State Of Washington, Respondent V. Michael William Bienhoff, Appellant (Majority)

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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, v. MICHAEL WILLIAM BIENHOFF, Appellant, ) ) ) ) ) ) ) No. 74519-1-1 DIVISION ONE UNPUBLISHED OPINION 0 cot: , ro C.- ) rn a ) KARL EMERSON PIERCE, AND EACH OF THEM, Defendant. torric) ) ) ) ) ; r vir. ze ci? ea ' a FILED: June 11, 2018 TRICKEY, J. — Michael Bienhoff and Karl Pierce claimed that they were involved in a marijuana deal with Precious Reed and Demetrius Bibb. During the transaction, an altercation occurred between Bienhoff and Reed. A handgun discharged and killed Reed. The State ultimately charged codefendants Bienhoff and Pierce with first degree felony murder predicated on robbery in the first degree, with a deadly weapon allegation. The State's theory at trial was that Bienhoff and Pierce intended to rob Reed, rather than to sell him marijuana. The jury convicted Bienhoff as charged. He appeals, raising many issues. Finding no error, we affirm. FACTS Reed and Bienhoff had known each other for several years. In February 2012, Reed asked Bienhoff to sell him a couple of pounds of marijuana. On February 20, 2012, Bienhoff told Reed that he would sell Reed two pounds of No. 74519-1-1/ 2 marijuana for $2,200 per pound. Reed replied that he still wanted the marijuana but needed to raise money. Bienhoff picked up two and a half pounds of marijuana from his supplier for $1,800 per pound. Bienhoff planned to meet Reed near Green Lake, an area of North Seattle, to conduct the transaction. Bienhoff went to Ramon Lyons's home in the Bitter Lake community. Lyons helped Bienhoff arrange for Scott Barnes to provide a ride. When Barnes arrived at Lyons's home, Lyons was on the front porch cleaning a revolver. After meeting with Barnes, Bienhoff asked Lyons to accompany them as "insurance." Lyons agreed, and the group went to pick up Lyons's friend, Pierce. Bienhoff and Pierce had not previously met. Bienhoff separated the two pounds of marijuana he planned to sell to Reed and the extra half pound into two backpacks.2 Barnes drove the group back to Lyons's house. Lyons testified that Bienhoff said that he did not feel safe and asked to borrow a gun. Lyons and Pierce got out of the car, and Lyons entered the house. Lyons retrieved two handguns. One was a gray or chrome colored .45 caliber semiautomatic pistol. The other was the revolver Lyons had been cleaning earlier. After Lyons and Pierce returned to the car, Barnes drove the group toward Green Lake. While en route, Lyons gave the revolver to Bienhoff.3 When the group 1 Report of Proceedings(RP)(Oct. 27, 2015) at 3435. Barnes testified that the group went directly from Pierce's home to Green Lake without making any stops. 3 At trial, Bienhoff denied asking Lyons for a weapon and that he knew that Lyons and Pierce were armed. Pierce testified that he did not see any other members of the group carrying guns, and that he did not think Bienhoff was armed. But Barnes testified that he 2 2 No. 74519-1-1/ 3 stopped at a gas station, Bienhoff and Barnes left the car. While alone in the car, Lyons warned Pierce to watch Bienhoff, and gave him the semiautomatic pisto1.4 After leaving the gas station, Barnes drove to Green Lake. He parked the car near the lake in an upper parking lot of Woodland Park. Bienhoff got out of the car. He hid the backpack containing the two pounds of marijuana in a bush. After asking Barnes to move the car away from the lot, Bienhoff asked Lyons to stay out of sight but within earshot of where Bienhoff was going to meet Reed. Lyons told Pierce to "back up" Bienhoff to ensure that he was not robbed.5 Reed arrived driving a gray van. A white Cadillac followed Reed's van into the parking lot. Reed parked, and the white Cadillac stopped further down the lot. Pierce was outside of Barnes's car. He found a vantage point from which he could see Reed's van and the white Cadillac. Pierce observed that Reed and the driver of the Cadillac were both black males. Reed and the driver of the Cadillac, later identified as Bibb, exited their vehicles and greeted Bienhoff. Bibb had agreed to pay half the cost of the marijuana, and thought the deal was $2,000 for two pounds. Bibb planned to "front" the marijuana, or pay part of the purchase price at the transaction, sell some 6 of the purchased marijuana, and then pay the seller the outstanding balance. Bibb denied having a gun that day, and he did not think that Reed was armed. Bienhoff recovered the marijuana and Bibb returned to the Cadillac. Reed observed Lyons handing the revolver to Bienhoff and that he noticed that Pierce was armed. 4 Lyons testified that he gave the .45 caliber handgun to Pierce while the entire group was in the car and driving toward Green Lake from the gas station. 5 RP (Oct. 22, 2015) at 3250. 6 RP (Oct. 1, 2015) at 1702. 3 No. 74519-1-1 /4 got into the van and sat in the driver's seat. Bienhoff also entered the van and sat in the front passenger's seat. Bienhoff showed Reed the marijuana. Reed told Bienhoff that he did not have the full amount of money to buy the marijuana. Reed asked Bienhoff to front the marijuana, but Bienhoff declined. Bienhoff began to exit Reed's van. He saw Reed reaching to his left for the butt of a handgun. Reed and Bienhoff wrestled for the handgun. The handgun, a revolver with a 10-inch barrel, discharged into Reed's shoulder. The bullet travelled upwards into Reed's brain and caused his death. The shot temporarily deafened Bienhoff. He grabbed the marijuana, exited Reed's van, and ran to Barnes's car. While running, Bienhoff saw Bibb standing between Reed's van and the Cadillac. He did not notice whether Bibb was armed or had fired any shots. Pierce had seen Reed's van start to rock and assumed there was a struggle. Pierce moved closer to the van. Bienhoff ran past Pierce, who heard Bienhoff say that Reed had attempted to rob him. Pierce saw a black male come around the front of Reed's van, and heard a boom. Pierce thought the man was shooting at him. He ran toward Barnes's car without drawing his gun. Lyons had initially moved toward the lake but had begun to head back to 7 the upper parking lot. On his way, he heard gunfire and "hit the ground." Once he got up, he saw Pierce running toward the parking lot without a gun in his hand. Lyons heard multiple gunshots. He ran back toward Barnes's car, and heard tires squeal after the gunfire ended. 7 RP (Oct. 15, 2015) at 2566. 4 No. 74519-1-1 / 5 Barnes remained in his car. Barnes heard five gunshots in rapid succession and thought he could hear them striking metal. Bibb testified that he remained in the Cadillac. He observed Reed's van while Reed and Bienhoff were inside. Bibb did not hear raised voices, see a struggle, or hear a gunshot. Bibb saw another individual, who he later described as 5 feet 8 inches tall or 5 feet 9 inches tall, run between the Cadillac and the van, turn towards Bibb, and began firing at him with a dark-colored gun. Bibb ducked down, put his car in gear, and rapidly left the parking lot. Bibb heard and felt bullets strike the Cadillac. He later found bullet holes in its side. There were two eyewitnesses who observed the incident. The first, Earl Cadaret, watched through the kitchen window of his recreation vehicle, which was parked in the same lot as Reed's van and Bibb's Cadillac. Cadaret observed two black males, one of whom was substantially taller than the other, walking toward the van and the Cadillac. Cadaret saw the taller man enter the driver's side of the Cadillac. He later noticed the same man standing outside of the Cadillac looking at the van, and then saw him in front of the van with his arm extended. Cadaret heard several loud noises that may have been "bangs, pops, or rattle[s]."8 Cadaret saw the Cadillac drive away, and did not see anyone shooting at it. He watched the shorter man fall out of the van. After the Cadillac was gone, Cadaret went to the man on the ground and called 911. When the police 8 RP (Sept. 30, 2015) at 1433. 5 No. 74519-1-1 /6 interviewed him later, Cadaret stated that the man in the Cadillac looked like he had a gun and had shot the man in the other car. The second eyewitness was Mark Howard. He was sitting in his truck, which was in the parking lot where the incident occurred. He saw a minivan and light-colored sedan park in the lot. He viewed two black males and one white male standing in the lot before the white man retrieved a backpack from some bushes. Howard watched the two black males head toward the minivan and the 9 sedan. Shortly thereafter, Howard heard "popping" sounds. He saw a man he later identified as Pierce running and holding a silver-colored automatic gun.19 Howard thought Pierce was shooting at the minivan and the sedan, although he did not see any muzzle flashes or discharged shell casings. Howard testified that he might have seen another armed man behind the shooter. Howard fled the parking lot in his truck. He returned later to give police a recorded statement after he saw a report of the incident on the news. Once Bienhoff, Pierce, Lyons, and Barnes were in Barnes's car, Pierce said that he thought the driver of the Cadillac had shot at them. Barnes testified that Pierce told the group that he saw Reed "slumped" in the van.11 Barnes also testified that Pierce said that he had been "busting at the caddy"and that he would dispose of the weapons.12 Barnes testified that Lyons said,"Nobody say anything, or we're all screwed.'"13 RP (Sept. 30, 2015) at 1531. Pierce stated in cross-examination that he was the man seen by Howard. 11 RP (Oct. 12, 2015) at 2138. 12 RP (Oct. 12, 2015) at 2138. Pierce denied that he had disposed of or destroyed any guns or cell phones linked to the incident. 13 RP (Oct. 12, 2015) at 2138. 9 19 6 No. 74519-1-1 / 7 Pierce testified that he put the gun Lyons had given him on the floor of Barnes's car. Lyons did not see any guns in Barnes's car after the incident. Bienhoff later gave the marijuana to someone he knew. Police officers found Reed face down on the ground next to his van. The van's doors were open. Reed had approximately $1,200 in cash on his person, and no gun was found at the scene. Several .45 caliber shell casings were found in the parking lot. A crime laboratory concluded that a .38 caliber gun and a .45 caliber gun had been discharged during the incident. While watching the news that night, Pierce heard that someone had been shot at Green Lake, and went into hiding for about a month. Bibb learned that Reed had died later that evening or early the next morning. When police interviewed Bibb the next day, he gave them permission to confiscate the Cadillac. When Bibb was shown photomontages, he identified Bienhoff and tentatively identified Pierce as the person who had shot at him.14 The police arrested Bienhoff about one week after the incident. The State charged Bienhoff and Pierce by amended information with murder in the first degree by reason of causing Reed's death while committing or attempting to commit the crime of robbery in the first degree. The charge included a deadly weapon allegation. The State also charged Lyons and Barnes as codefendants with Bienhoff and Pierce, but they pleaded guilty to lesser charges in exchange for their testimony at trial. At trial, the State's theory was that Bienhoff did not bring marijuana to the Bibb identified Pierce's photograph as the one who "most closely resembled" the person who shot at him. 14 7 No. 74519-1-1 / 8 meeting with Reed, and intended to rob Reed of the purchase money. The State contended that Pierce was the second shooter. Bienhoff denied that the group discussed a robbery. Bienhoff testified that he only discussed guns with Pierce, Lyons, and Barnes to say that someone had shot at them. The jury convicted Bienhoff as charged, and he appeals.15 ANALYSIS Trial Court Discussion of Capital Punishment Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred during voir dire by instructing the jury that the death penalty was not at issue in the present case. Because the trial court did not say whether or not the case was noncapital and correctly informed the jury of their role, we disagree. "The question of the sentence to be imposed by the court is never a proper issue for the jury's deliberation, except in capital cases." State v. Bowman, 57 Wn.2d 266, 271, 356 P.2d 999 (1960). "This strict prohibition against informing the jury of sentencing considerations ensures impartial juries and prevents unfair influence on a jury's deliberations." State v. Townsend, 142 Wn.2d 838, 846, 15 P.3d 145 (2001). "[I]t is error to inform the jury during voir dire in a noncapital case that the death penalty is not involved." State v. Hicks, 163 Wn.2d 477, 487, 181 P.3d 831 (2008)(citing Townsend, 142 Wn.2d at 840)). There is no "distinction between a court or counsel-initiated and a juror-initiated discussion of the inapplicability of the death penalty." Hicks, 163 Wn.2d at 487(2008)(citing State v. Mason, 160 Wn.2d 15 Additional facts will be included as appropriate in sections of the analysis. 8 No. 74519-1-1 /9 910, 929, 162 P.3d 396 (2007)). "[1]n response to any mention of capital punishment, the trial judge should state generally that the jury is not to consider sentencing." Hicks, 163 Wn.2d at 487.16 Here, during voir dire, the State informed the jury that they would have no role in deciding the defendants' punishment. When a juror asked whether Washington used the death penalty, the trial court informed the jury that the Washington Supreme Court prohibited it from telling the jury whether the death penalty was involved in the case. Several jurors expressed concerns about the death penalty. They were informed that sentencing was the trial court's responsibility and that the jury was only involved in the determination of guilt. One juror stated that they had an understanding of the process of imposing the death penalty in Washington. Bienhoff objected to the State's discussion with the jury about the death penalty and moved for a mistrial. The trial court denied the motion, noting that the discussion with the jury was not improper and that the State had not told the jury whether the death penalty was involved. Bienhoff agreed that the trial court gave the jury an accurate description of their role. Prior to dismissing the jurors for the day, the trial court reiterated that they would not be informed that this was a capital case, and told them,"[Nowever, if it is, the question of whether the death penalty would be imposed is a separate proceeding at which there could be additional The State argues that Townsend was incorrectly decided and should be overruled. This court is bound by Washington Supreme Court precedent and does not have the authority to overrule its decisions. State v. Jussila, 197 Wn. App. 908, 931, 392 P.3d 1108(2017). Further, Townsend has been favorably cited in subsequent cases examining this issue. See Hicks, 163 Wn.2d at 487-89. We reject the State's request to overrule Townsend. 16 9 No. 74519-1-1 / 10 evidence and would be determined by a jury that follows the trial and any conviction "17 The trial court's statements to the jury regarding the death penalty were not improper. The trial court explicitly noted that Washington Supreme Court precedent prevented it from informing the jury whether or not the death penalty was involved. In accordance with Hicks, the trial court informed the jury that they would determine whether Bienhoff was guilty, but not his sentence if he was convicted. This discussion does not rise to the level of informing the jury that the death penalty was not at issue in the present case. Although a juror mentioned that they knew about Washington's death penalty process, the trial court addressed any issue when it told the jury about Washington's bifurcated proceeding for applying the death penalty. Further, the trial court reemphasized that this jury's role would be to determine whether Bienhoff was guilty. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not err because it did not inform the jury whether the death penalty was at issue in the present case and accurately described the jury's role. 17 RP (Sept. 23, 2015) at 887. Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred when it failed to instruct the jury that they would not have anything to do with punishment, in accordance with Washington Pattern Jury Instruction 1.02. 11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 1.02, at 21 (4th ed. 2016)(WPIC). The WPICs are not binding on trial courts. WPIC 0.10, at 3-4. Bienhoff does not cite additional authority demonstrating that the cited provision has been adopted as a required instruction. We reject this argument. 10 No. 74519-1-1/ 11 Appearance of Fairness Doctrine Bienhoff argues that the trial judge violated the appearance of fairness doctrine when he made a comment implying racial bias.18 But Bienhoff did not object to the trial judge's comment below. "An appearance of fairness claim is not 'constitutional' in nature under RAP 2.5(a)(3) and, thus, may not be raised for the first time on appeal." In re Guardianship of Cobb, 172 Wn. App. 393, 404, 292 P.3d 772(2012)(quoting State v. Morgensen, 148 Wn. App. 81, 90-91, 197 P.3d 715 (2008)); see also City of Bellevue v. King County Boundary Review Bd., 90 Wn.2d 856, 863, 586 P.2d 470 (1978) ("Our appearance of fairness doctrine, though related to concerns dealing with due process considerations, is not constitutionally based."). Therefore, we conclude that Beinhoff cannot raise this issue for the first time on appeal. Exclusion of Evidence Bienhoff argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it refused to admit several pieces of evidence.18 We examine each piece of offered evidence in turn. When examining the admissibility of text messages sent between Reed and a third party regarding a debt Reed owed, the judge stated, "[W]e don't have any information [about the third party], so we don't know whether he's some white guy like me making a threat or somebody who's actually, you know, more likely to be a gangster." RP (Oct. 21, 2015) at 2915. The Commission on Judicial Conduct subsequently admonished the judge. Commission on Judicial Conduct, Judicial Conduct Commission Approves Stipulation and Admonishes Judge Douglass A. North, No. 8583-F-174 (Dec. 8, 2018), https://www.cjc.state.wa.us/materials/activity/public_actions/2017/8583FinalStip.pdf (last visited May 11,2018). 18 Bienhoff also argues that the trial court infringed his constitutional right to present a defense when it excluded the evidence at issue. But Bienhoff does not offer significant argument in support of his contention that the trial court's rulings violated his constitutional rights. Rather, his arguments focus on whether the trial court abused its discretion when it excluded the evidence at issue. Therefore, we examine whether the trial court abused its discretion in making its evidentiary rulings. 18 11 No. 74519-1-1/ 12 Evidence that is not relevant is not admissible. ER 402. "[E]vidence must (1) tend to prove or disprove the existence of a fact, and (2) that fact must be of consequence to the outcome of the case." Davidson v. Municipality of Metro. Seattle, 43 Wn. App. 569, 573, 719 P.2d 569(1986); ER 401. This includes "facts which offer direct or circumstantial evidence of any element of a claim or defense." Davidson, 43 Wn. App. at 573. We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. State v. Halstien, 65 Wn. App. 845, 849-50, 829 P.2d 1145(1992). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is manifestly unreasonable or based on untenable grounds or reasons. In re Det. of Duncan, 167 Wn.2d 398, 402, 219 P.3d 666 (2009). "A decision is based on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons if the trial court applies the wrong legal standard or relies on unsupported facts." Duncan, 167 Wn.2d at 403. Violation of an evidentiary rule is not grounds for reversal unless the defendant suffered prejudice. State v. Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d 389, 403, 945 P.2d 1120 (1997). An error is not prejudicial "unless, within reasonable probabilities, the outcome of the trial would have been materially affected had the error not occurred." State v. Tharp, 96 Wn.2d 591, 599, 637 P.2d 961 (1981). Further, "[t]he improper admission of evidence constitutes harmless error if the evidence is of minor significance in reference to the overall, overwhelming evidence as a whole." Bourgeois, 133 Wn.2d at 403. 12 No. 74519-1-I / 13 Reed's Financial Situation Bienhoff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by applying the wrong legal standard to exclude certain evidence of Reed's poor financial status. Because the trial court properly exercised its discretion to admit only some evidence of Reed's financial situation, we disagree. "Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence." ER 403. "Evidence of poverty is generally not admissible to show motive." State v. Kennard, 101 Wn.App.533,541,6 P.3d 38(2000)(citing United States v. Mitchell, 172 F.3d 1104, 1108 (9th Cir. 1999)). But "[e]vidence concerning a defendant's bankruptcy and poor financial condition is admissible to show that the defendant was living beyond his means." Kennard, 101 Wn.App. at 540-41. In turn, evidence that the defendant was living beyond his means may be admissible to establish the defendant's motive to commit a crime if its probative value is not substantially outweighed by its potential prejudice. State v. Matthews, 75 Wn. App. 278, 283, 286, 877 P.2d 252 (1994)(holding that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it admitted evidence of the defendant's recent bankruptcy and living beyond his means in trial for first degree murder where State's limited presentation of evidence did not make "any stigma of bankruptcy or poverty" the point of emphasis for the jury).2° 20 Bienhoff, relying on Matthews, contends that the trial court abused its discretion by holding him to an erroneous legal standard when it required him to offer evidence 13 No. 74519-1-1 / 14 Here, Bienhoff sought to introduce evidence of Reed's financial situation before the incident in order to show that Reed intended to rob Bienhoff. Bienhoff offered evidence that Reed and his wife lacked steady employment, received public assistance, and maintained a lifestyle beyond their means. Bienhoff also sought admission of evidence that Reed pawned jewelry, attempted to prostitute his wife, and borrowed money from a third party who later threatened him. The trial court ruled that Bienhoff could introduce evidence of Reed and his wife's lack of steady employment, that Reed had pawned a ring, and that Reed had borrowed money from a third-party seeking repayment. The trial court admitted a pawn slip for the ring, found in Reed's van, showing that payment was due four days after the incident occurred. The trial court stated that this evidence was admissible because it demonstrated that Reed was under"enormous financial pressure" when he met Bienhoff.21 The trial court excluded the remainder of Bienhoff's offered evidence after finding that its potential prejudicial impact substantially outweighed its probative demonstrating that Reed was under "enormous financial pressure." Br. of Appellant at 40 (quoting RP (Sept. 14, 2015) at 127). He argues that the trial court should have admitted evidence that Reed and his wife were living beyond their means. Matthews, 75 Wn. App. at 283-88. The Matthews court held that a trial court does not abuse its discretion when it admits evidence showing that the defendant was living beyond his or her means after properly determining that the probative value of such evidence is not substantially outweighed by its prejudicial impact. 75 Wn. App. at 288. Matthews does not require trial courts to admit probative evidence of the defendant's financial situation even if they determine that the evidence is unduly prejudicial. Here, the trial court used the phrase "enormous financial pressure" to evaluate whether each offered item of evidence of Reed's financial situation was substantially outweighed by its possible prejudicial impact on the jury. In doing so, it excluded evidence where its probative value was substantially outweighed by its possible prejudicial impact. Thus, the trial court did not apply an erroneous legal standard to determine whether the evidence was relevant. We reject this argument. 21 RP (Sept. 14, 2015) at 127-28. 14 No. 74519-1-1/15 value. This included six other pawn slips for items for which payments were not due close to the time of the incident. The trial court properly weighed the probative value of each item of evidence against its potential prejudicial impact prior to deciding whether to admit the evidence under ER 403. The trial court limited the scope of the evidence admitted on the issue of whether Reed had a financial motivation supporting his alleged intent to rob Bienhoff under ER 403. The trial court noted that the evidence could paint Reed and his wife as undesirable people in the eyes of the jury. The trial court concluded that only evidence demonstrating that Reed was under "enormous financial pressure" when he met Bienhoff was sufficiently probative to be admissible under ER 403. We conclude that the trial court properly exercised its discretion to admit only some evidence of Reed's financial situation. Reed's Prior Criminal Charge Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred when it denied his request to admit evidence of Reed's prior criminal behavior. The State responds that the trial court properly barred the evidence as inadmissible propensity evidence under ER 404(b). We agree with the State. "[E]vidence of prior misconduct is presumptively inadmissible." State v. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d 405,421, 269 P.3d 207(2012). Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. 15 No. 74519-1-1 / 16 ER 404(b). The admission of evidence of other crimes "depend[s]on its relevance and the balancing of its probative value and danger of unfair prejudice; the list of other purposes in the second sentence of ER 404(b) is merely illustrative." Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 420. To admit evidence of a person's prior acts,"the trial court must(1)find by a preponderance of the evidence that the misconduct occurred, (2) identify the purpose for which the evidence is sought to be introduced,(3) determine whether the evidence is relevant to prove an element of the crime charged, and (4) weigh the probative value against the prejudicial effect." State v. Vv Than% 145 Wn.2d 630,642,41 P.3d 1159(2002). "The party seeking to introduce [ER 404(b)] evidence has the burden of establishing the first, second, and third elements." Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 421. Here, before trial, Bienhoff sought to admit evidence of a 2006 robbery charge against Reed. The State had charged Reed with first degree robbery based on the victim's claim that Reed threatened him with a gun and demanded money. The State's inability to find the victim resulted in the charge being dismissed without prejudice. The trial court barred evidence of Reed's prior charge under ER 404(b) as impermissible propensity evidence. The trial court did not err in its ruling. Bienhoff had the burden of establishing that evidence of Reed's prior robbery charge was admissible under ER 404(b). But he failed to prove that Reed had committed the acts underlying his 2006 robbery charge by a preponderance of the evidence. The charge was based 16 No. 74519-1-1 / 17 solely on the victim's report to police and identification of Reed from a photo lineup. But the charge was not brought to trial because the victim could not be found. Without additional evidence, the dismissed charge is insufficient to demonstrate that Reed committed the alleged robbery. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court properly denied admission of the robbery charge as impermissible propensity evidence under ER 404(b). Bibb's Prior Gun Ownership Bienhoff argues that the trial court abused its discretion when it did not admit evidence of Bibb's prior gun ownership. The State contends that the trial court properly excluded the evidence under ER 404(b). We agree with the State. Evidence of prior acts is "not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith." ER 404(b). A defendant's previous ownership of guns may be admissible when it is circumstantial evidence connecting him or her to the particular weapons that were used in the crime at issue. See State v. Hartzell, 156 Wn. App. 918, 930-32, 237 P.3d 928 (2010) (evidence connecting the defendants to the guns used in the crime was admissible as circumstantial evidence where its probative value was not outweighed by its prejudicial effect). But evidence that the defendant was in possession of a gun that was not used in the crime at issue may be barred as impermissible propensity evidence. State v. Freeburg, 105 Wn. App.492, 500-01, 20 P.3d 984(2001)(the trial court erred in admitting evidence that defendant was armed when arrested over two years after murder at issue occurred because the 17 No. 74519-1-1 / 18 evidence was prejudicial and had little probative value, in part because the gun was not the one used in the murder). Here, Bienhoff moved to admit evidence showing that Bibb had previously owned guns of the same caliber as those used in the incident and that he had experience with and knowledge of guns. The trial court excluded evidence of Bibb's prior gun ownership under ER 404(b), but allowed Bienhoff to ask Bibb whether he was armed at Woodland Park, whether he owned guns of the same caliber as those used in the incident when the incident occurred, and whether he had been able to tell if the gun that had been fired at him was a revolver or a semiautomatic. The trial court properly determined that evidence of Bibb's prior ownership of guns of the same caliber as those used in the incident was inadmissible under ER 404(b). Bibb testified that he was not armed at Woodland Park on the day of the incident. There was no evidence at trial that Bibb had ever owned or possessed the weapons that were used during the incident. Absent such evidence, Bienhoff cannot show that Bibb's previous gun ownership was relevant to the present case beyond showing that Bibb was a gun owner who participated in an incident that involved guns. Thus, evidence of Bibb's past ownership of guns constitutes impermissible propensity evidence under ER 404(b), and we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it excluded the evidence. Bienhoff argues that the trial court abused its discretion by improperly precluding him from attacking Bibb's credibility through cross-examination about his prior gun ownership. Because Bibb's response would implicate the evidence 18 No. 74519-1-1/ 19 of his prior ownership that the trial court correctly determined was inadmissible under ER 404(b), we disagree. The trial court may exercise its discretion to permit a party to cross-examine a witness on specific instances of conduct to attack or support the witness's credibility. ER 608(b). The instances must be probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness. ER 608(b). "Failing to allow cross-examination of a state's witness under ER 608(b) is an abuse of discretion if the witness is crucial and the alleged misconduct constitutes the only available impeachment." State v. Clark, 143 Wn.2d 731, 766, 24 P.3d 1006 (2001). Defendants have greater latitude to attack the credibility of witnesses on cross-examination. State v. York, 28 Wn. App. 33, 36,621 P.2d 784 (1980). Here, Bienhoff argued that evidence of Bibb's previous gun ownership was admissible under ER 608(b) because Bibb had incorrectly stated in a defense interview that he had not owned a .45 caliber handgun, although in 2011 he had reported that such a weapon had been stolen from his vehicle. The trial court denied his request to admit evidence of Bibb's response. The trial court did not improperly infringe on Bienhoff's right to crossexamine Bibb about his prior gun ownership. As discussed above, evidence of Bibb's prior ownership of guns constituted impermissible propensity evidence under ER 404(b). Allowing Bienhoff to impeach Bibb's credibility through his answer to a question on the same issue would alert the jury to the evidence the trial court properly barred. 19 No. 74519-1-1/20 Further, other evidence in the record could have been used to impeach Bibb's testimony that he was not armed at the incident. For example, Cadaret testified that the driver of the Cadillac exited his vehicle, stood in front of Reed's van, and extended his arm. Therefore, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it prohibited Bienhoff from cross-examining Bibb on his answer to the defense interview question. Judicial Comment on the Evidence Bienhoff argues that the trial court improperly commented on the evidence when it instructed the jury that Lyons made oral assertions to his acquaintance Hiram Warrington. Warrington testified that Lyons had told him what happened at Woodland Park on the day the incident occurred, and that he overheard a conversation about the incident between Lyons and Pierce. Bienhoff contends that the trial court's limiting instruction to the jury regarding Warrington's testimony implied that the conversation occurred, where that fact was disputed at trial. Because the trial court's limiting instruction did not convey the judge's personal opinion to the jury or inform the jury whether he believed Warrington's testimony, we disagree. "Judges shall not charge juries with respect to matters of fact, nor comment thereon, but shall declare the law." WASH. CONST. art. IV, § 16. This provision prevents the jury "from being influenced by knowledge conveyed to [them] by the court as to the court's opinion of the evidence submitted." Heiffeld v. Benevolent & Protective Order of Keglers, 36 Wn.2d 685, 699, 220 P.2d 655(1950). 20 No. 74519-1-1/ 21 "An impermissible comment is one which conveys to the jury a judge's personal attitudes toward the merits of the case or allows the jury to infer from what the judge said or did not say that the judge personally believed or disbelieved the particular testimony in question." Hamilton v. Dep't of Labor & Indus., 111 Wn.2d 569,571,761 P.2d 618(1988). A court's improper comment giving its opinion may be express or implied. State v. Levy, 156 Wn.2d 709, 721, 132 P.3d 1076 (2006). The prohibition on judicial comments on the evidence is strictly applied. City of Seattle v. Arensmeyer,6 Wn. App. 116, 120, 491 P.2d 1305 (1971). A claim of improper judicial comment implicates manifest constitutional error and may be raised for the first time on appeal. Levy, 156 Wn.2d at 719-20. Appellate courts review whether an instruction amounts to a comment on the evidence de novo. State v. Butler, 165 Wn. App. 820, 835, 269 P.3d 315 (2012). Here, Warrington testified that he had a conversation with Lyons on the day of the incident, and that he was present when Lyons and Pierce discussed the incident. Lyons denied that either conversation occurred. While Warrington was testifying that Lyons had told him about the incident on the day it occurred, the trial court instructed the jury that "[t]estimony regarding any oral assertions made by Ray Lyons to Hiram Warrington may be considered by you only for the purpose of impeaching Ray Lyons'[s] credibility. You may not consider it for any other purpose."22 22 RP (Oct. 20, 2015) at 2783. 21 No. 74519-1-1 / 22 The trial court's limiting instruction to the jury did not constitute an impermissible judicial comment on the evidence because it did not convey the trial court's attitude toward the merits of the case or belief in Warrington's testimony to the jury. The trial court's limiting instruction directed the jury to only consider testimony regarding any oral assertions made by Lyons to Warrington for the purpose of impeaching Lyons's credibility. The instruction did not reference the oral assertions or otherwise remove the determination of whether the oral assertions occurred from the jury. Also, the focus of the trial court's instruction was to limit the jury's consideration of Warrington's testimony, not to establish the factual basis of that testimony. Thus, the trial court's limiting instruction did not convey the court's attitudes toward the merits of the case or decide a disputed issue of fact. Further, the trial court's limiting instruction did not favorably compare Warrington's credibility to that of Lyons's. Warrington's testimony was offered to impeach Lyons's testimony. The trial court's limiting instruction simply told the jury to consider his testimony for this purpose alone, rather than for the substance of Lyons's alleged statements. It did not suggest that Warrington himself was credible or that the trial court personally believed Warrington's testimony. Bienhoff argues that the trial court impermissibly commented on the evidence because the limiting instruction informed the jury that Bienhoff was lying when he denied any intent to rob Reed. But this ignores the substance of the trial court's limiting instruction. The trial court's instruction informed the jury that it could 22 No. 74519-1-1/ 23 not consider Warrington's testimony about what Lyons told him for any purpose other than to impeach Lyons's credibility. Juries are presumed to follow the instructions of the court. State v. Dye, 178 Wn.2d 541, 556, 309 P.3d 1192(2013). Thus, the jury presumptively did not consider Warrington's testimony for the truth of the matter asserted in Lyons's statements. Bienhoff has not provided argument or citation in the record to overcome this presumption. We reject this argument. In sum, the trial court's limiting instruction did not convey the judge's personal attitudes toward the merits of the case or suggest that Warrington himself was credible. We conclude that the trial court's limiting instruction was not an impermissible comment on the evidence. Excusable Homicide Jury Instruction Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred when it declined to instruct the jury on excusable homicide. Because an instruction on excusable homicide was not appropriate in light of Bienhoff's charged crime and the parties' theories at trial, we disagree. "A defendant in a criminal case is entitled to have the jury fully instructed on the defense theory of the case." State v. Staley, 123 Wn.2d 794, 803, 872 P.2d 502(1994). Failure to fully instruct the jury is prejudicial error. State v. Riley, 137 Wn.2d 904, 908 n.1, 976 P.2d 624 (1999). First or second degree murder may be based on a killing that occurs in the course of and in furtherance of a felony or in immediate flight therefrom. RCW 9A.32.030(1)(c); RCW 9A.32.050(1)(b). The State must prove that the defendant 23 No. 74519-1-1/ 24 had the intent required to commit the underlying felony, not the intent required to prove first or second degree murder. State v. Craig, 82 Wn.2d 777, 781-83, 514 P.2d 151 (1973). "Even if the murder is committed more or less accidentally in the course of the commission of the predicate felony, the participants in the felony are still liable for the homicide." State v. Bolar, 118 Wn. App. 490, 504, 78 P.3d 1012 (2003)(citing State v. Leech, 114 Wn.2d 700, 708, 790 P.2d 160(1990)). "Homicide is excusable when committed by accident or misfortune in doing any lawful act by lawful means, without criminal negligence, or without any unlawful intent." RCW 9A.16.030. "[A]trial court's refusal to give an instruction [to the jury] based upon a ruling of law is reviewed de novo." State v. Walker, 136 Wn.2d 767, 772, 966 P.2d 883 (1998). Here, Bienhoff was charged with murder in the first degree by reason of causing Reed's death while committing or attempting to commit the crime of robbery in the first degree. Bienhoff argued that the trial court should instruct the jury on excusable homicide with modified self-defense language.23 The trial court declined to instruct the jury on excusable homicide. The trial court concluded that Bienhoff and Pierce could not argue that Bienhoff lawfully used force during the incident because self-defense is not a defense to robbery. Further, the trial court noted that the jury's decision hinged on whether they found that Bienhoff had attempted to rob Reed. If the jury determined that Bienhoff did not attempt to rob Reed, Bienhoff would not be guilty of the charged crime. But if 23 Bienhoff did not submit a proposed excusable homicide instruction. 24 No. 74519-1-1 / 25 the jury determined that Bienhoff did attempt to rob Reed,then justifiable homicide was not available because his use of force was not done during a lawful act. The trial court did not err when it declined to instruct the jury on excusable homicide. For an excusable homicide instruction to be available, Bienhoff would have to demonstrate that he was acting lawfully by lawful means. A determination that Bienhoff was acting in furtherance of or with intent to commit robbery when Reed died would necessarily establish that he was not acting lawfully by lawful means. Therefore, if the State carried its burden of proving that Bienhoff caused Reed's death while he was acting in furtherance of or with intent to commit robbery, an instruction on excusable homicide would be inappropriate. Further, Bienhoff's theory at trial was that he intended to sell Reed marijuana. Bienhoff claimed that Reed's death was an accident that occurred when Reed pulled out a gun during the transaction. But even if the jury determined that Bienhoff established his theory of the case, they would not reach the issue of whether Reed's death was an excusable homicide. Bienhoff was solely charged with felony murder predicated on robbery. Robbery was a necessary prerequisite for the felony murder charge. Thus, if the jury determined that Bienhoff met Reed with the intent to sell him marijuana, rather than the intent to rob him, the State would have failed to establish the predicate felony and Bienhoff would have been found not guilty. Without the underlying robbery, the jury would never reach the issue of whether Bienhoff caused Reed's death. Thus, under the facts of the present case, even if 25 No. 74519-1-1/ 26 Bienhoff successfully argued his theory of the case at trial, the trial court did not err in declining to instruct the jury on excusable homicide. Bienhoff argues that binding Washington case law requires that the jury be instructed on excusable homicide in felony murder cases where the facts support the instruction. We disagree. In State v. Brightman, the defendant was charged with premeditated first degree intentional murder and in the alternative with first degree felony murder based on robbery after he allegedly killed the victim during a car theft. 155 Wn.2d 506, 509-11, 122 P.3d 150(2005). The Washington Supreme Court noted that the proper defense to an accidental killing is excusable homicide, not justifiable homicide as argued by the defendant at trial. Brightman, 155 Wn.2d at 513, 52526. After reversing for an open courts violation, the Washington Supreme Court noted that, if the defendant argued on remand that he "committed an excusable homicide that was precipitated by an act of self-defense," the trial court would have to determine whether he had raised sufficient supporting evidence. Brightman, 155 Wn.2d at 526. In State v. Slaughter, the defendant was charged with second degree intentional murder and in the alternative with second degree felony murder based on assault. 143 Wn. App. 936, 941, 186 P.3d 1084(2008). The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's instruction to the jury on excusable homicide where the defendant argued that, after he and the victim struggled over possession of a crack pipe, he fatally stabbed the victim while defending himselffrom the victim's assault. Slaughter, 143 Wn. App. at 940-41, 944-47. The Court of Appeals noted that the 26 No. 74519-1-1/ 27 facts of the case supported the defendant's request for an excusable homicide instruction. Slaughter, 143 Wn. App. at 945-47. The cases cited by Bienhoff are distinguishable from the present case. Brightman and Slaughter involved charges of intentional murder with charges in the alternative offelony murder. As discussed above, Bienhoff was solely charged with felony murder predicated on robbery. He was not charged with a separate violent crime that could necessitate giving an instruction on excusable homicide. Thus, neither Brightman nor Slaughter control the outcome of the present case. In light of Bienhoff's charged offense, the facts of the present case, and the parties' theories at trial, the jury would not reach the issue of whether Reed's death was an excusable homicide. The trial court properly declined to issue an excusable homicide instruction. Alternate Juror Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred when it sat a previously dismissed alternate juror without inquiring whether that alternate juror had remained protected from outside influence. The State argues the trial court properly instructed the alternate jurors during the trial against conducting outside research and that there is no evidence that the alternate juror failed to adhere to the trial court's instructions after being dismissed. We agree with the State.24 The State argues that Bienhoff may not raise this issue for the first time on appeal. But a party may raise a claim of error for the first time on appeal that constitutes "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3). A trial court's failure to examine whether a temporarily excused alternate juror has been protected from outside influence may be raised for the first time on appeal. State v. Ashcraft, 71 Wn. App. 444, 463, 463 n.7, 859 P.2d 60(1993)(this issue relates "directly to a defendant's constitutional right to a fair trial before an impartial jury and to a unanimous verdict"). Thus, Bienhoff's argument implicates his rights to a fair trial, a trial by jury, and a trial by an impartial jury, and may 24 27 No. 74519-1-1 / 28 Alternate jurors who do not replace a regular juror may be discharged or temporarily excused after the jury retires to consider its verdict. When jurors are temporarily excused but not discharged, the trial judge shall take appropriate steps to protect alternate jurors from influence, interference or publicity, which might affect that juror's ability to remain impartial and the trial judge may conduct brief voir dire before seating such alternate juror for any trial or deliberations. CrR 6.5. An alternate juror "may be recalled at any time that a regular juror is unable to serve." CrR 6.5. In State v. Chirinos, the trial court temporarily excused an alternate juror and told her that she could be recalled, saying, "So I would appreciate you continuing to abide by that admonition not to discuss the case with anyone until you find out the jury has reached a verdict." 161 Wn. App. 844, 846-47, 255 P.3d 809 (2011). This court concluded that the trial court "properly instructed [the alternate juror]. . . to continue to abide by her obligation to not discuss the case" and that this admonishment was sufficient to protect her from outside influence under CrR 6.5. Chirinos, 161 Wn. App. at 850. Juries are presumed to follow the trial court's instructions. Dye, 178 Wn.2d at 556. The trial court has the discretion to conduct a formal proceeding to insure that an alternate juror that has been recalled has remained protected from outside influence. CrR 6.5; Chirinos, 161 Wn. App. at 848-49. Here, at the beginning of trial, the trial court instructed the jury to avoid reading anything about the case or discussing it with others in order to prevent extraneous influence. The trial court reminded the jury not to conduct outside be raised for the first time on appeal as a claim of manifest error affecting a constitutional right. 28 No. 74519-1-1 / 29 research about the case or discuss the case with others prior to each weekend recess. At the close of the parties' arguments and prior to dismissing the jury on a Thursday, the trial court instructed the alternate jurors, "It won't be necessary for you to serve further. Please don't discuss the case with anyone or indicate how you would have voted until the jury returns [their] verdict."25 The trial court recalled the alternate jurors the following Monday and sat one of the alternates. In light of the trial court's instructions to the jury during the trial and to the alternates in particular after the close of the parties' arguments, it adequately protected the alternate jurors from outside influence. During the trial, the trial court repeatedly instructed the jury, including the alternates, not to conduct outside research or discuss the case with others. As in Chirinos, the trial court admonished the alternate jurors not to discuss the case with anyone until the verdict was reached. The trial court did not instruct the alternate jurors that its prior instructions no longer applied to them or that they were free to conduct outside research. Therefore, the trial court adequately protected the alternate jurors from outside influence between when they were dismissed and when they were recalled. Further, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it did not conduct additional voir dire of the alternate juror to ensure against exposure to outside influences. As discussed above, the trial court repeatedly instructed the jury against conducting outside research or discussing the case over the course of the trial. When it dismissed the alternates, the trial court reminded them to not discuss the case with others and did not otherwise release them from their existing 25 RP (Oct. 29, 2015) at 3898. 29 No. 74519-1-1/ 30 obligations. The trial court recalled the alternates after three non-court days had passed and before the jury had begun its deliberations. Further, the parties were on notice that the trial court intended to sit an alternate juror from the e-mail exchange between the parties and the court following the defense's concerns over a sitting juror. Therefore, the trial court acted within its discretion when it did not conduct additional voir dire of the alternate juror. Bienhoff argues that the trial court's admonishment of the jurors is insufficient under the Washington Supreme Court Committee on Jury Instructions' (the Committee) recommendations. This is unpersuasive. The WPICs are not binding on trial courts, and Bienhoff has not cited binding legal authority in support of this argument. See WPIC 0.10; RAP 10.3(a)(6). We reject his argument. Jury Unanimity Bienhoff argues that the trial court violated his constitutional rights to a fair trial and a unanimous jury verdict when it failed to instruct the jury that their deliberations had to include all jurors. The State argues that the trial court properly instructed the jurors that any verdict must be the unanimous result of common deliberations. We agree with the State.26 The State argues that Bienhoff cannot raise this issue for the first time on appeal because he cannot show that any instructional error had practical and identifiable consequences in the trial. But a party may raise a claim of error for the first time on appeal that constitutes "manifest error affecting a constitutional right." RAP 2.5(a)(3). An erroneous instruction to the jury regarding unanimity is a manifest error affecting the constitutional rights to a jury trial and a unanimous verdict. State v. Lamar, 180 Wn.2d 576, 586, 327 P.3d 46(2014)(concluding that an instruction that directed the jury to not begin deliberations anew after seating an alternate juror was manifest constitutional error, and noting that prior cases have held that "jury instructions that fail to require a unanimous verdict constitute manifest error affecting a constitutional right"). Here, Bienhoff argues that the trial court failed to instruct the jury that any deliberations must involve all 12jurors, and therefore violated his right to a unanimous jury verdict. Thus, under Lamar, he has alleged a manifest constitutional error that can be raised for the first time on appeal. 26 30 No. 74519-1-1/ 31 Criminal defendants have a right to a trial by jury and a right to a unanimous verdict by the jury. WASH. CONST. art. 1, § 21; State v. Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wn.2d 702, 707, 881 P.2d 231 (1994). "'The requirement that 12 persons reach a unanimous verdict is not met unless those 12 reach their consensus through deliberations which are the common experience of all of them." State v. Lamar, 180 Wn.2d 576, 585, 327 P.3d 46(2014)(quoting People v. Collins, 17 Cal. 3d 687,693, 552 P.2d 742, 131 Cal. Rptr. 782 (1976)). A unanimous jury vote requires that the jury reaches a consensus after each juror examines the evidence and the parties' arguments, in light of the jury instructions, and after the jury deliberates. Lamar, 180 Wn.2d at 585. In State v. Lamar, the Washington Supreme Court noted that the trial court gave the jury an instruction about deliberating together to reach a unanimous verdict: "As jurors, you have a duty to discuss the case with one another and to deliberate in an effort to reach a unanimous verdict. Each of you must decide the case for yourself, but only after you consider the evidence impartially with your fellow jurors. During your deliberations, you should not hesitate to re-examine your own views and to change your opinion based upon further review of the evidence and these instructions. You should not, however, surrender your honest belief about the value or significance of evidence solely because of the opinions of your fellow jurors. Nor should you change your mind just for the purpose of reaching a verdict." 180 Wn.2d at 580. The court later stated that, "before the jury deliberations commenced . . . , the jurors were instructed to deliberate together in the constitutionally required manner." Lamar, 180 Wn.2d at 585. 31 No. 74519-1-1/ 32 Constitutional issues are questions of law that are reviewed de novo. Gresham, 173 Wn.2d at 419. Here, the trial court gave the jury an instruction to deliberate together that was identical to that given in Lamar.27 The trial court also instructed the jurors that they each had a right to be heard, and that,"[Necause this is a criminal case, each of you must agree for you to return a verdict."28 Thus, the trial court's instructions properly informed the jury that they had to deliberate together in the constitutionally required manner and that they had to reach a unanimous verdict. The trial court did not err by failing to instruct the jury to reach a unanimous verdict after conducting common deliberations. Bienhoff argues that the trial court failed to instruct the jury in accordance with the Committee's recommendations, and thus failed to guarantee that the verdict was the product of unanimous jury deliberations. This is unpersuasive. Bienhoff has not cited legal authority holding that the particular recommendations that he relies on are binding on trial courts, or that a trial court's failure to follow them constitutes reversible error. RAP 10.3(a)(6). We reject his argument. Bienhoff argues that the trial court erred when it failed to admonish the jury against discussing the case with anyone each time there was a recess, relying on "As jurors, you have a duty to discuss the case with one another and to deliberate in an effort to reach a unanimous verdict. Each of you must decide the case for yourself, but only after you consider the evidence impartially with your fellow jurors. During your deliberations, you should not hesitate to re-examine your own views and to change your opinion based upon further review of the evidence and these instructions. You should not, however, surrender your honest belief about the value or significance of evidence solely because of the opinions of your fellow jurors. Nor should you change your mind just for the purpose of reaching a verdict." Clerk's Papers(CP)at 444; Lamar, 180 Wn.2d at 576. 28 OP at 468. 27 32 No. 74519-1-1 /33 WPIC 4.61, and thus there was a possibility that improper deliberations occurred. Juries are presumed to follow the trial court's instructions. Dye, 178 Wn.2d at 556. Here, the trial court instructed the jury at the beginning of trial,"Do not discuss this case among yourselves or with anyone else. Do not permit anyone to discuss it with you or in your presence."29 Bienhoff has not cited evidence that the jury did not comply with the trial court's instruction against discussing the case with other jurors or anyone else.3° We reject this argument. In sum, we conclude that the trial court did not infringe Bienhoff's rights to a jury trial or to a unanimous verdict because the trial court's instructions properly directed the jury to reach a unanimous verdict after conducting common deliberations. Cumulative Error Bienhoff argues that he was deprived of a fair trial because of the trial court's cumulative errors. "Under the cumulative error doctrine,[an appellate court] may reverse a defendant's conviction when the combined effect of errors during trial effectively denied the defendant[of his or] her right to a fair trial, even if each error standing alone would be harmless." State v. Venecias, 155 Wn. App. 507, 520, 228 P.3d 813(2010). RP (Sept. 24, 2015) at 1033. Bienhoff argues that the jurors had opportunities to discuss the case with each other, but does not provide evidence that the jurors actually did so. Bienhoff also argues that the jury was not instructed to not discuss the case with non-jurors. But this ignores the language of the trial court's instruction, which prohibited jurors from discussing the case with other jurors or with anyone else. We reject his arguments. 29 39 33 No. 74519-1-1/34 Here, Bienhoff has not demonstrated that the trial court erred on the issues he has raised on appeal. We conclude that Bienhoff was not denied a fair trial by reason of cumulative error. Affirmed. ck0 T1, 1 WE CONCUR: s 2AA'rcQ-s'e"1 v-x,:1-. 34

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