Truck Insurance Exchange v. Friend

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FILED: November 15, 2012 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON TRUCK INSURANCE EXCHANGE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JOSEPH RALPH FRIEND, JR., Defendant-Respondent. Washington County Circuit Court C091034CV A144902 Donald R. Letourneau, Judge. Argued and submitted on July 07, 2011. Thomas M. Christ argued the cause for appellant. With him on the briefs were Julie A. Smith and Cosgrave Verger Kester LLP. W. Eugene Hallman argued the cause for respondent. With him on the briefs was Hallman & Dretke. Before Armstrong, Presiding Judge, and Haselton, Chief Judge, and Duncan, Judge. DUNCAN, J. Reversed and remanded. 1 DUNCAN, J. 2 In this insurance-coverage dispute, defendant, Friend, was injured in an 3 automobile accident. At the time, Friend was driving a 1967 Ford Mustang whose 4 registered owner was Tamer Kehkia, the owner and president of TWW, Inc. (TWW), an 5 auto dealer.1 Friend sought underinsured motorist (UIM) benefits from TWW's insurer, 6 Truck Insurance Exchange (Truck), under TWW's garage policy. Truck brought this 7 action, seeking a declaration that Friend was not entitled to UIM benefits under TWW's 8 policy because TWW did not own the Mustang. Friend counterclaimed, seeking a 9 declaration that he was entitled to those benefits. The trial court granted summary 10 judgment in favor of Friend, and Truck appeals, arguing that there are genuine issues of 11 material fact regarding whether Friend is entitled to UIM benefits under TWW's policy.2 12 We agree and, therefore, reverse and remand. 13 I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 14 15 On appeal of a grant of summary judgment, we review the record in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party to determine whether there are any genuine 1 TWW did business as Cornelius Auto Sales. 2 Friend also raises a cross-assignment of error, in which he contends that the trial court erred in dismissing one of his counterclaims. Because the trial court's general judgment incorporated its order dismissing the second counterclaim, ORS 18.082(2), the cross-assignment seeks "modification and reversal of that part of the judgment dismissing" his counterclaim rather than reversal of an intermediate ruling of the trial court. Murray v. State of Oregon, 203 Or App 377, 388, 124 P3d 1261 (2005), rev den, 340 Or 672 (2006); see also ORAP 5.57(2). Consequently, in the absence of a crossappeal, we cannot address the issue. Murray, 203 Or App at 388. 1 1 issues of material fact and whether the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of 2 law. ORCP 47 C; Jones v. General Motors Corp., 325 Or 404, 420, 939 P2d 608 (1997). 3 As mentioned, Friend was injured while driving the Mustang, which was 4 registered to Kehkia. Friend and Kehkia assert that TWW owned the Mustang. Friend 5 was the registered secretary of TWW. Friend and Kehkia were also friends and partners 6 in another business, Ground Zero Motor Sports. Friend did mechanical work at TWW 7 approximately 10 to 12 hours per week, but he was not an employee of TWW. 8 Truck filed this declaratory judgment action because it believed that TWW 9 did not own the Mustang and, therefore, that the policy it issued to TWW did not provide 10 UIM benefits for Friend. In response, Friend asserted three counterclaims, each seeking a 11 declaration that he was entitled to UIM benefits under the policy. On Truck's motion, the 12 trial court dismissed Friend's second counterclaim. Then Friend moved for summary 13 judgment, and the trial court granted that motion and entered a general judgment in favor 14 of Friend. Truck appeals. 15 II. PARTIES' ARGUMENTS ON APPEAL 16 Truck argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to 17 Friend because genuine issues of material fact had to be resolved before the court could 18 determine whether the policy provided UIM coverage for Friend.3 The parties identify 3 As a preliminary matter, the parties agree that the UIM coverage expressly provided in the policy is limited to "owned autos." Consequently, the issue before us is whether, and to what extent, statutes require UIM coverage broader than the coverage expressly provided in the policy. 2 1 three legal theories under which Friend might be entitled to UIM benefits under the 2 policy. First, Friend asserts that the policy provided liability coverage for him and that 3 ORS 742.502(2)(a)4 requires a policy's UIM coverage to mirror its liability coverage. 4 Truck responds that the policy provided liability coverage for Friend only if TWW 5 owned the Mustang, which, the parties agree, is a disputed issue of fact. 6 Second, Friend argues that TWW owned the Mustang as a matter of law 7 under ORS 822.040(1)(d), which provides that an auto dealer "shall be considered the 8 owner * * * of all vehicles in the dealer's possession and operated or driven by the dealer 9 or the dealer's employees." Truck responds that ORS 822.040(1)(d) is not relevant to the 10 meaning of the term "owned" in the policy and, regardless, that application of that statute 11 involves genuine issues of material fact. 12 Finally, Truck notes that another statutory provision regarding UIM, ORS 13 742.504,5 may mandate UIM coverage for Friend while he drove the Mustang but that, in 14 order to have been covered under that statute, Friend must have been driving the Mustang 15 with the "permission" of TWW. Truck asserts that "permission" also involves a disputed 4 ORS 742.502(2)(a) provides, in part: "A motor vehicle bodily injury liability policy shall have the same limits for uninsured motorist coverage as for bodily injury liability coverage unless a named insured in writing elects lower limits." 5 The legislature has amended ORS 742.504 a number of times since 2005. Or Laws 2007, ch 131, §1; Or Laws 2007, ch 287, §3; Or Laws 2007, ch 328, §§5,6; Or Laws 2007, ch 457, §1; Or Laws 2007, ch 782, §3; Or Laws 2009, ch 67, §§15,16; Or Laws 2011, ch 192, §2. Certain of those amendments are inapplicable and the others are immaterial to our analysis in this case. Therefore, for convenience, all references to that statute in this opinion are to ORS 742.504 (2005). 3 1 factual question. 2 III. ANALYSIS 3 In keeping with the parties' arguments, we address three questions: First, 4 did the policy provide liability coverage for Friend as a matter of law?6 Second, if not, 5 did ORS 822.040(1)(d) mandate, as a matter of law, that TWW owned the Mustang? 6 And, third, did ORS 742.504 require UIM coverage for Friend as a matter of law? We 7 answer all three questions in the negative. As a result, Friend was not entitled to 8 summary judgment because, as to each theory under which Friend might be entitled to 9 UIM coverage, genuine issues of material fact remain unresolved. 10 A. 11 Liability Coverage Under the Policy As mentioned, Friend asserts that the policy provided liability coverage for 12 him. Consequently, he argues, he had UIM coverage under the policy because, in his 13 view, ORS 742.502(2)(a) requires a policy's UIM coverage to mirror its liability 14 coverage. Accordingly, we begin by interpreting the policy to determine whether, as 15 Friend contends, it provided liability coverage for Friend. Interpretation of an insurance 16 policy is a matter of law. Hoffman Construction Co. v. Fred S. James & Co., 313 Or 17 464, 469, 836 P2d 703 (1992). Our goal is to determine the parties' intentions. Totten v. 18 New York Life Ins. Co., 298 Or 765, 770, 696 P2d 1082 (1985). The policy "'must be 6 Because we conclude that, under the policy, liability coverage for Friend depended on whether TWW owned the Mustang, we need not, and do not, address whether ORS 742.502(2)(a) requires the scope of UIM coverage to mirror the scope of liability coverage rather than merely requiring the dollar amount of each type of coverage to be the same. 4 1 viewed by its four corners and considered as a whole.'" North Pacific Ins. Co. v. 2 Hamilton, 332 Or 20, 24, 22 P3d 739 (2001) (quoting Denton v. International Health & 3 Life, 270 Or 444, 449-50, 528 P2d 546 (1974)). All parts of the policy "must be 4 construed to determine if and how far one clause is modified, limited, or controlled by 5 others." Denton, 270 Or at 450. 6 The policy provides coverage for two categories of "insureds." The first 7 category is "you." The policy states, "Throughout this policy the words 'you' and 'your' 8 refer to the Named Insured[,]" and the policy identifies the "named insured" as "TWW 9 Inc" and "Cornelius Auto Sales." Under the policy, "you" is an insured "for any covered 10 'auto[.]'" The "schedule of coverage and covered autos" indicates that "covered autos" for 11 liability coverage is "any auto." Thus, under the policy "you"--that is, TWW--has 12 liability coverage for "[a]ny [a]uto." 13 The second category of insured is "[a]nyone else while using with your 14 permission a covered 'auto' you own, hire, or borrow with [certain exceptions.]" Thus, 15 the policy provides, with certain exceptions, liability coverage for "anyone else" while 16 using, with TWW's permission, any auto that TWW owns, hires, or borrows. 17 Specifically, the policy provides: 18 "3 Who Is An Insured 19 "a The following are 'insureds' for covered 'autos' 20 "(1) You for any covered 'auto' 21 22 "(2) Anyone else while using with your permission a covered 'auto' you own, hire or borrow except 5 1 2 3 "(a) The owner or anyone else from whom you hire or borrow a covered 'auto[.]' This exception does not apply if the covered 'auto,' is a 'trailer' connected to a covered 'auto' you own 4 5 "(b) Your 'employee' if the covered 'auto' is owned by that 'employee' or a member of his or her household 6 7 8 "(c) Someone using a covered 'auto' while he or she is working in a business of selling, servicing, repairing, parking or storing 'autos' unless that business is your 'garage operations' 9 10 "(d) Your customers, if your business is shown in the Declarations as an 'auto' dealership[.] However, if a customer of yours 11 12 13 "(I) Has no other available insurance (whether primary, excess or contingent), they are an 'insured' but only up to the compulsory or financial responsibility law limits where the covered 'auto' is principally garaged 14 15 16 17 18 "(II) Has other insurance (whether primary, excess or contingent) less than the compulsory or financial responsibility law limits where the covered 'auto' is principally garaged, they are an 'insured' only for the amount by which the compulsory or financial responsibility law limits exceed the limit of their other insurance 19 20 21 "(e) A partner (if you are a partnership), or a member (if you are a limited liability company), for a covered 'auto' owned by him or her or a member of his or her household 22 23 "(3) Anyone liable for the conduct of an 'insured' described above but only to the extent of that liability[.]" 24 Thus, in order to have liability coverage for "any auto," Friend must be 25 "you" under section 3a(1). Otherwise, he is "[a]nyone else" under section 3a(2) and is 26 covered only "while using with your permission a covered 'auto' you own, hire or 27 borrow." (Emphasis added.) The policy language unambiguously indicates that Friend is 28 not "you." The policy provides that "you" is "the Named Insured." The named insured is 29 "TWW Inc" and "Cornelius Auto Sales." Thus, the corporation, not Friend, is "you." 6 1 Nevertheless, Friend contends that he is "you" because he is the secretary of 2 TWW, the named insured. He argues that an understanding of the policy that limits 3 "you" to the corporation itself--rather than to the corporation acting through its agents-- 4 would render the policy a nullity, because "corporations lack the ability to drive motor 5 vehicles." We reject that argument for two reasons. 6 First, the text of section 3a(2) demonstrates that "you" means only the 7 corporation itself, not people who run or participate in the business.7 Section 3a(2), 8 which provides coverage for "anyone else," contains five exceptions. Those exceptions 9 list employees, partners, members (of a limited liability company), and customers of 10 "you" in various circumstances. That implies that those people are "[a]nyone else" to the 11 extent that they do not fall within any exception. For example, if a partner were "you," 12 the exception excluding coverage for partners under certain circumstances would be 13 under the "you" section, not the "anyone else" section. 14 Second, as Truck points out, although it is true that a corporation cannot 15 drive a car, a corporation can be liable for bodily injury and property damage arising 16 from an accident, and that is the risk that the policy covers as to "you." Consequently, 17 understanding the policy according to its plain meaning does not render its coverage 18 illusory. 19 Friend is not "you," and, as a result, he had liability coverage under the 7 We express no opinion as to whether a sole proprietor or a shareholder in a corporation would be "you" under these circumstances. 7 1 policy only if he was "using with [TWW's] permission a covered 'auto' [TWW] own[ed], 2 hire[d] or borrow[ed]." As noted above, the parties dispute whether TWW or Kehkia 3 owned the Mustang. Consequently, whether Friend was covered under the policy is a 4 disputed issue of fact, even in light of ORS 742.502(2)(a).8 5 B. Effect of ORS 822.040 6 Next we address Friend's proffered alternative basis for affirmance. Friend 7 contends that ORS 822.040(1)(d) mandates, as a matter of law, the conclusion that TWW 8 owned the Mustang.9 9 In interpreting a statute, our task is to discern the intent of the legislature. 10 State v. Gaines, 346 Or 160, 171, 206 P3d 1042 (2009); PGE v. Bureau of Labor and 11 Industries, 317 Or 606, 610, 859 P2d 1143 (1993). To determine what the legislature 12 intended, we first consider the text of a statute in context. Gaines, 346 Or at 171; see 13 also State v. Cloutier, 351 Or 68, 100, 261 P3d 1234 (2011) (explaining that courts 14 consider prior cases construing a statute at the first level of analysis). "[O]nce the 15 meaning and application of a statute have been put before us, we have an obligation to 16 correctly construe and apply that statute." Wilson v. Tri-Met, 234 Or App 615, 624, 228 17 P3d 1225, rev den, 348 Or 669 (2010); see also Stull v. Hoke, 326 Or 72, 77, 948 P2d 722 8 Although Friend mentions Oregon's financial responsibility law in passing, he does not make any adequately developed argument that that law is incorporated into or supersedes the text of the policy, and we express no opinion on that point. 9 Friend made the same argument regarding ORS 822.040 below, and the trial court rejected it. 8 1 (1997) ("In construing a statute, this court is responsible for identifying the correct 2 interpretation, whether or not asserted by the parties."). 3 4 5 6 ORS 822.040(1) provides, in part: "The holder of a current, valid vehicle dealer certificate issued under ORS 822.020 may exercise the following privileges under the certificate: "* * * * * 7 8 9 10 "(d) The dealer shall be considered the owner of vehicles manufactured or dealt in by the dealer, before delivery and sale of the vehicles, and of all vehicles in the dealer's possession and operated or driven by the dealer or the dealer's employees." 11 Friend argues that "the evidence is uncontradicted that the Mustang was one 'dealt in by 12 the dealer' and was 'in the dealer's possession and operated or driven by the dealer or the 13 dealer s employees.'" Consequently, he asserts, TWW "owned" the Mustang as that term 14 is used in the policy. 15 Truck responds that ORS 822.040 is irrelevant to the meaning of the term 16 "owned" as it is used in TWW's policy. Truck also argues that, even if ORS 822.040 17 were relevant to the meaning of the policy, the factual questions whether the Mustang 18 was in TWW's possession and whether Friend was "the dealer or the dealer's [employee]" 19 still precluded summary judgment. 20 To address Friend's argument, in addition to construing ORS 822.040, we 21 must interpret the term "owned" as it appears in the insurance policy. As noted above, 22 we review interpretations of insurance policies for errors of law and our goal is to 23 determine the intent of the parties. Hoffman, 313 Or at 469. We interpret the text of 9 1 the policy "from the perspective of the 'ordinary purchaser of insurance.'" Farmers Ins. 2 Exchange v. Crutchfield, 200 Or App 146, 154, 113 P3d 972, rev den, 339 Or 609 (2005) 3 (quoting Totten, 298 Or at 771). "If the term at issue is not defined in the policy, then the 4 next step is to look to the plain meaning of the term." North Clackamas School Dist. No. 5 12 v. OSBA, 164 Or App 339, 344, 991 P2d 1089 (1999), rev den, 330 Or 361 (2000). 6 We have previously addressed the meaning of "owned" in a policy whose 7 operative language was identical to the language of the policy before us here. In 8 Crutchfield, the plaintiff, Farmers, had issued an insurance policy to Guthrie Motors, an 9 auto dealer. 200 Or App at 149. As relevant here, the policy defined "insured" as 10 11 12 13 14 follows: "(1) You for any covered 'auto'. "(2) Anyone else while using with your permission a covered 'auto' you own, hire or borrow." Id. at 149-50 (emphasis in original). 15 The defendant, Crutchfield, had traded in a car and received a truck from 16 Guthrie Motors. Later the same day, he caused an accident while driving the truck. At 17 the time of the accident, the paperwork for the purchase was not completed, and, after the 18 accident, but before Guthrie Motors learned of the accident, Guthrie Motors attempted to 19 unwind the sale because Crutchfield had failed to disclose a lien on the car that he had 20 traded in. Id. at 149. 21 Farmers brought an action against Crutchfield, seeking a declaration that he 22 did not have coverage under Guthrie Motors's policy because, at the time of the accident, 10 1 Guthrie Motors no longer owned the truck and, consequently, Crutchfield was not an 2 "insured" as defined in the policy. The trial court granted summary judgment for 3 Farmers, and Crutchfield appealed, arguing, inter alia, that Guthrie Motors owned the 4 truck as a matter of law. Id. at 153. 5 We explained that the relevant question was, "[f]rom the perspective of the 6 ordinary purchaser of insurance, what did [Farmers] and Guthrie Motors intend when 7 they entered into their insurance contract?" Id. at 154 (internal quotation marks omitted). 8 After considering the ordinary meaning of "own" and case law bearing on the issue, we 9 concluded that Crutchfield, not Guthrie Motors, "owned" the truck because "(1) the 10 insured had entered into a sales contract * * * with a buyer; (2) the buyer had taken 11 possession of the automobile; (3) the buyer had performed all then-due obligations under 12 the sales contract; and (4) the insured had no control over how the buyer used the 13 automobile." Id. at 160. That is, as relevant here, Crutchfield owned the truck after he 14 signed the paperwork and drove the truck off the lot. 15 Then we evaluated the significance of "certain provisions of the Oregon 16 Vehicle Code," ORS 801.375 and ORS 803.010, for our conclusion that Crutchfield 17 owned the truck at the time of the accident. Crutchfield, 200 Or App at 160. Those 18 statutory provisions, respectively, define "owner" and govern the use of a certificate of 19 title as proof of ownership of a vehicle. ORS 801.375; ORS 803.010. We explained that 20 those provisions do not apply to insurance policies: 21 22 "First, the content and design of the Oregon Vehicle Code demonstrate that the legislature did not intend those statutes to define terms (such as 'own') 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 for purposes of contracts between private parties generally, much less for purposes of auto liability policies particularly. Rather, the legislature's express intent in the vehicle code in general, and in the 'provisions * * * relating to the registration and titling of vehicles' specifically, ORS 801.020(1)(c), was 'to provide a comprehensive system for the regulation of all motor and other vehicles in this state,' ORS 801.020(1). Moreover, the definitions in the vehicle code, including the code's definition of 'owner,' ORS 801.375, purport to govern only the construction of the code itself. See ORS 801.100. In contrast, nothing in the insurance code--which does address insurance policies--defines the term 'owns' as used in automobile liability policies." 12 Crutchfield, 200 Or App at 162 (emphasis and omission in original). Furthermore, we 13 noted, "nothing in this record indicates that the insured and the insurer intended the 14 policy to incorporate definitions or concepts from the Oregon Vehicle Code." Id. at 163. 15 We concluded that "[t]he vehicle code is inapposite." Id. 16 Friend attempts to distinguish Crutchfield from the situation before us on 17 the ground that, unlike ORS 801.375 and ORS 803.010, which refer only to vehicle 18 ownership generally, ORS 822.040 is specifically related to insurance. That is so, Friend 19 contends, because ORS 822.040 sets out rights of a dealer who has a "vehicle dealer 20 certificate," and one of the requirements for issuance of a vehicle dealer certificate is a 21 certificate of insurance. Truck responds that ORS 822.040 is not directly related to 22 insurance and, furthermore, even if it is tangentially related to insurance, it is not a 23 "mandatory insurance statute" because it does not require that an insurance policy must 24 "define 'owned vehicles' in some manner contrary to common understanding, or that the 25 policy must cover anyone driving a vehicle thus defined." 26 Truck has the better argument. As in Crutchfield, the relevant question 12 1 here is, "From the perspective of the ordinary purchaser of insurance, what did [Truck 2 and TWW] intend when they entered into their insurance contract?" 200 Or App at 154 3 (internal quotation marks omitted). Friend contends that the parties' intentions were set 4 or superseded, as a matter of law, by the terms of ORS 822.040. 5 As Truck points out, ORS 822.040 does not "[prescribe] the terms and 6 conditions of an insurance policy." Thus, the parties' intentions are not superseded by 7 ORS 822.040. As we explained in Crutchfield, "the content and design of the Oregon 8 Vehicle Code demonstrate that the legislature did not intend [ORS 801.375 and ORS 9 803.010] to define terms (such as 'own') for purposes of contracts between private parties 10 generally, much less for purposes of auto liability policies particularly." 200 Or App at 11 162. That conclusion is equally true with respect to ORS 822.040. The mere fact that a 12 certificate of insurance is a requirement of obtaining a vehicle dealer certificate does not 13 make that provision of the vehicle code any more applicable to automobile insurance 14 policies than the other provisions of the vehicle code. The code "'provide[s] a 15 comprehensive system for the regulation of all motor vehicles and other vehicles in this 16 state,'" id. (quoting ORS 801.020(1)); it does not dictate the meaning of terms in 17 automobile insurance policies.10 18 Insofar as Friend argues that, rather than superseding the intentions of 10 As Truck notes, "[t]he legislature knows how to regulate insurance coverage when it wants to." See, e.g., ORS 742.450 (requiring certain contents and limiting exclusions in motor vehicle liability policies); ORS 742.504 (mandating that every UIM policy contain terms "no less favorable to the insured in any respect to the insured" than terms set out in the statute). 13 1 Truck and TWW, ORS 822.040 informed the parties' understanding of the terms of the 2 contract, we disagree; "nothing in this record indicates that the insured and the insurer 3 intended the policy to incorporate definitions or concepts from the Oregon Vehicle 4 Code." Crutchfield, 200 Or App at 163. In short, "[t]he vehicle code is inapposite." Id. 5 Consequently, Friend is not entitled to summary judgment on the asserted ground that 6 TWW was the owner of the Mustang as a matter of law. 7 C. 8 Requirements of ORS 742.504 Finally, we turn to the requirements of ORS 742.504. Truck asserts that 9 that statute provides basic requirements for the scope of UIM coverage and that, although 10 coverage may be required under that statute, a question of fact must be resolved before it 11 can be applied here.11 12 ORS 742.504 provides a "comprehensive model [UIM] policy," Vega v. 13 Farmers Ins. Co., 323 Or 291, 301-02, 918 P2d 95 (1996), which sets out the minimum 14 allowable coverage. A policy need not contain the exact terms of ORS 742.504, but it 15 must provide coverage "no less favorable in any respect to the insured" than the model 16 policy. ORS 742.504. Its basic requirement is that 17 18 19 20 "[t]he insurer will pay all sums that the insured, the heirs or the legal representative of the insured is legally entitled to recover as general and special damages from the owner or operator of an [underinsured] vehicle because of bodily injury sustained by the insured caused by accident and 11 Truck also asserts that the determination whether the Mustang was an "insured vehicle" required a factual determination. Because we agree that the issue of permission is a factual one, we do not reach that argument. 14 1 2 arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the [underinsured] vehicle." 3 ORS 742.504(1)(a). ORS 742.504 also provides definitions of the terms used in that 4 basic provision. As relevant here, ORS 742.504(2)(c) provides: 5 6 "'Insured,' when unqualified and when applied to [UIM] coverage, means: 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "(A) The named insured as stated in the policy and any person designated as named insured in the schedule and, while residents of the same household, the spouse of any named insured and relatives of either, provided that neither the relative nor the spouse is the owner of a vehicle not described in the policy and that, if the named insured as stated in the policy is other than an individual or husband and wife who are residents of the same household, the named insured shall be only a person so designated in the schedule; 15 16 "(B) Any child residing in the household of the named insured [subject to certain conditions]; and 17 18 "(C) Any other person while occupying an insured vehicle, provided the actual use thereof is with the permission of the named insured." 19 Friend was not an "insured" under subsection (A) or (B). Under ORS 20 742.504(2)(c)(C), he was an "insured" if he was occupying an insured vehicle "provided 21 the actual use thereof [was] with the permission of [TWW]." Truck asserts that the 22 question of permission implicates the disputed factual question of ownership because 23 "implicit in the use of the term 'permission' in the context of an insurance policy is the 24 concept that the one granting permission or giving consent has the authority to do so." 25 North Pacific Ins. v. American Mfrs. Mutual Ins., 200 Or App 473, 478-79, 115 P3d 970 26 (2005) (holding that, "as a matter of law, the conveyance of all incidents of ownership of 27 [an automobile] deprived [the insured] of any authority to consent to or deny use of that 15 1 vehicle"). 2 We agree. Although North Pacific Ins. interpreted "permission" in the 3 context of an insurance policy, rather than a statute, it held that the plain meaning of 4 "permission," in the insurance context, requires an ownership or possessory interest in the 5 item regarding which permission is given. Consequently, in order for Friend to have 6 been an "insured," within the meaning of ORS 742.504, as to the Mustang, the court must 7 determine whether, as a factual matter, TWW had authority to give Friend permission to 8 use it. 9 Because factual questions remain to be resolved under the theories under 10 which Friend may be entitled to UIM coverage, the trial court erred in granting summary 11 judgment to Friend. 12 Reversed and remanded. 16

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