State of WV v. Gray
Annotate this Case
January 1992 Term
____________
No. 20733
____________
STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA
v.
ROBERT M. GRAY
____________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Putnam County
Honorable Clarence L. Watt
Criminal Action No. 89-F-52
AFFIRMED
____________________________________________________________
Submitted: May 5, 1992
Filed: May 28, 1992
James P. Carbone
Assistant Attorney General
Mario J. Palumbo
Attorney General
Charleston, WV
Attorneys for the Appellee
Charles A. Riffee, II, Esq.
Caldwell, Cannon-Ryan & Riffee
Charleston, WV
Attorney for the Appellant
JUSTICE NEELY delivered the Opinion of the Court.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. "A confession that is involuntary in fact is
inherently unreliable. A confession under torture is worthless for
all purposes." Syllabus Point 3, State v. Smith, ___ W. Va. ___,
___S.E.2d ___ (1991).
2. "A trial court's decision regarding the voluntariness
of a confession will not be disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or
clearly against the weight of the evidence." Syllabus Point 3,
State v. Vance, 162 W. Va. 467, 250 S.E.2d 146 (1978).
3. Unless it clearly appears that a qualified jury
cannot be obtained from the county in which an offense has been
committed, the circuit court does not abuse his discretion under
W. Va. Code, 52-1-14 [1986] in deciding not to summon jurors from
another county.
4. When the circuit court determines that a juror can
act fairly and impartially and render a just verdict at trial, that
juror is not disqualified to serve solely because he was impaneled
to serve as a juror at the trial of a different defendant charged
with crimes arising out of the same set of circumstances.
5. "'Failure to observe a constitutional right
constitutes reversible error unless it can be shown that the error
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.' Syllabus point 5, State
ex rel. Grob v. Blair, W.Va., 214 S.E.2d 330 (1975)." Syllabus
point 5, State v. Boyd, ___ W. Va. ___, 233 S.E.2d 710 (1977).
Neely, J.:
A Putnam County jury convicted Robert M. Gray of the
first-degree murder of John Janey and recommended mercy. Mr. Gray
now appeals, alleging that: (1) an involuntary confession was
improperly admitted into evidence; (2) the jury was tainted by
pretrial exposure to the case; and (3) the jury improperly was
allowed to take evidence with it into the jury room. We affirm.
Raymond Huck hired Robert Gray to set fire to his house in Putnam County so that Mr. Huck could obtain insurance money from Nationwide Insurance Company. Although the details are not clear from the record, Nationwide somehow received rumor of this criminal enterprise. John Janey, an off-duty police officer employed by Nationwide, saw Mr. Gray enter the house and pour gasoline throughout. After radioing for assistance, Officer Janey attempted to arrest Mr. Gray. Because Officer Janey was killed, the only record of what happened next are statements by Mr. Gray. We do know, however, that before Mr. Gray shot and killed Officer Janey, Officer Janey was able to place one handcuff on Mr. Gray. After Mr. Gray killed Officer Janey, Mr. Gray fled the scene and eluded police officers for several hours before they captured him. Upon his arrest, Mr. Gray claims that the arresting officers beat him and that they quit beating him only when he agreed to confess to Officer Janey's murder. The officers say that Mr. Gray's injuries were sustained in his struggle with Officer Janey and in a minor
fall.
The jury that tried and convicted Mr. Gray included five
jurors who previously had been impaneled to serve on the jury for
the trial of Raymond Huck. However, Mr. Huck pled guilty before
trial. Mr. Gray's lawyer objected to the make-up of the jury
because of the widespread pretrial publicity in Putnam County, but
the circuit court chose not to summon a new jury panel and allowed
the jury members who had been chosen for Mr. Huck's trial to remain
on Mr. Gray's jury.
I.
In this case, our greatest concern is the defendant's
allegation that his confession was not freely given. As we said in
Syllabus Point 3 of State v. Smith, ___ W. Va. ___, ___S.E.2d ____
(1991):
A confession that is involuntary in fact is
inherently unreliable. A confession under
torture is worthless for all purposes.
In Smith, however, the defendant provided objective third-party evidence that he had indeed been beaten. In this case, the defendant offers only his own testimony. Mr. Gray says that the officers beat him, but the officers say they did not. Objective evidence (including a photograph) shows that Mr. Gray did have some minor cuts and bruises, but these injuries were consistent with his struggle with Officer Janey and his flight through the woods to
elude the police. There certainly is not sufficient evidence to
show that the circuit court, when presented with the evidence
firsthand, erred in holding Mr. Gray's confession admissible. As
we said in Syllabus Point 1 of State v. Haller, ___ W. Va. ___, 363 S.E.2d 719 (1987):
"A trial court's decision regarding the
voluntariness of a confession will not be
disturbed unless it is plainly wrong or
clearly against the weight of the evidence."
Syl. Pt. 3, State v. Vance, 162 W. Va. 467,
250 S.E.2d 146 (1978).
Accordingly, we find that the circuit court was not clearly wrong
in admitting Mr. Gray's confession.
II.
The defendant also claims that because of pretrial
publicity the circuit court should have impaneled a jury from
outside Putnam County. However, W. Va. Code, 52-1-14 [1986]
provides:
In any criminal case in any court, if in
the opinion of the court, or the judge thereof
in vacation, qualified jurors, not exempt from
serving, cannot be conveniently found in the
county in which the trial is to be, the court,
or the judge thereof in vacation, shall enter
an order of record to such effect and may
cause so many jurors as may be necessary to be
summoned from any other county. In such order
the court, or the judge thereof in vacation,
shall fix a day on which the jurors shall be
required to attend and in the order shall
indicate the county from which the jurors
shall be drawn and the number of jurors to be
drawn. An attested copy of the order shall be
certified to the circuit court of the county
designated, or the judge thereof in vacation,
and thereupon such circuit court or the judge
thereof in vacation, shall, by order, direct
that a jury be drawn in the manner provided by
law for the drawing of petit jurors and
proceedings respecting the drawing of the
jurors, including the names of the jurors so
drawn, shall be certified by the clerk of the
circuit court of the county designated to the
clerk of the court wherein the trial is to be.
Thereupon, the clerk of the circuit court of
the county from which the jurors are to be
drawn shall summon, in the manner provided in
section nine [§ 52-1-9] of this article, the
jurors so drawn to attend for jury service in
the county wherein the trial is to be held.
W. Va. Code, 52-1-14 [1986] vests discretion in the trial
court to decide whether qualified jurors can be found in the county
in which the trial is located. We will not overturn decisions not
to summon a new jury panel unless they are clearly wrong, and in
this case the circuit court allowed extensive voir dire before
determining that a fair and impartial jury was available in Putnam
County.
The defendant also claims that he was prejudiced because five of the jurors who convicted him were also impaneled to serve on the jury of Raymond Huck.See footnote 1 However, Mr. Huck pled guilty
before the trial began. Furthermore, the Huck jury was sequestered
at the time Mr. Huck entered his plea. The circuit court allowed
Mr. Gray's counsel extensive voir dire and the opportunity to probe
for any prejudice towards his client. After this extensive voir
dire, the jury was impaneled. When a circuit court determines that
a juror can act fairly and impartially and render a just verdict at
trial, that juror is not disqualified to serve solely because he
was impaneled to serve as a juror at the trial of a different
defendant charged with crimes arising out of the same set of
circumstances. We find that the trial court did not abuse his
discretion in either deciding not to summon a new jury panel or in
allowing members of the Huck jury to serve on the jury that
convicted Mr. Gray.
III.
Mr. Gray also complains that a transcript of a tape recording was improperly taken into the jury room. The transcript was of a tape recording that had been admitted into evidence, but the transcript itself was never admitted into evidence. The
inclusion of this transcript with the other exhibits was
inadvertent, and the jury foreman returned the transcript to the
court within 20 minutes after the jury adjourned. Neither we nor
the circuit court have reason to believe that the jurors reviewed
the transcript, and, therefore, we find this incident insufficient
to require a reversal of the jury's verdict. Furthermore, as we
stated in Syllabus Point 5 of State v. Boyd, ___ W. Va. ___, 233 S.E.2d 710 (1977):
"Failure to observe a constitutional right
constitutes reversible error unless it can be shown
that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable
doubt." Syllabus point 5, State ex rel. Grob v.
Blair, W.Va., 214 S.E.2d 330 (1975).
Even if there was error in the transcripts reaching the jury room,
we find that it was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.See footnote 2
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the Circuit
Court of Putnam County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
Footnote: 1The State responds that we held in Syllabus Point 3 of State
v. Carduf, 142 W. Va. 18, 93 S.E.2d 502 (1956):
When it appears that a juror in a subsequent criminal case can fairly and impartially act and render a just verdict upon the evidence adduced at the trial, he is not disqualified to serve as such in the subsequent case merely by reason of his service as a juror or his presence as a spectator
at a prior trial of a different defendant charged
with a different but similar offense, although the
evidence is similar and the witnesses in behalf of
the prosecution are the same in each case.
We decline to address the continuing viability of our broad holding in Carduf. However, Mr. Gray's case is not Carduf. In Carduf, the jurors actually heard both cases. None of Mr. Gray's jurors heard evidence in Mr. Huck's case because no evidence was taken. Footnote: 2 The defendant also makes moment of the application of the felony-murder rule in this case. We have previously found our felony-murder statute constitutional, (see, State v. Sims, 162 W. Va. 212, 248 S.E.2d 834 (1978)) and we decline to return to that issue today. Further, we do not find reversible error in the circuit court's application of the felony-murder rule in this case. The defendant also claims that some of the State's evidence including a bloody photograph of Mr. Gray were unduly prejudicial and that the circuit court should not have allowed this evidence to be admitted. Finally, the defendant appeals the denial of his motions for directed verdict and for a new trial. We have reviewed these other assignments of error and find them to be without merit.
Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.