State of Tennessee v. Kenneth Webster
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IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE
AT JACKSON
Assigned on Briefs June 7, 2011
STATE OF TENNESSEE v. KENNETH WEBSTER
Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County
No. 09-01749
Chris Craft, Judge
No. W2010-02670-CCA-R3-CD - Filed July 6, 2011
The defendant, Kenneth Webster, appeals his Shelby County Criminal Court jury conviction
of burglary, a Class D felony, which resulted in his career-offender, Department of
Correction sentence of 12 years. The defendant claims that the evidence was insufficient
to support his conviction. We disagree and affirm the criminal court’s judgment.
Tenn. R. App. P. 3; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed
J AMES C URWOOD W ITT, J R., J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which N ORMA M CG EE
O GLE and A LAN E. G LENN, JJ., joined.
James P. DeRossit, IV (on appeal); and John L. Dolan (at trial), Memphis, Tennessee, for the
appellant, Kenneth Webster.
Robert E. Cooper, Jr., Attorney General and Reporter; Rachel E. Willis, Assistant Attorney
General; William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Christ West, Assistant District
Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.
OPINION
At trial, Officer Joseph Smith of the Memphis Police Department (MPD)
testified that in October 2008 a surveillance camera monitored a storage building at the
Children’s Museum of Memphis. The camera provided a remote, live feed to MPD, and
Officer Smith was monitoring this live video feed on the evening of October 30, 2008, when
he saw two individuals approach the building and climb through a window. Officer Smith
called for police officers to surround the building but maintained video surveillance of the
building. Other than the two individuals initially seen during Officer Smith’s monitoring of
the video, no one entered or left the building until the officers arrived and apprehended two
persons. Officer Smith, who did not go to the scene, testified that he could not identify either
of the persons who, based on the video feed, entered the building.
MPD Officer Randall Davis testified that he along with other officers
responded to a call about a prowler at the Children’s Museum warehouse. He arrived about
one and one-half minutes after getting the call. Initially, four police cars arrived and
occupied positions at all corners of the building. As other cars came, “they filled in in the
middle.” When the “K-9 Unit” and a representative of the Children’s Museum arrived,
officers sent the police dog into the building. Officer Davis testified that he and other
officers maintained a perimeter until then. He saw no one leave the building from the time
he arrived on the scene until, following the police dog’s entry into the building, an individual
exited feet-first through a window. The police “[g]rabbed” and arrested this individual as
he came out of the window. Officer Davis identified the individual as the defendant.
MPD Officer Carl Sanford testified that he operated the “K-9 Unit” that
responded to the Children’s Museum call on October 30, 2008. Officer Sanford explained
that the procedure in cases of the type presented on October 30, 2008 was to announce the
presence of the police at the entry of the building, to inform the suspect of the impending
entry of the police dog, and to send the dog into the building if the suspect did not come out.
Officer Sanford testified that he followed the procedure on that night. When no one
responded to his announcement, he released his dog, a 100-pound Belgian Malawa.1 The dog
entered a room inside the building and dragged out a man by the arm. Officer Sanford
testified that the man was Dwight Upchurch and that he was immediately arrested. As
Officer Sanford was leaving the building with Mr. Upchurch, he heard other officers “saying
that the other suspect had jumped out the window.” Afterward, Officer Sanford released the
dog into the building a second time “just to make sure there wasn’t anybody else.” He
searched the building and found no one else inside. On cross-examination, Officer Sanford
testified that he could not recollect seeing the defendant and did not see him inside the
building on October 30, 2008.
Dwight Upchurch testified that he and the defendant were living together in
an abandoned house and that the defendant took him to see a building that the defendant
thought was empty. They entered the building “looking for somewhere to sleep in there.”
“But,” Mr. Upchurch testified, “when [he] got in there, [he] was looking around for
something to get out of there.” He agreed that he went in to “steal stuff.” Both he and the
defendant entered the building. He testified that it was too dark inside the building to see.
He testified that “[t]he police pulled up” and that they “put the dog on [him].” He agreed
that he had pleaded guilty to the charge of burglary.
1
During cross-examination of Officer Sanford, defense counsel described the breed as “kind of like a long
legged skinny German shep[herd].”
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Clifford Drake testified that he was the director of operations for the Children’s
Museum. The museum’s storage building stored exhibits and maintenance equipment such
as backpack pressure washers, an electric leaf blower, a golf cart, and other tools. On
October 30, 2008, Mr. Drake responded to a call to unlock the building for the police who
were investigating a burglary at the site. He said that no one was authorized to be in the
building at the time he was called. When he arrived, he unlocked the front door, and a
policeman with a dog entered. Mr. Drake testified that neither the defendant nor Mr.
Upchurch had permission to be in the building and that the building was not open to the
public.
Based upon the foregoing evidence, the jury convicted the defendant of
burglary.
On appeal, the defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence on the
ground that the evidence showed only that he entered the Children’s Museum’s storage
building to find a place to sleep.
On appeal, we review a claim of evidence insufficiency mindful that our
standard of review is whether, after considering the evidence in the light most favorable to
the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime
beyond a reasonable doubt. Tenn. R. App. P. 13(e); Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 324
(1979); State v. Winters, 137 S.W.3d 641, 654 (Tenn. Crim. App. 2003). This standard
applies to findings of guilt based upon direct evidence, circumstantial evidence, or a
combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. Winters, 137 S.W.3d at 654. “[D]irect
and circumstantial evidence should be treated the same when weighing the sufficiency of
such evidence.” State v. Dorantes, 331 S.W.3d 370, 381 (Tenn. 2011).
When examining the sufficiency of the evidence, this court should neither
re-weigh the evidence nor substitute its inferences for those drawn by the trier of fact.
Winters, 137 S.W.3d at 655. Questions concerning the credibility of the witnesses, the
weight and value of the evidence, as well as all factual issues raised by the evidence are
resolved by the trier of fact. State v. Cabbage, 571 S.W.2d 832, 835 (Tenn. 1978).
Significantly, this court must afford the State the strongest legitimate view of the evidence
contained in the record as well as all reasonable and legitimate inferences which may be
drawn from the evidence. Id.
A person commits burglary who,
without the effective consent of the property owner:
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(1) Enters a building other than a habitation (or any
portion thereof) not open to the public, with intent to commit a
felony, theft or assault;
(2) Remains concealed, with the intent to commit a
felony, theft or assault, in a building;
(3) Enters a building and commits or attempts to commit
a felony, theft or assault; or
(4) Enters any freight or passenger car, automobile, truck,
trailer, boat, airplane or other motor vehicle with intent to
commit a felony, theft or assault or commits or attempts to
commit a felony, theft or assault.
T.C.A. § 39-14-402(a).
The defendant asserts that the only evidence presented at trial that reveals the
defendant’s intent upon entering the building was Mr. Upchurch’s testimony that he and the
defendant intended to find a better place to sleep than the abandoned house they were using.
In essence, the defendant claims that the State failed to establish the culpability requirement
of Code section 39-14-401(a)(1) or (2) – that he entered the building “with the intent to
commit a felony, theft or assault.”
The intent required for the offense of burglary may be established by
circumstantial evidence. Bollin v. State, 486 S.W.2d 293, 296 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1972). A
jury may infer criminal intent from the circumstances of the case. See State v. Holland, 860
S.W.2d 53, 59 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1993). Generally, when one unlawfully enters a building
that contains valuable property, a jury may infer that the entry was made with the intent to
commit a theft. State v. Chrisman, 885 S.W.2d 834, 838 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1994); State v.
Burkley, 804 S.W.2d 458, 460 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1990). Our courts have said, “In the
absence of an ‘acceptable excuse,’ a jury may reasonably and legitimately infer that by
breaking and entering a building containing valuable property, a defendant intends to commit
theft.” State v. Ingram, 986 S.W.2d 598, 600 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1998).
Both of two legal propositions defeat the defendant’s claim.
First, the trier of fact necessarily determines whether one’s “excuse” for
unlawful entry into a building is “acceptable,” thus countering the inference that the entry
into a building containing valuable property was for the purpose of theft. The jury as the trier
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of fact heard the circumstantial evidence against the defendant, and it heard the testimony
of Mr. Upchurch as well. Generally, a jury is empowered to accept a portion of a party’s
evidence or a witness’ testimony if it deems it to be true while yet rejecting other portions
of that evidence. See, e.g., State v. Crystal Miranda Kirby, No. E2008-01862-CCA-R3-CD,
slip op. at 14 (Tenn. Crim. App., Knoxville, May 7, 2010), perm. app. denied (Tenn. 2010).
The jury could well have accepted the parts of Mr. Upchurch’s testimony that were
corroborated by the other witnesses while still rejecting the disclaimer portion of his
testimony. In our opinion, Mr. Upchurch’s testimony about the defendant’s intent did not
obliterate as a matter of law the inference that the defendant himself entered the building
with the intent to commit theft.
Second, regardless of the defendant’s intent upon entering the Children’s
Museum storage building, Mr. Upchurch testified that he – Mr. Upchurch – intended to steal
property from the building. As such, the evidence established that, through the defendant’s
complicity in entering the building without permission, the defendant could be held
accountable for Mr. Upchurch’s burglary. Our law provides:
A person is criminally responsible for an offense
committed by the conduct of another, if:
(1) Acting with the culpability required for the offense,
the person causes or aids an innocent or irresponsible person to
engage in conduct prohibited by the definition of the offense;
(2) Acting with intent to promote or assist the
commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or
results of the offense, the person solicits, directs, aids, or
attempts to aid another person to commit the offense; or
(3) Having a duty imposed by law or voluntarily
undertaken to prevent commission of the offense and acting
with intent to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, or
to promote or assist its commission, the person fails to make a
reasonable effort to prevent commission of the offense.
T.C.A. § 39-11-402. In the present case, the trial court instructed the jury on criminal
responsibility for the conduct of another. Such a theory of the offense served as an
appropriate alternative to a theory that the defendant himself intended to steal property. See
State v. Lemacks, 996 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999) (“As reflected in this case, criminal
responsibility is not a separate, distinct crime. It is solely a theory by which the State may
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prove the defendant’s guilt of the alleged offense . . . based upon the conduct of another
person.”). As such, we believe that the jury was justified in basing the defendant’s
conviction of burglary on the theory of complicity, or criminal responsibility.
Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.
_________________________________
JAMES CURWOOD WITT, JR., JUDGE
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