Matter of Will of Leonard

347 S.E.2d 478 (1986)

In the Matter of the WILL OF Zella May (Mae) LEONARD, Deceased.

No. 8622SC161.

Court of Appeals of North Carolina.

September 2, 1986.

*479 Wilson, Biesecker, Tripp & Sink by Joe E. Biesecker, Lexington, for caveator-appellant.

Brinkley, Walser, McGirt, Miller, Smith & Coles by Stephen W. Coles, Lexington, for propounder-appellee.

EAGLES, Judge.

The caveator assigns as error the fact that the trial judge considered the records of Ms. Kinney's commitment proceedings. The caveator argues that this is error for a number of reasons including that the court records are hearsay and they were not properly authenticated, identified, tendered, and received into evidence. While those arguments are relevant on the issue of the record's admissibility into evidence *480 for the fact finder to consider, they have no applicability to the issue of whether they may be considered by a trial judge conducting a voir dire examination to determine the competency of a witness.

G.S. 8C-1, Rule 104(a) provides, in part, that "[p]reliminary questions concerning the qualification of a person to be a witness... shall be determined by the court." This is in accord with North Carolina practice. See H. Brandis, Brandis on North Carolina Evidence Section 8 (1982). Rule 104(a) also provides that "[i]n making its determination it [the court] is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges." This last provision of the Rule is dispositive here. The Rule's plain meaning, the Commentary to the Rule, and sound judgment all contemplate that, in deciding preliminary matters, the trial court will consider any relevant and reliable information that comes to its attention, whether or not that information is technically admissible under the rules of evidence.

The rules of evidence are designed to facilitate the introduction into evidence of relevant information which will aid the trier of fact. When deciding preliminary matters such as the competency of a witness, however, the trial court is not acting as the trier of fact. Rather, it is deciding a threshold question of law, which lies mainly, if not entirely, within the trial judge's discretion. State v. Robinson, 283 N.C. 71, 194 S.E.2d 811 (1973). State v. Fields, 315 N.C. 191, 337 S.E.2d 518 (1985). Where competency is questioned, the trial judge is not required to conduct a formal hearing at which all of the rules of evidence are applicable. The trial court must make only sufficient inquiry to satisfy itself that the witness is or is not competent to testify. The form and manner of that inquiry rests in the discretion of the trial judge.

While the trial court's power to determine the competency of a witness is not an arbitrary one, there is no abuse of its discretion where there is evidence to support its ruling. Where there is a clear abuse of discretion, however, the ruling will be reversed. Artesari v. Griffon, 252 N.C. 463, 113 S.E.2d 895 (1960). The remaining question then, is whether the trial judge abused her discretion in ruling Ms. Kinney incompetent to testify. We believe there is ample evidence to support the trial judge's ruling.

The competency of a witness is determined at the time the witness is called upon to testify. State v. Cooke, 278 N.C. 288, 179 S.E.2d 365 (1971); State v. Robinson, 283 N.C. 71, 194 S.E.2d 811 (1973); State v. Thomas, 296 N.C. 236, 250 S.E.2d 204 (1978). The test of competency is the capacity of the proposed witness to understand and to relate under oath the facts which will assist the jury in determining the truth with respect to the ultimate facts. State v. Cooke, supra. This is the applicable test even when the trial court finds, as it did here, that the witness is presently suffering from a mental illness. Even there, the witnesses may testify if they have sufficient understanding to apprehend their obligation to tell the truth and are able to give a correct account of the matters the witness seeks to testify about. State v. Benton, 276 N.C. 641, 174 S.E.2d 793 (1970).

Our rules of evidence are also applicable in determining the competency of a witness. G.S. 8C, Rule 601(b) provides, in part, that

A person is disqualified to testify as a witness when the court determines that he is (1) incapable of expressing himself concerning the matter to be understood, either directly or through interpretation by one who can understand him, or (2) incapable of understanding the duty of a witness to tell the truth. G.S. 8C-601(b) (1983).

Rule 601 makes no change in the basic rules of competency as they have been stated by our Supreme Court in the cases cited above. See H. Brandis, Brandis on North Carolina Evidence Section 55 (Supp.1986). Therefore, unsoundness of mind is not per se grounds for ruling a witness incompetent under Rule 601. Here, the trial court did not rely solely on *481 its finding that Ms. Kinney was still suffering from schizophrenia. Instead, the trial judge seemed to rely more heavily on her answers to the voir dire questions. During the voir dire examination, Ms. Kinney denied having ever been involuntarily committed or having ever been the subject of commitment proceedings, she denied that she had ever been diagnosed as schizophrenic, and she denied having a history of mental illness. The records of Ms. Kinney's commitment proceedings, the accuracy of which the caveator does not challenge, directly contradict all of those denials. That fact, coupled with the trial court's finding that the events which she would testify to occurred around the time of the events she denied, led the trial court, using the language of Rule 601(b)(1), to conclude that Ms. Kinney was "incapable of expressing herself concerning matters to be understood."

In addition, a review of the voir dire transcript shows that the probative value of what Ms. Kinney would have said had she been allowed to testify is uncertain because her responses to questions were sometimes confusing. The discretion given to the trial court to determine a witness' competency is largely grounded on the ability of the trial judge to observe the witness' demeanor. See State v. Fields, supra. The importance of observing the witness cannot be overestimated. This is especially true in matters dealing with witness competency where the witness' tone and inflection of voice, the certainty with which the witness answers the question, and the general coherence of the witness' testimony are directly illustrative of the testimony's ability to aid the finder of fact.

The events and conversations which Ms. Kinney would have testified about occurred during the period of 1979-1982. It is clear that the trial judge did not abuse her discretion by finding that the witness was incapable of remembering, understanding, and relating to the jury, matters of detail concerning Ms. Leonard's holographic will, where the witness could not remember having twice been involuntarily committed during that same period of time.

No error.

ARNOLD and PARKER, JJ., concur.