State vs. Dimarko B. Williams

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IN T H E C O U R T O F C R I M IN A L A T N A S H V IL L E J A N U A R Y S T A T E O F T E N N E S S E E , ) A P P E A L S F L E I D T E N N E S S E E S E S S IO N , 1 9 9 8 D e c e m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 9 8 C e c il W . C C . C . A . N O . 0 1 C 0 A 1 p - 9p 7e 0l l a1 t - eC C le r ro w s o n C C - o 0 u 0 r 0t 3 0 k ) A p p e lle e , ) ) ) V S . M A U R Y C O U N T Y ) ) D IM A R K O H O N . J IM T . H A M I L T O N W IL L IA M S , ) J U D G E ) B O J E R E (D ir e c t A p p e a l - S e c o n d ) A p p e lla n t . D e g r e e F O R T H E W IL L IA M ) M u r d e r ) A P P E L L A N T : F O R T H E C . B R IG H T J O H N A s s is ta n t P u b lic D e fe n d e r A P P E L L E E : K N O X A t t o r n e y W A L K U P G e n e r a l a n d R e p o r t e r 2 2 n d 1 2 8 J u d ic ia l D is tr ic t N o r t h P . O . B o x 2 n d S t r e e t 1 2 0 8 P u l a s k i, T N 3 8 4 7 8 J A N IS L . T U R N E R C o u n s e l fo r t h e 4 5 0 J a m e s R o b e r t s o n N a s h v ille , T N M IK E S t a t e P a r k w a y 3 7 2 4 3 -0 4 9 3 B O T T O M S D is tr ic t A t t o r n e y R O B E R T G e n e r a l C . S A N D E R S A s s is t a n t D is t r ic t A t t o r n e y 1 0 P u b lic S q u a r e , B o x C o lu m b ia , T N 3 8 4 0 1 1 6 1 9 O P IN IO N F IL E D _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A F F IR M E D ; S E N T E N C E J E R R Y M O D IF IE D L . S M IT H , J U D G E -2- O P IN IO N O n A p r il 1 6 , 1 9 9 6 , a M a u r y C o u n t y ju r y fo u n d A p p e lla n t , D iM a r k o W illia m s , g u ilt y o f s e c o n d d e g re e m u r d e r in t h e d e a t h o f S h a w n W o o d a r d . A s a s ta n d a r d R a n g e I o f f e n d e r c o n v ic t e d o f a C la s s A f e lo n y , t h e t r ia l c o u r t s e n t e n c e d A p p e lla n t t o t w e n t y -f iv e y e a rs in c a r c e r a t io n in t h e T e n n e s s e e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t io n . A p p e lla n t a p p e a ls t h r e e fr o m t h e v e rd ic t a n d t h e s e n t e n c e , r a is in g is s u e s : 1 ) w h e t h e r t h e e v id e n c e is s u ff ic ie n t t o s u p p o r t a v e r d ic t o f s e c o n d 2 ) d e g re e m u r d e r ; w h e t h e r r e g a r d in g t h e t h e fu n e r a l a n d 3 ) w h e t h e r t h e t w e n t y -f iv e A ft e r a t r ia l y e a r s r e v ie w in c o u r t p r o p e r ly b u r ia l o f t h e t r ia l c o u r t e r r e d a d m it t e d t e s tim o n y v ic t im ; a n d in s e n te n c in g A p p e lla n t t o p r is o n . o f t h e r e c o r d , t h e c o n v ic t io n is a ffir m e d b u t fo r t h e r e a s o n s s ta t e d in fr a ., t h e s e n te n c e is m o d ifie d t o t w e n t y y e a rs in t h e T e n n e s s e e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t io n . F A C T S -3- O n t h e m o r n in g A p p e lla n t r o d e o f S e p t e m b e r 7 , 1 9 9 5 , T r a v is a r o u n d in a c a r fo r t h r e e L a w r ie a n d o r fo u r h o u r s . A p p e lla n t t o ld M r . L a w r ie t h a t S h a w n W o o d a r d h a d b r o k e n o u t A p p e lla n t s c a r w in d o w s , a n d t h a t A p p e lla n t w o u ld a b o u t t h is a ffr o n t . M r . L a w r ie h a v e to d o s o m e t h in g d r o p p e d A p p e lla n t o f f a t a f r ie n d s h o u s e . L a t e r in t h e d a y , M r . L a w r ie s a w A p p e lla n t s e a te d in a c a r w it h a fr ie n d n a m e d J a m e s . M r . L a w r ie t o ld A p p e lla n t t h a t h e w a s g o in g t o t h e s to r e , a n d A p p e lla n t a n d d r iv in g fro m p a s s e d b y s to p p e d J a m e s J a m e s t h e le ft a ls o h o u s e h is c a r a t a s t o p p e d h is s to p h o u s e le f t t h e t o M r . W o o d a r d s t h e t h e w h e r e h o u s e , in s to r e , t h e h o u s e o n s ig n in c a r b e h in d t h e t w o M a g n o lia t h e t h r e e w e r e . o t h e r c a r . In c a r s n e c e s s a rily S t r e e t . M r . L a w r ie f r o n t o f M r . W o o d a r d s h o u s e . M r . L a w r ie s . M r . W o o d a r d w a s s t a n d in g in M a g n o lia S t r e e t w a s h in g h is m o t h e r s c a r . A p p e lla n t g o t o u t o f J a m e s c a r , s e n s in g t h a t t h e r e w a s to b e a fig h t , M r . L a w r ie a ls o g o t o u t o f h is c a r t o w a t c h . A p p e lla n t w a lk e d t o w a r d M r . W o o d a r d a s if t o M r . W o o d a r d p u lle d t a lk a w it h k n ife h im , a n d a n d s w u n g t h e t w o b e g a n t o a r g u e . a t A p p e lla n t . A p p e lla n t p u lle d a g u n a n d s h o t M r . W o o d a r d t h r e e t im e s , o n c e in t h e fr o n t a n d t w ic e in t h e b a c k . M r . W o o d a r d s b o d y w a s fo u n d f o r t y t o f if t y -4- y a rd s fr o m d ie d a s a h is h o u s e , ly in g f a c e d o w n o n t h e g r o u n d . M r . W o o d a r d r e s u lt o f t h e g u n s h o t w o u n d s . A p p e lla n t m a d e w h ic h w a s c o n fe s s e d a s ta t e m e n t t o in t r o d u c e d t o k illin g a t t r ia l. f r o n t o f M r . W o o d a r d s o f t h e A s t h e s ta t e m e n t , h is t h a t a s th e p u lle d a c a lle d s o in s t o p p e d c a r s d id in A p p e lla n t a k n ife . A p p e lla n t t h e n r e v o lv e r in t o A p p e lla n t a p p r o a c h e d A p p e lla n t t h a t h e t w o h o u s e , M r . W o o d a r d p u n k a n d c a r , t u c k in g e n fo r c e m e n t o ffic e r s M r . W o o d a r d , b u t c la im e d s e lf -d e f e n s e . A p p e lla n t r e la t e d m o t h e r f* * * in g In la w t h e w a is tb a n d o f h is M r . W o o d a r d , M r . W o o d a r d g o t o u t s h o r t s . a d v a n c e d m a k in g c u t t in g m o t io n s w it h t h e k n ife . A p p e lla n t t h e n p u lle d h is g u n . A p p e lla n t s t a t e d t h a t M r . W o o d a r d g r a b b e d h is s h ir t a n d w a s s w in g in g A p p e lla n t t h e k n ife , w a s a n d u n s u r e a t if h is t h a t p o in t fir s t s h o t h e h it s h o t M r . M r . W o o d a r d . W o o d a r d . M r . W o o d a r d t u r n e d , b u t c o n t in u e d t o h o ld o n t o A p p e lla n t s s h ir t , s o A p p e lla n t s h o t h im in t h e b a c k . M r . W o o d a r d t u r n e d lo o s e o f t h e s h ir t a n d b e g a n t o r u n . A p p e lla n t s ta t e d t h a t h e m ig h t h a v e s h o t M r . W o o d a r d a g a in . I. S U F F IC I E N C Y O F -5- T H E E V ID E N C E A p p e lla n t a r g u e s t h a t t h e in s u ffic ie n t t o m a in t a in in g t h a t , e v e n t o t h e c o n v ic t S t a t e , t h e p r o v o c a tio n fa c t s o n ly W h e n a n m u r d e r v ie w e d d e m o n s tr a t e le a d a in c e r t a in in t h e t h e a t t r ia l w a s s e c o n d d e g r e e , lig h t m o s t fa v o ra b le t h a t A p p e lla n t a c t e d r e a s o n a b le fin d h im g u ilt y p e r s o n o f v o lu n t a r y to u n d e r a c t in a n m a n s la u g h t e r . A n n . S e c . 3 9 -1 3 -2 1 1 . a p p e lla n t c h a lle n g e s e v id e n c e , t h is C o u r t is o b lig e d t o r e v ie w t o p r e s e n te d T h u s , A p p e lla n t a r g u e s t h a t a t m o s t t h e ju r y ra t io n a lly S e e , T e n n . C o d e o f w h e n s u ffic ie n t t o ir r a t io n a l m a n n e r . c o u ld h im e v id e n c e w e ll-s e tt le d p r in c ip le s . A th e s u ffic ie n c y o f t h e t h a t c h a lle n g e a c c o r d in g v e rd ic t o f g u ilt y b y th e ju r y , a p p r o v e d b y t h e t r ia l ju d g e , a c c r e d it s t h e t e s t im o n y o f t h e S t a t e s w it n e s s e s a n d r e s o lv e s a ll c o n f lic t s in t h e t e s tim o n y in fa v o r o f t h e S t a t e . S t a t e v . C a z e s , 8 7 5 S .W .2 d 2 5 3 , 2 5 9 (T e n n . 1 9 9 4 ); S t a t e v . H a r r is , 8 3 9 S .W .2 d 5 4 , 7 5 (T e n n . 1 9 9 2 ). A lt h o u g h a n a c c u s e d is o r ig in a lly c lo a k e d w it h a p r e s u m p t io n o f in n o c e n c e , a ju r y v e r d ic t r e m o v e s t h is p r e s u m p t io n a n d r e p la c e s it w it h o n e o f g u ilt . S t a t e v . T u g g le , 6 3 9 t h e b u r d e n S .W .2 d 9 1 3 , 9 1 4 o f p r o o f r e s ts (T e n n . 1 9 8 2 ). H e n c e , o n w it h A p p e lla n t -6- t o a p p e a l, d e m o n s tr a t e t h e in s u ffic ie n c y [S ]ta te is o f t h e e n tit le d c o n v ic t in g t o t h e e v id e n c e . I d . O n s tr o n g e s t a p p e a l, t h e le g it im a t e v ie w o f t h e e v id e n c e a s w e ll a s a ll r e a s o n a b le a n d le g it im a t e in f e r e n c e s t h a t m a y b e S .W .2 d d r a w n t h e r e fr o m . 8 3 2 , 8 3 5 e v id e n c e r e v ie w in g is S t a t e (T e n n . 1 9 7 8 )). W h e r e c o n te s te d c o u r t is Id . (c it in g o n a p p e a l, t h e w h e t h e r a n y t h e v . C a b b a g e , 5 7 1 s u ffic ie n c y o f t h e r e le v a n t q u e s tio n fo r t h e ra t io n a l t r ie r o f fa c t c o u ld h a v e f o u n d t h e a c c u s e d g u il t y o f e v e r y e l e m e n t o f t h e o f f e n s e b e y o n d a r e a s o n a b le V ir g in ia , 4 4 3 d o u b t . H a r r is , U .S . 3 0 7 , 3 1 9 , 9 9 8 3 9 S .W .2 d 5 4 , 7 5 ; S .C t . 2 7 8 1 , 2 7 8 9 , 6 1 J a c k s o n L .E d .2 d v . 5 6 0 ( 1 9 7 9 ) . I n c o n d u c t in g o u r e v a lu a t io n o f t h e c o n v ic t in g e v id e n c e , t h is C o u r t is p re c lu d e d fr o m r e w e ig h in g o r r e c o n s id e r in g t h e e v id e n c e . S t a t e v . M o r g a n , 9 2 9 S . W .2 d 3 8 0 , 3 8 3 ( T e n n . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 6 ); S t a t e v . M a t h e w s , 8 0 5 S .W .2 d 7 7 6 , 7 7 9 (T e n n . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 0 ). M o r e o v e r, t h is C o u r t m a y n o t s u b s t it u t e it s o w n in fe r e n c e s fo r t h o s e d ra w n b y th e t r ie r e v id e n c e . I d . a t 7 7 9 . F in a lly , t h e P r o c e d u r e , R u le 1 3 (e ) o f fa c t fr o m T e n n e s s e e p r o v id e s , f in d in g s c ir c u m s ta n t ia l R u le s o f g u ilt o f A p p e lla t e in c r im in a l a c t io n s w h e t h e r b y t h e t r ia l c o u r t o r ju r y s h a ll b e s e t a s id e if t h e e v id e n c e is in s u ff ic ie n t t o s u p p o r t t h e f in d in g s b y t h e t r ie r o f f a c t -7- b e y o n d S .W .2 d a r e a s o n a b le S e e d o u b t . a ls o S t a t e v . M a t h e w s , 8 0 5 a t 7 8 0 . A p p e lla n t w a s c o n v ic t e d o f s e c o n d d e g r e e m u r d e r , d e fin e d a t T e n n e s s e e k n o w in g C o d e k illin g c o m m it t e d A n n o t a t e d o f a n o t h e r . w h ile t h e S e c t io n 3 9 -1 3 -2 1 0 (a )(1 ) a s H o w e v e r, if a d e fe n d a n t is a c tin g in k n o w in g a s ta t e th e k illin g is o f p a s s io n p r o d u c e d b y a d e q u a t e p r o v o c a tio n s u ffic ie n t t o le a d a r e a s o n a b le p e r s o n t o a c t ir r a t io n a lly , t h e n t h e o ffe n s e is v o lu n t a r y m a n s la u g h t e r . In t h e W o o d a r d in s ta n t d id A p p e lla n t c a s e s w in g a a r m e d k n ife th e p r o o f s h o w e d a t A p p e lla n t , h e h im s e lf , a p p r o a c h e d t h a t d id s o M r . a lt h o u g h o n ly M r . a ft e r t h e W o o d a r d a n d c o n f r o n t e d h im . A p p e lla n t , d e s p it e a t le a s t t w o o p p o r t u n it ie s t o d o s o , d id n o t b r e a k o ff t h e M r . W o o d a r d a t le a s t t w ic e s u ffic ie n t t o s h o w c o n fr o n t a t io n c o n flic t b u t c h o s e in t h e b a c k . T h e t h a t A p p e lla n t k n o w in g ly A p p e lla n t p r o v o k e d . -8- in s t e a d p r o o f is k ille d t o s h o o t m o r e t h a n W o o d a r d in a In t o o t h e r w o r d s , t h e c o n c lu d e t h a t t h is p r o o f w a s s u ffic ie n t fo r a w a s n o t a n r a t io n a l ju r o r ir r a t io n a l a c t p r o d u c e d b y p a s s io n , b u t r a t h e r a c o n fr o n t a t io n e n g in e e r e d b y A p p e lla n t t h a t r e s u lt e d p r o o f is in M r . W o o d a r d s s u ffic ie n t t o II. E V ID E N C E A p p e lla n t d e a th . e s ta b lis h R E G A R D I N G fu r t h e r U n d e r t h e s e c o n d d e g r e e V I C T IM S c o n t e n d s c ir c u m s ta n c e s th a t m u r d e r . D E A T H t h e th e A N D B U R IA L t r ia l c o u r t e r r e d in a d m it t in g t h e t e s t im o n y o f t h e v ic t im s m o t h e r r e g a r d in g s e e in g h e r s o n t h a t a t t h e s u c h fu n e r a l h o m e te s tim o n y p r e ju d ic ia l a n d a n d s h o u ld c u m u la t iv e a t h is h a v e b u r ia l. A p p e lla n t a r g u e s b e e n u n d e r R u le e x c lu d e d 4 0 3 a s o f t h e u n fa ir ly T e n n e s s e e R u le s o f E v id e n c e w h ic h p r o v id e s : A lt h o u g h r e le v a n t , e v id e n c e m a y b e e x c lu d e d o u t w e ig h e d is s u e s , o r b y th e if p ro b a t iv e v a lu e is s u b s ta n t ia lly d a n g e r o f u n f a ir p r e ju d ic e , c o n f u s io n m is le a d in g d e la y , w a s te it s t h e o f t im e , o r ju r y , o r n e e d le s s e v id e n c e . -9- b y c o n s id e r a t io n s p r e s e n ta t io n o f t h e o f u n d u e o f c u m u la t iv e If a t r ia l c o u r t in e v id e n c e is t h e e x e r c is e r e le v a n t w it h in t h e o f it s m e a n in g d is c r e t io n o f R u le fin d s th a t 4 0 1 , a n d t h e a c c u s e d is n o t e n t it le d t o h a v e t h e e v id e n c e e x c lu d e d f o r o n e o f t h e g r o u n d s s e t fo r t h in R u le 4 0 3 , t h is C o u r t w ill n o t in t e r f e r e w it h t h e e x e r c is e o f t h is d is c r e t io n u n le s s it a p p e a r s o n t h e f a c e o f t h e r e c o r d S t a t e v . W illia m s o n , 9 1 9 (c it in g S t a t e 1 9 9 5 ), p e r . e v id e n c e le s s t h a t t h e S .W .2 d v . H a y e s , 8 9 9 a p p . h a v in g p r o b a b le t r ia l c o u r t c le a r ly d e n ie d a n y t h a n 6 9 ,7 9 S .W .2 d a b u s e d it w o u ld to b e d is c r e t io n . (T e n n . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 5 ) 1 7 5 , 1 8 3 (T e n n .1 9 9 5 )). te n d e n c y it s m a k e (T e n n . C r im . A p p . R e le v a n t a fa c t in w it h o u t t h e e v id e n c e is s u e m o r e is o r e v id e n c e . T e n n . R . E v id . 4 0 1 . T h e t e s tim o n y b y M s . W o o d a r d t h a t s h e b u rie d h e r s o n w a s u n d o u b t e d ly c u m u la t iv e to t h e t e s tim o n y p re s e n te d b y th e S t a t e s w it n e s s r e g a r d in g t h e a u t o p s y o f M r . W o o d a r d . T h e S t a t e m a in t a in e d a t t r ia l t h a t s u c h te s tim o n y w a s n e c e s s a ry to p r e v e n t a n y a r g u m e n t t h a t t h e S t a t e fa ile d t o p r o d u c e M s . W o o d a r d a s a w it n e s s . W e fin d d e s p it e fa c t t h e t h is t h a t e m o t io n a l im p a c t u p o n a rg u m e n t a s u c h t h e b it d is in g e n u o u s . te s tim o n y ju r y , in -10- u n d o u b te d ly lig h t o f t h e s t r o n g H o w e v e r, h a d a n e v id e n c e a g a in s t A p p e lla n t , w e t e s tim o n y w a s m u s t fin d t h a t a n y a t m o s t h a r m le s s . T h is e rr o r in is s u e is a d m it t in g t h is w it h o u t m e r it . III. S E N T E N C I N G F in a lly a p p lie d A p p e lla n t c o n t e n d s th a t t h e e n h a n c e m e n t fa c t o r s , d id fa c t o r s , a n d t h e r e fo r e o r d e r e d n o t g iv e a n t r ia l c o u r t im p r o p e r ly w e ig h t t o e x c e s s iv e s e n t e n c e . W h e n d e fe n d a n t c o m p la in s o f h is o r h e r s e n te n c e , w e d e n o v o r e v ie w w it h a p r e s u m p t io n m it ig a t in g a m u s t c o n d u c t a o f c o r r e c t n e s s . T e n n . C o d e A n n . § 4 0 -3 5 -4 0 1 (d ). T h e b u r d e n o f s h o w in g t h a t t h e s e n te n c e is im p r o p e r is u p o n th e 4 0 1 (d ) S e n t e n c in g h o w e v e r, r e c o r d is a p p e a lin g C o m m is s io n c o n d it io n e d t h a t t h e p a r t y . T e n n . C o d e u p o n C o m m e n t s . T h is a n a ffir m a t iv e t r ia l c o u r t c o n s id e r e d t h e A n n . § 4 0 -3 5 - p re s u m p t io n , s h o w in g s e n te n c in g in t h e p r in c ip le s a n d a ll t h e r e le v a n t f a c t s a n d c ir c u m s t a n c e s . S t a t e v . A s h b y , 8 2 3 S .W .2 d 1 6 6 , 1 6 9 (T e n n . 1 9 9 1 ). T e n n e s s e e C o d e A n n o t a t e d § 4 0 -3 5 -1 0 3 s e ts o u t s e n te n c in g c o n s id e r a t io n s w h ic h a r e g u id e lin e s fo r d e t e r m in in g w h e t h e r o r n o t a d e f e n d a n t s h o u ld b e in c a r c e r a t e d . T h e s e in c lu d e t h e n e e d -11- t o p r o t e c t s o c ie t y b y r e s tr a in in g a d e fe n d a n t h a v in g a lo n g h is t o r y o f c r im in a l c o n d u c t , t h e n e e d t o a v o id d e p r e c ia t in g t h e s e r io u s n e s s o f t h e o f f e n s e , t h e d e t e r m in a t io n t h a t c o n f in e m e n t is p a r t ic u la r ly s u it e d t o p r o v id e a n e f f e c t iv e d e t e r r e n c e t o o t h e r s lik e ly t o c o m m it m e a s u re s o ffe n s e s , r e s tr ic t iv e le s s s im ila r th a n o r t h e d e t e r m in a t io n c o n fin e m e n t h a v e t h a t fr e q u e n t ly b e e n a p p lie d u n s u c c e s s fu lly to t h e d e fe n d a n t . T e n n . C o d e A n n . § 4 0 -3 5 -1 0 3 (1 ). In d e t e r m in in g t h e s p e c if ic s e n te n c e a n d t h e p o s s ib le c o m b in a t io n o f s e n t e n c in g a lt e r n a t iv e s , t h e c o u r t s h a ll c o n s id e r t h e (1 ) T h e a n d fo llo w in g : e v id e n c e , if a n y , r e c e iv e d t h e s e n te n c in g p r e s e n te n c e s e n te n c in g r e p o r t ; a n d h e a r in g ; (3 ) [t ]h e a r g u m e n t s a l t e r n a t i v e s ; ( 4 ) c h a r a c t e r is tic s o f a t t h e a s [ t ] h e t h e (2 ) t r ia l [t]h e p r in c ip le s t o o f s e n te n c in g n a t u r e c r im in a l a n d c o n d u c t in v o lv e d ; ( 5 ) [ e ] v id e n c e a n d in f o r m a t io n o f f e r e d b y t h e p a r t ie s m it ig a t in g 1 1 4 ; a n d w is h e s o n fa c t o r s (6 ) t o in [a ]n y m a k e th e § § e n h a n c e m e n t 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 3 s t a t e m e n t in h is o w n t h e a n d a n d 4 0 -3 5 - d e fe n d a n t b e h a lf a b o u t s e n te n c in g . T e n n . C o d e A n n . § 4 0 -3 5 -2 1 0 (b ). T h e S e n t e n c in g R e fo r m A c t a ls o p r o v id e s t h a t t h e t r ia l c o u r t s h a ll p la c e o n t h e r e c o r d e it h e r o r a lly o r in w r it in g w h a t e n h a n c e m e n t o r m it ig a t in g fa c t o r s it fo u n d , if -12- a n y . T h e s e d e c is io n fin d in g s u p o n In t h e o ffe n s e a s a re c r u c ia l f o r r e v ie w o f t h e t r ia l c o u r t s a p p e a l. m a t t e r s u b a c la s s ic ju d ic e , t h e fir s t a c c e p t e d t h e in d ic a t e d t h a t it b e lie v e d t r ia l c o u r t c h a r a c t e r iz e d d e g r e e m u r d e r , j u r y s v e r d i c t o f s e c o n d w it h in t e n t t o h a r m fa c t o r s : 1 ) t h e t h o u g h t h e c o u r t m u r d e r . T h e d e g re e t h e c o u r t th a t A p p e lla n t s o u g h t o u t t h e v ic t im h im . T h e t r ia l c o u r t fo u n d fo u r e n h a n c e m e n t p e r s o n a l in ju r ie s in f lic t e d u p o n t h e v ic t im w e r e p a r t ic u la r ly g r e a t , p u r s u a n t t o T e n n e s s e e C o d e A n n o t a t e d § 4 0 - 3 5 -1 1 4 (6 ); 2 ) A p p e lla n t p o s s e s s e d a n d e m p lo y e d a fir e a r m t h e c o m m is s io n A n n o t a t e d § o f t h e o ffe n s e , p u r s u a n t t o 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 4 (9 ); 3 ) A p p e lla n t h a d c o m m it t in g a c r im e w h e r e p u r s u a n t t o T e n n e s s e e t h e C o d e r is k to A n n o t a t e d T e n n e s s e e C o d e h e s it a t io n a b o u t n o h u m a n § d u r in g life w a s h ig h , 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 4 (1 0 ); a n d 4 ) t h e c r im e w a s c o m m it t e d u n d e r c ir c u m s ta n c e s u n d e r w h ic h t h e p o t e n t ia l fo r b o d ily T e n n e s s e e It is C o d e in ju r y A n n o t a t e d w e ll e s ta b lis h e d to § a v ic t im w a s g re a t , p u r s u a n t t o 4 0 -3 1 -1 1 4 (1 6 ). th a t a t r ia l c o u r t m a y e n h a n c e m e n t fa c t o r if t h a t fa c t o r is -13- a n n o t a p p ly a n e s s e n tia l e le m e n t o f t h e o ffe n s e a s c h a rg e d in t h e 1 1 4 ; S t a t e v . J o n e s , 8 8 3 C o u r t h a s h e ld in d ic t m e n t . T e n n . C o d e S .W .2 d 5 9 7 A n n . § 4 0 -3 5 - (T e n n . 1 9 9 4 ). O u r S u p r e m e t h a t " p r o o f o f s e rio u s b o d ily in ju r y w ill a lw a y s c o n s t it u t e p r o o f o f p a r t ic u la r ly g r e a t in ju r y ." S t a t e v . J o n e s , 8 8 3 S .W .2 d w h e n 5 9 7 , 6 0 2 d e a t h s e c o n d is (T e n n .1 9 9 4 ). a n d e g r e e T h is e le m e n t o f t h e C o u r t h a s o ffe n s e , a s fu r t h e r h e ld it is m u r d e r , e n h a n c e m e n t fa c t o r s in a p p lic a b le , s e e S t a t e v . L a m b e r t , 7 4 1 in t h e c a s e (6 ) a n d S .W .2 d t h a t o f (1 6 ) a r e 1 2 7 , 1 3 4 (T e n n . C r im . A p p .1 9 8 7 ); S t a t e v . B e ls e r 9 4 5 S .W .2 d 7 7 6 , 7 9 2 (T e n n . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 6 ), b e c a u s e e le m e n t o f m u r d e r . th e d e a t h S t a t e v . 0 1 C 0 1 -9 2 0 9 -C R -0 0 2 7 0 1 9 9 3 ); S t a t e o n v ic t im D w a y n e C r im . E . A p p ., 2 7 , 1 9 9 1 ). T h e r e fo r e e n h a n c e m e n t fa c t o r s s e n te n c e t h e t h e t h e w a s t r ia l b a s is t h e is a n e s s e n tia l R o b in s o n , J r ., N o . A p r il N a s h v ille , v . R e e d e r J u n io r R o b b in s , N o . 6 J a c k s o n , M a r c h F u r t h e r , (T e n n . o f 1 5 , (T e n n . C r im . A p p ., a p p lic a t io n o f t h e s e in a p p r o p r ia t e . c o u r t e r r e d in e n h a n c in g th a t A p p e lla n t h a d n o A p p e lla n t s h e s it a t io n a b o u t c o m m it t in g a c r im e w h e n t h e r is k to h u m a n life w a s g re a t u n d e r T e n n e s s e e C o d e A n n o t a t e d § 4 0 -3 5 -1 1 4 ( 1 0 ) 1 . T h i s C o u r t h a s h e ld 1 zo n e T h e t aS t e a g r u e s at tth e er m h o f n g se urr o u n nd gi h t e d a r y h a v e a b e he en rin o d v i d u a l p e r s e nin t h e t i s t s h in o t. H we v e r e e r c od r af l s o g o , th i -14- o t er l e c tth a t f t h a t t h is fa c t o r s h o u ld n o t b e c o n s id e r e d m u r d e r c a s e s . S t a t e v . B u t le r , 9 0 0 S .W .2 d 1 9 9 4 ) (c it in g S t a t e v . J o h n A p p ., K n o x v ille , (T e n n .1 9 9 4 ); S t a t e 3 0 5 s e c o n d o p . a t A u g u s t v . J e ffr e y 1 5 , 1 9 9 3 2 3 , A lle n d e g re e (T e n n . C r im . A p p . M ic h a e l A r m it a g e , K n o x 0 3 -C -0 1 -9 2 0 3 -C R -0 0 7 1 , s lip C r im . in W L 1 9 9 2 ), C o u n t y 3 1 7 4 6 3 p e r . a p p . P a r t in , F r a n k lin N o . (T e n n . d e n ie d C o u n t y N o . 0 1 -C -0 1 -9 2 0 2 -C C -0 0 0 5 4 , s lip o p . a t 7 n . 1 , 1 9 9 2 W L 2 1 7 7 7 5 ( T e n n . C r im . A p p ., N a s h v ille , S e p t e m b e r 1 1 , 1 9 9 2 ); S t a t e v . T o n y V o n C a r r u t h e r s , S h e l b y C o u n t y N o . 0 2 -C -0 1 -9 1 0 2 -C R -0 0 0 1 9 , s lip o p . a t 2 , 1 9 9 1 W L 1 4 7 9 4 6 (T e n n . C r im . A p p ., J a c k s o n , A u g u s t 7 , 1 9 9 1 ); S t a t e v . R o b e r t C a lv in D a n ie ls , D a v id s o n C o u n t y N o . 0 1 -C -0 1 -9 0 0 7 -C R -0 0 1 6 9 , s lip . o p . a t 7 , 1 9 9 1 W L 5 1 4 3 0 ( T e n n . C r im . A p p ., N a s h v ille , A p r il 1 1 , 1 9 9 1 ), p e r . a p p . d e n ie d A p p e lla n t r e g a r d in g a p p lie s . u s e H e o f a d o e s , c ir c u m s ta n c e A p p e lla n t d o e s n o t c o n t e s t t h a t fir e a r m in t h e h o w e v e r, s h o u ld c o m m it t e d b e t h e e n h a n c e m e n t c o m m is s io n a r g u e a p p lie d (T e n n .1 9 9 1 )). t o o ffe n s e t h a t h is o f o n e c a s e , u n d e r fa c t o r a n (9 ) o ffe n s e m it ig a t in g n a m e ly s u c h th a t u n u s u a l c ir c u m s t a n c e s t h a t it is u n lik e ly t h a t a s u s t a in e d in t e n t t o v io la t e a n y ho e t rin d v i d u a l w r i s e e fa c ot r (1 0 ) n h te o e n d a n g e a r n h d u t e w d e in e o t a p y p l n h a n e c n e t m e d s c l e b a s oi s p e c u o l n . s f a t i -15- t h e la w m o t iv a te d s u p p o rt e d b y th e h is c o n d u c t. W e fin d t h a t t h is fa c t o r is n o t r e c o r d . I n lig h t o f t h e f a c t t h a t t h e t r ia l c o u r t m is a p p lie d t h r e e o f t h e f o u r e n h a n c e m e n t f a c t o r s u s e d t o in c r e a s e A p p e lla n t s s e n t e n c e b e y o n d t h e p r e s u m p t iv e tw e n t y y e a r s e n te n c e , S e e , T e n n . C o d e A n n . S e c . 4 0 -3 5 -2 1 0 (c ); S t a t e v . C h a n c e , 9 5 2 S .W .2 d 8 4 8 , 8 5 1 (T e n n . C r im . A p p . 1 9 9 7 ); it is o u r o p in io n t h a t t h e u s e o f a fir e a r m in t h e c o m m is s io n o f t h is fe lo n y is s e r io u s e n o u g h to w a r r a n t a t w o y e a r in c r e a s e b e y o n d t h e p r e s u m p t iv e s e n t e n c e . A p p e lla n t s s e n t e n c e is t h e r e f o r e m o d if ie d t o t w e n t y -t w o y e a r s in c a r c e r a t io n in t h e T e n n e s s e e D e p a r t m e n t o f C o r r e c t io n . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J E R R Y L . S M IT H , J U D G E C O N C U R : -16- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ J O H N H . P E A Y , J U D G E _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ T H O M A S T . W O O D A L L , J U D G E -17-

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