Gregory Kinney and Marsha Kinney v. Floyd Ross Palmer, Individually and d/b/a Renaissance Homes--Appeal from 224th Judicial District Court of Bexar County
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MEMORANDUM OPINION
No. 04-07-00091-CV
Gregory Kinney and Marsha KINNEY,
Appellants
v.
Floyd Ross PALMER, Individually and d/b/a Renaissance Homes,
Appellee
From the 224th Judicial District Court, Bexar County, Texas
Trial Court No. 2003-CI-09279
Honorable Barbara Hanson Nellermoe, Judge Presiding
Opinion by: Karen Angelini, Justice
Concurring Opinion by: Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Sitting:
Catherine Stone, Justice
Karen Angelini, Justice
Rebecca Simmons, Justice
Delivered and Filed: June 25, 2008
AFFIRMED
Appellants, Gregory and Marsha Kinney, (“the Kinneys), appeal the trial court’s orders
granting partial and final summary judgments. We affirm the trial court’s judgment.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In approximately 1995, Ross Palmer (“Palmer”) began constructing a house for his family
by subcontracting all stages of the construction. At the time, Palmer was not in the business of
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constructing houses for sale to the general public. Following completion of the house in 1996,
Palmer and his family moved in and resided there for over four years. During this period, Palmer
learned of and repaired several water leaks in the house. In 2000, Palmer sold the house to the
Prestons, providing them with a Seller’s Disclosure of Property Condition Notice that disclosed the
prior leaks. The Prestons remained in the house for two years and then sold it to the Kinneys.
Some time after the Kinneys moved into the house, during particularly heavy rain falls, they
discovered that the house leaked. The Kinneys did not sue the Prestons, who sold the house to them,
but rather, Palmer, who, in approximately 1998, had begun constructing residential homes for sale
to the general public. The procedural history follows.
July 23, 2003
March 5, 2004
July 14, 2005
August 8, 2005
October 31, 2005
October 10, 2006
October 31, 2006
November 14, 2006
The Kinneys file their First Amended Original Petition, alleging violations
of the DTPA, including breach of implied warranties, misrepresentation,
failure to disclose, unconscionability, and violation of one of the “tie-in”
consumer statutes.
Palmer files a Motion for Summary Judgment.
The Kinneys file their Second Amended Original Petition, adding claims for
negligent misrepresentation and fraud.
The trial court grants Palmer’s motion, in part, ruling that “[the Kinneys’]
claims based upon breach of warranty and deceptive trade practices are
dismissed with prejudice.”
The Kinneys file their Third Amended Original Petition, alleging solely
negligence, and omitting any mention of both the DTPA claims disposed of
by the partial summary judgment and their previous claims for negligent
misrepresentation and fraud.
Palmer files a second Motion for Summary Judgment on the Kinneys’
negligence causes of action.
The Kinneys file their Fourth Amended Original Petition, alleging solely
negligence and omitting any mention of both the DTPA claims disposed of
by the partial summary judgment and their previous claims for negligent
misrepresentation and fraud.
The trial court grants Palmer’s motion, entering a Final Summary Judgment
that dismissed the Kinneys’ “remaining claim and cause of action.”
STANDARD OF REVIEW
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To obtain a traditional summary judgment, a party moving for summary judgment must show
that no genuine issue of material fact exists and that the party is entitled to judgment as a matter of
law. TEX . R. CIV . P. 166a(c); Randall’s Food Mkts., Inc. v. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d 640, 644 (Tex.
1995); Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). In reviewing the grant of
a summary judgment, we must indulge every reasonable inference and resolve any doubts in favor
of the respondent. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d at 644; Nixon, 690 S.W.2d at 549. In addition, we must
assume all evidence favorable to the respondent is true. Johnson, 891 S.W.2d at 644; Nixon, 690
S.W.2d 548-49. A defendant is entitled to summary judgment if the evidence disproves as a matter
of law at least one element of the plaintiff’s cause of action. Lear Siegler, Inc. v. Perez, 819 S.W.2d
470, 471 (Tex. 1991). Once the movant has established a right to summary judgment, the burden
shifts to the respondent to present evidence that would raise a genuine issue of material fact. City of
Houston v. Clear Creek Basin Auth., 589 S.W.2d 671, 678 (Tex. 1979).
DISCUSSION
The Kinneys raise the following issues on appeal: 1) the trial court erred in granting the
partial summary judgment as to breach of implied warranties and DTPA; and 2) the trial court erred
in granting the final summary judgment as to negligence. However, before reaching these issues,
we first address the effect of the Kinneys’ Fourth Amended Original Petition on their claims, and
hence, this appeal.
1. Can the Kinneys appeal the trial court’s order granting Partial Summary Judgment as
to their claims for Breach of Implied Warranties and DTPA when these claims were not
alleged in the Kinneys’ Fourth Amended Original Petition?
When the trial court ruled on Palmer’s motion for summary judgment, the Kinneys’ Second
Amended Petition constituted the live pleading. Although this pleading asserted claims for breach
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of warranties and violations of the DTPA, as well as negligent misrepresentation and fraud, the trial
court ruled only on the breach of warranties and deceptive trade practices claims. However, after
the partial summary judgment was granted, the Kinneys amended their petition twice, and alleged
solely negligence in their third and fourth amended original petitions. They now seek to appeal the
trial court’s order granting Palmer partial summary judgment as to the claims alleged in their Second
Amended Original Petition.
Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 65
An amended petition adds to or withdraws from that which was previously pleaded to correct
or to plead new matter, and completely replaces and supersedes the previous pleading. TEX . R. CIV .
P. 62; J.M. Huber Corp. v. Santa Fe Energy Res., Inc., 871 S.W.2d 842, 844 (Tex. App.–Houston
[14th Dist.] 1994, writ denied). Once a pleading is amended and filed, all prior petitions are
superseded and the previous pleading “shall no longer be regarded as a part of the pleading in the
record of the cause.” TEX . R. CIV . P. 65; see also Bennett v. Wood County, 200 S.W.3d 239, 241
(Tex. App.–Tyler 2006, no pet.). Thus, an amended petition which omits causes of action previously
alleged serves to dismiss these claims from the amended pleading. J.M. Huber Corp., 871 S.W.2d
at 844 (citing Radelow-Gittens Real Prop. Mgmt. v. Pamex Foods, 735 S.W.2d 558, 559-60 (Tex.
App.–Dallas 1987, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (upholding summary judgment in favor of defendant where
amended petition contained no claims against defendant)).
An exception to the rule that all prior petitions are superseded by the amended pleading
provides that “some error of the court in deciding upon the necessity of the amendment, or otherwise
in superseding it, be complained of, and exception be taken to the action of the court, or unless it be
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necessary to look to the superseded pleading upon a question of limitation.” TEX . R. CIV . P. 65; see
also Sosa v. Cent. Power & Light, 909 S.W.2d 893, 895 (Tex. 1995) (reversing summary judgment
on a superseded petition). However, the parties do not contend that such an exception applies here.
Thus, [ ] the Kinneys’ Second Amended Original Petition was not the live pleading at the time of
the trial court’s entry of its final summary judgment, [having been superseded by the Kinneys’
Fourth Amended Original Petition]; therefore, it cannot be regarded as part of the record of the
cause. See TEX . R. CIV . P. 63, 65; id.; see also Sosa, 909 S.W.2d at 895; Randolph v. Walker, 29
S.W.3d 271, 275 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied)(holding that a viable complaint
on appeal is lost when, following an allegedly erroneous ruling by the trial court on a claim, the
plaintiff files an amended pleading abandoning the claim upon which the trial court ruled).
Thus, by amending their pleading and eliminating the DTPA, negligent misrepresentation,
and fraud references, the Kinneys abandoned those claims and have waived any error concerning the
trial court’s action in granting Palmer’s motion for partial summary judgment as to these claims. See
TEX . R. CIV . P. 65; see also Akin v. Santa Clara Land Co., Ltd., 34 S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. App.–San
Antonio 2000, pet. denied); Randolph, 29 S.W.3d at 274-75.
Accordingly, the Kinneys’ first issue is denied. We turn now to the Kinneys’ remaining
issue.
2. Final Summary Judgment as to Negligence
The Kinneys’ Fourth Amended Original Petition alleged that Palmer’s negligent construction,
negligent supervision of the construction, and negligent inspection of the construction of the
residence made the subject of their lawsuit were the proximate cause of the Kinneys’ damages. In
his motion, Palmer argued that he was entitled to summary judgment on the Kinneys’ negligence
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cause of action based on the following: (1) the Residential Construction Liability Act (“RCLA”) is
the exclusive remedy for the recovery of damages arising from residential construction defects and
Palmer was not a “contractor” under the Act; (2) Palmer, as the builder of his own home, owed no
duty to the Kinneys; (3) the “economic loss rule” bars the Kinneys’ recovery under the theory of
negligence; and (4) Texas does not recognize a cause of action for negligent infliction of mental
anguish; alternatively, the Kinneys have not suffered compensable mental anguish.1
The Kinneys assert that the trial court erred in granting the final summary judgment as to
their negligence claims because the RCLA does not conflict with or bar such an action. The Kinneys
further argue that the “trial court compound[ed] its error by depending upon its erroneous Partial
Summary Judgment to support its Final Summary Judgment.” However, given our previous finding
that the Kinneys have waived issues with respect to the partial summary judgment, we decline to
address this later argument.
Texas Residential Construction Liability Act
The RCLA applies to “(1) any action to recover damages or other relief arising from a
construction defect, except a claim for personal injury, survival, or wrongful death or for damage to
goods; and (2) any subsequent purchaser of a residence who files a claim against a contractor.”
TEX . PROP . CODE ANN . § 27.002(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007) (emphasis added); Perry Homes v.
Alwattari, 33 S.W.3d 376, 381-82 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied). The statute defines
a “contractor” as follows:
(i) a builder, as defined by Section 401.003, contracting with an owner for the
construction or repair of a new residence, for the repair or alteration of or an addition
1
The Kinneys subsequently withdrew their allegations of mental anguish for property damage.
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to an existing residence, or for the construction, sale, alteration, addition, or repair
of an appurtenance to a new or existing residence;
(ii) any person contracting with a purchaser for the sale of a new residence
constructed by or on behalf of that person; or
(iii) a person contracting with an owner or the developer of a condominium for the
construction of a new residence, for an alteration of or an addition to an existing
residence, for repair of a new or existing residence, or for the construction, sale,
alteration, addition, or repair of an appurtenance to a new or existing residence; and
. . . includes:
(i) an owner, officer, director, shareholder, partner, or employee of the contractor;
and
(ii) a risk retention group registered under Article 21.54, Insurance Code, that insures
all or any part of a contractor’s liability for the cost to repair a residential
construction defect.
TEX . PROP . CODE ANN . § 27.001(2)(5)(A)-(B) (Vernon Supp. 2007). “Builder” is further defined
as the following:
[A]ny person who, for a fixed price, commission, fee, wage, or other compensation,
sells, constructs, or supervises or manages the construction of, or contracts for the
construction of or the supervision or management of the construction of:
(1) a new home;
(2) a material improvement to a home, other than an improvement solely to replace
or repair a roof of an existing home; or
(3) an improvement to the interior of an existing home when the cost of the work
exceeds $10,000.
TEX . PROP . CODE ANN . § 401.003(a) (Vernon Supp. 2007).
Here, although Palmer “built” the house in question, he does not fall within the statutory
definition of “contractor” because he did not contract with either the Prestons or the Kinneys for the
“construction or repair of a new residence, for the repair or alteration of or an addition to an existing
residence, or for the construction, sale, alteration, addition, or repair of an appurtenance to a new or
existing residence.” See § 27.001(5). Further, Palmer did not contract with the Prestons or the
Kinneys “for the sale of a new residence constructed by or on behalf of that person.” See id.
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However, the RCLA does not create a cause of action, but only preempts a cause of action
if a conflict arises between the RCLA and any other law, including the DTPA or a common law
cause of action. See § 27.005; Sanders v. Constr. Equity, Inc., 42 S.W.3d 364, 370 (Tex.
App.—Beaumont 2001, pet. denied). In this case, there is no conflict; the RCLA simply does not
apply because the statute requires both an “(1) . . . action to recover damages or other relief arising
from a construction defect, . . . ; and (2) any subsequent purchaser of a residence who files a claim
against a contractor.” § 27.002(a). Having determined that the RCLA is inapplicable here, we turn
now to the Kinneys’ negligence cause of action.
Negligence
To prevail on their negligence claim, the Kinneys were required to show that (1) Palmer
owed them a duty, (2) Palmer breached his duty, (3) Palmer’s breach proximately caused their
injuries, and (4) damages resulted from this breach. See Mission Petroleum Carriers, Inc. v.
Solomon, 106 S.W.3d 705, 710 (Tex. 2003). The Kinneys maintain that Palmer’s “duty of
reasonable construction” arose, not when he built the house, but rather when he sold it to the
Prestons, who, in turn, sold it to the Kinneys.
However, to date, no Texas case has held that a person, not in the business of constructing
homes for sale to the general public, who builds a home for himself, owes a duty to subsequent
purchasers of the house. The existence of a legal duty is a question of law. SmithKline Beecham
Corp. v. Doe, 903 S.W.2d 347, 351 (Tex. 1995). Prior cases alleging negligent construction have
involved “builder-vendors,” defined in Humber v. Morton, as one “in the business of building or
assembling houses designed for dwelling purposes” and upon completion, sold “to members of the
house-buying public.” Humber v. Morton, 426 S.W.2d 554, 555 (Tex. 1968); see also Gupta v.
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Ritter Homes, Inc., 646 S.W.2d 168, 170 (Tex. 1983). Indeed, in Gupta, the court of appeals
permitted a subsequent purchaser to sue a homebuilder for negligence, finding that “a homebuilder
contemplates sales of the home beyond the initial purchaser and . . . owes a duty to exercise ordinary
care in the construction of the home.” Gupta v. Ritter Homes, Inc., 633 S.W.2d 626, 628 (Tex.
App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 1982), aff’d in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 646 S.W.2d 168
(Tex. 1983).
Here Palmer built the house for himself and his family. No evidence was presented that prior
to or during the construction of the house Palmer was engaged in the business of building houses for
sale to the general public or that he contemplated anything other than building a house for himself.
We fail to see, under these specific facts, how Palmer would owe a duty to [subsequent purchasers]
to have exercised ordinary care [ ] in the construction of a house he built for himself.
Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting Palmer summary judgment
as to the Kinneys’ claim for negligence.
CONCLUSION
Finding no error, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Karen Angelini, Justice
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