Reyes v Doe

Annotate this Case

Download PDF

Reyes v Doe 2013 NY Slip Op 32379(U) January 14, 2013 Sup Ct, Bronx County Docket Number: 303093/2010 Judge: Laura G. Douglas Cases posted with a "30000" identifier, i.e., 2013 NY Slip Op 30001(U), are republished from various state and local government websites. These include the New York State Unified Court System's E-Courts Service, and the Bronx County Clerk's office. This opinion is uncorrected and not selected for official publication. [* 1] .. FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF BRONX, PART 11 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------X Index No. 303093/2010 Juana Reyes, Plaintiff, DECISION/ORDER - against- John Doe, an individual whose identity is currently unknown, A.B.C. Global Limo, and Lidia Urena, Defendants. Present: HON. LAURA G. DOUGlJ'S J.S.C. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------X Plaintiff Juana Reyes' motion for an order: a) pursuant to CPLR 3126, striking defendant AB.C. Global Limo's answer for willful failure to comply with the Preliminary Conference Order, dated October 18,2010; b) pursuant to CPLR 3025, to amend the caption, summons and complaint in this matter to substitute "Keita Namfamady" for John Doe; and c) to set a date certain for the deposition of Keita Namfamady is decided as set forth below. This is an action seeking monetary damages for personal injuries allegedly sustained by plaintiff, as a result of a motor vehicle accident, on or about July 4, 2008. According to the plaintiff's complaint, the motor vehicle accident occurred at or near 183rd Street and University Avenue, Bronx Count, at or about 9:30p.m. In support of the plaintiff's motion for permission to amend the caption, summons and complaint in this matter to substitute "Keita Namfamady" for John Doe, moving counsel contends, in substance, that he first learned that proposed defendant "Keita Namfamady" was the driver of defendant A B. C. Global Limo's ("A B. C.") motor vehicle on or about May 22, 2012, at a pretrial conference. According to plaintiff's counsel, thereat, defendant AB.C.'s counsel stated: a) that the driver of AB.C.'s vehicle was finally located, and b) on or about May 18, 2012, that he had served plaintiff's counsel with a response to the prior combined demands and the directives of the Preliminary Conference Order, dated October 18, 2010. Prior to that time, moving counsel asserts he was "under the impression that defendant did not have the driver's name," based upon discovery. Hence, moving 1 [* 2] . FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk ' counsel asserts that defendant's counsel willfully failed "to produce the name of their driver, who is a witness to the accident." In contrast, defendant AB.C.'s counsel argues, inter alia, that, though his "office could not stipulate to amend the [s]ummons and [c]omplaint to add Keita Namfamady since the Statute of Limitations had expired ," because "the owner was a party and any recovery frpm this lawsuit would come from the owner's insurance policy, that there would be no prejudice" to plaintiff, if a non-party deposition of Keita Namfamady was held, without formally amending the pleadings. In order for a claim asserted against a new defendant to relate-back to the date the claim was filed against another defendant, the plaintiff must establish that (1) both plaims arose out of the same conduct, transaction, or occurrence; (2) the new defendant is untied in interest with the original defendant, and by reason of that relationship can be charged with notice of the institution of the action such that he will not be prejudiced in maintaining his defense on the merits; and (3) the new defendant knew or should have known that, but for a mistake by the plaintiff as to the identity of the proper parties, the action would have been brought as well. Buran v. Coupal, 87 N.Y.2d 173, 178 (1995). The burden is on the plaintiff to establish the applicability of the doctrine once a defendant has demonstrated that the statute of limitations has expired. Cardamone v. Ricotta, 47 AD.3d 659, 660 (2d Dept. 2008). Turning to the merits of the motion, upon review of the record and applying these requirements to the facts ofthe case herein, this Court determines that the plaintiff has met his burden on all three prongs of the three-part test. The claims against the named defendant and the proposed defendant are based upon the same alleged motor vehicle accident. Further, for purposes of the Statute of Limitations, a defendant owner may be united in interest with a defendant driver. Rahi v. Sanelli. et aI., 245 AD.2d 13 (1 st Dept. 1997); CPLR 203(b). Moreover, the proposed defendant driver of the motor vehicle would have had notice of the pending action, due to his relationship with defendantAB.C. Global, 2 [* 3] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . as he was its employee. Parenthetically, the Court notes that the police report lists, under the category for "driver" of the A.B.C. vehicle, that the person "left scene of accident." Therefore, under these circumstances, the policies under the Statute of Limitations and the relation-back doctrine do permit the plaintiff herein to commence an action against "Keita Namfamady." Therefore, the plaintiff's motion is granted to the extent of permitting him to serve an amended summons and complaint to substitute "Keita Namfamady" for John Doe, as a defendant, and to amend the caption accordingly, within thirty (30) days after service of copy of this order with notice of entry upon the defendants. The request for the deposition of the newly added defendant, namely "Keita Namfamady," shall take place at a mutually agreeable place, date and time, within' sixty (60) days after service of the amended pleadings as indicated above. The answer of the defendantA.B.C. Global Limo is not stricken. Accordingly, the motion is granted as stated herein. This constitutes the decision and order of this Court. DATED: Hon. Laura G. Douglas, J.S.C. Bronx, New York 3 $ [* 4] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk 'JR---,,' . SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK COUNTY OF BRONX ----------------------------------------------------------------X JUANA REYES, NOTICE OF MOTION Plaintiff, \\"') CV \ INDEX NO. JOJ093110 JOHN DOE, an individual whose identity is currently unknown, A.B.C. GLOBAL LIMO, and LIDIA URENA, Defendants. ----------------------------------------------------------------X MOTION BY: LAW OFFICES OF JESSE BARAB Attorneys for Plaintiff 30 Park Circle White Plains, New York 10603 PLACE, DATE & TIME: SUPREME COURT BRONX COUNTY 851 Grand Concourse Bronx, New York 10451 Honorable Julia Rodriguez Return Date: August 13,2012 at 9:30 a.m. RELIEF REQUESTED: ~~{X , "V{\ - a) an Order, pursuant to CPLR §3126, striking Defendant A.B.C. Global Limo's answer for willful failure to comply with an order, or b) an Order, pursuant to CPLR §3025 to amend the caption, summons and complaint to substitute "Keita N amfamady" for John Doe and c) to schedule a certain date for Keita Namfamady's deposition d) and for such other and further relief as this Court deems just and proper ( [/ G' PjJPPORTING PAPERS: 4 Affirmation in Support of Law Offices of Jesse Barab and all papers and exhibits herein [* 5] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . ·11 . ANSWERING AFFIDAVITS: + ¢ Answering Affidavits, if any, are to be served no less than seven (7) days prior to the return date of this motion 01' any adjournments thereof. Dated: New York, New York July 4,2012 , ' Law Offices of Jesse Barab Attorneys for the Plaintiff JUANA REYES 30 Park Circle White Plains, New York 10603 (212) 781-0633 To: LAW OFFICES OF NANCY L. ISSERLIS Attorney for Defendant A.B.C. Global Limo Corp. 36-01 43rd Avenue Long Island City, NY 11101 718-361-1514 Your File No.: B-22027 LAW OFFICES OF MICHAEL A. BARNETT Attorneys for Defendant Lidia Urena Office and P.O. Address 1205 Franklin Avenue, Suite 335 Garden City, NY 11530 Tel. No.: (516) 294-6010 , ' -:-'----1 [* 6] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . . ¢ "O~'1' \ " SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YOI\K COUNTY OF BRONX ------!---------------------------------------------------------X ¢ JUA.1\JA'REYES, AFFIRl\1ATION Plaintiff, -againstINDEX NO. 3b3093110 JOHN DOE, an individual whose identity is currently unknown, A.B.C. GLOBAL LIMO, and LIDIA URENA, Defendants. ----------------------------------------------------------------X I ALEXANDER PHENGSIAROUN, an attorney duly licensed to practice in the Courts of the State of New York hereby affirms the following under penalties of perjury: 1. That I am associated with the Law Offices of Jesse Barab, the attorneys of record for the Plaintiff, Juana Reyes in the above captioned action and as such am fully familiar with the facts and circumstamces of these cases. 2. I submit trDs Affirmation in support of the plaintiffs motion, pursuant to CPLR §3126 and §302S. PROCEDURE HISTORY AND FACTS 3. The instant action was commenced by the filing of the Summons & Complaint at or about March 2010 and issue was joined at or about July 2010. See Exhibit 1, the Summons, Complaint, and Answers. Plaintiffs herein seeks to recover for.personal injuries and damages stemming from an alleged July 4,2008 automobile accident. According to the evidence presented to date, the incident took place at or near 183 rd Street and University A venue in BrOIL'\., New York at or about 9:30 P.M. [* 7] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . -. ' 4. The incident involveq t\\10 automobiles; allegedy one motor vehicle owned by' the defendaI}t, Lidia Urena and the other veHicle owned by the defenpant, AB.C. Global Limo, Corp. and operated by the defendant, John Doe. Plaintiff, Juana Reyes was a passenger in the vehicle ovvned by the co-defendant, Lidia Urena. The vehicles were involved in an accident. 5. After the accident, it is alleged that AB.C: Limo's driver got out of his car, took the other vehicles license plate that was on the ground as a result of the accident and left the scene. See Exhibit·2, Lidia Urena's deposition transcript, page 29. 6. Plaintiff responded to defendant's discovery demands at or about September 2010. , ) In the responses, plaintiff also served her combined demands. Specifically, paragraph #7 stated "[s]et forth the names and addresses of any witnesses to this occurrence." See Exhibit 3. 7. A Preliminary Conference was held in this matter in the Supreme Court BrolL,( County on October 18, 2010. See Exhibit 4, the preliminary conference order. In pertinent part the order states that "all parties to exchange names and addresses of all witnesses, opposing . parties' statements, and photographs .... [i]fnone, an affirmation to that effect shall be exchange." , Id. 8. On or about December, 2010, plaintiff received responses from Law Offices of Nancy L. Isserlis, attorneys for AB.C. Global Limo Corp, in response to the verified bill of particulars and combined demands. Another response was received at the same fime responding to the preliminary conference order. See Exhibit 5, co-defendant's responses. 9. In both responses defendant stated under witnesses, "none other than those listed on the police report." Id. The police report does not list the driver or any other witness to this accident, it only contains the name ofthe AB.C. Global Limo Corp. Under "driver," it states "left scene of accident." See Exhibit 6,. {he police report. .:.., [* 8] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . ¢ , 10. As a result of co-defendant' s willful failure to produce tl;1e name of their driver, who , . . is a witness to the accident, plaintiff was unable to hold a deposition of A.B.t. Global Limo's ; driver and a compliance conference was held on June 21, 2011. Exhibit 4, the compliance conference order. 11. Plaintiff under the impression that defendant did not have the driver' sname pursuant to their prior response to plaintiff s bill of particulars and the preliminary conference order, filed the note of issue on November 29,2011. 12. On or about April 11, 2012 and May 22,2012 a pretrial conference was held in Bronx: Supreme Court. Duripg the latter date, counsel for A.B.C. Global Limo stated thafthe driver was finally located and that on or about May 18, 2012 they served plaintiff with it's response. 13. The response from co-defendant stated that" [d] efendant is aware of the following witness who was the operator of the vehicle involved in the subject accident ... KEITA NAMFAMADY, 1234 Boston Post Road, Apt. #5C, Bronx, NY 10456." See Exhibit 5, codefendant's responses. 14. During the same pre trial conference, the attorneys for all parties agreed to stipulate to have the driver substituted for the John Doe and to hold depositions on a certain date. We adjourned the matter to September to accommodate vacation schedules. 15. Soon thereafter, I sent the proposed stipulation to all parties substituting Mr. Namfamady for John Doe and setting a certain deposition date, however, after a conversation with Nancy L. Isserlis, Esq., she refused to sign same. A pretrial conference date is set for September 11,2012. [* 9] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . . 'WHETHER A.B.C. GLOBAL LIMO'S. PLEADINGS SHOULD BE STRICKEN WHEN IT WILLFULLY. CONTUMACIOUSLY AND OBSTRUCTIVEL Y FAILED TO TIMELY RESPOND TO DISCOVERY DEMANDS 16. Pursuant to C.P.L.R. §3126, penalties for refusal to comply with order or to disclose: "If any party, or a person who at the time a deposition is taken or an examination or inspection is made is an officer, director, . member, employee or agent of a party or otherwise under a party's control, refuses to obey an order for disclosure or wilfully fails to disclose information which the court finds ought to have been disclosed pursuant to this article, the court may make such orders ' with regard to the failure or refusal as are just, among them: 1. an order that the issues to which the information is relevant shall be deemed resolved for purposes of the action in accordance with the claims of the party obtaining the order; or ' 2. an order prohibiting the disobedient party from supporting or opposing designated claims or defenses, from producing in evidence designated things or items of testimony, or from introducing any evidence of the physical, mental or blood condition sought to be determined, or from using certain witnesses; or 3. an order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or dismissing the action or any part thereof, or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party." Id. 17. In Arts4all v. Hancock, the Court of Appeals upheld an Appellate Division decision striking the pleadings where the parties offered no excuse for their repeated noncompliance with disclosure orders, and their conduct throughout litigation was evasive, obstructive, contumacious, dilatory, and such conduct was supported by the record. 12 N.y'3d 846,881 N.Y.S.2d 390, (Crt. App. 2009) 18. The Appellate Division has stated that willful and contumacious conduct can be inferred from repeated faIlures to, ~omply with requests for docuinenf s and the' court dire'ctives . ¢ . " [* 10] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . '. to comply with request,. over an extended period of time, together with contradictory and . . ' . . inconsistent excuses for it's failure to comply and upheld the trial court's order that strickened ¢ ¢ the appellant's fu'1SvVer pursuant to CPLR §3126. Pirro Group. LLC v. One Point St.. 71 AD.3d 654, 896 N.Y.S.2d 152, (2d Dept 2010), Bvam v. City of New York, 68 AD.3d 798, 890 , N.Y.S.2d 612, (2d Dept 2009), Maiorino v. City of New York, 39 AD.3d 601, 834 N.Y.S.2d 272, (2d Dept 2007). 19. In other cases, the trial court has conditionally granted striking the pleadings. (See JOA v. Boulin, 2011 NY Slip Op 33303 (U), (Queens Sup. Crt. 2011), where defendant's , answer shall be stricken unless defendant's appeared for depositions sixty days from the date of service of a copy of the order with notice of entry.) 20. Here, plaintiff demanded from defendant in combined demands to "[sJet forth the names and addresses of any witnesses to this occurrence," on September 2010. Exhibit 3. Defendant provided responses to the "combined demands" dated on December 2010 and stated under witnesses "none other than those listed on the police report." ¢ 21. A preliminary conference order was entered into on October 18, 2010 that ordered "[aJll parties to exchange names and addresses of all witnesses, opposing parties' statements, and photographs ... [iJf none, an affirmation to that effect shall be exchanged." Exhibit 4. On December 2010, a "response to the preliminary conference 'order" was received by plaintiff where again, defendant stated "none other than those listed on the police report" for witnesses. Exhibit 5. 22. Pursuant to court order, depositions of the parties, Juana Reyes and Lidia Urena \vere held on July 11, 2011. During the deposition of Lidia Urena: .Q. A Your license plate fell off Yes. . " [* 11] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk Co .Q. ¢ A. Q. A Mr. Mr. 23. He picke~ it up? Yup Did he give it back to you? No. He took it with him and then I had to go to the Motor Vehicle and get another one. Barab: So, when you are taking to your client, you might want to get that thing back. Pomedmce: And give it to her? Exhibit 2. Mr. Pomerance does not confirm that he does not know the identity of the driver, instead his immediate response is "[aJnd give it to her?" Id. 24.' Plaintiff, being under the impression that defenda~t would answer the discovery responses in good faith and with the knowledge that the only party that was able to provide the driver information was in fact, the Law Offices of Nancy L. Isserlis, WHO had already told plaintiff in it's prior responses that there were none, filed it's note of issue on November 29, 2011. 25. On May 22, 2012, counsel for AB.C. Global Limo stated to me during pre trial negotiations that they have just served our office with the driver information. Exhibit 5. By this time, however, the statute of limitations had already expired so we were unable to serve defendant drivyr and defendant AB.C. Global Limo refused to stipulate the driver in. 26. Defendant's who represent AB.C. Global Limo had in their exclusive possession driving records along with personnel and shift times. When our office requested witness information prior to the filing of the note of issue, we received "none .... " Exhibit 5. Repeated requests to disclose the names of witnesses from the combined demands and preliminary conference order is evidence of Defendant's willfulness and contumacious behavior. 2'7. It is not incumbent on plaiutiff to make a specific request for the name of the . driver. A aemand for "names and addresses of ~ny witnesses to -this ocqlITente" is sufficient; <, [* 12] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk " . the driver of the vehicle is a witness. ,Furthermore, the preliminary conference order is clea~ vvhen it states that "[a]ll parties to exchange names and addresses of all witnesses ... [i[f none, an ¢ ¢ affirmation to that effect shall be exchanged." Exhibit 4. 28. By defendant's own response, defendant acknowledges that the driver is a witness as the response states "[d]efendant is aware of the following witness who was the operator of the vehicle involved in the subject accident." Exhibit 29. s. Importantly, defendant in bad faith, only provided this response after the statute of limitation had expired. Therefore, plaintiff is unable to serve defendant; defendant refuses to , , stipulate to substitute Keita Namfamady for the John Doe and is indicia that defendant is acting "obstructively" in this litigation. 30. Because defendant's conduct was evasive, obstructive and contumacious and defendant offers no excuse for the repeated non compliance with disclosure, which resulted in the production of the driver, after the statute oflimitation had already expired, AB.C. Global Limo's answer should be stricken. Arts4all v. Hancock, supra. WHETHER THE RELATION BACK DOCTRINE IS PROPER WHEN THE CLAIM AROSE OUT OF THE SAME OCCURRENCE. THE PARTIES WERE UNITED IN INTEREST. AND THE NEW PARTY HAD NOTICE THAT HE WAS A NECESSARY PARTY IN THE LITIGATION 31. The Court of Appeals stated that "[t]he relation back doctrine allows a claim asserted against a defendant in an amended filing to relate back to claims previously asserted against a codefendant for Statute of Limitations purposes where the two defendants are 'united in interest' " Buran v. Coupal, 87 N.Y.2d 173, 638 N.Y.S.2d 405, (Crt. App 1995), C.P.L.R.§203. 254 Poulard v. PapamihloDoulos, . , AD.2d 266,678 N.Y.S.2d 383, (2d Dept 1998). [* 13] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk .. , , The three-part test in Brock v. Bua determines when the doctrine would permit ¢ ¢ . the addition of a new party to relate back to an earlier pleading. 83 AD.2d 61,443 N.Y.S.2d 407, (2d Dept 1981). 33. Under this standard, in order for a claim against one defendant to relate back to claims asserted against another, the plaintiff must show that "(1) both claims arose out of the same conduct, transaction or occurrence, (2) the new party is 'united in interest' with the original defendant, and by reason· of that relationship can be charged with such notice ofthe institution of the action that he will not be prejudiced in maintainipg his defense on the merits and (3) the new party knew or should have known that, but for an excusable mistake by plaintiff as to the identity of the proper parties, the action would have been brought against him as well." Id. 34. In Poulard v. PaDamihlopoulos, the plaintiff was struck by a vehicle owned by Adamandia Papmihlopoulos and operated by Stylianos Papas, who left the scene of the accident. 678 N.Y.S.2d 383, (2d Dept 1998). Action was commenced against the owner, and after the . statute of limitations expired, the plaintiff moved to amend the summons and complaint to add the operator as a party defendant. Id. The Appellate Division reasoned that parties are united in interest when the "interest ofthe parties in the subject matter is such that they stand or fall ¢ together and that judgment against one will similarly affect the other." Id., see also Desiderio v. Rubin, 234 AD.2d 581, 650 N.Y.S.2d 68, (2d Dept 1996). 35. The defendant's interests are united where one is vicariously liable for the acts of the others. Connel v. Havden, 83 AD.2d 30, 443 N.Y.S.2d 383, (2d Dept 1981). Pursuant to Vehicle and Traffic Law §388: "1. Every owner of a vehicle used or operated in this state shall be liable and resp,onsible for death or injuries to person or property resulting from negligence in the use or operation of such vehicle, in the business of such owner or otherwise, by. any person using or [* 14] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . ' ' , operating the same with the permission" express or implied, of such owner. .. ' V.T.L §388 . 36. The Court of Appeals has stated that such liability "is derivative and is akin to that imposed on a master for the negligent acts of his servant under the doctrine of respondeat superior." Good Health Dairv Corp. v. Emerv, 275 N.Y.14, (Crt. App. 1937). 37. As a result, the Appellate Division held that the owner and driver were united in interest; the Supreme COUli properly granted the plaintiff s motion to amend the complaint to add the driver as ~ party defendant. Poulard v. Papamihlopoulos, 650 N.Y.S.2d 68, (2d Dept 1996). 38. The facts in Poulard, are almost identical to the subject litigation. In both cases, plaintiff initiated the lawsuit against the owner of the vehicle, the statute of limitations subsequently expired, and plaintiffs are now seeking to add the driver to the litigation. Therefore, here, Ms. Reyes must be allowed to substitute Keita Namfamady for the John Doe. Id., Buran v. Coupal. 638 N.Y.S.2d 405, (Crt. App 1995), , 39. Taken in contrast with Davis v. Larhette, the Appellate Division applied the relation back doctrine to an employer employee situation and-reversed the Supreme Court's f decision. 39 AD.3d 693, 834 N.Y.S.2d 280 (2d Dept 2007). Plaintiff sought leave to amend the complaint to include the defendant's employer after the statute of limitation had expired; the defendant was on a business trip when the accident occurred. ,40. The Appellate Division reasoned that "[a]n employer is vicariously liable for its employees' torts under the theory of respondent superior if the acts were committed while the employee was acting with the scope of employment," and that defendant's business purpose . . alone launched the subject trip and was incidental to the furtherance of the employer's business . . [* 15] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk ., ¢ ¢ interest. Id. The Appellate Divisi,on reversed the Supreme Court's decision and plaintiff\yas , . . . granted motion for leave to serve a supplemental summons and amended complaint adding the ~ employer as additional defendants by motion. Id. 41. Similarly, the claims against the owner of the vehicle A.B.C. Global Limo Corp. , and the driver of the same vehicle Keita Namfamady afise out of the same conduct, transaction or occurrence. The parties to be joined are "united in interest," if either an employer employee relationship exists or if it does not. Supra. See Poulard v. Panamihlopoulos, 650 N.Y.S.2d 68, . the (2d Dept 1996), Davis v. Larhette, N.Y.S.2d 280 (2d Dept 2007). The driver was involved in , . accident and left the accident scene. Therefore, plaintiff has satisfied the three prong test and Keita Nafamady must be substituted in for John Doe. Brock v. Bua. 443 N.Y.S.2d 407, (2d Dept 1981). WHEREFORE, your affirmant respectfully request that this Court grant this motion in its entirety and issue an order striking co defendant A.B.c. Global Limo's answer orin the . . alternative amend the caption, summons and complaint to substitute KEIT A NAMFAMADY for John Doe and setting a certain deposition date, with the new caption to read as follows: SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF :NEW YORK COUNTY OF BRONX ----------------------------------------------------------------X JUANA REYES, Plaintiff, -againstINDEX NO. 3030931W KEITA NAMFAMADY, A.B.C. GLOBAL LIMO, and LIDIA URENA, Defendants. ------------------;------------------------~--------------------X Together with relief as the court deems just and proper. ' . [* 16] FILED Jan 142013 Bronx County Clerk . " CERTIFICATION July 5,2012 JUANA REYES v. JOHN DOE, an individual whose identity is currently unknown, AB.C. GLOBAL LIMO, and LIDIA URENA INDEX NO. 303093/10 The following documents are hereby certified: ~n PLAINTIFF'S MOTION TO STRIKE/AMEND CA 30 Park Circle White Plains, New York 10603 (212) 781-0633

Some case metadata and case summaries were written with the help of AI, which can produce inaccuracies. You should read the full case before relying on it for legal research purposes.

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.