State v. Anderson

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An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. NO. COA14-444 NORTH CAROLINA COURT OF APPEALS Filed: 16 December 2014 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA Guilford County Nos. 12 CRS 96238-40, 96242, 96244, 96247, 13 CRS 24056 v. TYRELL LERON ANDERSON Appeal by defendant from judgments entered 15 August 2013 by Judge R. Stuart Albright in Guilford County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 24 September 2014. Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Special Deputy General Kimberley A. D’Arruda, for the State. Attorney Kimberly P. Hoppin for Defendant. ERVIN, Judge. Defendant Tyrell Leron Anderson appeals from judgments entered based upon his convictions for four counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon, one count of first degree burglary, and one count weapon. of conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous On appeal, Defendant argues that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence concerning a pretrial identification of Defendant as the perpetrator of the -2offenses for which he was convicted and by denying his motion to exclude the in-court identifications of Defendant made by certain of the State’s witnesses. After careful consideration of trial Defendant’s challenges to the court’s judgments in light of the record and the applicable law, we conclude that the trial court’s judgments should remain undisturbed. I. Factual Background A. Substantive Facts On the evening of 28 November 2013, Christopher Wrenn was socializing with Defendant, Scotty Bratcher, Lamont Gilyard, and two individuals known as “BJ” and “JR.” At some point, the men decided that to “hit commit a robbery. a lick,” which meant they intended to As a result of the fact that Defendant had some marijuana that he wanted to get rid of and the fact that Mr. Wrenn knew a man named Dequell Exum, who had placed a call to Mr. Wrenn earlier in the evening inquiring about purchasing marijuana, the men decided to go to Dequell Exum’s apartment, where Mr. purpose of Wrenn would offering to knock sell on the door marijuana. for the However, ostensible when the occupants of the apartment opened the door, the other men would enter the apartment behind Mr. Wrenn and commit the robbery.1 1 Mr. Wrenn and Mr. Gilyard testified at Defendant’s trial pursuant to plea agreements under which they were to receive reduced sentences in exchange for their testimony. -3At some point after midnight, Defendant, Mr. Wrenn, Mr. Gilyard, “BJ,” and “JR” drove to Dequell Exum’s apartment in Greensboro, where Dequell Exum lived with Kiera Mondareo Exum and Jamori Gatewood. At that time, Dequell Exum, Kiera Mondareo Exum, and Mr. Gatewood occupied the apartment along with John Smith and Donne’ Wall, where they were socializing and smoking marijuana. After Mr. Wrenn knocked on the apartment door while the other participants in the planned robbery waited beside the apartment building, Dequell Exum answered the door and told Mr. Wrenn that he did not want to purchase any marijuana from him at that time. As Mr. Wrenn turned to leave, Defendant, Mr. Gilyard, “JR,” and “BJ” rushed into the apartment. rifle and “BJ” had a handgun. At that time, “JR” had a After the intruders entered the apartment, someone stuck a handgun in Dequell Exum’s face and made him get down on the ground, where he was stepped on as he attempted to crawl away. occupants of the Mr. Wrenn saw Defendant hit one of the apartment who was trying to get out. In addition, Dequell Exum testified that Defendant was holding the rifle at some point during the commission of the robbery. Mr. Wall was in a bedroom in the apartment when an individual armed with a black rifle entered the room, pointed the rifle at him, and instructed him to empty his pockets. At -4trial, Mr. Wall identified the individual who engaged in these activities as Defendant, with this identification being based upon the assailant’s dreadlocks and height. An individual carrying a handgun came into Mondareo Exum’s room, pointed the gun in his face, and told him to get on the floor. Subsequently, the intruders directed Mr. Wall, Mr. Smith, Dequell Exum, and Mondareo Exum to enter the bathroom and threatened to kill them. As this series of events occurred, Mr. Smith was hit in the face with the rifle and Mondareo Exum was kicked in the face. While he was in the bathroom with Mr. Wall, Mr. Smith, and Dequell Exum, Mondareo Exum saw an individual whom he identified at trial as Defendant holding a rifle. Mr. Gatewood was sleeping in his bedroom when he awoke to the sound of people yelling about guns and money. After putting on his shoes, Mr. Gatewood jumped out of his bedroom window, which was only about three feet off of the ground, and ran down the street, where he found a campus security officer employed by North Carolina A & T University and told him what happened. By the time that Mr. Gatewood returned to the apartment with the officer, the intruders, who fled the apartment once they realized that Mr. Gatewood had escaped from his bedroom, were gone. -5Mr. Wrenn testified that, although he left the apartment and was not present during the actual robbery, he saw “BJ” and Mr. Gilyard run out of the apartment with a pillowcase full of items. The perpetrators of the robbery left the area in which Dequell Exum’s apartment was located in two different vehicles and reassembled at a friend’s apartment, where they divided the property that had been taken during the robbery. different robbery, items were from laptops, including taken cell the A number of apartment phones, during money, the wallets, a watch, a pair of sunglasses, and two pairs of shoes. B. Procedural History On 30 November 2012, warrants for arrest were issued charging Defendant with five counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon and one count of conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon. On 22 January 2013, the Guilford County grand jury returned bills of indictment charging Defendant with five counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon, one count of conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon, and one count of first degree burglary. On 18 July 2013, Defendant filed a motion seeking the entry of an order suppressing evidence that Dequell Exum had identified Defendant as one of the participants in the robbery in a pre-trial photographic lineup on the grounds that the -6evidence in question had been obtained as the result of a violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A–284.52 and Defendant’s due process rights under the federal and state constitutions. At the beginning of the trial, Defendant made a motion in limine seeking the entry of an order prohibiting certain of the State’s witnesses from making in-court identifications of Defendant as one of the perpetrators of the robbery. The trial court denied both of Defendant’s motions. The charges against Defendant came on for trial before the trial court and a jury at the 12 August 2013 criminal session of the Guilford County Superior Court. At the close of the evidence, the trial court dismissed one of the robbery with a dangerous weapon charges. On 15 August 2013, the jury returned verdicts convicting Defendant of four counts of robbery with a dangerous weapon, one count of conspiracy to commit robbery with a dangerous weapon, and one count of first degree burglary. the conclusion court entered of the ensuing judgments sentencing sentencing hearing, Defendant At the trial to three consecutive terms of 60 to 84 months imprisonment based upon three of his convictions for robbery with a dangerous weapon and to a consecutive term of 60 to 84 months imprisonment based upon Defendant’s consolidated convictions for one count of robbery with a dangerous weapon, conspiracy to commit robbery with a -7dangerous weapon, and first degree burglary. Defendant noted an appeal to this Court from the trial court’s judgments. II. Substantive Legal Analysis A. Suppression Motion In his initial challenge to the trial court’s judgments, Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion to suppress evidence to the effect that Dequell Exum had identified Defendant as one of the perpetrators of the robbery during a pre-trial identification procedure. More specifically, Defendant argues that the identification procedure during which Dequell Exum identified Defendant as one of the perpetrators of the robbery was not conducted in compliance with the Eyewitness Identification Reform Act and violated Defendant’s state and federal due process rights on the grounds that the fillers used in the photographic lineup that was shown to Dequell Exum did not resemble the eyewitnesses’ description of the perpetrator, that the photographic lineup was not conducted by an independent administrator, and that the photo of Defendant used in the lineup did not resemble Defendant’s appearance at the time of the offense.2 2 Defendant’s arguments lack merit. In Findings of Fact Nos. 21 and 22, the trial court found that Defendant did not assert any challenge to the denial of his suppression motion on the grounds that the photographic lineup was not conducted by an independent administrator and that the photograph of Defendant used in the lineup did not resemble -81. Evidence Admitted at the Suppression Hearing On 3 December 2012, Dequell Exum went to the police station to look at a photographic lineup. Greensboro Police Department, investigator with respect photographic lineup that to was Detective R.M. Mayo of the who served this matter, presented to as the prepared Dequell Exum. lead the A photograph of Defendant was included in the lineup, along with five “filler” photographs. Detective Mayo believed that the photograph of Defendant that appeared in the photographic lineup accurately depicted Defendant’s appearance at that time. addition, individuals Detective who had Mayo selected similar photographs physical of characteristics In five to Defendant for use in the photographic lineup as “fillers.” Detective Greensboro Mayo Police asked Department Detective to N.R. administer Ingram the of the photographic lineup to Dequell Exum given that Detective Ingram had never seen a photograph of Defendant. After placing each of the six Defendant as he appeared at the time of the robberies. As a result, the trial court summarily denied this aspect of Defendant’s challenge to the admission of evidence concerning Dequell Exum’s pre-trial identification of Defendant as one of the perpetrators of the robbery pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-977. Although Defendant has challenged the trial court’s decision with respect to these issues in his brief, we need not address this aspect of Defendant’s challenge to the trial court’s order given our decision to evaluate all of Defendant’s challenges to the trial court’s order on the merits based upon the trial court’s alternative findings and conclusions. -9photographs to be used in the photographic lineup in separate, numbered manila folders, Detective Detective Ingram and left the room. Mayo gave the folders to Although Detective Ingram knew that Defendant was the suspect in the robbery, he did not know which folder contained Defendant’s photograph and could not see the photographs in the folders as Dequell Exum looked at them. At the time that the photographic lineup procedure began, Detective Ingram read the standard instructions to Dequell Exum and presented each photograph to him individually. Exum viewed “That’s him. the photograph in the fifth When Dequell folder, I’m 100 percent sure that’s him.” he stated, After viewing all of the folders a second time, Dequell Exum reiterated his selection of the fifth folder and stated that the individual depicted in the photograph contained in that folder “had the big gun” on the night of the robbery. Defendant’s photograph was contained in the fifth folder. 2. Standard of Review Appellate review of a trial court order denying a motion to suppress is “strictly limited to determining whether the trial judge’s underlying findings of fact are supported by competent evidence, in which event they are conclusively binding on appeal, and whether those factual findings in turn support the -10judge’s ultimate conclusions of law.” 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 State v. Cooke, 306 N.C. (1982). “The trial court’s findings of fact on a motion to suppress ‘are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent evidence, even if the evidence is conflicting.’” State v. Williams, 366 N.C. 110, 114, 726 S.E.2d 161, 165 (2012) (quoting State v. Eason, 336 N.C. 730, 745, 445 S.E.2d 917, 926 (1994), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1096, 115 S.E.2d 764, 130 L. Ed. 2d 661 (1995)). court’s factual findings are binding if “While the trial sustained by the evidence, the court’s conclusions based thereon are reviewable de novo on appeal.” State v. Parker, 137 N.C. App. 590, 594, 530 S.E.2d 297, 300 (2000) (citing State v. Mahaley, 332 N.C. 583, 592-93, 423 S.E.2d 58, 64 (1992), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1089, 115 S. Ct. 749, 130 L.Ed.2d 649 (1995)). 3. Validity of Defendant’s Challenges to the Suppression Order a. Alleged Statutory Violations In challenging the denial of his suppression motion, Defendant contends that a number of the trial court’s findings of fact lack adequate evidentiary support and that the procedures used to conduct the lineup violated the Eyewitness Identification Reform Act. We do not find Defendant’s argument persuasive. i. Evidentiary Support for the Trial Court’s Findings of Fact -11As an initial matter, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support Finding of Fact No.3, in which the trial court found that, since the suspect did not have anything covering his face, “each victim opportunity to identify his face.” Defendant directs delivered by our that saw him [had] the In support of this argument, attention to conflicting several of the victims at trial testimony concerning the extent to which they were able to view the suspect’s face during the robbery. The fundamental problem with Defendant’s argument is that the evidence upon which he relies to support it was not presented at the suppression hearing. At the suppression hearing, Detective Mayo testified that Dequell Exum stated that the suspect did not have anything covering his face, and the record contains no evidence to the contrary. As a result, Finding of Fact No. 3 has adequate record support and is binding for purposes of appellate review. Williams, 366 N.C. at 114, 726 S.E.2d at 165. Secondly, Defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support Finding of Fact No. 11, which states that the photograph of Defendant contained in the photographic lineup was a contemporary picture, and Finding of Fact No. 18, which states that the photograph of Defendant contained in the photographic lineup generally resembled Defendant’s appearance -12at the time that the robbery was committed. In challenging these findings of fact, Defendant notes that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(b)(4) provides that, “[i]n a photo lineup, the photograph of the suspect shall be contemporary and, to the extent practicable, shall resemble the suspect’s appearance at the time of the offense,” and argues that the absence of any record support for Finding of Fact Nos. 11 and 18 fatally undermines the validity of Conclusion of Law No. 4, which states that the photograph used of Defendant generally resembled Defendant’s appearance at the time of the offense and was a contemporary picture. In attempting to persuade us of the validity of his challenge to Finding of Fact Nos. 11 and 18, Defendant refers to the trial testimony of Detective Ingram, who stated that a photograph of Defendant taken on the day that he was arrested showed his hair “pulled back in some fashion” and did not depict “dreadlocks hanging on the side of his face,” while the photograph used in the lineup presented to Dequell Exum by Detective Ingram showed Defendant wearing dreadlocks. On the other hand, Detective Mayo testified at the suppression hearing that, given the opportunities that he had had to view Defendant at approximately the same time as the robbery, believed that the photograph used in the lineup he accurately represented how Defendant, who was described by a number of the -13victims as having dreadlocks, looked during that period of time. In addition, the State introduced the photographs used in the lineup into evidence at the suppression hearing, so that the trial court had an opportunity to compare Defendant’s appearance as depicted in the photograph used in the lineup with Defendant’s appearance as he sat in court during the suppression hearing. Based upon this evidence, we hold that Finding of Fact Nos. 11 and 18 have sufficient evidentiary support and that these findings adequately support Conclusion of Law No. 4. Thirdly, Defendant challenges Finding of Fact No. 16, which states that Detective Ingram and Dequell Exum were the only persons present during the time when the photographic lineup was being conducted. testified that At the suppression hearing, Detective Mayo he excused himself from the room in which Detective Ingram exhibited the photographic lineup to Dequell Exum. In addition, Detective Ingram testified that he and Dequell Exum were the only persons present in the room when the photographic lineup was being conducted. Even so, Defendant notes that the Eyewitness Identification Instructions form that Detective Ingram completed listed “Det. RM Mayo and I” as having been present. However, given that “[t]he trial court’s findings of fact on a motion to suppress ‘are conclusive on appeal if supported by competent evidence, even if the evidence is -14conflicting,’” Williams, 366 N.C. at 114, 726 S.E.2d at 165 (citation omitted), and given that Detectives Ingram and Mayo testified that the only persons present during the time when the photographic lineup was being conducted were Detective Ingram and Dequell Exum, the record contains ample evidentiary support for Finding of Fact No. 16. As a result, none of Defendant’s challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence to support the trial court’s findings of fact have merit. ii. Validity of the Trial Court’s Conclusions of Law Next, which the Defendant trial administered the challenges court Conclusion determined photographic that lineup of Law Detective in a No. 7, Ingram neutral, in had non- suggestive manner on the grounds that it was not supported by the relevant findings of fact. The crux of Defendant’s challenge to Conclusion of Law No. 7 is that Detective Ingram had seen Defendant photographic lineup prior since to he the had administration informed Defendant of of the his Miranda rights3 and did not, for that reason, qualify as an 3 Although Detective Ingram testified that he did not recall having read Defendant’s Miranda rights to him, he acknowledged that it was possible that he did so. -15independent administrator of the identification procedure.4 We do not find this argument persuasive. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(b)(1) provides that an identification procedure “shall be conducted by an independent administrator or by an alternative method as provided by [N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(c)].” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(c) authorizes the use of various alternative methods during the performance of identification procedures in which an independent administrator is not used, including “[a] procedure in which photographs shuffled are and administrator presented the fact 4 then the in presented cannot to completed.” placed see or witness folders, to an track randomly eyewitness which until after Detective Ingram did not and such the photograph the N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(c). that numbered, that is being procedure is As a result of participate in the Defendant also argues that the photograph used in the photographic lineup did not appropriately resemble his appearance at the time that the offenses at issue in this case were committed and that the “filler” photographs used in the photographic lineup were not selected for their resemblance to the most recent photograph of Defendant that was available to investigating officers. We do not find either of these arguments persuasive given that, as we have already discussed, the investigating officers had ample justification, stemming from the fact that the victims of the robbery described the person that they identified as Defendant as having dreadlocks while the photograph that Defendant believes should have been used in lieu of the photograph actually used by investigating officers did not depict Defendant as an individual with dreadlocks, for utilizing the photograph of Defendant upon which they relied. -16development of the photographic lineup, in which the folders containing the Defendant’s photograph and the filler photographs were randomly ordered, did not know which folder contained Defendant’s photograph, and did not appear to have conducted the identification procedure in an impermissibly suggestive manner, the photographic lineup in which Dequell Exum identified Defendant as a participant in the robbery was conducted using an approved alternative procedure as authorized by N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-284.52(c).5 relief from As a result, Defendant is not entitled to the trial court’s order on the basis of his challenge to Conclusion of Law No. 7. b. Constitutional Violations In addition, Defendant argues that the trial court’s order allowing the admission of evidence concerning Dequell Exum’s pre-trial identification of Defendant as one of the perpetrators of the rights. robbery violated his federal and state due process Defendant’s argument is without merit. “Identification evidence must be excluded as violating a defendant’s pretrial 5 right to due identification process procedure where so the facts impermissibly reveal a suggestive In acknowledgement of the fact that he was not an independent administrator, Detective Ingram “checked the box that says: Lineup administrator knows the suspect’s identity and is using an approved lineup method that does not require an independent administrator.” -17that there is a very misidentification.” substantial likelihood of irreparable State v. Harris, 308 N.C. 159, 162, 301 S.E.2d 91, 94 (1983). In making this determination, a reviewing court must first determine whether the pre-trial identification procedure was impermissibly suggestive and, if so, must then examine whether procedure the created use a misidentification. of such an substantial impermissibly likelihood State v. Fowler, of suggestive irreparable 353 N.C. 599, 617, 548 S.E.2d 684, 697 (2001), cert. denied, 535 U.S. 939, 122 S. Ct. 1322, 152 L.Ed.2d 230 (2002). A determination of the likelihood of irreparable misidentification hinges on an analysis of the totality of the circumstances, State v. Capps, 114 N.C. App. 156, 162, 441 S.E.2d 621, 624 (1994), and requires consideration of “(1) the opportunity of the witness to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness’s degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness’s prior description of the criminal; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the witness at the confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the confrontation.” Harris, 308 N.C. at 164, 301 S.E.2d at 95. A careful examination of the evidence presented at the pretrial hearing leads us to conclude that the identification procedure in question was not likely impermissibly suggestive or -18sufficient to create misidentification. a substantial risk of irreparable As the record clearly reflects, Dequell Exum observed Defendant during the robbery, described him as having dreadlocks below his ears, and claimed to be able to identify him because nothing covered his face. Detective Mayo believed that the photograph of Defendant included in the photographic lineup accurately depicted of the robbery. The Defendant’s appearance at the time five photographs that Detective Mayo selected for use as “fillers” had physical characteristics that were similar to those of Defendant as depicted in the photograph that was used by investigating officers. The photographs utilized in the photographic lineup were placed in individually numbered manila folders and shuffled before they were given to Detective Ingram, who neither knew which folder contained Defendant’s photograph nor could tell which photograph was being presented to Dequell Exum until after the procedure had been completed. identified The photographic Defendant conducted only a occurred. At the as few a in participant days time lineup that after the Dequell which in Dequell the incident Exum viewed Exum robbery in was question the folder containing Defendant’s photograph, he stated that he was “100 percent sure that’s him.” After viewing the lineup for a second time, Dequell Exum selected the folder containing Defendant’s -19photograph again, stating that the person depicted in this photograph “had the big gun” on the night of the robbery and that he was “so sure.” Thus, for all of these reasons, we hold that the record evidence establishes that Dequell Exum’s pretrial identification of Defendant as one of the participants in the robbery was not obtained through the use of an impermissibly suggestive identification procedure and that the identification proceeding utilized in this instance did not give rise to a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification. result, Defendant is not entitled to relief from As a the trial court’s judgments on the basis of his challenge to the denial of his suppression motion. B. Motion in Limine Secondly, Defendant contends that the trial court erred by denying his motion in limine seeking the exclusion of testimony involving in-court identifications of Defendant as one of the participants in witnesses. the More robbery made specifically, by several Defendant of the argues State’s that the inability of Dequell Exum, Mondareo Exum, and Donne’ Wall to provide a description that sufficiently resembled Defendant’s actual appearance indicates that any evidence to the effect that these witnesses made an in-court identification of Defendant as a participant in the robbery should have been excluded as -20impermissibly unreliable. We do not find Defendant’s argument persuasive. 1. Standard of Review “‘The decision of whether to grant . . . a motion [in limine] rests in the sound discretion of the trial judge.’” State v. Wilkerson, __ N.C. App. __, __, 733 S.E.2d 181, 183 (2012) (quoting State v. Hightower, 340 N.C. 735, 746-47, 459 S.E.2d 739, 745 (1995)). An “[a]buse of discretion results where the court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 285, 372 S.E.2d 523, 527 (1988). 2. Evidence Related to In-Court Identifications At trial, Dequell Exum identified Defendant as one of the four individuals occupants. who entered his apartment and robbed the Dequell Exum was not far from the individual whom he identified as Defendant while the latter was in the apartment and had a clear view of the perpetrator’s face. While in the apartment, Defendant was wearing checkered pants and a white tshirt, had dreadlocks, and did not have anything covering his face. Dequell Exum was 100% certain that the person that he had identified in the photographic lineup was the same person that -21he identified in the courtroom as one of the participants in the robbery, who was Defendant.6 Mondareo Exum testified that, while he was in the apartment’s bathroom, he looked up for a “split second” and saw Defendant, whose face was not covered. Mondareo Exum did not give investigating officers a description of the individual that he later identified as Defendant. never indicated that any of the In addition, Mondareo Exum suspects had dreadlocks or described any of their clothing. Finally, Donne’ Wall identified Defendant as one of the participants in the robbery at trial because he recognized him from the height. night of the robbery given his dreadlocks and his Defendant was wearing plaid pants and Mr. Wall could tell that Defendant had dreadlocks, light skin and was taller than him. On cross-examination, Mr. Wall testified that he remembered telling investigating officers that he had not gotten a good look at the individuals who participated in the robbery. However, 6 he specifically claimed to have remembered the Defendant argues for the first time on appeal that Dequell Exum’s in-court identification was tainted by the pre-trial lineup procedure. However, given that Defendant failed to raise this argument in the hearing held for the purpose of considering his suppression motion or his motion in limine, this argument is not properly before us and will not be addressed in this opinion. State v. Williamson, 333 N.C. 128, 138, 423 S.E.2d 766, 771 (1992); N.C. R. App. P. 10(a). -22individual that he identified at trial as Defendant based on his pants and his dreadlocks. 3. Legal Analysis “As a general rule, the credibility of witnesses and the proper weight to be given their identification testimony is a matter for jury determination.” State v. Turner, 305 N.C. 356, 362, 289 S.E.2d 368, 372 (1982); State v. Green, 296 N.C. 183, 188, 250 S.E.2d 197, 200-01 (1978) (stating that “[t]he credibility of a witness’s identification testimony is a matter for the jury’s determination”). accuracy of a witness’ Any uncertainty regarding the identification testimony goes to the weight that the trier of fact should give to that testimony rather than to its admissibility. State v. Billups, 301 N.C. 607, 616, 272 S.E.2d 842, 849 (1981). however, inapplicable incredible and in “where conflict the with The rule in question is, testimony established by the State’s own evidence.” inherently physical the is conditions State v. Begley, 72 N.C. App. 37, 43, 323 S.E.2d 56, 60 (1984) (citing State v. Wilson, 293 N.C. 47, 51, 235 S.E.2d 219, 221 (1977)). test to be evidence employed is to inherently determine incredible reasonable possibility of subsequent identification.’” whether is observation Turner, the whether identification ‘there sufficient 305 N.C. “[T]he at to is a permit 363, 289 -23S.E.2d at 372 (quoting State v. Miller, 270 N.C. 726, 732, 154 S.E.2d 902, 906 (1967)). “Where such a possibility exists, the credibility of the witness’ identification and the weight given his testimony is for the jury to decide.” Id. The record developed before the trial court clearly shows that each of the three witnesses whose testimony Defendant has attacked on appeal had the opportunity to observe Defendant from extremely close proximity at a time when Defendant’s face was not covered. credibility Exum, of Mondareo challenged Although the identification Exum, based on Defendant and Donne’ correctly testimony Wall inconsistencies notes given could in that by the Dequell legitimately be testimony and their limitations on their ability to observe the person that they identified as Defendant during the robbery, the extent to which such a challenge should be deemed persuasive is clearly a matter for the jury instead of the trial court. 188, 250 S.E.2d at 200-01. of the identification Green, 296 N.C. at As a result, given that our review evidence presented by Dequell Mondareo Exum, and Donne’ Wall establishes that reasonable possibility of observation sufficient Exum, “there is a to permit subsequent identification,” Turner, 305 N.C. at 363, 289 S.E.2d at 372 (quotations and citations omitted), the trial court did -24not err by denying Defendant’s motion in limine directed toward this testimony. III. Conclusion Thus, for the reasons set forth above, we conclude that none of Defendant’s challenges to the trial court’s judgments have merit. As a result, the trial court’s judgments should, and hereby do, remain undisturbed. NO ERROR. Judges BRYANT and ELMORE concur. Report per Rule 30(e).

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