of his termination, he had satisfied neither
of the above preconditions for earned vested renewal commissions,
and thus he received only the basic vested renewal commissions from
April 1988 through June 1992 to which he was entitled. Mr.
Miller's two count complaint alleged that his termination violated
(1) West Virginia Code §§ 33-12A-1 to -5 (1992), and (2) the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. The circuit court
found, inter alia, that Mr. Miller received all of the commissions
to which he was entitled under the terms of the contract, i.e., the
first year commissions and the basic vested renewal commissions.
Further, the court concluded (1) that West Virginia Code §§ 33-12A-
1 to -5 did not apply to Mr. Miller's at-will contract, and (2)
that West Virginia law does not recognize the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in the context of such a contract.See footnote 1
Accordingly, the court granted MassMutual's and Mr. Riley's motions
for summary judgment and dismissed Mr. Miller's complaint.
We granted Mr. Miller's petition for appeal on April 13, 1994.
In a nutshell, he asserts that the Appellees terminated his
contract in bad faith. He states that his contract and the
appellees' conduct falsely led him to believe that he was on a
career track with MassMutual. He also claims that the statistical
evidence tends to demonstrate that "it was highly unlikely, if not
impossible, for an agent to remain with . . . [MassMutual] for
twelve years" and thus be entitled to receipt of the full measure
of his or her future renewal commissions. He argues that
MassMutual counts on this type of high early attrition rate to
maintain its low premiums for policyholders and to set its future
commission schedules. In Mr. Miller's words, MassMutual "can
charge less for premiums (and thereby be more competitive in
selling insurance) because it knows that on most policies it will
not have to share the [future] renewal premiums with the producing
agent for more than a few years."See footnote 2
Mr. Miller also argues that the termination of newer agents
benefits general agents such as Mr. Riley because Riley and his
district manager inherit the right to service policy holders that
were previously serviced by the terminated agent. In sum, however,
Mr. Miller maintains that it is unfair to allow the Appellees to
escape paying the full measure of future compensation to a
terminated agent (i.e., the earned vested renewal commissions) that
is based on his or her present and past services. Mr. Miller
contends that the termination of his employment by the Appellees
"exhibited no faithfulness to the common purpose of their
agreement, and . . . [was] absolutely inconsistent with Mr.
Miller's justified expectations of future compensation." As a
result, Mr. Miller argues that the Appellees's breached the implied
covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and he asks us to adopt
the covenant in the context of his at-will employment contract.
After fully considering Mr. Miller's arguments, we conclude
that the circuit court faithfully applied our current precedent on
this issue. Given that Mr. Miller has offered us no compelling
reason to depart from this settled law, we affirm the circuit
court's ruling.
II.
We have often stated the settled principle that "'[w]hen a
contract of employment is of indefinite duration it may be
terminated at any time by either party to the contract.' Syl. Pt. 2, Wright v. Standard Ultramarine & Color Co., 141 W. Va. 368, 90 S.E.2d 459 (1955)." Syl. Pt. 1, Dent v. Jack Fruth & Fruth
Pharmacy, Inc., No. 22129, W. Va. , S.E.2d (W.
Va. filed Dec. 9, 1994).
In Harless v. First National Bank in Fairmont, 162 W. Va. 116,
117, 246 S.E.2d 270, 272 (1978), we examined the question of when,
if ever, an at-will employee can recover damages arising from his
or her discharge from employment. We first discussed cases from
other jurisdictions dealing with discharges in violation of some
substantial public policy. Id. at 120-21, 246 S.E.2d at 273-74.
We then noted that two jurisdictions had embraced an even "broader
concept" of allowing an employee to seek redress for a "'bad
faith'" termination. Id. at 122, 246 S.E.2d at 274 (emphasis
added)(quoting in part Fortune v. National Cash Register Co., 373
Mass. 96, 364 N.E.2d 1251 (1977)). In Fortune, the court stated as
follows:
'in every contract there is an implied covenant that
neither party shall do anything which will have the
effect of destroying or injuring the right of the other
party to receive the fruits of the contract, which means
that in every contract there exists an implied covenant
of good faith and fair dealing.'
Id. at 104, 364 N.E.2d at 1257 (quoted authority omitted)(emphasis
in original).
While we considered the Fortune notion of imposing such a
covenant on the parties in Harless, we ultimately chose the
narrower approach. Harless, 162 W. Va. at 124, 246 S.E.2d at 275. Thus we declined to adopt the implied covenant of good faith and
fair dealing in the context of at-will employment, and merely set
forth the following edict in Harless's lone syllabus point:
The rule that an employer has an absolute right to
discharge an at will employee must be tempered by the
principle that where the employer's motivation for the
discharge is to contravene some substantial public policy
princip[le], then the employer may be liable to the
employee for damages occasioned by this discharge.
Syllabus, Harless v. First Nat'l Bank, 162 W. Va. 116, 246 S.E.2d 270 (1978); See Syl. Pt. 1, Roberts v. Adkins, 191 W. Va. 215, 444 S.E.2d 725 (1994).
In cases subsequent to Harless, we have continued our
adherence to the narrower approach and have yet to impose the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing on the at-will
relationship. For instance, as recently at four years ago, we
decided Shell v. Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 183 W. Va. 407,
396 S.E.2d 174 (1990). In Shell, too, we were faced with the
allegedly wrongful termination of an insurance agent who was
employed by a company for over eighteen years. Although the agent
in Shell had received several awards for high sales in the past, he
had experienced a drop-off in production in the few years preceding
his termination. Part of this decline in sales was due to the poor
economic conditions in his territory. While the agent's sales
improved after admonishments from Metropolitan, the latter still
terminated his employment.See footnote 3 The circuit court considered, but rejected, the agent's assertion that his termination violated the
implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Id. at 409, 396 S.E.2d at 176. On appeal, we stated as follows:
Before Harless, . . . West Virginia followed the general
rule that 'at will' employment was terminable by either
party, with or without cause. Harless recognized an
exception to the general rule when the employer's
motivation for the discharge contravenes a substantial
public policy. Although in Harless we noted that
Massachusetts recognized 'an implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing[,]' we adopted only the
substantial public policy exception for at will
employees. In Stanley v. Sewell Coal Co., 169 W. Va. 72,
76, 285 S.E.2d 679, 682 (1981), we again considered
Massachusetts's implied covenant of good faith and fair
dealing but then noted that [in] Harless's rationale
there was a substantial public policy against fraud and
applied a two year statute of limitation. Under Harless
and its progeny, a substantial public policy violation is
the only exception to the general rule that 'at will'
private employment is terminable by either party, with or
without cause.
Id. at 414, 396 S.E.2d at 181 (citations omitted)(emphasis added).See footnote 4
As demonstrated above, our law is well-settled: we do not
recognize the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in
the context of an at-will employment contract. Given that the
Appellant has offered little justification for departing from this
determined course, and that the overwhelming majority of other
jurisdictions adhere to our position, we discern no error in the
circuit court's ruling.See footnote 5 Accordingly, the judgment of the circuit
court is hereby affirmed.See footnote 6
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1
Mr. Miller does not challenge the circuit court's
determination under W. Va. Code §§ 33-12A-1 to -5.Footnote: 2
The Appellees, of course, paint a different picture. For
instance, Mr. Riley states that MassMutual suffers a loss on the
monies it invests in training and developing an agent like Mr.
Miller if the agent stays with MassMutual for less than ten
years. Mr. Riley also notes that when an agent leaves
MassMutual, there is a real risk that the agent will take his
clients along and move their business to another company. Footnote: 3
Like the instant case, the agent in Shell had an employment
contract which "'provided that he could be dismissed by
Metropolitan "without advance notice . . . at any time by two
weeks" [sic] notice in writing[.]'" Id. at 410, 396 S.E.2d at
177 (quoting Shell v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 181 W. Va. 16,
18, 380 S.E.2d 183, 185 (1989)). Footnote: 4
Even given the clarity of this language rejecting the
implied covenant, some have read the two sentences following this
quotation to indicate that we considered the agent's implied
covenant claim on the merits. To the extent that these two
sentences have engendered any confusion about our position on the
presence of the implied covenant under West Virginia law,
however, they are mere dicta.
We also note that the Appellant places great emphasis on our
decision in Bryan v. Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., 178
W. Va. 773, 364 S.E.2d 786 (1987). While we did utilize the
implied covenant in that case, we were required to do so because
Massachusetts law controlled the matter. See id. at 777-78, 364 S.E.2d at 790. As noted above, Massachusetts recognizes the
implied covenant in the at-will context. See, e.g., Fortune,
373 Mass. at 96, 364 N.E.2d at 1251. Accordingly, Bryan is
inapposite. Footnote: 5
Counsel for Mr. Miller stated at oral argument that only
three of fifty jurisdictions have adopted the covenant in the at-
will context. While our research discloses that the picture is
not quite so bleak, the overwhelming majority of jurisdictions
appear to have refused to adopt the covenant. See, e.g.,
Christopher L. Pennington, Comment, The Public Policy Exception
to the Employment-At-Will Doctrine: Its Inconsistencies in
Application, 68 Tul. L. Rev. 1583, 1592-93 (1994)(stating "The
least recognized exception to employment at will is the good
faith and fair dealing exception" and that "[t]his exception has
not enjoyed wide application . . ."); Theodore J. St. Antoine,
Employment-At-Will--Is the Model Act the Answer?, 23 Stetson L.
Rev. 179, 185 (1993)(stating "Potentially the most expansive
common law safeguard for employees is the covenant of good faith
and fair dealing. But only about a dozen states have recognized
this doctrine."); Monique C. Lillard, Fifty Jurisdictions in
Search of a Standard: The Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing
in the Employment Context, 57 Mo. L. Rev. 1233, 1258-59
(1992)(stating "Thirty-seven states have refused to allow an
action on the covenant in an at will situation"). The foremost
reason for the doctrine's limited acceptance is best summed up by
Professor Lillard: "[T]he concept of good faith and fair dealing
is too vague to be helpful to either party or even to the court."
Lillard, supra, at 1233. Footnote: 6
The Appellees's raised additional arguments in support of
the circuit court's ruling. Given our disposition, we need not
address these further contentions.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.