Strahin v. Lantz
Annotate this Case
January 1995 Term
_________
NO. 22099
_________
JAMES ALBERT STRAHIN; DANIEL RAY STRAHIN,
AN INFANT, BY WILLA STRAHIN, HIS GUARDIAN;
RICHARD NEWMAN AND FREDA NEWMAN; AND
CLOVIS NEWMAN AND BEULAH NEWMAN,
Plaintiffs Below, Appellants
V.
VONDA LEE LANTZ,
Defendant Below, Appellee
__________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Barbour County
Honorable John L. Waters, Judge
Civil Action No. 93-C-26
REVERSED AND REMANDED
____________________________________________________________
Submitted: January 24, 1995
Filed: February 17, 1995
Robert J. Shostak
Sowash, Carson & Shostak
Athens, Ohio
Patrick C. McGinley
Morgantown, West Virginia
Attorneys for Appellants
G. W. Morris II
Morris & Morris
Philippi, West Virginia
Attorney for Appellee
JUSTICE CLECKLEY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
JUSTICE BROTHERTON did not participate.
JUDGE FOX sitting by temporary assignment.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "'"The finding of a trial court upon the facts
submitted to it in lieu of a jury will be given the same weight as
the verdict of a jury and will not be disturbed by an appellate
court unless the evidence plainly and decidedly preponderates
against such finding." Syl. pt. 7, Bluefield Supply Company v.
Frankels [Frankel's] Appliances, Inc., 149 W. Va. 622, 142 S.E.2d 898 (1965).' Syl. pt. 1, Burns v. Goff, 164 W. Va. 301, 262 S.E.2d 772 (1980)." Syllabus Point 2, Shrewsbury v. Humphrey, 183 W. Va.
291, 395 S.E.2d 535 (1990).
2. Abandonment of an easement of prescription is a
question of intention that may be proved by nonuse combined with
circumstances which evidence an intent to abandon the right. It is
the burden of the party asserting the absence of an easement by
prescription to prove abandonment by clear and convincing evidence.
Cleckley, Justice:
In this property case involving the use of an easement by
prescription, the appellants and plaintiffs below, James Strahin,
et al., brought suit to enjoin the appellee and defendant below,
Vonda Lee Lantz, from locking a gate to the road which accesses
their property. They appeal an order of the Circuit Court of
Barbour County entered June 30, 1993, which held the prescriptive
easement was extinguished due to abandonment.See footnote 1 The plaintiffs
argue this Court should adopt the majority view and hold
abandonment must be shown by clear and convincing evidence of
nonuse coupled with evidence of intent to abandon. They contend no
evidence of such intent was introduced below and request this Court
to reverse the judgment.
I.
The defendant owns approximately sixty acres of land in
Barbour County, a portion of which is adjacent to County Route
5/10. The plaintiff James Strahin purchased a 5.75 acre tract of
land from the plaintiff Richard Newman in August of 1992.See footnote 2 To
access the property, it is necessary to take Miner Road which is a
dirt roadway off Route 5/10 that travels over the defendant's
property and leads to Miner Hollow.
In the early 1900s, when the local coal mine was in
operation, many houses were located up Miner Hollow. Persons
living up the hollow would travel Miner Road across the defendant's
property without her permission. The evidence is undisputed that
a prescriptive easement was created across Miner Road.See footnote 3 When the
coal mine closed, the families moved away and the houses deteriorated. In 1985, the defendant placed a gate across the
road. The owners of the property up Miner Hollow continued to pass
through the gate on occasion to access their property to cut grass,
care for gardens, and hunt game.
From the middle 1940s to the middle 1950s, the
defendant's cousin, Mr. Sandridge, owned a home on the 5.75 acre
tract now owned by James Strahin. The home was abandoned in the
early 1960s and was later destroyed by fire. The issue in this
case is whether the prescriptive easement created by the driveway
leading from Miner Road to the homesite was extinguished by
abandonment.
James Strahin plans to construct a home on the tract.
The defendant maintains she suffered property damage when a gas
line leading to her home was broken and certain trees were cut down
from her side of the property line as a result of bulldozing the
road in preparation for construction of the home. This lawsuit was
initiated after she placed a lock on the gate and would not allow
persons to travel on Miner Road.
The case was tried upon the facts without a jury. After
hearing arguments, testimony from the parties and witnesses who had
lived up Miner Hollow, and a view of the area, the circuit court
issued specific findings of fact and conclusions of law. The
circuit court found the prescriptive easement over the defendant's land from Miner Road to the 5.75 acre tract was extinguished by
abandonment. Accordingly, it held that James Strahin was not
entitled to travel over the driveway in question to access the
land. This appeal ensued.
II.
In this case we follow the standard of review articulated
in Syllabus Point 2 of Shrewsbury v. Humphrey, 183 W. Va. 291, 395 S.E.2d 535 (1990):
"'"The finding of a trial court upon
the facts submitted to it in lieu of a jury
will be given the same weight as the verdict
of a jury and will not be disturbed by an
appellate court unless the evidence plainly
and decidedly preponderates against such
finding." Syl. pt. 7, Bluefield Supply
Company v. Frankels [Frankel's] Appliances,
Inc., 149 W. Va. 622, 142 S.E.2d 898 (1965).'
Syl. pt. 1, Burns v. Goff, 164 W. Va. 301, 262 S.E.2d 772 (1980)."
When an action is tried upon the facts without a jury, the circuit
court "shall find the facts specially and state separately its
conclusions of law thereon . . . [and these] [f]indings . . . shall
not be set aside unless clearly erroneous[.]" W. Va. R. Civ. P.
52(a). See Lewis v. Dils Motors Co., 148 W. Va. 515, 135 S.E.2d 597 (1964). A reviewing court may not overturn a finding simply
because it would have decided the case differently, and it must
affirm "[i]f the [circuit] court's account of the evidence is
plausible in light of the record viewed in its entirety[.]"
Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, N.C., 470 U.S. 564, 574, 105
S. Ct. 1504, 1511, 84 L. Ed. 2d 518, 528 (1985). However, "[a] finding is `clearly erroneous' when although there is evidence to
support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with
the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been
committed." United States v. United States Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395, 68 S. Ct. 525, 542, 92 L. Ed. 746, 766 (1948). Finally,
"[i]f the trial court makes no findings or applies the wrong legal
standard . . . no deference attaches to such an application."
State v. Farley, ___ W. Va. ___, ___, ___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (No.
22139 11/18/94) (Slip op. at 8). Applying these principles to the
facts of this case, we are of the opinion that the circuit court's
findings were clearly erroneous and the final judgment constitutes
an abuse of discretion.
This Court has never directly addressed the factors
necessary to show termination of a prescriptive easement by
abandonment.See footnote 4 In an analogous situation addressed in Moyer v.
Martin, 101 W. Va. 19, 24, 131 S.E. 859, 861 (1926), we set forth
the situations in which an owner of an easement by grant may lose
his rightsSee footnote 5:
"Having once been granted to him, he cannot
lose it by mere non-user. . . . He may lose
it by adverse possession by the owner of the
servient estate for the proper length of time
. . . , or by abandonment, not by mere non-
user, but by proofs of an intention to
abandon; or, of course, by deed or other
instrument in writing." (Citations omitted).
Section 504 (Easements) of the Restatement of Property states the
majority rule that abandonment must be shown by evidence of intent
to discontinue the use and that evidence of nonuse, without more,
is insufficient to extinguish the right. "Abandonment is a
question of intention and may be proved by a cessation of use
coupled with circumstances clearly showing an intention to abandon
the right." 6B Michie's Jurisprudence, Easements § 18 at 166-67
(1985).
This rule is keeping with public policy considerations
which revere vested property rights. Courts should not interfere
with the rights of an owner of a prescriptive easement absent a clear showing that the owner does not intend to exercise his rights
in the future.See footnote 6
We hereby adopt the foregoing rule and hold that
abandonment of an easement of prescription is a question of
intention that may be proved by nonuse combined with circumstances
which evidence an intent to abandon the right. It is the burden of
the party asserting the absence of an easement by prescription to
prove abandonment by clear and convincing evidence. 6B Michie's
Jurisprudence Easements § 18 at 167.
What particular actions would constitute proof of intent
to abandon an easement by prescription would necessarily depend on
the unique facts of each case. In Downing House Realty v. Hampe,
127 N.H. 92, 497 A.2d 862 (1985), the Supreme Court of New
Hampshire addressed the issue of intent to abandon an easement when
faced with similar facts to this case. The easement was not
frequently used in the past, a fence was erected over a portion of
the easement and remained there for approximately thirty years, and
large trees grew where the easement existed. Nevertheless, the
court found the evidence insufficient to establish abandonment
because of the lack of permanency of the nonuse. Had the owner of the easement chosen to exercise control of the land, the fence and
trees could easily be removed.
In the case at bar, testimony was heard from thirty-nine-
year-old Eric Lantz that a fence existed over the driveway for as
long as he could remember. A gas line ran across the driveway and
the area was grown over with small trees. Despite this evidence of
nonuse, no evidence was introduced to show the intent to abandon
the prescriptive easement. To the contrary, the evidence showed
that Mr. Strahin invested money to improve the land to construct a
residence.
In Norman v. Belcher, 180 W. Va. 581, 583, 378 S.E.2d 446, 448 (1989), this Court held that "[a] private easement may be
extinguished by adverse possession wholly inconsistent with the use
of the easement.See footnote 7 Bauer Enter., Inc. v. City of Elkins, 173 W. Va. 438, 317 S.E.2d 798 (1984); Higgins v. Suburban Improvement Co.,
108 W. Va. 531, 151 S.E. 842 (1930); Rudolph v. Glendale
Improvement Co., 103 W. Va. 81, 137 S.E. 349 (1927)."
Significantly, the defendant did not introduce evidence or assert
the easement was extinguished by adverse possession. The record
evidence is insufficient to determine if the elements for adverse
possession were met. Accordingly, this Court cannot conclude the
prescriptive easement was extinguished based only on the existence
of the fence and gas line.
Based on the foregoing, we find the prescriptive easement
was not extinguished and the plaintiffs have the right to travel
across the driveway to access the 5.75 acre tract.See footnote 8 Furthermore,
because the parties agree a prescriptive easement exists across Miner Road, the lock on the gate preventing the plaintiffs access
to the road must be removed. The decision of the Circuit Court of
Barbour County is hereby reversed, and this case is remanded for
entry of an order consistent with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.
Footnote: 1
At oral argument, this Court inquired whether there was a
final decision regarding the motion to reconsider filed by the
plaintiffs on July 9, 1993. The parties indicated they believed
the motion had been ruled upon. The record at the time of oral
argument did not refect that an order was rendered. Upon
agreement of the parties, this Court was supplied with an order
by the circuit court disposing of the motion for reconsideration.
With limited exceptions not relevant here, we are empowered to
review only final decisions of the circuit courts. W. Va. Code,
58-5-1 (1925). A decision is final when it disposes of the
entire controversy and leaves nothing further for the circuit
court to consider. James M.B. v. Carolyn M., ___ W. Va. ___, ___
S.E.2d ___ (No. 22545 2/17/95). Addressing the finality
requirement, we adopt a practical interpretation that looks to
the intention of the circuit court. See Vaughn v. Mobile Oil
Exploration and Producing Southeast, Inc., 891 F.2d 1195 (5th
Cir. 1990) (holding the intention of the circuit court is
controlling in final judgment determinations). We explicitly
find that all issues before the circuit court have been disposed
of and we have an appealable final judgment.Footnote: 2
The property was transferred by quit claim deed. A second
deed of general warranty was later prepared and entered.Footnote: 3
Syllabus Point 1 of Jamison v. Waldeck United Methodist
Church, 191 W. Va. 288, 445 S.E.2d 229 (1994), sets forth the
factors necessary for the creation of a prescriptive easement:
"'"The open, continuous and
uninterrupted use of a road over the land of
another, under bona fide claim of right, and
without objection from the owner, for a
period of ten years, creates in the user of
such road a right by prescription to the
continued use thereof. In the absence of any
one or all of such requisites, the claimant
of a private way does not acquire such way by
prescription over the lands of another."
Syl. pt. 1, Holland v. Flanagan, 139 W. Va.
884, 81 S.E.2d 908 (1954).' Syllabus Point
2, Keller v. Hartman, 175 W. Va. 418, 333 S.E.2d 89 (1985)."Footnote: 4
In Lyons v. Lyons, 179 W. Va. 712, 717, 371 S.E.2d 640, 645
(1988), we remanded the case, in part, in order for the trial
court to determine whether the evidence "constitute[d]
abandonment of any prescriptive right that may have matured,"
without specifically articulating the rule of law.Footnote: 5
We find the criteria listed in Moyer persuasive because it
has been argued that prescriptive easements should be treated the
same as easements created by deed:
"An easement established by prescription is
just as well established as one originating
in the most formal deed. The methods of
extinguishment of prescriptive easements and
easements created by deed should be
identical. Either nonuser should be
effective as to both, or as to neither. The
Restatement of Property takes the position
that nonuser alone is never sufficient to
prove abandonment as to any variety of
easement, but constitutes relevant evidence
which, with other accompanying facts, can
justify a finding of abandonment."
3 Richard R. Powell, Powell on Property, Easements and Licenses §
34.20 at 34-252-53 (1994).Footnote: 6
An easement by necessity, however, "cannot be extinguished
so long as the necessity continues to exist." Berkeley Dev.
Corp. v. Hutzler, 159 W. Va. 844, 851, 229 S.E.2d 732, 736
(1976). Footnote: 7
W. Va. Code, 55-2-1 (1923), sets the ten-year statutory
period for adverse possession. The elements to show adverse
possession are set forth in Syllabus Points 1 and 2 of White v.
Lambert, 175 W. Va. 253, 332 S.E.2d 266 (1985):
"1. 'One who seeks to assert title
to a tract of land under the doctrine of
adverse possession must prove each of the
following elements for the requisite
statutory period: (1) That he has held the
tract adversely or hostilely; (2) That the
possession has been actual; (3) That it has
been open and notorious (sometimes stated in
the cases as visible and notorious); (4) That
possession has been exclusive; (5) That
possession has been continuous; (6) That
possession has been under claim of title or
color of title.' Syllabus Point 3, Somon v.
Murphy Fabrication & Erection Co., 160 W. Va.
84, 232 S.E.2d 524 (1977).
"2. 'Adverse possession of a right of way granted by deed must be hostile at its inception, adverse, actual, visible, open, notorious, exclusive, under claim of ownership and continuous for the statutory period.' Syllabus Point 1, Higgins v. Suburban Improvement Co., 108 W. Va. 531, 151 S.E. 842 (1930)."Footnote: 8 We note that James Strahin's proposed use of the driveway does not place an additional burden upon the road outside the parameters of the creation of the prescriptive easement. The use of the driveway during the prescriptive period was for vehicular traffic to a residence. Syllabus Point 3 of Crane v. Hayes, 187 W. Va. 198, 417 S.E.2d 117 (1992), states: "'"The character and purpose of an easement acquired by prescription are determined by the use made of it during the prescriptive period." Syl. pt. 3, Burns v. Goff, 164 W. Va. 301, 262 S.E.2d 772 (1980).' Syl. Pt. 3, Hanshew v. Zickafoose, 173 W. Va. 151, 313 S.E.2d 427 (1984)."
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