In re E.H.

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[Cite as In re E.H., 2020-Ohio-2836.] COURT OF APPEALS LICKING COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT IN THE MATTER OF: E.H., W.H., J.N. : : : : : : : : : : : JUDGES: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J. Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. Hon. Earle E. Wise, Jr., J. Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111 2019 CA 00112 2019 CA 00113 OPINION CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, Case Nos. F2017-0351, F2017-0352, F20170353 JUDGMENT: Affirmed DATE OF JUDGMENT: May 6, 2020 APPEARANCES: For Appellant-Mother For Appellee-LCJFS CAROLYNN E. FITTRO 1335 Dublin Road Suite 115F Columbus, OH 43215 PAULA M. SAWYERS 20 South Second Street Fourth Floor Newark, OH 43055 For Father Guardian ad Litem JERMAINE COLQUITT 33 West Main Street Suite 109 Newark, OH 43055 SCOTT SIDNER 39 Northview Drive Johnstown, OH 43031 Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 2 Wise, Earle, J. {¶ 1} Appellant-Mother, N.H., appeals the October 1, 2019 judgment entries of the Court of Common Pleas of Licking County, Ohio, Juvenile Division, denying motions for legal custody and terminating her parental rights and granting permanent custody of her children to appellee, the Licking County Department of Job and Family Services. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY {¶ 2} On May 22, 2017, appellee filed complaints for temporary legal custody of E.H. born in March 2015 (Case No. F2017-0351), W.H. born in March 2017 (Case No. F2017-0352), and J.N. born in November 2012 (Case No. F2017-0353), claiming the children to be dependent children. Mother of the children is appellant herein; father of E.H. and W.H. is C.H.; father of J.N. is J.A., presumed deceased. Appellee had been granted emergency shelter care of the children three days earlier. {¶ 3} An adjudicatory hearing was held before a magistrate on July 12, 2017. By decisions filed same date, the magistrate found the children to be dependent and ordered temporary custody of the children to remain with appellee. The trial court approved and adopted the magistrate's decisions via judgment entries filed July 13, 2017. Case plans were immediately filed thereafter. {¶ 4} On November 8, 2017, mother filed motions to grant temporary custody of the children to either the children's maternal grandparents or their maternal great aunt and uncle. {¶ 5} On April 18, 2018, appellee filed motions for permanent custody due to the parents being unable to make any significant progress on the case plans and the children should not or could not be placed with either parent within a reasonable amount of time. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 3 Mother's motions for temporary custody were to be heard at the permanent custody hearing. Hearings were held before a magistrate on February 15, and 22, 2019. Prior to the hearings, mother orally moved to amend her motions for temporary custody to motions for legal custody to either of the aforementioned relatives. By decisions filed July 22, 2019, the magistrate denied the motions for legal custody and granted appellee's motions for permanent custody. {¶ 6} Each parent filed objections. By judgment entries filed October 1, 2019, the trial court denied the objections, approved and adopted the magistrate's decisions, and granted permanent custody of the children to appellee. {¶ 7} Appellant-Mother filed an appeal in each case and this matter is now before this court for consideration.1 The assignments of error in each of the three appeals are identical and are as follows: I {¶ 8} "THE TRIAL [COURT] ERRED AND ABUSED ITS DISCRETION IN FINDING BY CLEAR AND CONVINCING EVIDENCE THAT IT WOULD BE IN THE BEST INTERESTS OF E.H., W.H., AND J.N. TO PERMANENTLY TERMINATE THE PARENTAL RIGHTS OF THEIR PARENTS AND PLACE THEM IN THE PERMANENT CUSTODY OF LICKING COUNTY JOB AND FAMILY SERVICES, CHILDREN SERVICES DEPARTMENT." II 1Father also filed appeals (Case Nos. 2019 CA 00108, 2019 CA 00109, and 2019 CA 00110), and his arguments will be reviewed therein. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 4 {¶ 9} "THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT GRANTING MOTHER'S MOTION FOR LEGAL CUSTODY TO MATERNAL GRANDPARENTS OR MATERNAL GREAT AUNT AND UNCLE." {¶ 10} For ease of analysis, we will address Assignment of Error II first. II {¶ 11} In her second assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred in denying her motions for legal custody to relatives. We disagree. {¶ 12} R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) states the following in pertinent part: (A) If a child is adjudicated an abused, neglected, or dependent child, the court may make any of the following orders of disposition: (3) Award legal custody of the child to either parent or to any other person who, prior to the dispositional hearing, files a motion requesting legal custody of the child or is identified as a proposed legal custodian in a complaint or motion filed prior to the dispositional hearing by any party to the proceedings. {¶ 13} We agree with the following analysis set forth by our colleagues from the Eighth District in In re D.T., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga Nos. 100970 and 100971, 2014-Ohio4818, ¶ 19-22: Legal custody is significantly different than the termination of parental rights in that, despite losing legal custody of a child, the parent of Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 the child retains residual parental rights, privileges, and responsibilities. In re G.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95410, 2011-Ohio-4090, ¶ 14, citing R.C. 2151.353(A)(3)(c). In such a case, a parent's right to regain custody is not permanently foreclosed. In re M.J.M. [8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 94130, 2010Ohio-1674] at ¶ 12. For this reason, the standard the trial court uses in making its determination is the less restrictive "preponderance of the evidence." Id. at ¶ 9, citing In re Nice, 141 Ohio App.3d 445, 455, 751 N.E.2d 552 (7th Dist.2001). "Preponderance of the evidence" means evidence that is more probable, more persuasive, or of greater probative value. In re C.V.M., 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 98340, 2012-Ohio-5514, ¶ 7. Unlike permanent custody cases in which the trial court is guided by the factors outlined in R.C. 2151.414(D) before terminating parental rights and granting permanent custody, R.C. 2151.353(A)(3) does not provide factors the court should consider in determining the child's best interest in a motion for legal custody. In re G.M. at ¶ 15. We must presume that, in the absence of best interest factors in a legal custody case, "the legislature did not intend to require the consideration of certain factors as a predicate for granting legal custody." Id. at ¶ 16. Such factors, however, are instructive when making a determination as to the child's best interest. In re E.A. [8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99065, 2013-Ohio-1193] at ¶ 13. The best interest factors include, for example, the interaction of the child with the child's parents, relatives, and caregivers; the custodial history of the child; the child's need for a legally secure permanent placement; and 5 Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 6 whether a parent has continuously and repeatedly failed to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child's home. R.C. 2151.414(D). Because custody determinations " 'are some of the most difficult and agonizing decisions a trial judge must make,' " a trial judge must have broad discretion in considering all of the evidence. In re E.A. at ¶ 10, quoting Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997). We therefore review a trial court's determination of legal custody for an abuse of discretion. Miller v. Miller, 37 Ohio St.3d 71, 74, 523 N.E.2d 846 (1988). An abuse of discretion implies that the court's attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary, or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983). Accord, In re L.D., 10th Dist. Franklin No. 12AP-985, 2013-Ohio-3214; Stull v. Richland County Children Services, 5th Dist. Richland Nos. 11CA47 and 11CA48, 2012-Ohio-738. {¶ 14} Final hearings were held on February 15, and 22, 2019. On the morning of the first hearing date, mother orally moved to amend her motions for temporary custody to motions for legal custody to either the children's maternal grandparents (F.M. and E.M.) or their maternal great aunt and uncle (C.A. and T.A.). T. at 7-8. The magistrate acknowledged that the grandparents and the great aunt signed a statement of understanding form as required under R.C. 2151.353(A)(3). T. at 8. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 7 {¶ 15} Mother testified she would like to have her children back, but if that was not possible, she would like them to be with family. T. at 148. {¶ 16} The children's maternal grandmother, F.M., testified she and her husband live in a three bedroom mobile home. T. at 12. They have enough income to meet all of their financial needs as well as the children's. T. at 14. She was aware of the oldest child having special needs, but the child was getting help and that would continue. T. at 15. She could not testify to the child's special needs "because I don't know." T. at 27. She was not aware of any issues with the younger two children. T. at 15. She had sisters and sisters-in-law as a support system to help out. Id. She did not know the children's birthdates. T. at 31. She has visited with the children and they are bonded. T. at 16. She never filled out paperwork seeking placement because "it happened so fast" and the original caseworker told her not to bother because they would not get the children. T. at 19-20. F.M. stated she had convictions for a DWI in 2009 and one in 2012, and a drug related charge, "but I went to rehab, I finished that, and I've been clean for five years." T. at 20-21. She no longer consumes alcohol. T. at 21-22. Her drug related charge was abusing harmful intoxicants in 2013. T. at 22. She denied having a substantiated physical abuse case with Children's Services when mother was a child, stating, "[t]hat went nowhere," "I never went to court for none of that." T. at 23, 43. She stated she has always wanted the children. T. at 27. {¶ 17} F.M.'s husband, E.M., testified he understood the oldest child had special needs as the child was autistic. T. at 47. He has visited with the children and they are bonded. T. at 49-50. He testified he was prepared to have the children in his home. T. at 50. However, in October 2018 and again just prior to the hearing, E.M. told the Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 8 guardian ad litem he did not think it was feasible for him and his wife to care for the children. T. at 55. Overnight he changed his mind. Id. He explained "there were doubts whether we would be able to handle them and everything, and she has guaranteed me or promised me that she's had a change of heart and that she really wants to do it so I agreed with her." T. at 56. He did not know the children's birthdates. T. at 66. {¶ 18} The children's maternal great aunt, C.A., testified she was aware that the oldest child had autism, and she would be able to meet the child's special needs. T. at 77. She lives in a three bedroom home with her husband and her seventeen year old child. T. at 78. She and her husband have enough income to meet all of their financial needs as well as the children's. T. at 79-80. She has a close bond with the oldest child because at one time, her older daughter was taking care of the child. T. at 81. She really did not know much about the youngest child. Id. The oldest child was removed because C.A.'s daughter failed to complete the required paperwork. T. at 85. The original caseworker asked C.A. to take a drug screen, but she refused. T. at 83. C.A. tried to visit with the children once a week until the oldest child was removed from her daughter's care. T. at 86-87. C.A. wanted the children, but did nothing to follow up because she was "waiting to hear what everything was going on because I'd been kinda of in the loop. I don't really know where the children are, what's going on with them." T. at 88. The guardian ad litem called C.A. and left two voice messages that she acknowledged receiving, but never returned his calls. T. at 92-93, 347-348. C.A. never had all three of the children over at the same time. T. at 95. She did not know the children's birthdates. T. at 101. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 9 {¶ 19} The foster mother of the oldest child testified the child's been diagnosed with autism and cognitive delays. T. at 125, 129-130. She explained the child's behaviors and the in home treatment she provides for the child. T. at 126-127. She opined the child "takes a lot of care, a lot of constant care and [the child's] always going to take a lot of constant care for the rest of [the child's] life." T. at 128. {¶ 20} Rebecca Inboden is the family's ongoing caseworker. She testified the maternal grandmother would not be able to pass a home study because of her criminal history. T. at 268. Plus she had "demonstrated some fairly inappropriate and uncooperative behavior towards agency staff." Id. Maternal grandfather stated he could not care for the children by himself. T. at 269. Maternal great aunt "acknowledged that she had a history of substance abuse and that she had sought treatment for that." T. at 269-270. Appellee asked her to do a random drug screen, but she refused. T. at 297. There was also a concern that her husband had a domestic violence conviction in the past; therefore, C.A. and her husband would have been excluded as potential relative options for the children. T. at 270. C.A. was told she could visit with the children. She visited in February of 2018, and did not return for any more visits. T. at 300-301. Ms. Inboden opined the relatives "would be probably very overwhelmed very quickly with the children's needs, and how young the children are, and how extensive the needs are, and the level of care that's involved." T. at 300. {¶ 21} In his decisions filed July 22, 2019, the magistrate noted several concerns with the maternal grandparents, the most notable was his concern with F.M.'s "apparent lack of knowledge about these children." F.M. was not able to testify to the oldest child's special needs because she just did not know. Given the foster mother's testimony as to Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 10 this child's significant needs, it is apparent F.M. "has no real idea" as to what the child's needs are. The magistrate noted this is especially important given the fact that the maternal grandparents "are on the fence about becoming permanent custodians for these children." They admitted to telling the guardian ad litem on more than one occasion that they could not care for the children, but changed their minds the night before the hearing. This was a concern as they "don't seem fully committed to taking on responsibility for these three children." The magistrate concluded the following: "Given the hesitance of the two to take on this task, the scale of the task presented by three young [children] and the exceptional needs of [J.], the undersigned simply cannot see how this would work long-term. For these reasons, the motion of Mr. and Mrs. [M.] for custody should be denied." {¶ 22} The magistrate had the same concerns with C.A. It was unclear whether she understood all that was involved in caring for the oldest child's special needs and add to that "the needs of caring for two other young children and it seems that Ms. [A.], though acting with good intentions, has not demonstrated that she is able and willing to take on these three children and meet their needs permanently." The magistrate concluded her request for legal custody should be denied. {¶ 23} Upon review, based upon a preponderance of the evidence presented as outlined above, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motions for legal custody. {¶ 24} Assignment of Error II is denied. I Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 11 {¶ 25} In her first assignment of error, mother claims the trial court erred and abused its discretion in finding clear and convincing evidence that the children's best interests would be best served by granting permanent custody to appellee. We disagree. {¶ 26} R.C.2151.414(B)(1) states permanent custody may be granted if the trial court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child and: (a) The child is not abandoned or orphaned * * * and the child cannot be placed with either of the child's parents within a reasonable time or should not be placed with the child's parents. (b) The child is abandoned. (c) The child is orphaned, and there are no relatives of the child who are able to take permanent custody. (d) The child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *. (e) The child or another child in the custody of the parent or parents from whose custody the child has been removed has been adjudicated an abused, neglected, or dependent child on three separate occasions by any court in this state or another state. {¶ 27} Clear and convincing evidence is that evidence "which will provide in the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be established." Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 12 Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of the syllabus. See In re Adoption of Holcomb, 18 Ohio St.3d 361, 481 N.E.2d 613 (1985). "Where the degree of proof required to sustain an issue must be clear and convincing, a reviewing court will examine the record to determine whether the trier of facts had sufficient evidence before it to satisfy the requisite degree of proof." Cross at 477. {¶ 28} R.C. 2151.414(E) sets out the factors relevant to determining whether a child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed with the parents. Said section states in pertinent part the following: (E) In determining at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised Code whether a child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed with the parents, the court shall consider all relevant evidence. If the court determines, by clear and convincing evidence, at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) of section 2151.353 of the Revised Code that one or more of the following exist as to each of the child's parents, the court shall enter a finding that the child cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not be placed with either parent: (1) Following the placement of the child outside the child's home and notwithstanding reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the child Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 13 to be placed outside the home, the parent has failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child's home. In determining whether the parents have substantially remedied those conditions, the court shall consider parental utilization of medical, psychiatric, psychological, and other social and rehabilitative services and material resources that were made available to the parents for the purpose of changing parental conduct to allow them to resume and maintain parental duties. (16) Any other factor the court considers relevant. {¶ 29} R.C. 2151.414(D)(1) sets forth the factors a trial court shall consider in determining the best interest of a child: (D)(1) In determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held pursuant to division (A) of this section or for the purposes of division (A)(4) or (5) of section 2151.353 or division (C) of section 2151.415 of the Revised Code, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) The interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child's parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and any other person who may significantly affect the child; Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 14 (b) The wishes of the child, as expressed directly by the child or through the child's guardian ad litem, with due regard for the maturity of the child; (c) The custodial history of the child, including whether the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period, or the child has been in the temporary custody of one or more public children services agencies or private child placing agencies for twelve or more months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period and, as described in division (D)(1) of section 2151.413 of the Revised Code, the child was previously in the temporary custody of an equivalent agency in another state; (d) The child's need for a legally secure permanent placement and whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of permanent custody to the agency; (e) Whether any of the factors in divisions (E)(7) to (11) of this section apply in relation to the parents and child. {¶ 30} Mother does not contest the fact that the children were placed in appellee's temporary custody on May 19, 2017, adjudicated on July 12, 2017, and the permanent custody hearings were held on February 15, and 22, 2019. As found by the trial court, the children have been in appellee's custody for over twelve months of a consecutive twenty-two-month period. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(d). Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 15 {¶ 31} Ms. Inboden testified the initial concerns with the family were domestic violence between mother and father, mental health concerns for mother, and substance abuse concerns for both parents. T. at 236-237. Mother's case plan addressed mental health and substance abuse issues, and medical neglect of the children. T. at 237-238. At the initial intake in May 2017, mother tested positive for amphetamines, methamphetamine, and THC. T. at 237. She tested positive for methadone, methamphetamines, and amphetamines in December 2017, and cocaine, THC, and benzodiazepines in October 2018. T. at 289. Mother completed substance abuse services at LAPP, but did not attempt any further recommended treatment. T. at 240241, 245. Mother's substance abuse continued to be an ongoing problem. T. at 241, 243. She tested positive for drugs on multiple random drug screens, and refused drug screens on three occasions. T. at 241-245. Mother's substance abuse remains a concern. T. at 246. {¶ 32} As for mental health, mother was seen by her family doctor who prescribed medication for depression and recommended psychiatric treatment. T. at 247. Mother never produced verification of undergoing any mental health treatment. Id. Mother's mental health remains a concern. T. at 250. {¶ 33} Mother's parenting skills were an issue as the two older children had developmental delays i.e., difficulties with speech, articulation, communicating. T. at 250. Mother attended one or two classes at Heartbeats, a pregnancy and parenting support facility, but did not follow through. T. at 251. Mother's parenting skills remain a concern. T. at 252. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 16 {¶ 34} Mother's employment and housing were not an issue until she and father separated and she no longer had access to a monthly income and a home. T. at 252, 254. Mother never provided verification of employment or housing. T. at 253, 255. Apparently mother was residing with her parents up until August 2018. T. at 255. Mother's employment and housing remain a concern. T. at 254. {¶ 35} Mother regularly visited with the children and the visits went "[e]xceedingly well." T. at 257, 302-303. {¶ 36} The children were in foster care and were making remarkable progress. T. at 266-268. Their basic and special needs were being met, and their respective foster parents wanted to adopt them. T. at 114, 128-129, 266, 268, 309. {¶ 37} Ms. Inboden stated the case plan services have not been completed and "what has been attempted, doesn't appear to be sufficient to alleviate the concerns or provide any reassurance that the children's needs will be met and they'll be safe." T. at 274. {¶ 38} Scott Sidner is the guardian ad litem. He testified he observed visits between mother and the children and they went "[r]eally well." T. at 338-339. He could tell mother "loved the kids and vice versa." T. at 340-341. However, he did not believe mother was capable of meeting the basic and special needs of the children. T. at 357. It was his opinion that granting permanent custody to the agency would be in the children's best interests. T. at 358. {¶ 39} Mother testified at the time of the hearing, she and father had been separated for eight months. T. at 162. She did not know her current address. T. at 161, 167. She was living with a long-time family friend and his disabled mother. T. at 166, Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 17 189. She had no idea who owned the residence. Id. She acknowledged that she was given a copy of the case plan, and understood what was required: maintain employment, substance abuse assessment and treatment, and mental health counseling. T. at 163164. She was not currently employed. T. at 164. She did not have a valid driver's license or a vehicle. T. at 165. She completed LAPP alcohol education, but did not follow up on recommended services because "I assumed I was done because, like I said, I wasn't told about any further program." T. at 169. She agreed she continued to test positive for illegal substances. Id. She denied refusing to take drug screens, she just did not want to take time away from her visitations with the children, so she took the screens later on the same day. T. at 170-171. She agreed she never went for any form of formal mental health evaluation. T. at 172. She went to her family doctor to get recommended for mental health evaluation, "but my doctor didn't feel it was necessary." T. at 171-172. She was not aware whether her doctor had recommended psychiatric services. T. at 193. Her only mental health diagnosis was post-partum depression after the birth of her first child which she overcame with medication and therapy. T. at 176-177. She denied any involvement in domestic violence. T. at 177. She was looking for housing in Gratiot, and was hoping for a call back to a company she had worked for for four months before she was laid off. T. at 181. She never looked into unemployment compensation. T. at 187188. She stated she took an online parenting class. T. at 182. {¶ 40} On the issue of permanent custody regarding mother, the magistrate found the children had been in the agency's temporary custody for twenty months of a consecutive twenty-two month period, and mother "has made minimal progress on her case plan objectives." See Magistrate's Decisions filed July 22, 2019. While she did Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 18 complete LAPP and participated in some parenting classes, she did not complete additional substance abuse treatment as recommended, did not engage in mental health counseling or seek psychiatric treatment as recommended, and could not provide for the basic needs of the children. She had no employment and no housing. The magistrate found mother was "actually worse off than when the case started." The magistrate recommended the termination of parental rights, and determined "the best way for these children to achieve stability and permanency is through adoption." The magistrate recommended permanent custody of the children to the agency. By judgment entries filed October 1, 2019, the trial court denied mother's objections and approved and adopted the magistrate's decisions. {¶ 41} As explained by our brethren from the Second District in In re A.J.S. & R.S., 2d Dist. Miami No. 2007CA2, 2007-Ohio-3433, ¶ 22: Accordingly, issues relating to the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given the evidence are primarily for the trier of fact. In this regard, "[t]he underlying rationale of giving deference to the findings of the trial court rests with the knowledge that the trial judge is best able to view the witnesses and observe their demeanor, gestures and voice inflections, and use these observations in weighing the credibility of the proffered testimony." Seasons Coal Co., Inc. v. Cleveland (1984), 10 Ohio St.3d 77, 80, 461 N.E.2d 1273. Finally, an appellate court must adhere to every reasonable presumption in favor of the trial court's judgment and findings of fact. In re Brodbeck, 97 Ohio App.3d 652, 659, 647 N.E.2d 240, citing Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 19 Gerijo, Inc. v. Fairfield (1994), 70 Ohio St.3d 223, 226, 1994-Ohio-432, 638 N.E.2d 533. {¶ 42} Further, " 'the discretion which the juvenile court enjoys in determining whether an order of permanent custody is in the best interest of a child should be accorded the utmost respect, given the nature of the proceeding and the impact the court's determination will have on the lives of the parties concerned.' " In re Mauzy Children, 5th Dist. Stark No. 2000CA00244, 2000 WL 1700073, *2 (Nov. 13, 2000), quoting In re Awkal, 95 Ohio App.3d 309, 316, 642 N.E.2d 424 (8th Dist.1994). {¶ 43} From the testimony, it is clear that mother loves her children and wishes to parent them. However, the evidence is also clear that despite the services and caseworkers available to her for some twenty-one months, she has not been able to maintain the services and/or successfully complete them. The children are thriving in their respective foster homes and appear to be healthy and happy. Given the evidence presented, it is impossible for this court to second guess the trial court. As stated above, credibility, reliability, and forthrightness are within the province of the trier of fact. {¶ 44} Upon review, we find sufficient clear and convincing evidence to support the trial court's decisions to terminate mother's parental rights and grant permanent custody of the children to the agency. {¶ 45} Assignment of Error I is denied. {¶ 46} The judgments of the Court of Common Pleas of Licking County, Ohio are hereby affirmed. By Wise, Earle, J. Licking County, Case Nos. 2019 CA 00111, 2019 CA 00112, 2019 CA 00113 Delaney, P.J. and Baldwin, J. concur. EEW/db 20

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