State v. Barnette

385 S.E.2d 163 (1989)

STATE of North Carolina v. Robert Charles BARNETTE.

No. 8927SC200.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

November 7, 1989.

Atty. Gen. Lacy H. Thornburg by Associate Atty. Gen. Elaine A. Dawkins, Raleigh, for the State.

Asst. Public Defender Joseph F. Lyles, Gastonia, for defendant, appellant.

HEDRICK, Chief Judge.

Defendant assigns as error the trial court's denial of his motion to dismiss at the close of all evidence. He contends the evidence of defendant's guilt offered by the State was insufficient for submission to the jury. We disagree.

A motion to nonsuit in a criminal case requires the trial judge to consider all evidence "in the light most favorable to the State, take it as true, and give the State the benefit of every reasonable inference to be drawn therefrom." State v. Bass, 303 N.C. 267, 270, 278 S.E.2d 209, 212 (1981). Where the State relies on fingerprint evidence *164 at the scene of the crime, a motion for nonsuit must be denied if there is "substantial evidence of circumstances from which the jury can find that the fingerprints could have been impressed only at the time the crime was committed." Id. at 272, 278 S.E.2d at 212. What constitutes "substantial" evidence is a question of law for the trial court. State v. Miller, 289 N.C. 1, 220 S.E.2d 572 (1975).

In an earlier breaking and entering case, the Supreme Court held the presence of the defendant's fingerprints at the crime scene, when coupled with testimony by the owner/attendant of the premises that she had never seen defendant before the date of the crime, was sufficient to send the issue of the defendant's guilt to the jury. State v. Tew, 234 N.C. 612, 68 S.E.2d 291 (1951). In the present case, defendant's fingerprints were found on the frame of the window broken by the alleged perpetrator. Furthermore, he was spotted at the crime scene shortly before the break-in occurred. Upon examination of the record on appeal and in light of the facts and result reached in Tew, we conclude the denial of defendant's motion to dismiss was proper. The testimony placing defendant at the crime scene shortly before the break-in was evidence of defendant's opportunity to commit the offense in question. As such, it was "substantial" enough to warrant submitting the issue of defendant's guilt to the jury.

In support of his claim that circumstantial evidence of guilt was not "substantial" in this case, defendant cites State v. Bass, supra. In Bass, the defendant was convicted of burglary and larceny when his fingerprints were found on a screen outside the victimized house, and the prosecuting witness testified she could not identify him and did not know him. The Supreme Court, however, overturned the conviction holding the evidence presented did not reasonably eliminate the possibility that the fingerprints had been impressed at some other time. To support its holding, the Court relied on the defendant's admission that he broke into the house on a prior occasion, and his story was corroborated by police testimony confirming a break-in three to four weeks earlier. Moreover, the Supreme Court pointed out that the State produced no additional evidence to connect the defendant with the offense in question.

The present case is clearly distinguishable from Bass. Not only did the State produce additional evidence connecting defendant with the crime (his presence at the scene just hours before the incident), but also defendant failed to present any alternative explanation, like that offered in Bass, for the presence of defendant's fingerprints on the kitchen window frame. While defendant did indicate he had been to the house on prior occasions, he failed to provide any convincing reason why his fingerprints were found on the frame of the kitchen window. These critical factual differences make it clear that the holding in Bass is not controlling.

Defendant also contends the trial court erred by denying his request to instruct the jury on the lesser included offense of misdemeanor breaking or entering. Instruction on a lesser included offense is proper only where there is evidence that would permit a jury rationally to find a defendant guilty of the lesser offense and acquit him of the greater offense. State v. Strickland, 307 N.C. 274, 298 S.E.2d 645 (1983). The possibility that a jury might partially accept or reject the State's evidence against a defendant is not sufficient to require instruction on the lesser included offense. State v. Hicks, 241 N.C. 156, 84 S.E.2d 545 (1954).

Finally, defendant claims the trial court improperly permitted Benjamin Nichols, the victim of the break-in, to give his opinion as to who committed the crime. This testimony, however, is not opinion testimony. Nichols was only asked to repeat what he previously told a police officer investigating the matter. Furthermore, assuming arguendo that this testimony was improperly admitted, defendant was not prejudiced thereby. Nichols testified he thought defendant committed the crime only because defendant had been at Nichols' house a few hours earlier. Moreover, the fact that Nichols saw defendant on his *165 front porch was already in evidence when Nichols testified. Upon consideration of defendant's argument and evidence presented at trial, we find no unfair prejudice against defendant by admission of the testimony in question.

Defendant had a fair trial free from prejudicial error.

No error.

ARNOLD, J., concurs.

BECTON, J., dissents.

BECTON, Judge, dissenting.

Believing that defendant's motion to dismiss should have been granted, I dissent. In my view, the majority passes over critical factual distinctions between this case and State v. Tew. In Tew, the prosecuting witness testified she had never seen the defendant on the premises prior to the day of the burglary, and no other evidence tended to show that defendant had been there before. 234 N.C. at 617-18, 68 S.E.2d at 295; see also State v. Scott, 296 N.C. 519, 525-26, 251 S.E.2d 414, 418 (1979). Here, as the majority notes, evidence suggests that defendant had been to the victimized house on earlier occasions. Even Mr. Nichols admitted that defendant had visited Mr. Nichols' brother at the house "not more than three times" and that defendant could have been at the sink where the window is located. This evidence is highly significant since the State's conviction rests largely on the basis of fingerprints found at the crime scene.

To survive a motion for nonsuit, the State must present "substantial evidence of circumstances from which the jury can find that the fingerprints could only have been impressed at the time the crime was committed...." State v. Miller, 289 N.C. 1, 4, 220 S.E.2d 572, 574 (1975) (emphasis added). Disturbingly, the majority in this case concludes that the State presented such evidence by minimizing the importance of defendant's having been to the house previously and by imposing upon him, instead, the burden of furnishing a "convincing reason" to explain the presence of his fingerprints on the window. Defendant's failure to satisfy the majority on this point, coupled with his purposeful presence on the porch before the crime, is, to the majority, "substantial evidence" that the fingerprints could have been left at no time other than when the crime occurred. "The burden," however, "is not upon the defendant to explain the presence of his fingerprint but upon the State to prove his guilt." Scott, 296 N.C. at 526, 251 S.E.2d at 419. Accord Bass, 303 N.C. at 273, 278 S.E.2d at 213.

In light of the evidence that defendant had been to the house prior to the day of the crime, there is no necessary connection between his presence at the house on that day and the fact that his fingerprints were found on the window. Furthermore, I do not attach the same probative value to defendant's presence on the porch as does the majority. Defendant was not a stranger to Mr. Nichols. Defendant told Mr. Nichols he wished to speak with him, and Mr. Nichols, who did not have time to converse, was content to leave his premises even though defendant was still standing on the porch.

In short, defendant's presence at the house on the date of the crime was of no concern to the owner, and it is just as reasonable to infer from the evidence that defendant touched the window at some time prior to the day of the burglary. I am not at all satisfied that the State presented "substantial evidence" tending to show when defendant impressed his fingerprints on the window, and accordingly, I dissent.