State v. Pollock
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FILED: August 22, 2012 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF OREGON STATE OF OREGON, Plaintiff-Respondent, v. DARREN PAUL POLLOCK, Defendant-Appellant. Lane County Circuit Court 200908796 A143631 Maurice K. Merten, Judge. Argued and submitted on October 10, 2011. Kenneth A. Kreuscher argued the cause for appellant. With him on the brief was Portland Law Collective, LLP. Jeff J. Payne, Assistant Attorney General, argued the cause for respondent. With him on the brief were John R. Kroger, Attorney General, and Mary H. Williams, Solicitor General. Before Schuman, Presiding Judge, and Wollheim, Judge, and Nakamoto, Judge. WOLLHEIM, J. Affirmed. 1 WOLLHEIM, J. 2 Defendant, who was convicted after a jury trial of six counts of first-degree 3 sodomy, assigns error to the trial court's admission of the victim's out-of-court statements 4 that defendant had sexually abused her. We conclude that the trial court did not err and 5 affirm. 6 In the summer of 2007, defendant was living with his then-girlfriend. He 7 stayed home during the day with his daughter and stepdaughter, and also babysat the 8 neighbor's three-year-old daughter, the victim in this case. 9 The victim and her mother moved to a different neighborhood in August 10 2007 and did not socialize with defendant or his girlfriend after that. In April 2008, 11 defendant's then-former girlfriend visited the victim's mother. The two women arranged a 12 play date for their daughters. After defendant's former girlfriend left, and while riding in 13 the back seat of the family car, the victim asked her mother where defendant was. The 14 victim's mother told the victim that she probably would never see defendant again. At 15 that point, the victim told her mother that defendant "used to let me put where he goes pee 16 and poop in my mouth." The victim told her mother that that occurred "every day when 17 you went to work * * * in [defendant's] room where I took a nap." 18 The victim's mother contacted the police. A detective arranged for the 19 victim to be interviewed by Kids First Center of Lane County, an organization that 20 interviews and counsels child victims of abuse. A police detective sat in a separate room 21 and observed an interview of the victim by a child welfare caseworker from Oregon 1 1 Department of Human Services. The victim gave a statement describing defendant's acts 2 of sodomy, describing how he would put his penis in her mouth and "pee" on her face. 3 Kids First Center made a DVD of the interview. 4 At trial, the state called the victim, who was then five years old, as its first 5 witness, but did not ask her specifically about the alleged abuse. The state did, however, 6 ask the victim on direct examination if she remembered the statements that she had made 7 in the DVD and whether they were true, and the victim responded affirmatively to both 8 questions. Defense counsel then questioned the victim briefly, including asking her 9 whether she remembered saying the things on the DVD and whether she had also talked 10 to her mother and a detective about those things, and the victim answered affirmatively. 11 Defense counsel had no other questions for the victim. The victim remained available to 12 testify. The state then called the Kids First interviewer and offered the DVD of the 13 interview into evidence. At the close of the state's case-in-chief, the prosecutor played the 14 video for the jury. Defendant objected to the admissibility of the video under the Sixth 15 and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, as violative of his right to 16 confrontation. The trial court overruled the objection. 17 Also during the state's case-in-chief, the state called the victim's mother to 18 testify concerning her conversation with the victim in the car. Defendant again objected, 19 contending that the admission of the evidence violated defendant's right to confrontation 20 under the Sixth and Fourteenth amendments. The court overruled the objection and 21 admitted the testimony. 2 1 On appeal, in a combined argument, defendant contends that the decision to 2 admit the victim's prior out-of-court statements, either by way of the video or through the 3 testimony of her mother, violated defendant's confrontation clause rights under the Sixth 4 Amendment, as interpreted by the United State Supreme Court in Crawford v. 5 Washington, 541 US 36, 124 S Ct 1354, 158 L Ed 2d 177 (2004). Defendant argues that 6 both statements were "testimonial" and that defendant did not have an adequate 7 opportunity to cross-examine the victim about them, because the state did not directly 8 elicit the victim's testimony at trial concerning the content of the statements and, thus, the 9 victim was not "available" for cross-examination about those statements.1 We review the constitutional implications of the trial court's evidentiary 10 11 rulings for errors of law, State v. Mack, 337 Or 586, 590, 101 P3d 349 (2004), and 12 consider each evidentiary ruling in turn. The state acknowledges that the statements that the victim made during the 13 14 Kids First interview were testimonial. State ex rel Juv. Dept. v. S. P., 346 Or 592, 626- 15 27, 215 P3d 847 (2009). The state notes, however, that the Confrontation Clause 16 guarantees only an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not cross-examination 17 that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might wish. 18 Delaware v. Fensterer, 474 US 15, 20, 106 S Ct 292, 88 L Ed 15 (1985). In the state's 19 view, defendant had an adequate opportunity to question the victim about her statements. 1 Defendant does not challenge the trial court's rulings that the statements are admissible under OEC 803(18a)(b) or that the state confrontation clause does not bar their admission. He relies solely on the Sixth Amendment. 3 1 The state points out that, on direct examination, the victim adopted the statements that 2 she had made during her Kids First interview and testified that they were true. Defendant 3 did not object and, in fact, cross-examined the victim, asking her whether she had made 4 the statements, but did not question her in any detail about the statements. Defendant contends that he nonetheless did not have an adequate 5 6 opportunity to cross-examine the victim about her out-of-court statements, because she 7 was, in effect, "unavailable" for cross-examination on the inculpatory evidence, due to the 8 prosecutor's failure to have elicited that evidence directly from the victim before 9 introducing the DVD.2 Defendant contends that, by not asking the victim directly about 10 the abuse, the prosecutor effectively placed on defendant the burden to elicit the 11 inculpatory testimony that he sought to impeach, a burden that he contends violated his 12 right to confrontation. Defendant cites decisions from other jurisdictions holding that it is 13 the state's burden to elicit damaging testimony from a witness so that the defendant may 14 cross-examine the witness if he so chooses. See, e.g., State v. Rohrich, 132 Wash 2d 472, 15 478, 939 P3d 697 (1997) (where prosecutor introduced evidence only by way of hearsay 16 and victim was not asked about and did not testify about alleged abuse, defendant's right 17 to confrontation was violated; "[t]he State's failure to adequately draw out testimony from 18 the child witness before admitting the child's hearsay puts the defendant in 'a 2 We reject the state's contention that defendant did not adequately preserve his arguments because, although he raised the confrontation clause, he failed to make the precise contention below that he was prevented from questioning the victim about her statements because the state had not adequately elicited them on direct examination. 4 1 constitutionally impermissible Catch-22' of calling the child for direct or waiving his 2 confrontation rights. Lowery v. Collins, 996 F2d 770, 771-72 (5th Cir 1993)."). 3 Although we agree with defendant that the state's decision not to question 4 the victim in detail about the statements on the DVD placed on defendant the burden to 5 weigh the advantages and disadvantages of cross-examining the victim specifically about 6 her statements, we conclude that the state's tactical decision did not limit defendant's right 7 to confrontation in this case. The choice whether and to what extent to cross-examine a 8 witness always requires a weighing of benefits and risks. But where, as here, the victim 9 has taken the witness stand and is available for cross-examination, the Confrontation 10 Clause is not implicated.3 Specifically, the victim's adoption on direct examination of the 11 statements in the DVD provided defendant with an adequate opportunity to cross-examine 12 her as to the content of those statements. Defendant in fact cross-examined the victim, 13 but did not ask questions about the statements that she had adopted. Defendant also chose 14 not to recall the victim for cross-examination although he could have after the prosecutor 15 played the DVD. See OEC 806.4 Those decisions were defendant's choice but did not 16 impair his right to confront a witness against him. See Crawford, 541 US at 59 n 9 (when 3 We reach no conclusion as to whether the Confrontation Clause might be implicated if the defendant were required to illicit inculpatory evidence from the victim on direct examination. 4 OEC 806 provides in part: "If the party against whom a hearsay statement has been admitted calls the declarant as a witness, the party is entitled to examine the declarant on the statement as if under cross-examination." 5 1 the declarant appears for cross-examination, the Confrontation Clause places no 2 constraints at all on the use of prior testimonial statements). 3 Defendant asserts for the same reasons that the trial court erred in admitting 4 the victim's mother's testimony concerning statements that the victim made to her in the 5 car. The state responds that, unlike the victim's statements to Kids First, the victim's 6 statements to her mother were not testimonial and that that issue is dispositive. We agree 7 with the state. 8 9 As the Supreme Court explained in S. P., 346 Or 15 613-625, whether a statement made by an unavailable child victim is testimonial depends on |"an objective 10 analysis of the contents and circumstances of the statement," which includes a variety of 11 considerations, including the primary purpose of the interrogation, the primary purpose of 12 the declarant, and the nature and extent of police or prosecutorial involvement. Citing 13 State v. Mechling, 219 W Va 366, 376, 633 SE 2d 311 (2006), defendant asserts that, 14 although the victim's statements were not elicited for law enforcement purposes, the 15 statements to her mother were the "functional equivalent" of testimony, because they were 16 made under circumstances that would lead an objective witness reasonably to believe that 17 the statements would be available for use at a later trial. As defendant acknowledges, 18 however, citing Crawford, 541 US at 51, Mechling also holds that "functional 19 equivalents" of testimony do not include casual remarks to an acquaintance, friend, or 20 family member, even if the statement happens to inculpate a defendant. Here, we have no 21 difficulty concluding that the victim's statements, spontaneously made to her mother 6 1 during conversation while riding in the back seat of the family vehicle and without law 2 enforcement presence, were not testimonial. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court 3 properly admitted them. 4 Affirmed. 7
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