SER Azeez v. Mangum
Annotate this CaseJanuary 1995 Term
__________
No. 22221
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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA EX REL.
JAMAL ADEEN AZEEZ,
Petitioner Below, Appellant,
v.
MICHAEL MANGUM,
SHERIFF OF RALEIGH COUNTY,
Respondent Below, Appellee
______________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Raleigh County
Honorable Thomas Canterbury, Circuit Judge
Criminal Action No. 92-HC-56
AFFIRMED
_____________________________________________
Submitted: January 17, 1995
Filed: July 13, 1995
Paul R. Cranston
Morgantown, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellant
Kristen L. Keller
Chief Deputy Prosecuting Attorney
Beckley, West Virginia
Attorney for the Appellee
JUSTICE WORKMAN delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUSTICE CLECKLEY did not participate.
JUDGE FOX sitting by temporary assignment.
JUDGE STEPHENS sitting by temporary assignment.
CHIEF JUSTICE MCHUGH and RETIRED JUSTICE NEELY dissent, and reserve
the right to file dissenting opinions.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "It is a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution for a member of a
cognizable racial group to be tried on criminal charges by a jury
from which members of his race have been purposely excluded." Syl.
Pt. 1, State v Marrs, 180 W. Va. 693, 379 S.E.2d 497 (1989).
2. "To establish a prima facie case for a violation of equal
protection due to racial discrimination in the use of peremptory
jury challenges by the State, 'the defendant first must show that
he is a member of a cognizable racial group, and that the
prosecutor has exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the
venire members of the defendant's race. Second, the defendant is
entitled to rely on the fact, as to which there can be no dispute,
that peremptory challenges constitute a jury selection practice
that permits "those to discriminate who are of a mind to
discriminate." Finally, the defendant must show that these facts
and any other relevant circumstances raise an inference that the
prosecutor used that practice to exclude the veniremen from the
petit jury on account of their race.' [Citations omitted.] Batson
v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 at 96, 106 S. Ct. 1712 at 1722, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69 (1986)." Syl. Pt. 2, State v Marrs, 180 W. Va. 693, 379 S.E.2d 497 (1989).
3. "The State may defeat a defendant's prima facie case of a
violation of equal protection due to racial discrimination in
selection of a jury by providing non-racial, credible reasons for
using its peremptory challenges to strike members of the
defendant's race from the jury." Syl. Pt. 3, State v Marrs, 180 W.
Va. 693, 379 S.E.2d 497 (1989).
4. Pursuant to the United States Supreme Court's decision in
Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 (1991), a defendant in a criminal
trial can assert a prima facie case of racial discrimination in the
use of a peremptory challenge without having to be a member of the
same racial group as the prospective juror who was the subject of
the state's peremptory challenge. However, Powers established a
new rule which precludes any retroactive application on collateral
review to convictions that became final before Powers was
announced.
5. "In the West Virginia courts, claims of ineffective
assistance of counsel are to be governed by the two-pronged test
established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984): (1) Counsel's performance was
deficient under an objective standard of reasonableness; and (2)
there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different." Syl. Pt. 5, State v. Miller, No. 22571, ___ W.
Va. ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___ ( W. Va. filed May 16, 1995).
6. "In reviewing counsel's performance, courts must apply an
objective standard and determine whether, in light of all the
circumstances, the identified acts or omissions were outside the
broad range of professionally competent assistance while at the
same time refraining from engaging in hindsight or second-guessing
of trial counsel's strategic decisions. Thus, a reviewing court
asks whether a reasonable lawyer would have acted, under the
circumstances, as defense counsel acted in the case at issue."
Syl. Pt. 6, State v. Miller, No. 22571, ___ W. Va. ___, ___ S.E.2d
at ___ ( W. Va. filed May 16, 1995).
7. "The two central requirements for admission of
extrajudicial testimony under the Confrontation Clause contained in
the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution are: (1)
demonstrating the unavailability of the witness to testify; and (2)
proving the reliability of the witness's out-of-court statement."
Syl. Pt. 2, State v. James Edward S., 184 W. Va. 408, 400 S.E.2d 843 (1990).
8. "In order to satisfy its burden of showing that the
witness is unavailable, the State must prove that it has made a
good-faith effort to obtain the witness's attendance at trial. This showing necessarily requires substantial diligence." Syl. Pt.
3, State v. James Edward S., 184 W. Va. 408, 400 S.E.2d 843 (1990).
9. "A habeas corpus proceeding is not a substitute for a writ
of error in that ordinary trial error not involving constitutional
violations will not be reviewed." Syl. Pt 4, State ex rel.
McMannis v. Mohn, 163 W. Va. 129, 254 S.E.2d 805 (1979), cert.
denied, 464 U.S. 831 (1983).
Workman, J.:
This case is before the Court upon the appeal of Jamal Adeen
Azeez from an order of the Circuit Court of Raleigh County denying
Appellant's petition for a writ of habeas corpus at the conclusion
of the December 14, 1992, omnibus hearing. The Appellant's
petition for habeas corpus was based upon his July 31, 1987, jury
conviction for second degree sexual assault, for which he was
sentenced to not less than ten years nor more than twenty years in
the state penitentiary.See footnote 1
It is helpful to first examine the facts underlying the
Appellant's 1987 conviction. The Appellant worked as a lab
technologist at the Appalachian Regional Hospital (hereinafter
referred to as "the hospital") in Beckley, West Virginia. The
victim, Dara Corker, was an adult patient in the psychiatric ward of the hospital, who was diagnosed as suffering from a behavior
disorder and was mentally retarded, moderately severe to severe.
Susan Phillips, a registered nurse at the hospital, testified
that on February 5, 1987, while she was working on the evening
shift in the psychiatric crisis unit, the night supervisor, Geneva
Fox, informed her that she was looking for the Appellant.See footnote 2 Ms.
Phillips testified that she knew the Appellant had been on the
floor and went with Ms. Fox to look for him.
Ms. Fox then testified that she heard a noise emanating from
the victim's room. When she opened the door to the victim's room,
the room was darkSee footnote 3 and the Appellant was leaning over the victim's
bed. Further, according to Ms. Fox's testimony, "it looked like
his pants were undone." Ms. Fox testified that she asked the
Appellant what he was doing, to which he responded that "he was
trying to get some blood. . . ."See footnote 4 Ms. Phillips also testified that when they entered the room, the victim was yelling "[h]e stuck
his wingding in me" and pleading for the nurses to not "let him
hurt me again. . . ."
Jean Gieseking was also a nurse at the hospital and was
present when the Appellant was located. She testified that when
the Appellant left the room, she observed that the victim's gown
was pulled up to her waist, and her pajama pants were untied and
slid down to about her hip line. Also, Ms. Gieseking testified
that upon her further examination of the victim's groin area, "I
thought I saw what looked like sperm in her [the victim's] pubic
hair." Ms. Phillips, on her own initiative, performed a vaginal
swab and turned it over to Ms. Fox.See footnote 5
The victim also testified at trial. Even though it was
undisputed that the victim was mentally retarded and suffered from
a behavior disorder, the Appellant never renewed his pretrial objection to the victim's competency to testify at trial.See footnote 6 During
a very succinct direct examination by the State, the victim
testified that while she was a patient in the hospital, a man had
come into her room and "stuck his wingding in me." The victim was
unable to identify the man who had done this, only that he had
"stuck needles in me[,]" prior to the assault and had "dared" her
to scream. The Appellant conducted a lengthy cross-examination of
the victim which established that the victim thought a soap opera
star named "Bobbie" had fathered her child. Also, according to the
victim, "Bobbie" had been in her room on the same night that the
Appellant allegedly sexually assaulted her. Further, the victim
testified that she had never seen the Appellant before, and she did
not know his name. Finally, the victim testified that she had had
hallucinations in that she kept hearing power saws and a "choo-choo
train."
Other evidence introduced by the State included the
evidentiary deposition of Dr. Zarina Rasheed, the chief pathologist
at the hospital who analyzed the vaginal swab specimen taken by Ms.
Phillips shortly after the incident.See footnote 7 Dr. Rasheed conducted his analysis of the swab on the morning after the specimen was taken by
Ms. Phillips. Dr. Rasheed testified that sperm cells were found on
slides prepared from the vaginal swab; however, the doctor could
not testify, based on the tests conducted, when exactly intercourse
occurred with the victim, or that the sperm came from the
Appellant.See footnote 8 Additionally, the victim had been examined by Dr.
Slack in the emergency room of the hospital on the morning after
the alleged sexual assault occurred. Dr. Slack used a Market
Malicious Assault Kit (hereinafter "kit")See footnote 9 in conducting his
examination of the victim. That kit was turned over to Detective
Cedric R. Robertson of the City of Beckley Police Department, who
in turn sent the kit to the Criminal Identification Bureau
(hereinafter "C.I.B.") lab in Charleston, West Virginia, for
analysis. The State entered into a stipulation with the Appellant
that the laboratory analysis conducted on evidence obtained from
the kit were negative.See footnote 10 That stipulation was read to the jury.See footnote 11 Strangely enough, there is no indication in the record that either
the State or the defense apparently ever sought a blood sample from
the Appellant in order to do a comparison.
The Appellant testified that he was in the victim's room to
take blood from her arm, but that when she resisted, he sought to
take a sample from her groin area. Additionally, the Appellant
testified he was seeking to take the sample in the dark because the
light bothered the victim. He also stated that his buttocks seemed
to be out when nurses entered the victim's room because his pants
were too large.
After deliberating, the jury found the Appellant guilty of
second degree sexual assault. Following this Court's refusal to
review the Appellant's two petitions for appeal arising out of his
conviction, the Appellant filed a petition for a writ of habeas
corpus and an omnibus hearing on that petition was conducted,
before the petition was denied. The present appeal is predicated
upon the following alleged errors committed by the habeas corpus
court: 1) the court erred in finding that the Appellant was not
deprived of a fair criminal trial as guaranteed under Article III,
Section 10 of the West Virginia Constitution where the criminal
trial court permitted an incompetent witness to testify against him
at trial; 2) the court erred in finding that the Appellant was not
denied a fair criminal trial as guaranteed by the state and federal
constitutions where the criminal trial court failed to order a
mental examination of the alleged victim and the prosecuting
attorney failed to make a good faith effort to obtain and produce
the complete medical and mental health records of the alleged
victim; 3) the court erred in finding that the Appellant's rights
under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment were
not violated where the trial court permitted the prosecuting
attorney to exercise a peremptory challenge to remove a black juror
from the jury venire without establishing any legitimate non-
discriminatory reason; 4) the court erred in finding that the
Appellant's rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment were not violated by the prosecution's peremptory challenge of a black juror because he was not a member
of the "black" or "Negro" race; 5) the court erred in failing to
find that the Appellant's rights under the Fourteenth Amendment
were violated by the prosecution's suppression of and/or failure to
reveal an exculpatory physical examination of the alleged victim,
which indicated that she had not been raped; 6) the court erred in
finding that the Appellant's rights under the Confrontation Clause
of the Sixth Amendment were not violated by the admission of Dr.
Rasheed's deposition testimony, absent a showing that she was
unavailable as a witness or that the prosecution made a good faith
effort to obtain her presence at trial.
PEREMPTORY CHALLENGE
First, we address whether the Appellant's rights under the
Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment were violated
when the prosecuting attorney used a peremptory challenge to remove
a black juror from the jury panel. The Appellant maintains that
the trial court permitted the State to remove the juror without
establishing any legitimate non-discriminatory reason and that the
trial court erroneously concluded that the Appellant's rights were
not violated because the juror and the Appellant were not members
of the same race.See footnote 12 In contrast, the Appellee argues that the Appellant's constitutional rights were not violated in the jury
selection because: 1) the Appellant is not black; 2) the Appellant
and the State struck one black person each; 3) the United States
Supreme Court decision in Powers v. Ohio, 499 U.S. 400 (1991),
which indicates that a defendant may object to race-based
exclusions of jurors effected through peremptory strikes whether or
not the defendant and excluded jurors share the same race, was not
decided until four years after the Appellant's trial and is not
retroactive; and 4) the prosecution gave a reasonable racially
neutral explanation for its strike, which the trial court found
credible.
According to the trial transcript, during voir dire,
prospective juror J. Johnson, in response to questioning by defense
counsel, stated that he knew Detective Cedric Robertson, who was
the chief investigating officer in the case. At the conclusion of
striking the jury, the Appellant's counsel stated the following
objection: "we . . . object to the State's striking Mr. [Johnson]
. . . based upon what we believe that he is black. We don't have
any South Americans to pick from but we think that because Mr. Azeez is a minoritySee footnote 13 that the same principle applies . . . ." The
State responded to the Appellant's objection by stating that "[t]he
State made the strike . . . on the basis that he [Mr. Johnson] said
he knew Cedric [the investigating officer]. We speculated that
maybe Cedric had arrested him, we don't know. The State further
stated that "I [the prosecutor] wasn't even aware the guy [the
Appellant] was black." The trial court concluded that the State
had offered a legitimate racially neutral reason for the strike.See footnote 14
At the habeas corpus proceeding, the Appellant testified that
while he is "not white," he would say that he is "Indian." Based
on this testimony, as well as the court's observation of the
Appellant, the habeas corpus court concluded that "the
Defendant/Petitioner has not shown that he is a member of the black
race, which is [a] requirement under the Batson [v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79 (1986)] case. . . ." Further, the habeas corpus court
concluded that even under a Batson analysis, the State had offered
a legitimate racially neutral reason for exercising the peremptory
strike.
In State v Marrs, 180 W. Va. 693, 379 S.E.2d 497 (1989), we
examined whether a prosecutor's use of a peremptory challenge
against the only remaining prospective black juror violated the
appellant's equal protection rights. We concluded that "'[i]t is
a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution for a member of a cognizable
racial group to be tried on criminal charges by a jury from which
members of his race have been purposely excluded." 180 W. Va. at
693, 379 S.E.2d at 497, Syl. Pt. 1.
We also adopted the standard established by the United States
Supreme Court in Batson for proving a violation of equal protection
in the use of a peremptory challenge:
To establish a prima facie case for a
violation of equal protection due to racial
discrimination in the use of peremptory jury
challenges by the State, 'the defendant first
must show that he is a member of a cognizable
racial group, and that the prosecutor has
exercised peremptory challenges to remove from
the venire members of the defendant's race.
Second, the defendant is entitled to rely on
the fact, as to which there can be no dispute,
that peremptory challenges constitute a jury
selection practice that permits "those to
discriminate who are of a mind to
discriminate." Finally, the defendant must
show that these facts and any other relevant
circumstances raise an inference that the
prosecutor used that practice to exclude the
veniremen from the petit jury on account of
their race.' [Citations omitted.]
Syl. Pt. 2, Marrs, 180 W. Va. at 693-94, 379 S.E.2d at 497-98
(quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 96). Once a prima facie case is established by a defendant, "[t]he State may defeat a defendant's
prima facie case of a violation of equal protection due to racial
discrimination in selection of a jury by providing non-racial,
credible reasons for using its peremptory challenges to strike
members of the defendant's race from the jury." Syl. Pt. 3, Marrs,
180 W. Va. at 694, 379 S.E.2d at 498.See footnote 15
More recently, in Powers, the Supreme Court addressed the
issue of whether a defendant has standing to raise the equal
protection rights of a juror excluded from service because of race
in violation of the juror's equal protection rights. The Supreme
Court concluded that "[t]o bar petitioner's claim because his race
differs from that of the excluded jurors would be to condone the
arbitrary exclusion of citizens from the duty, honor, and privilege of jury service." 499 U.S at 415. Consequently, the Supreme Court
held that "a defendant in a criminal case can raise the third-party
equal protection claims of jurors excluded by the prosecution
because of their race." Id.
We discussed the implications of the Powers decision in State
v. Harris, 189 W. Va. 423, 432 S.E.2d 93 (1993), when we stated
that "[s]ince Batson, the U.S. Supreme Court has expanded the scope
of Batson to require an inquiry whenever there might be
discrimination in juror selection irrespective of the race of the
defendant." Id. at 427, 432 S.E.2d at 97. Due to this expansion,
we stated that "to establish [a] Batson prima facie case the
defendant need only object to the strikes on the grounds that the
prosecutor has a discriminatory motive. At that point, the court
must ask the prosecutor to state on the record a legitimate non-
discriminatory reason for the strike." Id.
The Appellant argues that the prosecution's peremptory
challenge of the black juror was violative of the Appellant's equal
protection rights irrespective of the Appellant's race based upon
the United States Supreme Court decision in Powers. See 499 U.S. 490. The Appellant maintains that since Powers did not establish
a new rule,See footnote 16 but rather was an extension of precedent, then the defendant in a collateral attack may benefit from the decision even
though it was decided after the defendant's conviction became
final.See footnote 17 The Appellee, however, maintains that the Powers decision
should not be applied retroactively to the present case.
The Appellant's contention that the Powers decision is
retroactive is unpersuasive and unsupported by case law.See footnote 18 It is
clear that Powers was not the law when the Appellant's conviction
became final, because the Supreme Court in Powers pronounced a new constitutional rule. An examination of decisions of federal
circuit courts of appeals which have found that the Powers decision
constituted a new constitutional rule and, therefore, was not
entitled to retroactive application, makes this powerfully evident.
For instance, the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Holland
v. McGinnis, 963 F.2d 1044 (7th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1053 (1993), recognized that "Powers is a new rule. . . .
[T]herefore [the petitioner is] not entitled to its retroactive
application on collateral review." 963 F.2d at 1057. In reaching
this decision, the Holland court stated that
[t]o have 'compelled' Powers within the
meaning of Teague, the rule established in
Batson would have had to be more specific
(e.g. 'defendants may challenge the state's
racially discriminatory use of peremptory
challenges whether or not they are of the same
race as the excluded jurors'). Or the
defendant in Batson would have had to have
been of a different race than the excluded
jurors. (Either possibility would have
rendered Powers superfluous.) In sum, Batson,
. . . had a latent ambiguity; it did not
specifically permit cross-racial attacks on
the state's peremptory challenges . . . .
. . . Batson did not dictate the result
in Powers.
Id. at 1054-55. Further, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in
Echlin v. LeCureux, 995 F.2d 1344 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 114 S. Ct. 552 (1993), stated that " only after
Powers was it
clear that a white defendant
possesses an
equal
protection
right to
challenge a
prosecutor's
racially
discriminatory
strikes.
Adding this
newly announced
right to
Batson's
emphasis on a
defendant's
right to
prevent
exclusion of
jurors of the
defendant's own
race leads to
this
conclusion.
995 F.2d at 1350 (emphasis
added). Thus,
the Echlin
court held that
"Powers
announced a new
rule insofar as
it extended
Batson to cover
challenges by a
white defendant
to the
prosecutor's
exclusion of
black jurors."
Id. Finally,
the Eleventh
Circuit stated
in Farrell v.
Davis, 3 F.3d 370 (11th Cir.
1993) that:
The language of Batson clearly limited its
application to defendants of the same race as
the excluded jurors. The Supreme Court's
holding in Powers that a defendant has
standing to object to race-based exclusion of jurors, whether or not the defendant and
excluded jurors share the same race, is a
complete departure from the established
precedent regarding standing and equal
protection.
Id. at 372 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, we hold that pursuant to the Supreme Court's
decision in Powers, a defendant in a criminal trial can assert a
prima facie case of racial discrimination in the use of a
peremptory challenge without having to be a member of the same
racial group as the prospective juror who was the subject of the
state's peremptory challenge.See footnote 19 See 499 U.S. at 415. However,
Powers established a new rule which precludes any retroactive
application on collateral review to convictions that became final
before Powers was announced.
Thus, since the Powers decision is not applicable to the
present case, the Appellant had to establish a prima facie case of
racial discrimination pursuant to the law enunciated in Batson and
Marrs, by demonstrating that he was a member of a cognizable racial
group, and by showing that the state had exercised a peremptory
challenge to remove from the jury panel a member of the defendant's race. See Syl. Pt. 2, Marrs, 180 W. Va. at 693-94, 379 S.E.2d at
497-98. The Appellant, by virtue of being Indian, was a member of
cognizable racial group. The juror removed by the State's
peremptory challenge was not Indian, however, but rather was
African-American, and therefore not a member of the Appellant's
racial group. See id.
Furthermore, even assuming that the Appellant and the
prospective jurors were members of the same racial group, the lower
court was not erroneous in its determination that the prosecutor
offered to the trial court a credible, racially neutral reason for
using a peremptory challenge to strike Mr. Johnson, since the
reason offered by the State (that the prospective juror admittedly
knew the chief investigating officer) is in no way related to the
juror's race. The record clearly indicates that after the State
offered its reason for striking the prospective juror, the
Appellant did not advance any other evidence before the trial court
that the prosecutor was motivated by racial discrimination in
striking the juror, other than objecting to the fact that the
prosecutor "speculate[d]" that the reason that the prospective
juror said he knew the chief investigating officer was that the
officer may have arrested the juror. As we noted in State v.
Kirkland, 191 W. Va. 586, 447 S.E.2d 278 (1994), the findings of
trial court on the issue of whether purposeful discrimination was
established should be afforded great weight. Id. at ___, 447 S.E.2d at 288. Relying on the Supreme Court's decision in Batson,
we stated that
'the trial court's decision on the ultimate
question of discriminatory intent represents a
finding of fact of the sort accorded great
deference on appeal. . . .
Deference to trial court findings on the
issue of discriminatory intent makes
particular sense in this context because . . .
the finding will "largely turn on evaluation
of credibility."'
Id. at 596, 447 S.E.2d at 288 (quoting Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 364 (1991) and Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n.21).
INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
The next issue is whether the Appellant was denied effective
assistance of counsel. We recently established the following new
standards for reviewing an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
in syllabus points five and six State v. Miller, No. 22571, ___ W.
Va. ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___ ( W. Va. filed May 16, 1995):
In the West Virginia courts, claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel are to be
governed by the two-pronged test established
in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984): (1)
Counsel's performance was deficient under an
objective standard of reasonableness; and (2)
there is a reasonable probability that, but
for counsel's unprofessional errors, the
result of the proceedings would have been
different.
In reviewing counsel's performance,
courts must apply an objective standard and determine whether, in light of all the
circumstances, the identified acts or
omissions were outside the broad range of
professionally competent assistance while at
the same time refraining from engaging in
hindsight or second-guessing of trial
counsel's strategic decisions. Thus, a
reviewing court asks whether a reasonable
lawyer would have acted, under the
circumstances, as defense counsel acted in the
case at issue.
___ W. Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___.
Keeping these principles in mind, we now separately examine
each of the Appellant's claims.
A.
First, the Appellant asserts he was deprived of effective
assistance of counsel based upon the defense counsel's failure to
object or otherwise raise the competence status of the victim. The
Appellant argues that this resulted in the trial court allowing an
incompetent witness to take the stand and introduce by way of her
"mere appearance and testimony highly prejudicial evidence."
Further, the Appellant alleges that his trial counsel's failure to
object precluded a ruling by the trial court on the record for
appellate purposes.
In contrast, the Appellee argues that a review of the trial
transcript reveals that the victim's testimony benefited the defense at trial, thereby confirming the Appellant's trial
counsel's testimony at the habeas corpus proceeding that allowing
the jury to see the victim in person in order to assess the
victim's credibility was a tactical course that a reasonably
competent counsel would have taken.
Mr. Michael Froble, the Appellant's trial counsel, testified
at the habeas proceeding that the reason he did not challenge the
victim's competency, even though he felt he had enough information
and evidence to do so was because
we had to make a tactical decision, and I had
talked to my client [the Appellant] on
numerous occasions to make sure he understood
this, is if we were successful, and we were to
challenge the competency, that we would end up
having a trial without the testimony of . . .
[the victim]. . . .
And I made a decision that in order to
properly allow the jury to understand the
case, that it was essential that we have the
victim called and, if indeed she was not
called, we were contemplating calling her as a
witness ourselves. So, that was one of the
reasons that we -- or I backed off that.
I met with Mr. Azeez to make sure that he
understood that, because when he found out . .
. that I was, basically, not challenging the
competency as vigorously as he wanted me to,
we had an extensive meeting regarding that,
and I told him why I wasn't doing it, and the
delusions, the fact that the victim told him
that based upon the psychiatric information I
had, was basically unable to tell the
difference between a soap opera and television
and reality was crucial. And that if we did
not have her up, either as a State's witness,
or have her testify, that our case was
substantially harmed, and that was the whole
reason behind all that.
From a review of the victim's testimony, it becomes readily
apparent that the defense attorney's strategical decision certainly
comported with the standards set forth above for competence. See
Syl. Pts. 5 and 6, Miller, No. 22571, ___ W. Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d
at ___. The victim's testimony was arguably more beneficial to the
Appellant than it was to the State. This is exemplified by the
fact that she could not identify the Appellant as her attacker,
admitted to having hallucinations and testified that she had had
intimate relations with a soap opera character. Accordingly, the
Appellant's trial counsel's decision not to challenge the victim's
competency in order to ensure her testimony at trial arose from a
decision involving strategy, and we can not conclude that this
course of action was one in which no other reasonably qualified
defense attorney would have taken. See id.
B.
The Appellant next asserts that his trial counsel was
ineffective by entering into the stipulation with the State
concerning the negative C.I.B. lab results.See footnote 20 In contrast, the
Appellee contends that the Appellant failed to demonstrate constitutional error where a stipulation favorable to the Appellant
was read to the jury, and where the record confirms that the
testimony of the physician who was not called at trial, but of whom
the Appellant was aware, could not have benefited the Appellant.See footnote 21
At the habeas corpus proceeding, Mr. Froble testified that
entered into the stipulation because it was his experience that
even when C.I.B. results were favorable to the defendant, he had
never found the testimony of a C.I.B. witness helpful to the
defendant. Further, Mr. Froble testified that in the Appellant's
trial, the State was prepared to call a witness from the C.I.B.,
had he not entered into the stipulation. Finally, Mr. Froble
testified that he conferred with the Appellant about his decision
and that the Appellant ultimately agreed with him.
Again, even though trial counsel engaged in an arguable course
of action by entering into the stipulation rather than calling a
C.I.B. witness to testify about the lab results, we cannot conclude
that entering into a stipulation favorable to the Appellant is a strategy which no other reasonably qualified defense attorney would
have taken when considered in light of the stipulation being
limited to exculpatory evidence. See id. Accordingly, we find no
ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to the stipulation.
C.
The last claim of ineffective assistance of counsel involves
the Appellant's trial counsel's failure to call Dr. Slack, who the
Appellant maintains was known to have exculpatory evidence. Dr.
Slack testified at the habeas corpus proceeding that although he
had no independent recollection of the examination he performed on
the victim the morning after the alleged sexual assault, his notes
of that examination indicated that he found "[n]o sign[s] [of]
trauma, bruise[s] or laceration. Pelvic/rectal examination done
and not remarkable." However, the doctor also testified that the
absence of objective findings regarding sexual assault was not
indicative of whether the victim had been sexually assaulted by
legal definition. Also, "[his] . . . examination wouldn't permit
. . . [him] to make th[e] decision[]" of whether the victim had
been sexually penetrated by a man, and whether ejaculation had
occurred. Additionally, Dr. Slack testified that he did indicate
in his notes that he found the presence of "[m]ucous-like
secretion present in the vagina. Dry, caked secretions present
right side of vaginal outlet." However, Dr. Slack indicated that "without performing or having lab results," there was "[n]o way of
knowing[]" whether the mucous was from the victim or a secretion
from a male and that it was "possible" that it could have been
seminal fluid.See footnote 22
Mr. Froble testified at the habeas corpus proceeding that he
knew about Dr. Slack's findings regarding his examination of the
victim prior to trial.See footnote 23 Mr. Froble testified that he also knew
that the doctor had no independent recollection of that
examination. The reasons Mr. Froble gave for not calling Dr. Slack
were:
He [Dr. Slack] possibly could have given
the information that there was semen found, or
a substance that could have been semen. He
possibly could have testified that his
recollection of the victim's mental state at
the time was consistent with her being
attacked. He also, as a medical doctor, could
have supported and fortified the fact that there was an examination; that she had been
sexually assaulted. The records also
indicated a reference to sexual assault. It
also indicated that there were various
hospital employees that had told Dr. Slack
that there had been a sexual assault;
therefore, our fear was that if we called him
as a witness, that basically all we were doing
was fortifying the State's position, and [I]
thought that was a bad strategy and bad
tactics.
Further, Mr. Froble testified that he based his decision not to
call Dr. Slack to testify because "we were positive as to what he
[Dr. Slack] did in the examination, and we were also positive that
. . . he could not help Mr. Azeez at all."
When reviewing the Appellant's trial counsel's representation
in light of the Miller standards, it is clear that the decision not
to call Dr. Slack was one which the trial counsel did not enter
into hastily, but only after carefully considering the
repercussions of that testimony and discussing his concerns with
his client. In comparing the Appellant's trial counsel to other
reasonably qualified defense attorneys, we conclude that the
"identified acts or omissions were [not] outside the broad range of
professionally competent assistance." Syl. Pt. 6, Miller, No.
22571, ___ W. Va. at ___, ___ S.E.2d at ___. Even if we concluded
that it was error for the trial counsel not to call Dr. Slack to
testify, that error would not have changed the result of the
proceedings. See id. at Syl. Pt. 5. We reach this conclusion by
reviewing Dr. Slack's testimony at the habeas corpus proceeding. It is obvious that the testimony was not as "exculpatory" as the
Appellant would have this Court believe. In reality, the testimony
was only slightly beneficial to the Appellant and, therefore, in
light of the other evidence against the Appellant, the testimony
would not have changed the outcome of the trial. Finally, the
trial counsel's decision was a trial strategy and we can not
conclude that no reasonably qualified defense attorney would have
so acted. Id. at Syl. Pt. 6.
CONFRONTATION CLAUSE
The next issue is whether the Appellant's rights under the
Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment were violated by the
admission of the deposition testimony of Dr. Rasheed, the
pathologist who confirmed that sperm were present on the vaginal
swab taken by the nurse shortly after the alleged sexual assault
occurred. The Appellant maintains that the State did not produce
any evidence which indicated that the doctor was unavailable as a
witness pursuant to West Virginia Rule of Evidence 804(a) or that
the State made a good faith effort to obtain her presence at trial.
See Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Phillips, 187 W. Va. 205, 417 S.E.2d 124
(1992) (discussing burden of proving unavailability). The Appellee
argues that the Appellant's confrontation rights were not violated
when his "tactical decision" to delay trial until a time he was
aware the witness would be out of the state. Moreover, the Appellee asserts that the witness' deposition contained the
Appellant's successful cross-examination of the witness.
It is helpful first to examine the context in which Dr.
Rasheed's deposition was entered into evidence at trial. The
record indicates that Dr. Rasheed was prepared to testify at the
trial on the date that the trial was originally scheduled. The
Appellant moved to reset the trial date, and the court granted that
motion. The State was then informed that Dr. Rasheed would not be
available to testify on the new trial date.See footnote 24 The State moved the
court to order that Dr. Rasheed's evidentiary deposition be taken,
and the court granted the State's motion. It is undisputed that
the Appellant and his attorney were present during that deposition
and cross-examined the witness. At trial, the Appellant objected
to the introduction of the deposition, arguing that a witness being
on vacation did not satisfy the unavailability requirement of West
Virginia Rule of Evidence 804(a). The trial court overruled the
Appellant's objection and permitted the introduction of the
deposition.See footnote 25
In syllabus point two of State v. James Edward S., 184 W. Va.
408, 400 S.E.2d 843 (1990), we held that "[t]he two central
requirements for admission of extrajudicial testimony under the
Confrontation Clause contained in the Sixth Amendment to the United
States Constitution are: (1) demonstrating the unavailability of
the witness to testify; and (2) proving the reliability of the
witness's out-of-court statement." Id. at ___, 400 S.E.2d at 845.
Moreover, "[i]n order to satisfy its burden of showing that the
witness is unavailable, that State must prove that it has made a
good-faith effort to obtain the witness's attendance at trial.
This showing necessarily requires substantial diligence." Id.
Under the criteria enunciated in James Edward S., it is clear
that the State was acting in good faith when it informed the court
in advance of trial that because of the delay in the trial
requested by the Appellant, Dr. Slack was going to be unavailable
to testify during the course of trial. Further, we are hard-
pressed to find unreliable a deposition which was taken with the
Appellant's full knowledge that Dr. Slack would not be available at
trial. The Appellant was given a full opportunity to cross-examine
Dr. Slack, and even the Appellant's trial counsel acknowledged
during the habeas corpus proceeding that he felt that his cross-
examination of the doctor during the deposition had been successful. Accordingly, the habeas corpus court did not err in
determining that the admission of Dr. Rasheed's deposition at trial
did not violate the Appellant's right to confrontation.
DENIAL OF FAIR TRIAL
The final issue is whether the habeas corpus court erred in
finding that the Appellant was not deprived of a fair trialSee footnote 26 where
the trial court permitted an allegedly incompetent witness to
testify against him, and where the trial court failed to order a
mental examination of the alleged victim.See footnote 27 The record indicates that the Appellant's trial counsel made a pretrial motion to
require the victim to undergo a psychiatric evaluation prior to
trial due the alleged incompetency of the victim. Apparently, an
unrecorded hearing on this motion occurred and resulted in the
trial court's denial of that motion, since the Appellant did not
undergo a psychiatric evaluationSee footnote 28 and was permitted to testify by
the trial court.See footnote 29
We have previously held that "[a] habeas corpus proceeding is
not a substitute for a writ of error in that ordinary trial error
not involving constitutional violations will not be reviewed."
Syl. Pt. 4, State ex rel. McMannis v. Mohn, 163 W. Va. 129, 254 S.E.2d 805 (1979), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 831 (1983). Pursuant to
our holding in Mohn, we held in State ex rel. Phillips v. Legursky,
187 W. Va. 607, 420 S.E.2d 743 (1992), that the lack of a
transcript of an in-camera hearing did not give rise to error of
constitutional dimension, and therefore, was not reviewable by writ
of habeas corpus. Similarly, in State ex rel. Boso v. Hedric, 182
W. Va. 701, 391 S.E.2d 614 (1990), we concluded that rulings made
by the trial court concerning the state's opening argument, the
giving of an instruction, the denial of the defendant's motion for
severance of the counts in the indictment, the granting of the
State's motion in limine, and the refusal to strike for cause
members of the juror venire were all trial errors not involving
constitutional dimensions. Id. at 710, 391 S.E.2d at 623 and n.6.
Based on the above-mentioned precedent of this Court, the
trial court's refusal to order a psychiatric examination of the
victim and the trial court's allowing the victim to testify both
fall into the realm of trial errors which do not rise to a
constitutional level. Accordingly, we decline to review either of
these errors raised by the Appellant. See Mohn, 163 W. Va. at 130,
254 S.E.2d at 806, Syl. Pt. 4.
Based on the foregoing, the decision of the Circuit Court of
Raleigh County is hereby affirmed.See footnote 30
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1
On May 24, 1988, the Appellant petitioned this Court for an
appeal arising out of this conviction. The Appellant raised the
following assignments of error in his appeal: 1) permitting the
victim's testimony without a finding of her competency to
testify; 2) admitting Dr. Rasheed's deposition in the absence of
a showing that she was unavailable to testify; 3) allowing the
admission in evidence of the results of the vaginal swab in light
of the mishandling of such evidence by the hospital; 4) denying
the Defendant's motion to compel the victim to submit to a
psychiatric evaluation; 5) denying the Defendant the victim's
psychiatric records; and 6) allowing the jury to consider second
degree sexual assault in the absence of evidence of all the
elements thereof. The Appellant renewed this petition for
appeal on July 26, 1988. We declined to review either petition.Footnote: 2
Ms. Fox testified at trial that the reason she was looking
for the Appellant was that there was a patient in the emergency
room who needed blood drawn, and the nurse in the emergency room
had been unable to locate the Appellant.Footnote: 3
Jean Gieseking, a nurse at the hospital who helped locate
the Appellant, testified that the Appellant told Ms. Fox that the
reason there were no lights on in the victim's room was because
the victim was afraid of the light. Footnote: 4
The testimony at trial indicated that the Appellant told
the nurses that he was attempting a femoral stick, which involves
withdrawing blood from a patient's groin area. However, there
was also testimony which indicated that hospital policy was that
only doctors were permitted to do a femoral stick. The Appellant
attempted to rebut this policy during his testimony by stating
that not only had he never been informed of this policy, but
that, while he was not a practicing physician, he had obtained a
medical degree from a medical school located in the Caribbean.Footnote: 5
Ms. Fox then gave the swab to Betty Campbell, who was the
night supervisor who relieved Ms. Fox. Ms. Campbell testified
that she gave the swab to Frank Bosia, a medical technologist,
who took the swab to the hospital's laboratory and placed it in a
refrigerator until test could be performed on it later that
morning.Footnote: 6
The Appellant's trial counsel made a pretrial motion to
require the victim to undergo a psychiatric evaluation prior to
trial due to the alleged incompetency of the victim. A copy of
that motion was not made part of the record on appeal.Footnote: 7
The Appellant objected to the admissibility of the
deposition, arguing that the doctor, who was on vacation, was not
unavailable to testify within the meaning of the West Virginia
Rules of Evidence. See W. Va. R. Evid. 804(a). The trial court
overruled this objection.Footnote: 8
Dr. Rasheed testified that he could not identify whether
the sperm came from the Appellant, presumably because no samples
were taken from the Appellant for purposes of comparison,
although the record is silent on this issue.Footnote: 9
Once again, the record is extremely unclear as to the
nature of this "kit" or the type of tests or analysis it
included.Footnote: 10
The Appellant, after the stipulation was read to the jury,
objected that the State had withheld the exculpatory evidence of
the negative C.I.B. report and, therefore, had not complied with
the Appellant's discovery request for exculpatory evidence.
Further, the Appellant's trial counsel also indicated that it was
his belief that Dr. Slack was going to testify, and that the
Appellant had not received a copy of Dr. Slack's report. Mr.
Lazenby, the assistant prosecuting attorney, responded to this
allegation by stating that he did not believe that a C.I.B.
report had been prepared, since the chemist who conducted the
testing had quit his job. Mr. Lazenby also stated that "I do not
believe there is a report from Dr. Slack, and if there is, I
don't recall it being exculpatory." Dr. Slack did not testify at
trial. Footnote: 11
The stipulation was as follows: "THE COURT: Does the
jury understand that the parties have stipulated that this
evidence that was sent to the Criminal Investigation Bureau lab
and the result of the test performed was negative? Both parties
stipulate that as a fact." The record is unclear as to what
testing occurred and what the negative result meant. Presumably,
the negative result indicated that there was no sperm or seminal
fluid present on the slides taken from the victim's vaginal swab
on the morning following the alleged assault.
Footnote: 12
Interestingly, the record indicates that the State left
another black juror on the panel. However, that juror was struck
from the panel by a peremptory challenge exercised by the
Appellant. Footnote: 13
The Appellant essentially was contending that he should be
considered as a member of the same race as the stricken juror
because both were minorities.Footnote: 14
The trial court stated: "You would have legitimate reason
as a prosecutor if you thought that there was some animosity
between the investigating office[r] and a prospective juror. I
do know that may not be the greatest reason in the world, but it
is a reason."Footnote: 15
We recently held in State v. Kirkland, 191 W. Va. 586, 447 S.E.2d 278 (1994), that:
A trial court should conduct an
evidentiary hearing if, after considering the
prosecutor's representations regarding the
reasons for using a peremptory strike to
exclude the only remaining black juror, the
court deems that the circumstances
surrounding the prosecutor's representations
warrant such a hearing to determine whether
the explanations offered by the prosecutor in
exercising said strike were racially neutral
or discriminatory in nature. The
determination on whether to conduct an
evidentiary hearing is within the sound
discretion of the trial court.
Id. at 588-89, 447 S.E.2d at 280-81, Syl. Pt. 9.
Footnote: 16
"[A] case announces a new rule when it breaks new ground
or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal
Government." Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 301 (1989).Footnote: 17
The Appellant relies on Teague as support for his
proposition. In that case, the Supreme Court held that generally
"new constitutional rules of criminal procedure will not be
applicable to those cases which have become final before the new
rules are announced." 489 U.S. at 310. A case is final if it is
not "currently in litigation or on appeal where the error has
been properly preserved at trial." State v. Kopa, 173 W. Va. 43,
53, 311 S.E.2d 412, 422 and Syl. Pt. 2 (1983).
Ironically, the Supreme Court further stated that "[i]n
Allen v. Hardy [478 U.S. 255 (1986)], the Court held that Batson
constituted an 'explicit and substantial break with prior
precedent'. . . [and] concluded that the rule announced in Batson
should not be applied retroactively on collateral review of
convictions that became final before Batson was announced." 489 U.S. at 295 (quoting Allen, 478 U.S. at 258).
Footnote: 18
Unless Powers can be held retroactive, it would be
impossible for the Appellant to prevail on this issue under
Batson and our consequent Marrs case, for those cases both
required that "'the defendant first must show that he is a member
of a cognizable racial group, and that the prosecutor has
exercised peremptory challenges to remove from the venire members
of the defendant's race.'" Syl. Pt. 2, Marrs, 180 W. Va. at 693-
94, 379 S.E.2d at 497-98 (quoting Batson, 476 U.S. at 96)
(emphasis added).Footnote: 19
We recognize that even under Powers, the state's
enunciation of a non-discriminatory reason for exercising the
peremptory challenge may defeat a defendant's prima facie case of
an equal protection violation due to racial discrimination in
selecting a jury.Footnote: 20
These results were based upon specimens collected pursuant
to an examination performed on the victim by Dr. Slack the
morning after the alleged sexual assault.Footnote: 21
For instance, Dr. Slack had the very real potential of
adversely impacting on the Appellant's case in that the doctor
may have been permitted to testify as to statements the victim
made to him regarding the assault. Further, based on Dr. Slack's
testimony at the habeas corpus proceeding, the doctor could have
testified at the Appellant's trial that his examination of the
victim did reveal "[m]ucous-like secretions present in the
vagina[,]" of the victim, which his testimony indicated was
possibly seminal fluid. Footnote: 22
The testing to determine whether seminal fluid was present
was conducted at the C.I.B. lab and said testing resulted in the
stipulation regarding the negative results which was read to the
jury.Footnote: 23
A review of the trial transcript indicates that Mr. Froble
stated to the trial court that the State never produced a copy of
Dr. Slack's report or the related C.I.B. report prior to trial,
but he believed both might have been exculpatory. At the habeas
corpus proceeding, it became clear that Dr. Slack never prepared
a report and that his notes were interspersed with nurses' notes
in the emergency room record. While at first glance, Mr.
Froble's testimony at the habeas corpus proceeding seems to
contradict his statements made to the trial court, Mr. Froble's
testimony at the habeas corpus proceeding clarified that he knew,
prior to trial, what Dr. Slack's conclusions were, as well as the
results of the C.I.B. report. Footnote: 24
The record indicated that Dr. Rasheed was scheduled to be
out of state on vacation at that time.Footnote: 25
Dr. Rasheed's testimony was introduced by the State to
establish the presence of sperm in the victim's vagina. However,
the doctor could not testify that the sperm came from the
Appellant, since he apparently had no samples of the defendant
for purposes of comparison, but rather could only state that it
could have come from any male that "happened to be in the
hospital at that time."Footnote: 26
See W. Va. Const. art. 3, § 10.Footnote: 27
The Appellant also alleges under this assignment of error
that the prosecuting attorney failed to make a good faith effort
to obtain and produce the complete medical and mental health
records of the alleged victim, despite the trial court's
discovery order that the prosecution was to disclose medical and
mental health records to the Appellant. We recently held in
syllabus point one of State v. Roy, No. 22695, ___ W. Va. ___,
___ S.E.2d ___ (W. Va. filed June 15, 1995) that "Rule
16(a)(1)(D) of the West Virginia Rules of Criminal Procedure
allows discovery of all results or reports of physical or mental
examinations which are material to the defense . . . ." The
Appellant, however, bases this argument upon the premise that
since the victim testified at trial that she had been previously
raped while hospitalized in Spencer, West Virginia, the State had
an obligation to obtain those records, if they existed and to
provide same to the Appellant. As the Appellee correctly
asserts, the Appellant failed to demonstrate that the alleged
absence of unspecified prior psychiatric or medical records were
either material or denied the Appellant a fair trial. Further,
the record indicates that the Appellee gave the Appellant all the
victim's records it had in its possession. Therefore, we dismiss
this argument as being without merit. Footnote: 28
Arguably the trial court's decision not to require a
psychiatric evaluation was based on the fact that the trial court
had records indicating that at the time the victim was admitted
to psychiatric unit three days prior to the attack, she was
diagnosed as suffering from "Behavior disorder with paranoid
ideations in a mental retard. . . ."Footnote: 29
It is significant to note that for reasons stated in the
ineffective assistance of counsel section of this opinion supra,
the Appellant's trial counsel did not object to the victim's
competency to testify when she was called as a witness at trial.
While it is clear that questions of competency are determined by
the trial court, and that the trial court has a duty to
"carefully question and examine the witness" once competency is
raised, it is clear that the issue was not raised during trial.
State v. Butcher, 165 W. Va. 522, 526, 270 S.E.2d 156, 159
(1980); see State v. Wilson, 157 W. Va. 1036, 1047, 207 S.E.2d 174, ___ (1974). Additionally,
every witness is presumed to be competent,
and neither feeblemindedness nor insanity
renders a witness incompetent or
disqualified. The only grounds for
disqualifying a party as a witness are that
the witness does not have knowledge of the
matters about which he is to testify, that he
does not have the capacity to recall, or that
he does not understand the duty to testify
truthfully.
State v. Merritt, 183 W. Va. 601, 608, 396 S.E.2d 871, 878 (1990) (quoting F. Cleckley, Handbook on Evidence for West Virginia Lawyers § 2.2(B) (2d ed. 1986) (citing United States v. Odom, 736 F.2d 104 (4th Cir. 1984)). In the present case, the victim had knowledge of the sexual assault and had the capacity to recall the incident.Footnote: 30 Upon a review of the record, we find the remainder of the Appellant's arguments, including the State's failure to reveal to the Appellant the results of Dr. Slack's physical examination and the C.I.B. lab report prior to trial, without merit. Further, we also conclude that the Appellee's contention that the Appellant is barred from seeking reversal of his original felony conviction by habeas corpus proceeding by virtue of the fact that the Appellant, following his conviction and sentencing, unlawfully fled the jurisdiction where he remained at large for years before his capture and extradition back to this state is without merit.
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