James Earl Smith v. The State of Texas--Appeal from 241st District Court of Smith County

OPINION HEADING PER CUR

NO. 12-06-00021-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

JAMES EARL SMITH, APPEAL FROM THE 241ST

APPELLANT

V. JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT OF

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE SMITH COUNTY, TEXAS

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A jury convicted Appellant James Earl Smith of unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, a third degree felony, and assessed the maximum punishment of imprisonment for ten years and a $10,000 fine. In four issues, Appellant challenges the legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence, contends he did not receive effective assistance of counsel, and maintains the trial court erred in admitting gruesome photographs of the corpse of Appellant s murdered wife. We affirm.

Background

Appellant stipulated at the outset of the trial that he had been convicted of a felony and had not been released from parole supervision for five years.

The evidence at trial showed that Appellant made a 9-1-1 call to report that his wife had been murdered. Sheriff s deputies dispatched to investigate found the body of Appellant s wife, dead from a shotgun wound to her face. Appellant told the officers that there had been two guns in the house, a shotgun bought by his wife and a pistol that belonged to his stepson. A 9mm semiautomatic Ruger pistol was discovered in the linen closet between Appellant s bedroom and the living room. The pistol and its clip were tested for fingerprints, but no identifiable prints were recovered. Detective Joe Rasco of the Smith County Sheriff s Department testified that the pistol was not associated with the homicide.

 

Lasabra Johnson, Appellant s stepson, told the jury that he owned the Ruger pistol, but that he had given it to his mother in Shreveport because the Air Force was transferring him to Alaska. Appellant was not with his mother when he gave her the pistol. Lasabra Johnson testified that his mother kept the shotgun in plain view in the bedroom where she and Appellant slept.

Mary Anderson testified that she was Appellant s girlfriend. She told the jury that Appellant had told her he owned two guns that his son had given him.

Detective Gerald Caldwell interviewed Appellant shortly after his wife s murder. He testified that he thought Appellant s calm, unemotional demeanor during the interview was strange because as far as I knew, [he was] the last person to see his wife alive and the first person to find her that morning. On cross examination, Appellant s attorney asked Detective Caldwell the following question: Now Detective, he was not the last person to see his wife alive. The killer was. Wouldn t you agree with me on that statement? The detective replied, Yeah. On redirect examination, Detective Caldwell was allowed to testify, over objection, that based on everything he knew, he believed Appellant was his wife s murderer although he lacked sufficient proof to charge him.

Chester Webb testified, over objection, that at a family gathering on Labor Day in 1999, Appellant pushed him down and then went back in his house and got a shotgun. Appellant returned with a single shot shotgun, not seeing Webb, and fired the shotgun into the air from his porch.

Detective Joe Rasco made a thorough investigation of the scene of the murder of Appellant s wife. Through Detective Rasco s testimony, over defense objection, photographs of the victim were introduced into evidence showing the effect of the fatal shotgun wound to her face.

Legal and Factual Sufficiency of the Evidence

In reviewing a legal sufficiency challenge, an appellate court must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether any rational trier of fact could have found all of the essential elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979); Sanders v. State, 119 S.W.3d 818, 820 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003). In a factual sufficiency review, the court should view the evidence in a neutral light and ask whether a jury was rationally justified in its finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404, 413-14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). The court should not reverse a case because of the factual insufficiency of the evidence unless it can say, with some objective basis in the record, that the great weight and preponderance of the evidence contradicts the jury s verdict. Id. at 417. The difference between the two standards is that the [legal sufficiency standard] requires the reviewing court to defer to the jury s credibility and weight determinations while the [standard for factual sufficiency] permits the reviewing court to substitute its judgment for the jury s, albeit to a very limited degree. Marshall v. State, 210 S.W.3d 618, 625 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006).

Applicable Law

A person who has been convicted of a felony commits an offense if he possesses a firearm (1) after conviction and before the fifth anniversary of the person s release from confinement following conviction of the felony or the person s release from supervision under community supervision, parole, or mandatory supervision, whichever date is later, or (2) after the period described by subdivision (1), at any location other than the premises at which the person lives. Tex. Penal Code Ann. 46.04(a)(1)(2) (Vernon 2003).

Possession is defined by the Penal Code as actual, care, custody, control, or management. Tex. Penal Code Ann. 1.07(a)(39) (Vernon 2003). A person commits an offense only if he voluntarily possesses the prohibited item. Tex. Penal Code Ann. 6.01(a) (Vernon 2003). Possession is a voluntary act if the possessor knowingly obtains or receives the thing possessed or is aware of his control of the thing for a sufficient time to permit him to terminate his control. Id. 6.01(b); Grantham v. State, 116 S.W.3d 136, 143 (Tex. App. Tyler 2003, pet. ref d). In cases involving unlawful possession of a firearm by a felon, the reviewing court should analyze the sufficiency of the evidence under the rules adopted for determining the sufficiency of the evidence in cases of possession of a controlled substance. Young v. State, 752 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. App. Dallas 1988, pet. ref d). The State must establish that the accused (1) exercised care, custody, or control of the firearm and (2) was conscious of his connection with it. See Grantham, 116 S.W.3d at 143. The State s evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, must establish that the accused s connection with the firearm was more than fortuitous. See Brown v. State, 911 S.W.2d 744, 747 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995). When the firearm is not found on the accused s person or not in his exclusive possession, additional evidence must connect the accused to the firearm. Grantham, 116 S.W.3d at 143. Numerous factors may be considered in determining whether the accused s connection with contraband is more than accidental. See, e.g., Lassaint v. State, 79 S.W.3d 736, 740-41 (Tex. App. Corpus Christi 2002, no pet.). The number of applicable factors is not as important as the logical force they have in establishing the elements of the offense. Wallace v. State, 932 S.W.2d 519, 524 (Tex. App. Tyler 1995, pet. ref d).

Discussion

Appellant argues that he jointly possessed the place where the sheriff s deputy found the pistol, a place equally accessible to both Appellant and his wife. No fingerprint evidence connected Appellant to the weapon, and there is no direct evidence that he had ever held it. Appellant told the officers that the pistol was in the house, conduct more suggestive of innocence than guilt. Moreover, the stepson s testimony provided direct evidence that he gave the pistol to Appellant s wife for safekeeping while the stepson was stationed in Alaska.

There was evidence that Appellant s wife had a shotgun, which she kept beside the bed. Chester Webb testified that, during an argument, Appellant went into his house, got the shotgun, and fired it from his porch in a demonstration of anger. Previously, when questioned by Webb about his having the shotgun in the house while still under parole supervision, he replied, It s my _____ ______ house. Although the evidence indicates that the shotgun belonged to his wife, the evidence also indicates Appellant exercised control over it. The stepson s pistol was not stored away for safekeeping, but was in plain view in a linen closet next to the bedroom where Appellant slept. Appellant was familiar with its color and caliber. Given these circumstances, the jury could reasonably infer that Appellant exercised care, custody, control, or management of the pistol.

Weighing the evidence against the appropriate standards of review, we conclude the evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support Appellant s conviction. Appellant s first and second issues are overruled.

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

In his third issue, Appellant contends that his trial attorney s performance fell below prevailing professional norms in fourteen instances, and that he therefore did not receive effective assistance of counsel.

Standard of Review

The standard for testing claims of ineffective assistance of counsel is set out in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984), and adopted for Texas constitutional claims in Hernandez v. State, 726 S.W.2d 53, 56-57 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). To prevail on his claim of ineffective assistance, an appellant must show that his attorney s representation fell below the standard of prevailing professional norms, and that there is a reasonable probability that, but for the attorney s deficiency, the result of the trial would have been different. Tong v. State, 25 S.W.3d 707, 712 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome. Id. The same test is applied in weighing claims of ineffectiveness against both appointed and retained counsel. Hurley v. State, 606 S.W.2d 887, 890 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1980).

Our review of counsel s representation is highly deferential; we indulge a strong presumption that counsel s conduct falls within a wide range of reasonable representation. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 104 S. Ct. at 2065; Tong, 25 S.W.3d at 712. This court will not second guess through hindsight the strategy of counsel at trial, nor will the fact that another attorney might have pursued a different course support a finding of ineffectiveness. Blott v. State, 588 S.W.2d 588, 592 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979). That another attorney, including appellant s counsel on appeal, might have pursued a different course of action does not necessarily indicate ineffective assistance. Harner v. State, 997 S.W.2d 695, 704 (Tex. App. Texarkana 1999, no pet.). Any allegation of ineffectiveness must be firmly founded in the record, and the record must affirmatively demonstrate the alleged ineffectiveness. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808, 813 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999).

In order to render reasonably effective assistance, an attorney must have a firm command of the facts of the case and the governing law. Ex parte Welborn, 785 S.W.2d 391, 394 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990); Ex parte Lilly, 656 S.W.2d 490, 493 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983). It may not be argued that a given course of conduct was within the realm of trial strategy unless and until the trial attorney has conducted the necessary legal and factual investigation which would enable him to make an informed rational decision. Wellborn, 785 S.W.2d at 393 (citing Ex parte Duffy, 607 S.W.2d 507, 526 (Tex. Crim. App. 1980)).

Discussion

Appellant first complains that his attorney demonstrated ineffective assistance by asking Detective Ira Earls questions on cross examination about what Appellant told him about the ownership of the guns in the house. This allowed the State to introduce Appellant s prior murder conviction for impeachment as if Appellant has been a witness. See Tex. R. Evid. 806.

Detective Earls testified that he interviewed Appellant about the murder of his wife. In his testimony, Detective Earls told the jury that, during the interview, Appellant had informed him that there were two firearms in the house. On cross examination, Appellant s counsel asked if Appellant said who owned the guns in his house. Detective Earls could not recall what Appellant had said about the ownership of the pistol, but he did recall that Appellant had told him the shotgun was purchased by his wife.

The presence of the guns in the house was undeniable and never a contested issue. The only reasonable defense strategy and the one Appellant s counsel pursued throughout the trial was to acknowledge the presence of the firearms in the house but to demonstrate the paucity of evidence that Appellant owned or possessed them. Counsel was faced with foregoing the best evidence of his lack of ownership or running the risk that the trial court would allow Appellant s credibility to be impeached with a thirty year old conviction. We do not believe counsel s choice was unreasonable.

Next Appellant contends his counsel was ineffective in failing to object that the prior conviction was too remote to be used for impeachment. However, the record shows that counsel did object on this ground.

Appellant also complains that his counsel failed to object on the ground of relevance to the admission into evidence of the gruesome photographs of the corpse of Appellant s wife. The objection was raised and ruled on by the trial court.

Appellant next maintains his counsel was deficient in that he lost control of his ability to effectively defend [him] because he had suffered so many setbacks concerning the admission of evidence. The one example in the record that Appellant mentions as illustrating loss of control shows zealous advocacy and perhaps annoyance, but no more. Appellant cites no legal authority. This subissue had been inadequately briefed and presents nothing for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).

Appellant complains further that his counsel was ineffective, because the trial court found it necessary to admonish counsel to refrain from making sidebar remarks. The record shows that the judge, outside of the hearing of the jury, told Appellant s counsel to allow the witness sufficient time to answer the question asked before asking, You don t remember, do you? Counsel s transgression was trivial. The judge s reproof was delivered out of the jury s hearing. A defendant is not entitled to perfect counsel. Bridge v. State, 726 S.W.2d 558, 571 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). An error so minor cannot constitute deficient performance.

Appellant asserts his counsel demonstrated ineffective assistance in asking a State s witness if he liked Appellant, thereby opening the door to the State s introduction of evidence of an instance of extraneous misconduct.

During direct examination by the State, Chester Webb, the first cousin of Appellant s wife testified that he once saw a shotgun in plain view in Appellant s house. Aware that Appellant was still on parole, he asked Appellant if he was supposed to have a gun out in the open like that. According to Webb, Appellant replied, It s my ___ ___ house. In an effort to demonstrate Webb s bias against Appellant, counsel asked, And you d agree with me, Mr. Webb, would you not, that you and James Smith aren t the best of friends? Webb replied, No, we re not. On redirect examination, the trial court permitted the State to show, over Appellant s objection, that at one time Appellant became angry at Webb, went in his house and got a shotgun, and fired it from the front porch while Webb hid behind the house.

It is probable that counsel asked the question knowing that animosity existed between Appellant and his wife s cousin, and it is equally probable that he would never have asked the question if he had known of the shotgun incident. But this is surmise and not shown by the record. The record does not reflect how or when counsel learned of the hostility between Webb and Appellant. The record is silent regarding counsel s knowledge of this instance of Appellant s misconduct, or if he had the opportunity to learn of it before his cross examination. As is usually the case, the record on direct appeal is not adequately developed for us to determine whether the blame for the door opening question should be laid to counsel s deficient performance or to Appellant s failure to reveal the incident to his attorney before he cross examined Webb. The record is not sufficiently developed to overcome the strong presumptions of sound trial strategy and reasonable assistance. See Thompson, 9 S.W.3d at 813-14.

Appellant next complains that his trial counsel was ineffective in making an untimely objection to the testimony of an unnamed detective, thereby failing to preserve error. Four detectives testified. Appellant s subissue does not direct the court to where in the record this occurred or the nature of the error waived by counsel s untimely objection. The issue has been inadequately briefed and presents nothing for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).

Appellant next complains that after the trial court allowed Detective Caldwell to give his opinion that Appellant murdered his wife, his counsel s cross examination made it clear to the jury that there was insufficient evidence, despite the detective s opinion, to charge Appellant with murder. He argues that by making it clear that Appellant was unlikely to be charged with his wife s murder, counsel made it more likely that the jury would convict Appellant of illegal possession of a firearm rather than let him get away with murder. In our view, however, once the detective s opinion was introduced, counsel had no choice but to elicit the detective s acknowledgment that Appellant had never been charged in his wife s murder and that the State lacked the evidence to charge him.

Appellant also maintains his counsel wrongly accused the prosecutor of violating the witness rule instead of moving for a directed verdict. The record, however, discloses a possible violation of the witness rule by the prosecutor, which was subsequently satisfactorily explained in testimony. Counsel did timely move for a directed verdict.

In his thirteenth subissue, Appellant urges that his attorney s ineffectiveness was demonstrated by his failure to offer defense witnesses and that it seemed obvious that counsel gave up his attempts to defend Appellant. Appellant does not name the witnesses counsel should have called or what testimony could have been expected from them. The record is inadequate to demonstrate counsel s ineffectiveness on this ground.

Finally, Appellant argues his counsel s ineffectiveness is demonstrated by his disjointed closing argument to the jury, which was interrupted by the trial court when he implied that the court had made an improper evidentiary ruling. Appellant omits any citation to the record or legal authority. Therefore, nothing is presented for review. See Tex. R. App. P. 38.1(h).

On six occasions during bench conferences addressing counsel s objections to evidence regarding the murder of Appellant s wife, Appellant s counsel told the court that he was not prepared to defend a murder charge. He argued that the admission of evidence relating only to the murder charge rendered him unable to provide effective assistance to Appellant. Considered in their context, counsel s statements were argument, not admissions of ineffective assistance as Appellant alleges on appeal.

Considering Appellant s fourteen allegations both singly and in aggregate, we conclude that no ineffective assistance by Appellant s counsel is shown. Appellant s third issue is overruled.

Admission of Evidence

In his fourth issue, Appellant contends the trial court erred in admitting photographs of the corpse of Appellant s murdered wife.

Standard of Review

A trial court s decision to admit or exclude evidence is reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. Torres v. State, 71 S.W.3d 758, 760 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court acts arbitrarily or unreasonably, without reference to guiding rules and principles. Montgomery v. State, 810 S.W.2d 372, 380 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990). The trial court is given wide latitude in its decision and the reviewing court should not reverse the judgment if the trial court s evidentiary ruling is within the zone of reasonable disagreement. Torres, 71 S.W.3d at 760; Montgomery, 810 S.W.2d at 391.

Applicable Law

Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of a fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. Tex. R. Evid. 401. Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. . . . Tex. R. Evid. 403. Evidence of other offenses by the defendant almost always satisfies the Rule 401 definition, because proof of criminal propensity makes guilt at least slightly more probable than would be the case without the evidence. See Gilbert v. State, 808 S.W.2d 467, 471 n.4 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). However, because evidence of a defendant s bad character traits possesses the potential for such a devastating effect on a jury s ability to view other evidence rationally, and is poor evidence of guilt, a mandatory rule was created expressly for its exclusion. Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79, 86 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). Rule 404(b) provides that [e]vidence of other crimes, wrongs or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident. . . . Tex. R. Evid. 404(b).

One of the other purposes for which evidence of character conformity is admissible as an exception to Rule 404(b) s bar of evidence of other bad acts is same transaction contextual evidence.

Same transaction contextual evidence is deemed admissible as a so-called exception to the propensity rule where several crimes are intermixed, or blended with one another, or connected so that they form an indivisible criminal transaction, and full proof by testimony, whether direct or circumstantial, of any one of them cannot be given without showing the others [citation omitted].

Mayes, 816 S.W.2d at 87 n.4. Same transaction contextual evidence is admissible under Rule 404(b) only to the extent that it is necessary to the jury s understanding of the offense. Pondexter v. State, 942 S.W.2d 577, 584 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) (quoting England v. State, 887 S.W.2d 902, 915 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994)). Such evidence is admissible only when the offense would make little or no sense without also bringing in the same transaction evidence. Id.

Same transaction contextual evidence must be distinguished from general background evidence or background contextual evidence defined as facts not bearing directly on the purely legal issues, but facts that merely fill in the background of the narrative and give it interest, color, and lifelikeness. Mayes, 816 S.W.2d at 87. In Mayes, the court of criminal appeals concluded that background contextual evidence offered only for the reason that it is background evidence and therefore helpful to the jury is not admissible as one of the other purposes for which evidence may be admitted under Rule 404(b). Id. at 87-88.

Discussion

The photograph in question shows that Appellant s wife was shot in face with a shotgun at close range. Detective Rasco, through whom the photograph was introduced, agreed that the photograph had nothing to do with the pistol recovered at the scene. Considering the facts surrounding the offense charged in the instant case, possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, together with elements of that offense, we conclude that the photograph in question had no tendency to make more probable or less probable any fact of consequence to the determination of Appellant s guilt. If not apparent at the outset, it soon became apparent that the State s strategy was to implicate Appellant in the murder of his wife, an offense extraneous to the charged offense. It is equally clear that, as a part of that strategy, the photograph was introduced for its inflammatory effect, not to prove Appellant illegally possessed a pistol.

Since the evidence is inadmissible under Rule 401, there is no need for a Rule 403 or 404 analysis. However, we note that the trial judge found the evidence contextual and admitted it, after conducting the balancing test under Rule 403, as an exception under 404(b). But even if we were to assume that the evidence satisfied Rule 401, the evidence would still be inadmissible as contextual evidence.

The evidence cannot be considered as same transaction contextual evidence. Appellant called 9-1-1 to report he had returned home to find his wife murdered. The sheriff s deputies testified that they found her body when they arrived. These facts were appropriately in evidence to show why the deputies were admitted into Appellant s house in the first place, and as an essential part of the narrative explaining the discovery of the primary offense. But the introduction of the photograph could have been easily avoided, and it contributed nothing to the jury s understanding of the charged offense. See Pondexter, 942 S.W.2d at 584. It might be argued that the photograph was admitted only as background contextual evidence, to fill in the background of the narrative and give it interest and color. See Mayes, 816 S.W.2d at 87. However, the evidence cannot be viewed as admissible because of [its] salutary effects on the jury s comprehension of the offense in question [possession of a firearm]. Id. Its intended purpose, so successfully exploited by its proponent, was to brand Appellant as a murderer. This is not one of the purposes for which evidence of extraneous offenses may be admitted under Rule 404(b). The trial court erred in the admission of the photograph.

Under this issue, Appellant also urges that the trial court erred in allowing testimony that a shotgun had been kept in the house. Appellant argues that he was on trial for possessing a pistol, not a shotgun, and that the shotgun evidence served only to connect Appellant to the shotgun murder of his wife.

We believe the evidence that a shotgun had been kept in Appellant s house had relevance to the offense charged. When the trial judge made his ruling, he was aware that the State intended to introduce evidence that, during his altercation with Webb, Appellant had gone into his house, retrieved a shotgun, and fired it from the porch. Appellant s access to other firearms, and his prior illegal use of one those weapons had relevance beyond that argued by Appellant. The trial court s ruling was well within the zone of reasonable disagreement, and we conclude the trial court did not err in its admission of the testimony regarding the shotgun.

Harm Analysis

We have held that the trial court erred in admitting the photograph showing the body of Appellant s wife shot in the face with a shotgun at close range. An error in the admission of evidence should be disregarded unless it affected Appellant s substantial rights. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). A substantial right is affected when the error had a substantial and injurious effect or influence on the jury s determination of its verdict. King v. State, 953 S.W.2d 266, 271 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). An accused s substantial rights are not affected by the erroneous admission of evidence if the court, after examining the whole record, has fair assurance that the error did not influence the jury or had but a slight effect. Solomon v. State, 49 S.W.3d 356, 365 (Tex. Crim. App. 2001).

Appellant contends the error is not harmless, because he received the maximum sentence provided for the offense. Although Appellant stipulated at the beginning of the trial that he had been convicted of a felony and was still under parole supervision at the time of the offense, the State was successful in introducing evidence that Appellant s prior conviction was for murder. It is not unreasonable for a jury to return a harsher sentence against a convicted murderer in possession of a firearm than they would against one whose prior conviction was for a lesser felony. Moreover, the jury heard other testimony equally damaging and inflammatory. Over Appellant s objection, the State asked Detective Caldwell, [B]ased on your training and experience, based on your investigation, who do you believe killed this lady? Detective Caldwell answered James Smith. The prosecutor proceeded to ask, Would that be one and the same James Smith who was married to Mary Smith who s shown shot in State s Exhibit Number 7?" Detective Caldwell answered yes.

The jury also heard Detective Caldwell testify that, immediately after his wife s murder, Appellant was calm and unemotional and even laughed during the interview. It was probably unavoidable, given the bare facts Appellant reported in his 9-1-1 call, that the jurors, like the officers who came to investigate, would suspect Appellant killed his wife. And the State was not reluctant to exploit that suspicion. We have examined the whole record. Given the mass of other devastating testimony, we conclude that the photograph erroneously admitted had no effect or but a slight effect on the jury s determination of Appellant s conviction or sentence. The error was harmless. Appellant s fourth issue is overruled.

Disposition

The judgment is affirmed.

BILL BASS

Justice

Opinion delivered July 31, 2007.

Panel consisted of Griffith, J., Hoyle, J., and Bass, Retired Justice, Twelfth Court of Appeals, Tyler, sitting by assignment.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)