Com. v. Sambana, J. (memorandum)

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J-A07004-19 NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA v. JOSE SAMBANA Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA No. 817 EDA 2018 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence March 2, 2018 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP-51-CR-0006230-2017 BEFORE: OLSON, J., DUBOW, J., and STEVENS*, P.J.E. MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED DECEMBER 03, 2019 Appellant, Jose Sambana, appeals from the judgment of sentence entered on March 2, 2018 in the Criminal Division of the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County following his bench trial convictions for possession of heroin and fentanyl with the intent to deliver (PWID) 1 and knowing and intentional possession of controlled substances (K&I). 2 We affirm. On January 11, 2017, Appellant was arrested and charged with PWID, K&I, and driving with a suspended license. After a preliminary hearing at which the offense of driving with a suspended license was dismissed for lack ____________________________________________ 1 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(30). 2 35 P.S. § 780-113(a)(16). ____________________________________ * Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court. J-A07004-19 of evidence, the Commonwealth filed an information charging Appellant with PWID and K&I. Appellant filed a motion to suppress physical evidence recovered during searches of his person and vehicle, including 39 packets of heroin and fentanyl and United States currency. On January 10, 2018, the trial court convened a hearing to consider Appellant’s motion to suppress. After the court denied suppression, Appellant waived his right to a jury and proceeded to trial. The court found Appellant guilty of PWID and K&I. On May 2, 2018, the court imposed a sentence of two to seven years’ incarceration on Appellant’s PWID conviction. This timely appeal followed. After Appellant filed his concise statement of errors complained of on appeal, see Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b), the trial court issued its opinion. Appellant raises two issues on appeal: [Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress where officers lacked reasonable suspicion to believe Appellant was armed and dangerous or exceeded the scope of a protective frisk by removing a tray covering a vehicle console and searching the area beneath it?] [Whether the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress where officers lacked probable cause and a warrant to search underneath the console area of Appellant’s vehicle and to open a bag of Jolly Ranchers candy?] Appellant’s Brief at 3. Appellant raises two claims in support of his contention that the trial court violated his constitutional rights in denying his motion to suppress. First, Appellant claims that police officers lacked reasonable suspicion to conduct a -2- J-A07004-19 protective search of his vehicle or exceeded the permissible scope of an initially valid search. Second, Appellant argues that police officers lacked both a warrant and probable cause to justify the retrieval and search of a bag of Jolly Rancher candy recovered from a void located underneath the console area of Appellant’s vehicle. We disagree. We review orders denying a motion to suppress under the following standard of review: Our standard of review in addressing a challenge to the denial of a suppression motion is limited to determining whether the suppression court's factual findings are supported by the record and whether the legal conclusions drawn from those facts are correct. Because the Commonwealth prevailed before the suppression court, we may consider only the evidence of the Commonwealth and so much of the evidence for the defense as remains uncontradicted when read in the context of the record as a whole. Where the suppression court's factual findings are supported by the record, we are bound by these findings and may reverse only if the court's legal conclusions are erroneous. Where, as here, the appeal of the determination of the suppression court turns on allegations of legal error, the suppression court's legal conclusions are not binding on an appellate court, whose duty it is to determine if the suppression court properly applied the law to the facts. Thus, the conclusions of law of the courts below are subject to our plenary review. Commonwealth v. Mbewe, 203 A.3d 983, 986 (Pa. Super. 2019) (internal quotations and citations omitted). We have carefully reviewed the certified record, the submissions of the parties, and the trial court’s Rule 1925(a) opinion. Based upon our review, we adopt the trial court’s factual recitation and we conclude that the record supports the factual findings of the trial court and that its legal conclusions -3- J-A07004-19 are correct. In particular, the trial court correctly concluded that the officers had reasonable suspicion to conduct a protective sweep of Appellant’s vehicle. See Trial Court Opinion, 6/13/18, at 5 (crediting police testimony that Appellant’s vehicle had heavily tinted windows, that Appellant appeared to move about the interior compartment, that Appellant reached toward the center console area, that Appellant did not comply with multiple commands that he open his window, and that officers could not see what Appellant was reaching for inside the vehicle). The trial court also correctly determined that the area beneath the center console (including the location of the Jolly Ranchers candy bag) fell within the scope of a permissible protective sweep since the cup holder tray atop the console had been pried open and could reasonably have concealed a weapon. See id. at 6. Lastly, the court properly determined that the officers had probable cause to believe that the Jolly Ranchers candy bag contained evidence of a crime since the police observed it in an area of the vehicle not designed for storage and not ordinarily accessible to vehicle occupants. See id. at 7. In sum, because the trial court adequately and accurately addressed each of the issues raised on appeal, we adopt its opinion and conclusions as our own. We instruct the parties to attach the trial court’s June 13, 2018 opinion to each future filing pertaining to our disposition of this appeal. Judgment of sentence affirmed. -4- J-A07004-19 Judgment Entered. Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary Date: 12/3/19 -5- Circulated 11/04/2019 02:20 PM lN THE COURT OF COMMON PLEAS FIRST JUDTCIAL DISTRICT ·OF PENNSYL VANfA QIS-.JUN \-.3 PM 2;: 3 . :F\Cc Of Ju:oJCiAL)ltC:OROS · . CJllMlrls\L, !Vb\Or1 . · -:1057 JUCJC,µ.1:- 191sTRICJ. t " ·· •·• ..... Y·L ;A• 1 /\ · . P.f r-!:.n,,:> ·' 'COMMONWEA.LTH OF PENNSYL VAN1A CRIMINAL TRIAL.DIVIS·l.ON CP-5 J.-CR OGQ6230-2017 CP.,51-CR-0006230-2017 ., . ' 'v: JOSE SAMBANA .OPINION BRONSON; J. \. ' . . mm..•, S<1J!lbal\8; jo,., dpu,ioii 111\ llllill\ \lllll\U Ill s12i.a61591. June 13, 20.18 On January: l 0:, 20.18, following a non-jury trial before-this Court, 'defendant Jose .Sambana' was convicted of.one count each ofpossession with intent to.delivera controlled substance C'PWJD.") (heroinand fontanyl).(35 P.S . '§ 780.-1.13.(a)(3Q))-and knowingly and intentionally possessing-a controlledsubstencej+Kec!") (heroin and fenranyl) {35 P..S. § 7.80 I JJ(aXI )).· On March 2, 20 l'8.,. the Court imposed a sentence .of two 10 seven years imprisonment for the PWi'D char.ge.2 · Defendant did not file post-sentence motions. Defendant-has now appealed from the judgment.of sentence entered bythe.Court on the .grounds that. I.) the Courterred by denying defendant's motion o suppress the physical evidence; 2) the Court abused its. discretion by qualifying Office/ Debarberie as an expert witness; 3) the Court abused its discretion byrequiringthe Commonwealth to reopen.the motion to: suppress and recall 0f'ficer Debarberie; and 4) the evidence· was insufficient to.sustain the PWID conviction. Statement ofErrors. Complained ofon Appeal ("Statemei1t of Errors") at . . Al defendant's suppression hearing, defendant indicated that- the correctspelling.of his nil inc was Jose Sambrana, N.T. 1 /.i,011 B· !id. It appears both ways in the .rceord. · · I Defendant 's K&!'tonviction- mergedfor sentencing purposes, ··-------. .- ----· _ 4( ).,4(d). For the reasons .sel forth below; defendant's claims are without merit and the Judgment of sentence should be affirmed. J. FACTUAL BACKGROUND At trial, the . Commonwealth presented the-testimony of Philadelphia police . . officers -.Sarah Debarberie,' James 'Saxroti, and James Trappler. Defendant presented the testimony.of David Leff Viewed in the. light most favorable to the Commonwealth as the verdict winner; the evidence established the following. On iuJy 11, .io 17, Officer Debarberie.and her partner, Officer Saxton, :w.er.e 61) vebicle patrol.on the ·1100 block of Jasper Street in Philadelphia, when they spotted a white GMC Yukon turn onto Jasper Street andthen rnake ah abrupt left-hand turn without signaling. N.T. .l/J'0/18 at ·11: 12". Officers Debarberie and Saxton subsequently pulled the vehicle over on jhe 1900 block 4 of Clementine Street N..T. l/l0/L8 at l l. -Officer Saxton. approached the driver'sside of the vehicle, vvhil.e Officer Debarberie - pproa9hed the passenger's side. N:T .. l/10/l'Bat 91.. Because the vehicle'swindows were heavily tinte.ct the officerscould only. make outthe driver's silhouette. N.:T, J/I'Oll 8,at· 11. However. they were able to observe the driver-moving.around in.rhe.vehicle and reaching back and forth toward the.center consofe. l'{/r. J/1 Oh$ at 11,_3 l, 92. Officer Saxtori-ordei:ed (iefenqfi.nt tQ putdown his windowrnultipletirries; however, defendant-did notcomply. N.·T. 1/JOll.8 an I- 12, Therefore, Officer Debarberie, in fear for her partner's safety; opened the pass.enger side door ofthe vehicle. N.T, 1/1 Ol-i Rat l.2. Officer Saxton then opened the driver's side door. ·1 f.1:T 1/10/18 at 12-J 3. Offlcer Debarberie's testimony-from defendant's scppresslonheeringj.wlih the exception of any hearsay testimony, was Incorporated info rhe' Cbmrnonwealth's cnse-ln-chief 2 JtT. Ill 0/.1.8 at s·:5,. Once the doors were open; the officers observed defendant reach into the center console. N.T; l /10/18 at 92. Officer Saxton ordered defendant to stop what he was doing, .and to provide the officers with his license> registration, and. insurance, Id Defendant complied, but informed the officers thathe did not have a driver's license) and then again proceeded. to reach into the center console. N.T. l/l0/18.at 12, 92. Officer Saxton once more ordered defendant to stop; however, defendant did.not comply. N.T: i/10/18 .at 92. Therefore, Oftic r Saxton removed defendant from the vehicle. Id. As he was being removed; defendant said. to the officers; ''I don't.sell drugs, l don'tsell drugs." N.T. t/L0/18 at24. Arthal same time, Officer Debarberie observed.that the cup holder tray that was connected to the center console had been manipulated and disconnected from its frame, allowing access into.the space beneath (he tray. N.T. lll0/18 afl3-l4. Since defendant had been reaching in and around.that area, OfficerDebarberie lifted the tray and looked inlo the space to search for weapons. N.T. J/lOll 8 at 14-22, 40, 58, Thereuithe' void Linder the tray; in an area where electrical wires were running, she found a Jolly Ranchers candy bag, N:T! J /10/18 at 2122! Based on defendant's spontaneous statement, "I don't sell drugs," defendant's movements in the car, the manipulationofthe tray allowing access toa void not designed for storage, and because the bag was hiqden in that void, the orficer believed that the bag was relaied to narcotics activity'. N.T. Ill 0/18. ,lt$9. The officer therefore retrieved and' opened the bag, finding thirty- nine clear plastlc heroin and.feruanyl. N.t. l./10/18 at 22,.86. In addition, packets containing .• . Officer Debarberie recovered S i2S in various denominations. from a cLJp holder in the car. N.T, 1/IO/J 8 at 25.. Finally, when. defendant was searched incidentto arrest, Officer Saxton recovered ,$343 in various denominations from defendant's person. N.'r'. 1/10/18 at 25, 89-90 94.:.95; Commonweal th Exhibit C·:2. J ....- _, ,. , , . .,.-,.. , ,._. ,.,,_. According to Officer James Trappler, an expert in narcotics and narcotics packaging, the number of packets, the street value of the seized drugs, the denominations oft he currency.found on defendant and in the car; the absence of drug paraphernalia, and other factors, led him to conclude thatthe drugs. at issue were possessed by defendant with intent to deliver; Ni'I', lllOtl 8 at 96 101. n. DISCUSSION A. Motionto Suppress Defendant first claims thatthe trial court erred by denying defendant's motion to suppress the physical evidence. Statement of'Errors at 14(a). '; ln reviewing a ruling on a suppression motion, the standard of review is whether thefactual findings and legal conclusions drawn therefrom are supported by the evidence.'; Commonweattb v. Who/aver •. 989 A:2d 883, ·· · 896 (Pa. 2010) (quoting Commonwealth. v; Bronshteln, 691 A.2.d 907, .913 (Pa. 1997)). Additionally, "fw]here the. record supports the findings of the suppression· court, [the reviewing court] is bound by those foots and may reverse only if'the legal conclusions drawn therefrom arc in error." Commonwealth v. Ligons; 971 A2d fl 25 1148 (Pa. 2009). Defendant asserts three bases tor his claim thatthe Courterred in denying his motion to suppress the physical evidence. First, he argues that the police "lacked reasonable articulable suspicion. that [defendant] was armed anddangerous when they opened the car doors and removed [defendant] from his vehicle after stopping him for a minor traffic violation." Statement of Errors at 1 4(a)(i). This claim is without merit. "When a police officer lawfully stops a motorist for a violation. of the Pennsylvania Motor Vehicle Code, the officer is pennitted to ask the drivejr] to step out ofthe vehicle as a matterofright. Further; an officer has the.rightto conduct a weapons search of an.autornobile.if 4 ··-··-········ · ----------- .i there ·is·.a reasonablebelief that thesuspect is dangerousandthat the suspect might gain immediate-control ofweapons .." Commonwealth (internal ci tations :v. Boyd, l 7 A.Jcl 1274, 1277 (Pa. Super; 20 l I) and quota ti bhS .om itted) ;· see CT lso Commonwealth v.: Morr is, 644 ;A. 2d 721, 713 (Pa. 1994). (requiring that officer's beliefmust be based on specific.artieuleble facrs); Commonwealtn v: Cartagena, ($3 .A:3d 2,94, 300 (Pa, Super. 20i":f) (en bane) (notingthatsearch is limited ·to the passenger compartment of the vehicle, where a weapon could be 'placed), l:n determi ning whether.the officer's. belief was reasonable; the Coll rt looks ro the totality of the circumstances and· considers such factors· as.whether' the stop occurred in a high: crime area, ..the time ofday, whether. the defendant-immediately stopped the vehicle, the· defendant' s beha vior, ·Md: whetherthe defendant made, movements inside of the vehicle, Commonwealth v.. Buchert, 68 A.3d 9l l, 913.: l 6-. (Pa; Super: 20 i 3) . . Here, the-evidence adduced .at the suppression ;h arinft: established that- the officers.held a reasonable belief that defendant' was dangerous and that he might have access to weapons in::his vehicle.. Officer Debarberieteslifiedthat afterdefendant's vehicle was stopped for the failure to- use. a turn signal, she Md Officer Saxton approached the vehicle, but could not see.defendant .due. to the vehicle} s windows being heavily tinted ... N.T. ·1 i l'0/18 at 11. Officer Debarberie could, however, make out defendcnr'e-silhouette ori.d was ablejo observe de fendarit movir.ig in th vehicle and reaching towardsthe center: console. N.T.1/10/l S: at 1 l-i7,."31, 92. Addirlonally, while Officer Saxtonordered defendant ..,t0.- put-down his. wi.ndqYI mu! tip le· times} defendant.did not comply; N.T. l/10/18 at l -l-12. Officer Debarberie testified that at that point, she feared for herpartner'ssefetybeceuse she could riQ:t see what-defendant was reachingforinthe vehicle, N.J . .. 1/10/l&at 12.. Underthese circumstances, the.officers had ample reason to believe. thatin theinterests of their safety; itwasnecessaryto enter the vehicle and couducta seerch.foe weapons. Fina.lly, as it is uncontested that defendant Was lawfullystopped p'-1J'su 11Uo a. violation of the molorvehicle code, th.e officets were free to remove defendant from the. velricle ar that time. Boyd, 17 A.Jd at 1277, Next, defendant claims that the· officers "lacked-probable cause to. disassemble the '. and also to remove, examine, after noticing: a one-fourth lnch.gap, console ofappellant'svehicle, . . . and look ins ide of a non-translucent candy bag, where packets of heroin were recovered." .Statement ofErrors at ,i 4(a)(ii). This claini is also withoutmerit, As stated above, when conducting.a weapons search in. a vehicle.sofficers may search anywhere within the compartnient of the vehicle where a weapon. could be placed .. Cartagena, 63 A.3 d at JOO. Here, 0 fficer- Debarberie tesli tied that.wh! le defendant was bei ng removed from ·his vehicle, the officer-observed that the cup holder traywithin the.center console had. beertpried up t'fom its frame, exposing a quarter o.t' an inch grip. N.T. J/J0/18. at 14. Based onher there -,was ti h1dden space underneath was aware.that Office:r Debarberie experience and training, . · . ' ' ' ' the tray .. As discussed above, because.Officer Debarberie reasonably believed thatdefendant was dangerous and that a weapon could have been concealed in the space, she was .permitted to do. a: protective search o (the urea for weapons regardless of whetherthere-was probable cause to conduct a .seareb al that. t1111 . Sita pp-·4- ,.Jiuj,rt,. Because the officer .observed the Jolly · Ranchers candy bag during the lawful protective search, her observation of the bag was .entirely lawfu1. Because the candy b 1g wasnot likely Lo. contain a weapon, the warrantlesssearch of the the officerwas bag could not be justified as part of the protective sweep. However, . fully. entitled . to open and search the bag under the autcmobile.excepfion to the warrant requi rement. -See. Commonwealth V, Gary, 91 A.3d 102 (P.a. 20\4)'(-hpldi.ng the federal automobile exception· to the :6 warrantrequirement to apply under Pennsylvania law), Under that exception, officers having. probable cause to believe tharrhere is contraband in a car may search not only the entire car, but also. any packages and containers found within. the car. See Commonweaith v. Rttnyan,.160 A.3d 831, 83 7 tPa. Super, 20:17); In re 1.MS.1. ·124 A.3.d ll 1; 3·16. t 7 (J?a. Sup r:2015). Once Officer Debarberie, dudng her protective search of thecar, observed.a.Jolly 'Ranchers candy bag. inan area .o·f the cat not designed for sterage.notordinarily accessible 'tc oc?upants of the car, and. where electtical wires were present, she unquestionably nad probable cause to .believe that the car contained evidence ofa crime: Runyan, 160' A.Jd at 8-37 (probable-. cause to search a car exists where the totality of the circumstances'would warrant a person ofreasonable caution to believe that there. is contraband in the cat). Accordingly, no warrant. wasrequired to open and search thecandy bag . Id: FinaHy·, defendant claims that because the IJS currencyfound on his person and in his vehicle was "fruit of the poisonoustree," italso should have been-suppressed. Statementof Errors at 4(a)(iii). The premise of this claim is that the search leading to the.seizure of the drugs was unlawful. Because the search leading to the discovery.and seizure .of thedrugs was entirely 'lawful, there could be· no illegaJ·fru.its derived from thatsearch. Accordingly., all. physical .cv.idc·nce:wils pr.o:p rly se ized and defe.ndant', .mqtior:i to suppress the physical evidencewas properly denied.. No relief isdue. B. Expert Witness Officer Scirci)1 Debarberie Defendant next -clairns that the Court abused. its discrefion by "qualifying Officer Sarah Debarberie as .an.expert in tlie field of 'consolecup bolder devices beingused to conceal drugs' based on a· one-week conference she attended on the topic.": StaternentefErrors .at A(b).. This claimis without merit. Pennsylvania Rufo ofEvidence 702 allows a witness to testify in the form of anopinion as an expert.if "a) the expert's scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge is beyond )' that possessed by the average layperson; b) the expert's scientific, technical, orother specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence orto determine a fact in issue; and c) the expert's methodology is· generally accepted in the relevant field." Pa.R.E. 702 .. "The standardJcwq 1alification ofan expertwitness is a liberal one. 'the test to be applied when qualifying an expert witness iswheiher the witness has any reasonable pretension to specialized knowledge 01J the subject under investigation. A witness does not need formal education on the subject matter of the testimony, and may be qualified to render an Opinion based Oil training and experience." Commonwealth v. Malseed, 84 7 A2d 112, i 14 (Pa; Super; 2004) (internal q11otati :,1is nd citations omitted): FinaHy, the qrn.ili fication of an expert rests with the discretion ofthe trial court and will only be disturbed upon an abuse of discretion. Jd. at 115. At defendant's suppression hearing, which was later incorporated into the 'trial, the Commonwealth presented the testimony ofOfficer Debarberie as ,111 expert in the area ofconsole cup hclder devices that are used to conceal drugs, N.. T .. 1/ l Oll8 at 13-22. As to her qualificii ions, Officer Debarberie testified that in addition to recently attending, a week-long conference pi1 secret corrrpartrrrerrts in vehi.cles ihnt are .used to conceal crtrninal acrivity, she also. receivedseveral trainings throughout her career as a police officer on the subject. N.T l/1.0/18 a:t.14, l7. The trainings covered howcertain vehicles are designed, where natural spaces are located within these vehicles, and how to identi fy if such a. space has been tampered wi rh. N.T. \/W/18-at l.4, l7.:J8, Moreover, as defendant was driving a 2007 GMC Yukonat.the time of his arrest, Officer Debarberle confirmed that she sped fically received training on GM vehicles, and from that training, -she 'leamed that .in OM. vehicles, there is a. naturalspace. in the. center C00$91 area and dash area. N.T. 1110/18 at 17.., 18. Accordingly; Officer Debarberie.clearly possessed 'specialized knowledge _in the area of secret'compartmcnts in vehicles that was. 'beyond' the knowledge ofanaverage layperson, and .allowed herto express opiuiorrs very-helpful to the .tder of fact, In particular, her expert testimony assisted theCourt in imderstanding how. defendant tampered with the center console of thevehicle to hide drugs andhow the-officer.was able to spot the secretcompartment. Accordingly, no relief isdue. C. Reopening_ Motion. ta Suppress Defendantnext claims that tbe Court abused its disctetlon and its role as a neutral magistrate when it "require]eel] the Conunonweahh to reopen the morion Jo suppress and recall [Officer Debarberie], afterthe Commonwealth had rested.aud argurrrents were made by-both sides, where the Cornmonwealrh.had otherwise foiled Statement suppress." . to meet.its burden in the motion to of Errors at i. 4(c), . . ·Thfs·dalm- is without.merit. . "The generalrule is that prior to rendering its decision, a court mny in its discretion permit either side to reopen its case to present additional testimony." Commonweallhv. 'Griffin, 412 A.2d 897., 90} (Pa; Super. 'I 979) (n.ol.irigthtn t:h decisiou to. reopen more flexible where. the issue i:l c ase should heey. q is notguilt, but instead, the admissibility of evidence); see also Commonwealth v, Branch; 4J7 A.2.d 748_, 150 $ I (Pa; Super. J 9.IH). (.en.bc0 ').(con¢luding. suppression court is 'permitted lo reopen a hearing-to-receive additional testimony that was inadvertently omitted by the Commonwealth), Moreover, the court ni y sua sponte reopen the record and allow th.¢ parties to supplement it; if the. court believes tbat such mustbe sf one in order toavotda miscarriage ofjustice. Commonweoith v. S.a}kc1, 141 A.3q 1 3-9, 1249-50 (P . 9. ....... ...... ,,,, ....... ,, __.. _. .__.. _ -------....---·--··· 2016). A court's decision to reopen the record will only be reverseduporra showing ofan abuse ofdiscretien. Id. at 1248 . .Here, following argument at defendant's.suppression hearing, the Court opined that the. record was not clear regarding Officer Debarberies basis for taking and opening the folly Ranchers candy bag that she found in the space beneath the center.console. N.T. l/10/I 8 at 52- 55, The parties did not agree, and the Cot111 did not recall, whether the officer testified why she bad looked in. the bag: N.T.1/10/LB at 46;. 52-56. For that reason, the Court concluded that it was in the interest of justice to permit.the Commonwealth to reopen the record and recall Officer Debarberie to answer additional questions onthe issue; before the Court rendered itsdecision. N .T. 1/l 0/18 at 55-56 .. Moreover, as this was a pre-trial suppression hearing, there was no potential that theadditional presentation of evidence would disrupt the proceedings, nor prejudice defendant inany way. Accordingly; the Court did not.abuse its discretion.when it reopened the record sue sponte to seek additional clarification on Officer Debarberie' s basis for taking and opening the candy bag. No relief is due. D. Sufficiency ofthe Evidence Finally, defend ant claims that the evidence was insufficient to sustain a conviction for PWID because "the Commonwealth failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt .that [defendant]. had the intent to deliver heroin/fentanyl," Statement ofErrors at14(d}, This clalm is without merit. In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, the Courtmustdecide whetherthe evidence al trial, viewed in the light most favorable ro the Comrnonwealth, together. with all reasonable inferences therefrom, could enable the fact-finder to find every element of the crimes charged beyond a reasonable doubt. Commonwealth. v. Walsh, 36 A.3d 613, 618 (Pa. TO. Super. 20.12). In maki11g this assessment, a reviewing court. ri1a( not weigh the evidence and substitute its ownjudgment 'tor.:lliat of.the fact-finder, who isfree to believe allpart, ornone of : he evidence .. 'Commonwealih v. Ramtahi1,/.; 3'.3 AJd .602,. 6.07 (Pa. 2Q 11 ). 'The Commonwealth m.ay satisfy itsburden bf proofentirely by .C:irc.ums.tl:\nt.ihLevid.ence. Id r:-int1.l!y1 "[ijf the record contains support for the· verdict, -, ir may not be disturbed." Commonwealth l!: Adams, 8.82 A:2d 4961 499.(Pa. Super. 2005) (quoting Commonwealth v. Burns, 765 A ..2d i 1'44; 114.8 (Pa. Super, 200:0), appeal. denied, 782 A.2d 542 (P ,. 200:-J.)}. To sustain aconviction.for PW10,Jhe Commonwealthis required to prove "that the defendant possessed a controlled substance and did o with the intent to-deliver it:' Commonwealth. v; Bricker, 882 A.2d i'0.08, I 0(5 (Pa, ·Super. 2.005). The requisite intent may be. inferred from all ofthe facts and circutnstances of the case, including-the method of packaging, ·th.e forin.ofthe drug, andthe defendant'sbehavior. id; Also relevant are the quantity of d.1'l1gs possessed and the lack of drug paraphernalia . .Co1J11honwep/th \}. Johnson, 7 2 A.2-d 10401 I 040 (Pa. Super. 2001 ). Where no transactions-are observed, expert testimony niay be considered by the fact-Iinder on. the issue pf lntentto deliver. Ctmimm1\ii cilt , v. Carter, 58·9 A.2d· l l 33, I ns· (Pa. Super.), appeal dented; 5.9?. A.2d l'l 5 J:.(Pn. 1991): l'{cr.e,. 0 hiccr S ,xton tc i f-ied thot v-ih.en -he: and Oft1ce'r. Debarberie p.tii led. defendant over for failing.to use a: turn signal, the officers observed defendant.reach.into his center console. N.T. 1/l0/18 at.9.1-92. When defendant did not comply with 'Offlcer Saxton's orders to.stop what he was doing, theofficer removed defendant from the vehicle, N.T, 1/10118 at. 92. When he.was. being removed from the vehicle, defendant spontaneous! y told the: o tficers.:"] don t:i sell drugs." ,N.T. 1/10/18 at 2'4, 95, 'furth nnor ,. when Officer Debarberie searched defendant's-car, she discovered a Jolly Ranchers .candy. bag, hidden beneath the center console, containingjhirty- 11 --·-··---·----------------------:.------------·--- .. nine clear pl,1stic packets of heroin and fentanyl. N.T t/10/18 at 22, 59; .86, In addition, the officers recovered $1 is ii') various denominations from a CJ.lP holder in the vehicle and $343 from defendant's person .. N.T. 1110/18 a.t25, 89-90, 94. Attrial, (he Cornrrrouwealth culled Officer James Trappleras an expert in. narcotics and. narcotics packaging. Officer Trappler had been a narcotics officer for 30 years. and .a police opinion, officer for '3 7. years. He stated (hat, in his. expert . . . the number of packets containing heroin and fentanyl, the street value of the seized drugs; defendant's proximity to where heroin is sold, the various denomiuatlons.ofthe. U.S . currency recovered, and the lack of user paraphernalia, established that the drugs at issue were possessed with the intent to deliver. N.T. ]110/18 at 98-: I Ol. This was ample evidence to allow reas9nablefact fir1derto conclude, and did so . . with beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant. both possessed a comrolled substance the intent to deliver. See Commonweal: h v. Ratsamy, 934 A.2d 1233, 1236;.3 8 (Pa. 2007}; Commonwealth v. Robinson, 582A.2d 14, 17 (Pa. Super. 1990), appea! denied, 598 A.2d 282 (Pa. t99·t. ). While defendant cal led a. drug expert who reached a contrary opinion; N.T. I /l O/l8 at UO· l 24, the Court, as factfirider, was entitled to credit the testimony of the. Commonwealth. expert, and to find th defense expert not to be credible. Rdmtah"l 33 A.3d.at 607. Accordingly, defeqdant'-s. sufficiency of the evidence claimsshould be. rejected. Ill.CONCLUSION For all of.the foregoing reasons, the Court's judgment of sentence should be affirmed. BY THE COURT: GLENN 8. BRONSON; J.

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